Editing IPCC:AR6/SROCC/Chapter-4 (section)

===== 4.4.2.3.6 Governance of ecosystem-based adaptation =====

The coastal protection benefits of natural ecosystems are increasingly being recognised within international discourse and national coastal adaptation, resilience and sustainable development plans and strategies (Section 4.4.2.3.1). In general, obtaining permits for EbA remains more difficult compared to established hard protection measures, in places like the USA (Bilkovic, 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1736|1736]]</sup> ). However, there are examples of instruments specifically tailored to retain the protective function of EbA (Borges et al., 2009 <sup>[[#fn:r1737|1737]]</sup> ; Government of India, 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r1738|1738]]</sup> ). The Living Shorelines Regulations of the state government of Maryland in the USA (Maryland DEP, 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r1739|1739]]</sup> ), for instance, requires that private properties must include marsh creation or other non-structural measures when stabilising their shorelines, unless a waiver is obtained.

There are an increasing number of public and private financial mechanisms and policy instruments to encourage the use and implementation of EbA measures (Colgan et al., 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1740|1740]]</sup> ; Sutton-Grier et al., 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r1741|1741]]</sup> ). For example, a regulation by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) of the USA, allows proponents of hazard mitigation projects, such as state, territorial and local governments, to take into account the co-benefits of EbA when assessing benefit-cost ratios of FEMA-funded recovery projects (FEMA, 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r1742|1742]]</sup> ). International guidelines are being developed for designing and implementing EbA measures, with the intention to support wider implementation of these responses (Hardaway Jr and Duhring, 2010 <sup>[[#fn:r1743|1743]]</sup> ; Van Slobbe et al., 2013; Van Wesenbeeck et al., 2017; Bridges et al., 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r1744|1744]]</sup> ).

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