Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-2 (section)

===== 2.5.3.1.1 Observed exposure of protected areas =====

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In 2009, deforestation, agricultural expansion, overgrazing and urbanisation exposed one-third of the global protected area (6 million km 2 ) to intense human pressure, a 6% increase from 1993 ( [[#Venter--2016|Venter et al., 2016]] ; [[#Jones--2018|Jones et al., 2018]] ). The exposure to observed climate change has not yet been quantified for protected areas globally, but research has analysed the spatial patterns and magnitudes of observed changes for the 360,000 km 2 system of US national parks ( [[#Gonzalez--2018|Gonzalez et al., 2018]] ) including the first national park in the world. From 1895 to 2010, mean annual temperature of the US national park area increased at a rate of 1°C ± 0.2°C per century, double the rate of the whole USA, and precipitation decreased in 12% of the national park area, compared with 4% for the whole USA, due to a high fraction of US national park area being in the Arctic, at high elevations, and in the arid southwestern USA ( [[#Gonzalez--2018|Gonzalez et al., 2018]] ). In addition, analyses of weather-station measurements in and near six South African national parks found that the maximum temperature increased at a rate of 0.024°C ± 0.003°C yr -1 from 1960 to 2010 ( [[#Van%20Wilgen--2016|Van Wilgen et al., 2016]] ). While a substantial fraction of global protected area has been exposed to observed changes in human land cover, the global exposure to observed climate change is unquantified.

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