Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-9 (section)

==== 9.7.2.2 Vulnerability ====

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Climate change is projected to reduce water availability and increase the extent of water scarcity ( [[#Mekonnen--2016|Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2016]] ), particularly in southern and north Africa, while other regions will be more affected by increased hydrological variability over temporally short to interannual time scales (see [[#9.6.2|Section 9.6.2]] ). African countries are considered to be particularly at risk due to their underlying vulnerabilities ( [[#IPCC--2014b|IPCC, 2014b]] ; [[#UNESCO%20and%20UN-Water--2020|UNESCO and UN-Water, 2020]] ), yet the continents’ water resources are still inadequately quantified and modelled ( [[#Müller%20Schmied--2016|Müller Schmied et al., 2016]] ; [[#Reinecke--2019|Reinecke et al., 2019]] ), constraining sustainable management practices ( [[#Cuthbert--2019|Cuthbert et al., 2019]] ; [[#Hughes--2019|Hughes, 2019]] ).

Hydrological fluctuations are associated with drought, flood and cyclone events which have had multi-sector impacts across Africa ( [[#Siderius--2021|Siderius et al., 2021]] ; see [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4|Chapter 4]] Sections 4.3; 4.5), including: reduced crop production ( [[#D’Odorico--2018|D’Odorico et al., 2018]] ), migration and displacement ( [[#Siam--2017|Siam and Eltahir, 2017]] ; [[#IDMC--2018|IDMC, 2018]] ), food insecurity and extensive livestock deaths ( [[#Nhamo--2018|Nhamo et al., 2018]] ), electricity outages ( [[#Gannon--2018|Gannon et al., 2018]] ), increased incidence of cholera ( [[#Olago--2007|Olago et al., 2007]] ; [[#Sorensen--2015|Sorensen et al., 2015]] ; [[#Houéménou--2020|Houéménou et al., 2020]] ) and increased groundwater abstraction amplifying the risk of saline intrusion from sea level rise ( [[#Hamed--2018|Hamed et al., 2018]] ; [[#Ouhamdouch--2019|Ouhamdouch et al., 2019]] ).

The literature shows significant gender-differentiated vulnerability and intersectional vulnerability to climate change impacts on water in Africa ( [[#Fleifel--2019|Fleifel et al., 2019]] ; [[#Grasham--2019|Grasham et al., 2019]] ; [[#Mackinnon--2019|Mackinnon et al., 2019]] ; [[#Dickin--2020|Dickin et al., 2020]] ; [[#Lund%20Schlamovitz--2020|Lund Schlamovitz and Becker, 2020]] ), although studies are generally lacking in northern Africa ( [[#Daoud--2021|Daoud, 2021]] ). Women and girls are, in most cases, more impacted than men and boys by customary water practices, as adult females are the primary water collectors (46% in Liberia to 90% in Cote d’Ivoire), while more female than male children are associated with water collection (62% compared with 38%, respectively) ( [[#Graham--2016|Graham et al., 2016]] ). Women and girls face barriers toward accessing basic sanitation and hygiene resources, and 71% of studies reported a negative health outcome, reflecting a water–gender–health nexus ( [[#Pouramin--2020|Pouramin et al., 2020]] ). These differential vulnerabilities are crucial for informing adaptation, but are still relatively under-researched, more so for the urban poor than rural communities ( [[#Grasham--2019|Grasham et al., 2019]] ; [[#Mackinnon--2019|Mackinnon et al., 2019]] ; [[#Lund%20Schlamovitz--2020|Lund Schlamovitz and Becker, 2020]] ).

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