Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/TS (section)

=== Health and well-being ===

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'''TS.B.5 Climate change has already harmed human physical and mental health (''' '''''very high confidence''''' '''). In all regions, health impacts often undermine efforts for inclusive development. Women, children, the elderly, Indigenous People, low-income households and socially marginalised groups within cities, settlements, regions and countries are the most vulnerable (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' (Figure TS.7 VULNERABILITY, Figure TS.8 HEALTH) { 2.4.2, 3.4.2, 3.5.3, 3.5.5, 3.5.6, 4.2.5, 4.3.3, Table 4.3, 5.5.2, 5.11.1, 5.12.3, Box 5.10, 7.2.1, 7.2.2, 7.2.3, 7.2.4, 7.2.5, 7.4.2, Box 7.1, Box 7.3, 8.2.1, 8.3.2, 8.3.4, Box 8.6, 9.1.5, 9.8.1, 9.10.1, 9.10.2, Figure 9.34, Figure 9.33, Box 9.1, 10.4.7, 11.3.6, Box 11.1, Table 11.10, 12.3.1, 12.3.2, 12.3.4, 12.3.5, 12.3.6, 12.3.7, 12.3.7, 12.3.8, Figure 12.4, Figure 12.6, Table 12.1, Table 12.2, Table 12.9, Table 12.11, 13.7.1, Figure 13.24, 14.4, 14.5.2, 14.5.4, 14.5.6, 14.5.7, 14.5.8, Box 14.2, Figure 14.8, 15.3.4, 16.2.3, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP2.2 CCP2.2.2] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.1 CCP5.1] , Table [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.1 CCP5.1] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.2.3 CCP5.2.3] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP6.2.6 CCP6.2.6] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP6.3 CCP6.3] , CCB DISASTER, Table CCB DISASTER 4.1,CCB HEALTH, CCB ILLNESS, CCB MOVING PLATE, CCB SLR, CWGB URBAN }

'''TS.B.5.1 Observed mortality from floods, drought and storms is 15 times higher for countries ranked as highly vulnerable compared to less vulnerable countries in the last decade (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' While an increase in drought has been observed in almost all continents to different extents, it is particularly the most vulnerable regions where such droughts result in relatively high mortality ( ''high confidence'' ). Between 1970 and 2019, 7% of all disaster events worldwide were drought related, yet they contributed to 34% of disaster-related deaths, mostly in Africa. (Figure TS.7 VULNERABILITY) { 4.2.5, Table 4.3, 7.2.1, 7.2.3, 7.2.4, 8.3.2, Box 9.1, 9.10.2, 10.4.7, 12.3.1, 12.3.6, 16.2.3, Table [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.1 CCP5.1] , CCB DISASTER, Table CCB DISASTER 4.1, CCB ILLNESS }

'''TS.B.5.2 Mental health challenges increase with warming temperatures (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''), trauma associated with extreme weather (''' '''''very high confidence''''' ''') and loss of livelihoods and culture (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''')''' . Distress sufficient to impair mental health has been caused by climate-related ecological grief associated with environmental change (e.g., solastalgia) or extreme weather and climate events ( ''very high confidence'' ), vicarious experience or anticipation of climate events ( ''medium confidence'' ) and climate-related loss of livelihoods and food insecurity ( ''very high confidence'' ). Vulnerability to mental health effects of climate change varies by region and population, with evidence that Indigenous Peoples, agricultural communities, first responders, women and members of minority groups experience greater impacts ( ''high confidence'' ). { 7.2.5, 7.4.2, 8.3.4, Box 8.6, 9.10.2, 11.3.6, 13.7.1, 14.5.6, Figure 14.8, 15.3.4, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.2.5 CCP5.2.5] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP6.2.6 CCP6.2.6] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP6.3 CCP6.3] }

'''TS.B.5.3 Increasing temperatures and heatwaves have increased mortality and morbidity (''' '''''very high confidence''''' '''), with impacts that vary by age, gender, urbanisation and socioeconomic factors (''' '''''very high confidence''''' ''').''' A significant proportion of warm-season heat-related mortality in temperate regions is attributed to observed anthropogenic climate change ( ''medium confidence'' ), with fewer data available for tropical regions in Africa ( ''high confidence'' ). For some heatwave events over the last two decades, associated health impacts have been partially attributed to observed climate change ( ''high confidence'' ). Highly vulnerable groups experiencing health impacts from heat stress include anyone working outdoors and, especially, those doing outdoor manual labour (e.g., construction work, farming). Potential hours of work lost due to heat have increased significantly over the past two decades ( ''high confidence'' ). Some regions are already experiencing heat stress conditions at or approaching the upper limits of labour productivity ( ''high confidence'' ). { 7.2.1, 7.2.4 8.2.1, 9.1.5, 9.10.1, Figure 9.34, 10.4.7, 11.3.6.1, 12.3.1, 12.3.7, 12.3.8, Figure 12.6, Table 12.2, 13.7.1, 14.5.6, 14.5.8, 16.2.3, CWGB URBAN }

'''TS.B.5.4 Climate change has contributed to malnutrition in all its forms in many regions, including undernutrition, overnutrition and obesity, and to disease susceptibility (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''), especially for women, pregnant women, children, low-income households, Indigenous Peoples, minority groups and small-scale producers (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''')''' . Extreme climate events have been key drivers in rising undernutrition of millions of people, primarily in Africa and Central America ( ''high confidence'' ). For example, anthropogenic warming contributed to climate extremes induced by the 2015–2016 El Niño, which resulted in severe droughts, leading to an additional 5.9 million children in 51 countries becoming underweight ( ''high confidence'' ). Undernutrition can in turn increase susceptibility to other health problems, including mental health problems, and impair cognitive and work performance, with resulting economic impacts ( ''very high confidence'' ). Children and pregnant women experience disproportionate adverse health and nutrition impacts ( ''high confidence'' ). { 5.12.3, 7.2.4, 7.2.5, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.2.3 CCP5.2.3] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.2.3 CCP5.2.3.1] , 14.4, 14.5.2, 14.5.4, 14.5.6, 14.5.7, Figure 14.8, 9.8.1, 9.10.2, 10.4.7, 15.3.4, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP6.2.6 CCP6.2.6] , CCB HEALTH, CCB ILLNESS, CCB MOVING PLATE }

'''TS.B.5.5 Climate-related food safety risks have increased globally (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' These risks include ''Salmonella'' , ''Campylobacter'' and ''Cryptosporidium'' infections ( ''medium confidence'' ) mycotoxins associated with cancer and stunting in children ( ''high confidence'' ) and seafood contamination with marine toxins and pathogens ( ''high confidence'' ). Climate-related food-borne disease risks vary temporally and are influenced, in part, by food availability, accessibility, preparation and preferences ( ''medium confidence'' ), as well as adequate food safety monitoring ( ''high confidence'' ). { 3.4.2, 3.5.3, 3.5.5, 3.5.6, 5.11.1, Box 5.10, 7.2.1, 7.2.2, 13.7.1, Figure 13.24, 14.5.6, 15.3.4, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP6.2.6 CCP6.2.6] , CCB SLR }

'''TS.B.5.6 Higher temperatures combined with land use/land cover change are making more areas suitable for the transmission of vector-borne diseases (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' More extreme weather events have contributed to vector-borne disease outbreaks in humans through direct effects on pathogens and vectors and indirect effects on human behaviour and emergency response destabilisation ( ''medium confidence'' ). Climate change and variability are facilitating the spread of chikungunya virus in North, Central and South America, Europe and Asia ( ''medium to high confidence'' ); tick-borne encephalitis in Europe ( ''medium confidence'' ); Rift Valley fever in Africa; West Nile fever in southeastern Europe, western Asia, the Canadian prairies and parts of the USA ( ''medium confidence'' ); Lyme disease vectors in North America ( ''high confidence'' ) and Europe ( ''medium confidence'' ); malaria in eastern and southern Africa ( ''high confidence'' ); and dengue globally ( ''high confidence'' ). For example, in Central and South America, the reproduction potential for the transmission of dengue increased between 17% and 80% for the period 1950–1954 to 2016–2021, depending on the sub-region, as a result of changes in temperature and precipitation ( ''high confidence'' ). { 2.4.2, 4.3.3, 7.2.1, 7.2.2, 9.10.2, 10.4.7, Table 11.10, 12.3.1, 12.3.2, 12.3.3, 12.3.5, 12.3.6, Figure 12.4, Table 12.9, Table 12.11, Table 12.1, 13.7.1, Figure 13.24, 14.5.6, 15.3.4, 16.2.3, CCB ILLNESS }

'''TS.B.5.7 Higher temperatures (''' '''''very high confidence''''' '''), heavy rainfall events (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''') and flooding (''' '''''medium confidence''''' ''') are associated with increased water-borne diseases,''' particularly diarrhoeal diseases, including cholera ( ''very high confidence'' ) and other gastrointestinal infections ( ''high confidence'' ) in high-, middle- and low-income countries. Water insecurity and inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene increase disease risk ( ''high confidence'' ), stress and adverse mental health ( ''limited evidence, medium agreement'' ), food insecurity and adverse nutritional outcomes and poor cognitive and birth outcomes ( ''limited evidence, medium agreement'' ). { 4.3.3, 7.2.2, Box 7.3, 9.10.1, Figure 9.33, 10.4.7, 11.3.6, 12.3.4, 12.3.5, 13.7.1, Figure 13.24, 14.5.6, 16.2.3, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP6.2.6 CCP6.2.6] , CCB ILLNESS, CWGB URBAN }

'''TS.B.5.8 Climate change driven range shifts of wildlife, exploitation of wildlife and loss of wildlife habitat quality have increased opportunities for pathogens to spread from wildlife to human populations, which has resulted in increased emergence of zoonotic disease epidemics and pandemics (''' '''''medium confidence''''' ''').''' Zoonoses that have been historically rare or never documented in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of Europe, Asia and North America are emerging as a result of climate-induced environmental change (e.g., anthrax), spreading polewards and increasing in incidence (e.g., tularemia) ( ''very high confidence'' ). { 2.4.2, 5.5.2, 7.2.2, Box 7.1, 10.4.7, 12.3.1, 12.3.4, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP2.2 CCP2.2.2] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP6.2.6 CCP6.2.6] , CCB ILLNESS }

'''TS.B.5.9 Several chronic, non-communicable respiratory diseases are climate-sensitive based on their exposure pathways (e.g., heat, cold, dust, small particulates, ozone, fire smoke and allergens) (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''), although climate change is not the dominant driver in all cases.''' Exposure to wildfires and associated smoke has increased in several regions ( ''very high confidence'' ) ''.'' The 2019–2020 southeastern Australian wildfires resulted in the deaths of 33 people, a further 429 deaths and 3230 hospitalisations due to cardiovascular or respiratory conditions and $1.95 billion in health costs. Spring pollen season start dates in northern mid-latitudes are occurring earlier due to climate change, increasing the risks of allergic respiratory diseases ( ''high confidence'' ). { 2.4.4, 7.2.3, 14.5.6, Box 14.2, 11.3.6, Box 11.1, 12.3.3, 12.3.4, 12.3.6, 12.3.7, 13.7.1 }

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