Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/SPM (section)

== C: Adaptation Measures and Enabling Conditions ==

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Adaptation, in response to current climate change, is reducing climate risks and vulnerability mostly via adjustment of existing systems. Many adaptation options exist and are used to help manage projected climate change impacts, but their implementation depends upon the capacity and effectiveness of governance and decision-making processes. These and other enabling conditions can also support climate resilient development (Section D).

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=== Current Adaptation and its Benefits ===

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'''C.1 Progress in adaptation planning and implementation has been observed across all sectors and regions, generating multiple benefits ( '''''very high confidence''''' ). However, adaptation progress is unevenly distributed with observed adaptation gaps [[#footnote-010|40]] ( '''''high confidence''''' ). Many initiatives prioritize immediate and near-term climate risk reduction which reduces the opportunity for transformational adaptation ( '''''high confidence''''' ).   Expand Links to chapters 2.6, 5.14, 7.4, 10.4, 12.5, 13.11, 14.7, 16.3, 17.3, CCP5.2, CCP5.4'''
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'''C.1.1''' Adaptation planning and implementation have continued to increase across all regions ( ''very high confidence'' ). Growing public and political awareness of climate impacts and risks has resulted in at least 170 countries and many cities including adaptation in their climate policies and planning processes ( ''high confidence'' ). Decision support tools and climate services are increasingly being used ( ''very high confidence'' ). Pilot projects and local experiments are being implemented in different sectors ( ''high confidence'' ). Adaptation can generate multiple additional benefits such as improving agricultural productivity, innovation, health and well-being, food security, livelihood, and biodiversity conservation as well as reduction of risks and damages ( ''very high confidence'' ). { 1.4, 2.6, 3.5, 3.6, 4.7, 4.8, 5.4, 5.6, 5.10, 6.4, 7.4, 8.5, 9.3, 9.6, 10.4, 12.5, 13.11, 15.5, 16.3, 17.2, 17.3, 17.5, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , CCB ADAPT, CCB NATURAL }

'''C.1.2''' Despite progress, adaptation gaps exist between current levels of adaptation and levels needed to respond to impacts and reduce climate risks ( ''high confidence'' ). Most observed adaptation is fragmented, small in scale, incremental, sector-specific, designed to respond to current impacts or near-term risks, and focused more on planning rather than implementation ( ''high confidence'' ). Observed adaptation is unequally distributed across regions ''(high confidence)'' , and gaps are partially driven by widening disparities between the estimated costs of adaptation and documented finance allocated to adaptation ( ''high confidence'' ) ''.'' The largest adaptation gaps exist among lower income population groups ( ''high confidence'' ). At current rates of adaptation planning and implementation the adaptation gap will continue to grow ( ''high confidence'' ). As adaptation options often have long implementation times, long-term planning and accelerated implementation, particularly in the next decade, is important to close adaptation gaps, recognising that constraints remain for some regions ( ''high confidence'' ). { 1.1, 1.4, 5.6, 6.3, Figure 6.4, 7.4, 8.3, 10.4, 11.3, 11.7, 13.11, Box 13.1, 15.2, 15.5, 16.3, 16.5, Box 16.1, Figure 16.4, Figure 16.5, 17.4, 18.2, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.4 CCP2.4] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , CCB FINANCE, CCB SLR }

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=== Future Adaptation Options and their Feasibility ===

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'''C.2 There are feasible [[#footnote-009|41]] and effective [[#footnote-008|42]] adaptation options which can reduce risks to people and nature. The feasibility of implementing adaptation options in the near-term differs across sectors and regions ( '''''very high confidence''''' ). The effectiveness of adaptation to reduce climate risk is documented for specific contexts, sectors and regions ( '''''high confidence''''' ) and will decrease with increasing warming ( '''''high confidence''''' ). Integrated, multi-sectoral solutions that address social inequities, differentiate responses based on climate risk and cut across systems, increase the feasibility and effectiveness of adaptation in multiple sectors ( '''''high confidence''''' ).   Expand [[#figure-spm-4|Figure SPM.4]] Links to chapters Figure TS.6e, 1.4, 3.6, 4.7, 5.12, 6.3, 7.4, 11.3, 11.7, 13.2, 15.5, 17.6, CCP2.3, CCB FEASIB'''
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==== Land, Ocean and Ecosystems Transition ====

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'''C.2.1''' Adaptation to water-related risks and impacts make up the majority of all documented adaptation ( ''high confidence'' ). For inland flooding, combinations of non-structural measures like early warning systems and structural measures like levees have reduced loss of lives ( ''medium confidence'' ). Enhancing natural water retention such as by restoring wetlands and rivers, land use planning such as no build zones or upstream forest management, can further reduce flood risk ( ''medium confidence'' ). On-farm water management, water storage, soil moisture conservation and irrigation are some of the most common adaptation responses and provide economic, institutional or ecological benefits and reduce vulnerability ( ''high confidence'' ). Irrigation is effective in reducing drought risk and climate impacts in many regions and has several livelihood benefits, but needs appropriate management to avoid potential adverse outcomes, which can include accelerated depletion of groundwater and other water sources and increased soil salinization ( ''medium confidence'' ). Large scale irrigation can also alter local to regional temperature and precipitation patterns ( ''high confidence'' ), including both alleviating and exacerbating temperature extremes ( ''medium confidence'' ). The effectiveness of most water-related adaptation options to reduce projected risks declines with increasing warming ( ''high confidence'' ). { 4.1, 4.6, 4.7, Box 4.3, Box 4.6, Box 4.7, Figure 4.22, Figure 4.28, Figure 4.29, Table 4.9, 9.3, 9.7, 11.3, 12.5, 13.1, 13.2, 16.3, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] }

'''C.2.2''' Effective adaptation options, together with supportive public policies enhance food availability and stability and reduce climate risk for food systems while increasing their sustainability ( ''medium confidence'' ). Effective options include cultivar improvements, agroforestry, community-based adaptation, farm and landscape diversification, and urban agriculture ( ''high confidence'' ). Institutional feasibility, adaptation limits of crops and cost effectiveness also influence the effectiveness of the adaptation options ( ''limited evidence'' , ''medium agreement'' ). Agroecological principles and practices, ecosystem-based management in fisheries and aquaculture, and other approaches that work with natural processes support food security, nutrition, health and well-being, livelihoods and biodiversity, sustainability and ecosystem services ( ''high confidence'' ). These services include pest control, pollination, buffering of temperature extremes, and carbon sequestration and storage ( ''high confidence'' ). Trade-offs and barriers associated with such approaches include costs of establishment, access to inputs and viable markets, new knowledge and management ( ''high confidence'' ) and their potential effectiveness varies by socioeconomic context, ecosystem zone, species combinations and institutional support ( ''medium confidence'' ). Integrated, multi-sectoral solutions that address social inequities and differentiate responses based on climate risk and local situation will enhance food security and nutrition ( ''high confidence'' ). Adaptation strategies which reduce food loss and waste or support balanced diets [[#footnote-017|33]] (as described in the IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land) contribute to nutrition, health, biodiversity and other environmental benefits ( ''high confidence'' ). { 3.2, 4.7, 4.6, Box 4.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.8, 5.9, 5.10, 5.11, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, Box 5.10, Box 5.13, 6.3, 7.4, 10.4, 12.5, 13.5, 13.10, 14.5, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , CCB FEASIB, CCB HEALTH, CCB MOVING PLATE, CCB NATURAL, CWGB BIOECONOMY }

'''C.2.3''' Adaptation for natural forests [[#footnote-007|43]] includes conservation, protection and restoration measures. In managed forests [[#footnote-007|43]] , adaptation options include sustainable forest management, diversifying and adjusting tree species compositions to build resilience, and managing increased risks from pests and diseases and wildfires. Restoring natural forests and drained peatlands and improving sustainability of managed forests, generally enhances the resilience of carbon stocks and sinks. Cooperation, and inclusive decision making, with local communities and Indigenous Peoples, as well as recognition of inherent rights of Indigenous Peoples, is integral to successful forest adaptation in many areas. ( ''high confidence'' ) { 2.6, Box 2.2, 5.6, 5.13, Table 5.23, 11.4, 12.5, 13.5, Box 14.1, Box 14.2, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP7.5 CCP7.5] , Box [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP7.1 CCP7.1] , CCB FEASIB, CCB INDIG, CCB NATURAL }

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[[File:c5d3677b1241bf0b90fe9f1ed190d088 IPCC_AR6_WGII_Figure_SPM_004a.png]]

'''Figure SPM.4 |''' '''(a)''' '''Climate responses and adaptation options, organized by System Transitions and Representative Key Risks (RKRs), are assessed for their multidimensional feasibility at global scale, in the near term and up to 1.''' '''5°C global warming.''' As literature above 1.5°C is limited, feasibility at higher levels of warming may change, which is currently not possible to assess robustly. Climate responses and adaptation options at global scale are drawn from a set of options assessed in AR6 that have robust evidence across the feasibility dimensions. This figure shows the six feasibility dimensions (economic, technological, institutional, social, environmental and geophysical) that are used to calculate the potential feasibility of climate responses and adaptation options, along with their synergies with mitigation. For potential feasibility and feasibility dimensions, the figure shows high, medium, or low feasibility. Synergies with mitigation are identified as high, medium, and low. Insufficient evidence is denoted by a dash. { CCB FEASIB, Table SMCCB FEASIB.1.1, SR1.5 4.SM.4.3 }

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[[File:506c80140b851e3e4c6fe830c83417f8 IPCC_AR6_WGII_Figure_SPM_004b.png]]

'''Figure SPM.4 |''' '''(b)''' '''Climate responses and adaptation options, organized by System Transitions and Representative Key Risks, are assessed at global scale for their likely ability to reduce risks for ecosystems and social groups at risk, as well as their relation with the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).''' Climate responses and adaptation options are assessed for observed benefits (+) to ecosystems and their services, ethnic groups, gender equity, and low-income groups, or observed dis-benefits (-) for these systems and groups. Where there is highly diverging evidence of benefits/ dis-benefits across the scientific literature, e.g., based on differences between regions, it is shown as not clear or mixed (•). Insufficient evidence is shown by a dash. The relation with the SDGs is assessed as having benefits (+), dis-benefits (-) or not clear or mixed (•) based on the impacts of the climate response and adaptation option on each SDG. Areas not coloured indicate there is no evidence of a relation or no interaction with the respective SDG. The climate responses and adaptation options are drawn from two assessments. For comparability of climate responses and adaptation options see Table SM17.5. { 17.2, 17.5, CCB FEASIB }

'''C.2.4''' Conservation, protection and restoration of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and ocean ecosystems, together with targeted management to adapt to unavoidable impacts of climate change, reduces the vulnerability of biodiversity to climate change ( ''high confidence'' ). The resilience of species, biological communities and ecosystem processes increases with size of natural area, by restoration of degraded areas and by reducing non-climatic stressors ( ''high confidence'' ) ''.'' To be effective, conservation and restoration actions will increasingly need to be responsive, as appropriate, to ongoing changes at various scales, and plan for future changes in ecosystem structure, community composition and species’ distributions, especially as 1.5°C global warming is approached and even more so if it is exceeded ( ''high confidence'' ). Adaptation options, where circumstances allow, include facilitating the movement of species to new ecologically appropriate locations, particularly through increasing connectivity between conserved or protected areas, targeted intensive management for vulnerable species and protecting refugial areas where species can survive locally ( ''medium confidence'' ). { 2.3, 2,6, Figure 2.1, Table 2.6, 3.3, 3.6, Box 3.4, 4.6, Box 4.6, Box 11.2, 12.3, 12.5, 13.4, 14.7, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , CCB FEASIB }

'''C.2.5''' Effective Ecosystem-based Adaptation [[#footnote-006|44]] reduces a range of climate change risks to people, biodiversity and ecosystem services with multiple co-benefits ( ''high confidence'' ). Ecosystem-based Adaptation is vulnerable to climate change impacts, with effectiveness declining with increasing global warming ( ''high confidence'' ). Urban greening using trees and other vegetation can provide local cooling ( ''very high confidence'' ). Natural river systems, wetlands and upstream forest ecosystems reduce flood risk by storing water and slowing water flow, in most circumstances ( ''high confidence'' ). Coastal wetlands protect against coastal erosion and flooding associated with storms and sea level rise where sufficient space and adequate habitats are available until rates of sea level rise exceeds natural adaptive capacity to build sediment ( ''very high confidence'' ). { 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, Table 2.7, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, Figure 3.26, 4.6, Box 4.6, Box 4.7, 5.5, 5.14, Box 5.11, 6.3, 6.4, Figure 6.6, 7.4, 8.5, 8.6, 9.6, 9.8, 9.9, 10.2, 11.3, 12.5, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 14.5, Box 14.7, 16.3, 18.3, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , CCB FEASIB.3, CCB HEALTH, CCB MOVING PLATE, CCB NATURAL, CWGB BIOECONOMY }

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==== Urban, Rural and Infrastructure Transition ====

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'''C.2.6''' Considering climate change impacts and risks in the design and planning of urban and rural settlements and infrastructure is critical for resilience and enhancing human well-being ( ''high confidence'' ). The urgent provision of basic services, infrastructure, livelihood diversification and employment, strengthening of local and regional food systems and community-based adaptation enhance lives and livelihoods, particularly of low-income and marginalised groups ( ''high confidence'' ). Inclusive, integrated and long-term planning at local, municipal, sub-national and national scales, together with effective regulation and monitoring systems and financial and technological resources and capabilities foster urban and rural system transition ( ''high confidence'' ). Effective partnerships between governments, civil society, and private sector organizations, across scales provide infrastructure and services in ways that enhance the adaptive capacity of vulnerable people ( ''medium'' to ''high confidence'' ). { 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 6.3, 6.4, Box 6.3, Box 6.6, Table 6.6, 7.4, 12.5, 13.6, 14.5, Box 14.4, Box 17.4, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.3 CCP2.3] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.4 CCP2.4] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , CCB FEASIB }

'''C.2.7''' An increasing number of adaptation responses exist for urban systems, but their feasibility and effectiveness is constrained by institutional, financial, and technological access and capacity, and depends on coordinated and contextually appropriate responses across physical, natural and social infrastructure ( ''high confidence'' ). Globally, more financing is directed at physical infrastructure than natural and social infrastructure ( ''medium confidence'' ) and there is ''limited evidence'' of investment in the informal settlements hosting the most vulnerable urban residents ( ''medium'' to ''high confidence'' ). Ecosystem-based adaptation (e.g., urban agriculture and forestry, river restoration) has increasingly been applied in urban areas ( ''high confidence'' ). Combined ecosystem-based and structural adaptation responses are being developed, and there is growing evidence of their potential to reduce adaptation costs and contribute to flood control, sanitation, water resources management, landslide prevention and coastal protection ( ''medium confidence'' ). { 3.6, Box 4.6, 5.12, 6.3, 6.4, Table 6.8, 7.4, 9.7, 9.9, 10.4, Table 10.3, 11.3, 11.7, Box 11.6, 12.5, 13.2, 13.3, 13.6, 14.5, 15.5, 17.2, Box 17.4, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.3 CCP2.3] , CCP 3.2, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , CCB FEASIB, CCB SLR, SROCC SPM }

'''C.2.8''' Sea level rise poses a distinctive and severe adaptation challenge as it implies dealing with slow onset changes and increased frequency and magnitude of extreme sea level events which will escalate in the coming decades ( ''high confidence'' ). Such adaptation challenges would occur much earlier under high rates of sea level rise, in particular if low-likelihood, high impact outcomes associated with collapsing ice sheets occur ( ''high confidence'' ). Responses to ongoing sea level rise and land subsidence in low-lying coastal cities and settlements and small islands include protection, accommodation, advance and planned relocation ( ''high confidence'' ) [[#footnote-005|45]] . These responses are more effective if combined and/or sequenced, planned well ahead, aligned with sociocultural values and development priorities, and underpinned by inclusive community engagement processes ( ''high confidence'' ). { 6.2, 10.4, 11.7, Box 11.6, 13.2, 14.5, 15.5, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.3 CCP2.3] , CCB SLR, WGI AR6 SPM B.5, WGI AR6 SPM C.3, SROCC SPM C3.2 }

'''C.2.9''' Approximately 3.4 billion people globally live in rural areas around the world, and many are highly vulnerable to climate change. Integrating climate adaptation into social protection programs, including cash transfers and public works programmes, is highly feasible and increases resilience to climate change, especially when supported by basic services and infrastructure. Social safety nets are increasingly being reconfigured to build adaptive capacities of the most vulnerable in rural and also urban communities. Social safety nets that support climate change adaptation have strong co-benefits with development goals such as education, poverty alleviation, gender inclusion and food security. ( ''high'' ''confidence'' ) { 5.14, 9.4, 9.10, 9.11, 12.5, 14.5, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , CCB FEASIB, CCB GENDER }

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==== Energy System Transition ====

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'''C.2.10''' Within energy system transitions, the most feasible adaptation options support infrastructure resilience, reliable power systems and efficient water use for existing and new energy generation systems ( ''very high confidence'' ). Energy generation diversification, including with renewable energy resources and generation that can be decentralised depending on context (e.g., wind, solar, small scale hydroelectric) and demand side management (e.g., storage, and energy efficiency improvements) can reduce vulnerabilities to climate change, especially in rural populations ( ''high confidence'' ). Adaptations for hydropower and thermo-electric power generation are effective in most regions up to 1.5°C to 2°C, with decreasing effectiveness at higher levels of warming ( ''medium confidence'' ). Climate responsive energy markets, updated design standards on energy assets according to current and projected climate change, smart-grid technologies, robust transmission systems and improved capacity to respond to supply deficits have high feasibility in the medium- to long-term, with mitigation co-benefits ( ''very high confidence'' ). { 4.6, 4.7, Figure 4.28, Figure 4.29, 10.4, Table 11.8, 13.6, Figure 13.16, Figure 13.19, 18.3,CCP5.2, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , CCB FEASIB, CWGB BIOECONOMY }

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==== Cross-cutting Options ====

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'''C.2.11''' Strengthening the climate resiliency of health systems will protect and promote human health and well-being ( ''high confidence'' ). There are multiple opportunities for targeted investments and finance to protect against exposure to climate hazards, particularly for those at highest risk. Heat Health Action Plans that include early warning and response systems are effective adaptation options for extreme heat ( ''high confidence'' ) ''.'' Effective adaptation options for water-borne and food-borne diseases include improving access to potable water, reducing exposure of water and sanitation systems to flooding and extreme weather events, and improved early warning systems ( ''very high confidence'' ). For vector-borne diseases, effective adaptation options include surveillance, early warning systems, and vaccine development ( ''very high confidence'' ). Effective adaptation options for reducing mental health risks under climate change include improving surveillance, access to mental health care, and monitoring of psychosocial impacts from extreme weather events ( ''high confidence'' ) ''.'' Health and well-being would benefit from integrated adaptation approaches that mainstream health into food, livelihoods, social protection, infrastructure, water and sanitation policies requiring collaboration and coordination at all scales of governance ( ''very high confidence'' ). { 5.12, 6.3, 7.4, 9.10, Box 9.7, 11.3, 12.5, 13.7, 14.5, CCB COVID, CCB FEASIB, CCB ILLNESS }

'''C.2.12''' Increasing adaptive capacities minimises the negative impacts of climate-related displacement and involuntary migration for migrants and sending and receiving areas ( ''high confidence'' ). This improves the degree of choice under which migration decisions are made, ensuring safe and orderly movements of people within and between countries ( ''high confidence'' ). Some development reduces underlying vulnerabilities associated with conflict, and adaptation contributes by reducing the impacts of climate change on climate sensitive drivers of conflict ( ''high confidence'' ). Risks to peace are reduced, for example, by supporting people in climate-sensitive economic activities ( ''medium confidence'' ) and advancing women’s empowerment ( ''high confidence'' ). { 7.4, Box 9.8, Box 10.2, 12.5, CCB FEASIB, CCB MIGRATE }

'''C.2.13''' There are a range of adaptation options, such as disaster risk management, early warning systems, climate services and risk spreading and sharing that have broad applicability across sectors and provide greater benefits to other adaptation options when combined ( ''high confidence'' ). For example, climate services that are inclusive of different users and providers can improve agricultural practices, inform better water use and efficiency, and enable resilient infrastructure planning ( ''high confidence'' ). { 2.6, 3.6, 4.7, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.8, 5.9, 5.12, 5.14, 9.4, 9.8, 10.4, 12.5, 13.11, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , CCB FEASIB, CCB MOVING PLATE }

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=== Limits to Adaptation ===

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'''C.3 Soft limits to some human adaptation have been reached, but can be overcome by addressing a range of constraints, primarily financial, governance, institutional and policy constraints ( '''''high confidence''''' ). Hard limits to adaptation have been reached in some ecosystems ( '''''high confidence''''' ). With increasing global warming, losses and damages will increase and additional human and natural systems will reach adaptation limits ( '''''high confidence''''' ).   Expand Links to chapters Figure TS.7, 1.4, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 3.4, 3.6, 4.7, Figure 4.30, 5.5, Table 8.6, Box 10.7, 11.7, Table 11.16, 12.5, 13.2, 13.5, 13.6, 13.10, 13.11, Figure 13.21, 14.5, 15.6, 16.4, Figure 16.8, Table 16.3, Table 16.4, CCP1.2, CCP1.3, CCP2.3, CCP3.3, CCP5.2, CCP5.4, CCP6.3, CCP7.3, CCB SLR'''
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'''C.3.1''' Soft limits to some human adaptation have been reached, but can be overcome by addressing a range of constraints, which primarily consist of financial, governance, institutional and policy constraints ( ''high confidence'' ). For example, individuals and households in low-lying coastal areas in Australasia and Small Islands and smallholder farmers in Central and South America, Africa, Europe and Asia have reached soft limits ( ''medium confidence'' ). Inequity and poverty also constrain adaptation, leading to soft limits and resulting in disproportionate exposure and impacts for most vulnerable groups ( ''high confidence'' ). Lack of climate literacy [[#footnote-004|46]] at all levels and limited availability of information and data pose further constraints to adaptation planning and implementation ( ''medium confidence'' ). { 1.4, 4.7, 5.4, 8.4, Table 8.6, 9.1, 9.4, 9.5, 9.8, 11.7, 12.5 13.5, 15.3, 15.5, 15.6, 16.4, Box 16.1, Figure 16.8, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.2 CCP5.2] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP6.3 CCP6.3] }

'''C.3.2''' Financial constraints are important determinants of soft limits to adaptation across sectors and all regions ( ''high confidence'' ). Although global tracked climate finance has shown an upward trend since AR5, current global financial flows for adaptation, including from public and private finance sources, are insufficient for and constrain implementation of adaptation options especially in developing countries ( ''high confidence'' ). The overwhelming majority of global tracked climate finance was targeted to mitigation while a small proportion was targeted to adaptation ( ''very high confidence'' ). Adaptation finance has come predominantly from public sources ( ''very high confidence'' ). Adverse climate impacts can reduce the availability of financial resources by incurring losses and damages and through impeding national economic growth, thereby further increasing financial constraints for adaptation, particularly for developing and least developed countries ( ''medium confidence'' ). { Figure TS.7, 1.4, 2.6, 3.6, 4.7, Figure 4.30, 5.14, 7.4, 8.4, Table 8.6, 9.4, 9.9, 9.11, 10.5, 12.5, 13.3, 13.11, Box 14.4, 15.6, 16.2, 16.4, Figure 16.8, Table 16.4, 17.4, 18.1, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.4 CCP2.4] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP6.3 CCP6.3] , CCB FINANCE }

'''C.3.3''' Many natural systems are near the hard limits of their natural adaptation capacity and additional systems will reach limits with increasing global warming ( ''high confidence'' ). Ecosystems already reaching or surpassing hard adaptation limits include some warm-water coral reefs, some coastal wetlands, some rainforests, and some polar and mountain ecosystems ( ''high confidence'' ). Above 1.5°C global warming level, some Ecosystem-based Adaptation measures will lose their effectiveness in providing benefits to people as these ecosystems will reach hard adaptation limits ( ''high confidence'' ). (Figure SPM.4) { 1.4, 2.4, 2.6, 3.4, 3.6, 9.6, Box 11.2, 13.4, 14.5, 15.5, 16.4, 16.6, 17.2, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP1.2 CCP1.2] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.2 CCP5.2] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP6.3 CCP6.3] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP7.3 CCP7.3] , CCB SLR }

'''C.3.4''' In human systems, some coastal settlements face soft adaptation limits due to technical and financial difficulties of implementing coastal protection ( ''high confidence'' ). Above 1.5°C global warming level, limited freshwater resources pose potential hard limits for Small Islands and for regions dependent on glacier and snow-melt ( ''medium confidence'' ). By 2°C global warming level, soft limits are projected for multiple staple crops in many growing areas, particularly in tropical regions ( ''high confidence'' ). By 3°C global warming level, soft limits are projected for some water management measures for many regions, with hard limits projected for parts of Europe ( ''medium confidence'' ). Transitioning from incremental to transformational adaptation can help overcome soft adaptation limits ( ''high confidence'' ). { 1.4, 4.7, 5.4, 5.8, 7.2, 7.3, 8.4, Table 8.6, 9.8, 10.4, 12.5, 13.2, 13.6, 16.4, 17.2, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP1.3 CCP1.3] . Box [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP1.1 CCP1.1] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.3 CCP2.3] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP3.3 CCP3.3] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP4.4 CCP4.4] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.3 CCP5.3] , CCB SLR }

'''C.3.5''' Adaptation does not prevent all losses and damages, even with effective adaptation and before reaching soft and hard limits. Losses and damages are unequally distributed across systems, regions and sectors and are not comprehensively addressed by current financial, governance and institutional arrangements, particularly in vulnerable developing countries. With increasing global warming, losses and damages increase and become increasingly difficult to avoid, while strongly concentrated among the poorest vulnerable populations. ( ''high confidence'' ) { 1.4, 2.6, 3.4, 3.6, 6.3, Figure 6.4, 8.4, 13.2, 13.7, 13.10, 17.2, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.3 CCP2.3] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP4.4 CCP4.4] , CCB LOSS, CCB SLR, CWGB ECONOMIC }

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=== Avoiding Maladaptation ===

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'''C.4 There is increased evidence of maladaptation [[#footnote-003|15]] across many sectors and regions since the AR5. Maladaptive responses to climate change can create lock-ins of vulnerability, exposure and risks that are difficult and expensive to change and exacerbate existing inequalities. Maladaptation can be avoided by flexible, multi-sectoral, inclusive and long-term planning and implementation of adaptation actions with benefits to many sectors and systems. ( '''''high confidence''''' )   Expand Links to chapters 1.3, 1.4, 2.6, Box 2.2, 3.2, 3.6, 4.6, 4.7, Box 4.3, Box 4.5, Figure 4.29, 5.6, 5.13, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.6, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 9.10, 9.11, Box 9.5, Box 9.8, Box 9.9, Box 11.6, 13.11, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 14.5, 15.5, 15.6, 16.3, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5, 17.6, CCP2.3, CCP5.4, CCB DEEP, CCB NATURAL, CCB SLR, CWGB BIOECONOMY'''
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'''C.4.1''' Actions that focus on sectors and risks in isolation and on short-term gains often lead to maladaptation if long-term impacts of the adaptation option and long-term adaptation commitment are not taken into account ( ''high confidence'' ). The implementation of these maladaptive actions can result in infrastructure and institutions that are inflexible and/or expensive to change ( ''high confidence'' ). For example, seawalls effectively reduce impacts to people and assets in the short-term but can also result in lock-ins and increase exposure to climate risks in the long-term unless they are integrated into a long-term adaptive plan ( ''high confidence'' ). Adaptation integrated with development reduces lock-ins and creates opportunities (e.g., infrastructure upgrading) ( ''medium confidence'' ). { 1.4, 3.4, 3.6, 10.4, 11.7, Box 11.6, 13.2, 17.2, 17.5, 17.6, CCP 2.3, CCB DEEP, CCB SLR }

'''C.4.2''' Biodiversity and ecosystem resilience to climate change are decreased by maladaptive actions, which also constrain ecosystem services. Examples of these maladaptive actions for ecosystems include fire suppression in naturally fire-adapted ecosystems or hard defences against flooding. These actions reduce space for natural processes and represent a severe form of maladaptation for the ecosystems they degrade, replace or fragment, thereby reducing their resilience to climate change and the ability to provide ecosystem services for adaptation. Considering biodiversity and autonomous adaptation in long-term planning processes reduces the risk of maladaptation. ( ''high confidence'' ) { 2.4, 2.6, Table 2.7, 3.4, 3.6, 4.7, 5.6, 5.13, Table 5.21, Table 5.23, Box 11.2, 13.2, Box 13.2, 17.2, 17.5, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] }

'''C.4.3''' Maladaptation especially affects marginalised and vulnerable groups adversely (e.g., Indigenous Peoples, ethnic minorities, low-income households, informal settlements), reinforcing and entrenching existing inequities. Adaptation planning and implementation that do not consider adverse outcomes for different groups can lead to maladaptation, increasing exposure to risks, marginalising people from certain socioeconomic or livelihood groups, and exacerbating inequity. Inclusive planning initiatives informed by cultural values, Indigenous knowledge, local knowledge, and scientific knowledge can help prevent maladaptation. ( ''high confidence'' ) (Figure SPM.4) { 2.6, 3.6, 4.3, 4.6, 4.8, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 6.1, Box 7.1, 8.4, 11.4, 12.5, Box 13.2, 14.4, Box 14.1, 17.2, 17.5, 18.2, 17.2, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.4 CCP2.4] }

'''C.4.4''' To minimize maladaptation, multi-sectoral, multi-actor and inclusive planning with flexible pathways encourages low-regret [[#footnote-003|47]] and timely actions that keep options open, ensure benefits in multiple sectors and systems and indicate the available solution space for adapting to long-term climate change ( ''very high confidence'' ). Maladaptation is also minimized by planning that accounts for the time it takes to adapt ( ''high confidence'' ), the uncertainty about the rate and magnitude of climate risk ( ''medium confidence'' ) and a wide range of potentially adverse consequences of adaptation actions ( ''high confidence'' ). { 1.4, 3.6, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 11.6, 11.7, 17.3, 17.6, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.3 CCP2.3] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.4 CCP2.4] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , CCB DEEP, CCB SLR }

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=== Enabling Conditions ===

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'''C.5 Enabling conditions are key for implementing, accelerating and sustaining adaptation in human systems and ecosystems. These include political commitment and follow-through, institutional frameworks, policies and instruments with clear goals and priorities, enhanced knowledge on impacts and solutions, mobilization of and access to adequate financial resources, monitoring and evaluation, and inclusive governance processes. ( '''''high confidence''''' )   Expand Links to chapters 1.4, 2.6, 3.6, 4.8, 6.4, 7.4, 8.5, 9.4, 10.5, 11.4, 11.7, 12.5, 13.11, 14.7, 15.6, 17.4, 18.4, CCP2.4, CCP5.4, CCB FINANCE, CCB INDIG'''
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'''C.5.1''' Political commitment and follow-through across all levels of government accelerate the implementation of adaptation actions ( ''high confidence'' ). Implementing actions can require large upfront investments of human, financial and technological resources ( ''high confidence'' ), whilst some benefits could only become visible in the next decade or beyond ( ''medium confidence'' ). Accelerating commitment and follow-through is promoted by rising public awareness, building business cases for adaptation, accountability and transparency mechanisms, monitoring and evaluation of adaptation progress, social movements, and climate-related litigation in some regions ( ''medium confidence'' ).

'''C.5.2''' Institutional frameworks, policies and instruments that set clear adaptation goals and define responsibilities and commitments and that are coordinated amongst actors and governance levels, strengthen and sustain adaptation actions ( ''very high confidence'' ). Sustained adaptation actions are strengthened by mainstreaming adaptation into institutional budget and policy planning cycles, statutory planning, monitoring and evaluation frameworks and into recovery efforts from disaster events ( ''high confidence'' ). Instruments that incorporate adaptation such as policy and legal frameworks, behavioural incentives, and economic instruments that address market failures, such as climate risk disclosure, inclusive and deliberative processes strengthen adaptation actions by public and private actors ( ''medium confidence'' ). { 1.4, 3.6, 4.8, 5.14, 6.3, 6.4, 7.4, 9.4, 10.4, 11.7, Box 11.6, Table 11.17, 13.10, 13.11, 14.7, 15.6, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5, 17.6, 18.4, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.4 CCP2.4] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP6.3 CCP6.3] , CCB DEEP }

'''C.5.3''' Enhancing knowledge on risks, impacts, and their consequences, and available adaptation options promotes societal and policy responses ( ''high confidence'' ). A wide range of top-down, bottom-up and co-produced processes and sources can deepen climate knowledge and sharing, including capacity building at all scales, educational and information programmes, using the arts, participatory modelling and climate services, Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge and citizen science ( ''high confidence'' ). These measures can facilitate awareness, heighten risk perception and influence behaviours ( ''high confidence'' ). { 1.3, 3.6, 4.8, 5.9, 5.14, 6.4, Table 6.8, 7.4, 9.4, 10.5, 11.1, 11.7, 12.5, 13.9, 13.11, 14.3, 15.6, 15.6, 17.4, 18.4, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.4.1 CCP2.4.1] , CCB INDIG }

'''C.5.4''' With adaptation finance needs estimated to be higher than those presented in AR5, enhanced mobilization of and access to financial resources are essential for implementation of adaptation and to reduce adaptation gaps ( ''high confidence'' ). Building capacity and removing some barriers to accessing finance is fundamental to accelerate adaptation, especially for vulnerable groups, regions and sectors ( ''high confidence'' ). Public and private finance instruments include inter alia grants, guarantee, equity, concessional debt, market debt, and internal budget allocation as well as savings in households and insurance. Public finance is an important enabler of adaptation ( ''high confidence'' ). Public mechanisms and finance can leverage private sector finance for adaptation by addressing real and perceived regulatory, cost and market barriers, for example via public-private partnerships ( ''high confidence'' ). Financial and technological resources enable effective and ongoing implementation of adaptation, especially when supported by institutions with a strong understanding of adaptation needs and capacity ( ''high confidence'' ). { 4.8, 5.14, 6.4, Table 6.10, 7.4, 9.4, Table 11.17, 12.5, 13.11, 15.6, 17.4, 18.4, Box 18.9, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , CCB FINANCE }

'''C.5.5''' Monitoring and evaluation (M&amp;E) of adaptation are critical for tracking progress and enabling effective adaptation ( ''high confidence'' ). M&amp;E implementation is currently limited ( ''high confidence'' ) but has increased since AR5 at local and national levels. Although most of the monitoring of adaptation is focused towards planning and implementation, the monitoring of outcomes is critical for tracking the effectiveness and progress of adaptation ''(high confidence).'' M&amp;E facilitates learning on successful and effective adaptation measures, and signals when and where additional action may be needed. M&amp;E systems are most effective when supported by capacities and resources and embedded in enabling governance systems ( ''high confidence'' ). { 1.4, 2.6, 6.4, 7.4, 11.7, 11.8, 13.2, 13.11, 17.5, 18.4, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.4 CCP2.4] , CCB DEEP, CCB ILLNESS, CCB NATURAL, CCB PROGRESS }

'''C.5.6''' Inclusive governance that prioritises equity and justice in adaptation planning and implementation leads to more effective and sustainable adaptation outcomes ( ''high confidence'' ). Vulnerabilities and climate risks are often reduced through carefully designed and implemented laws, policies, processes, and interventions that address context specific inequities such as based on gender, ethnicity, disability, age, location and income ( ''high confidence'' ). These approaches, which include multi-stakeholder co-learning platforms, transboundary collaborations, community-based adaptation and participatory scenario planning, focus on capacity-building, and meaningful participation of the most vulnerable and marginalised groups, and their access to key resources to adapt ( ''high confidence'' ). { 1.4, 2.6, 3.6, 4.8, 5.4, 5.8, 5.9, 5.13, 6.4, 7.4, 8.5, 11.8, 12.5, 13.11, 14.7, 15.5, 15.7, 17.3, 17.5, 18.4, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.4 CCP2.4] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP6.4 CCP6.4] , CCB GENDER, CCB HEALTH, CCB INDIG }

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