Editing IPCC:AR6/SROCC/Chapter-3 (section)

==== 3.5.2.4 Tourism ====

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The growth of the polar tourism market is, in part, a response to climate change, as travellers seek ‘last-chance’ opportunities, which, in turn, is creating new challenges in governance (Section 3.2.4.2). Polar-class expedition cruise vessels are now, for the first time, being purposefully built for recreational Arctic sea travel. The anticipated near- and long-term growth of Arctic tourism, especially with small vessels (yachts) (Johnston et al., 2017), points to a deficiency in current regulations and policies to address human safety, environmental risks and cultural impacts. Industry growth also points to the need for operators, governments, destination communities and others to identify and evaluate adaptation strategies, such as disaster relief management plans, updated navigation technologies for vessels, codes of conduct for visitors and improved maps (Pizzolato et al., 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r2030|2030]]</sup> ) and to respond to perceptions of tourism by residents of local destinations (Kaján, 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r2031|2031]]</sup> ; Stokke and Haukeland, 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r2032|2032]]</sup> ). Efforts were initiated with stakeholders in Arctic Canada to identify strategies that would lower risks (Pizzolato et al., 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r2033|2033]]</sup> ); a next step to lower risks and build resilience is to further develop those strategies (AMAP, 2017a <sup>[[#fn:r2034|2034]]</sup> ; AMAP, 2017b <sup>[[#fn:r2035|2035]]</sup> ; AMAP, 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r2036|2036]]</sup> ). Opportunities for tourism vessels in the Arctic to contribute to international research activities (‘ships of opportunity’) may improve sovereignty claims in some regions, contribute to science and enhance education of the public (Stewart et al., 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r2037|2037]]</sup> ; Arctic Council, 2015a <sup>[[#fn:r2038|2038]]</sup> ; Stewart et al., 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r2039|2039]]</sup> ; de la Barre et al., 2016).

Tourism activities in the Antarctic are conducted in accordance with the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, which establishes general environmental principles, environmental assessment requirements, a scheme of establishing protected areas and restrictions on waste disposal. Site-specific management tools are in place. While there are varying views amongst Antarctic Treaty Parties on the best management regulations for Antarctic tourism, these Parties continue to work to manage tourism activity, including growth in numbers of visitors. In addition to the Protocol, mandatory measures have been agreed to manage aspects of tourism activity. Industry self-regulation supplements these requirements, coordinated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators, which has worked with Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties to manage changes in operations and their impact on ice-free areas (ATCM, 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r2040|2040]]</sup> ).

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