Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-5 (section)

==== 5.7.4.1 Indigenous and local knowledge ====

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Recent discourse has a strong orientation towards scaling-up innovation and adoption by local farmers. However, autonomous adaptation, indigenous knowledge and local knowledge are both important for agricultural adaptation (Biggs et al.2013 <sup>[[#fn:r1280|1280]]</sup> )(Section5.3).These involve the promotion of farmer participation in governance structures, research, and the design of systems for the generation and dissemination of knowledge and technology, so that farmers’ needs and knowledge can be taken into consideration. Klenk et al. (2017) <sup>[[#fn:r1281|1281]]</sup> found that mobilisation of local knowledge can inform adaptation decision-making and may facilitate greater flexibility in government-funded research. As an example, rural innovation in terrace agriculture developed on the basis of a local coping mechanism and adopted by peasant farmers in Latin America may serve as an adaptation option or starting place for learning about climate change responses (Bocco and Napoletano 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1282|1282]]</sup> ). Clemens et al. (2015) <sup>[[#fn:r1283|1283]]</sup> found that an open dialogue platform enabled horizontal exchange of ideas and alliances for social learning and knowledge-sharing in Vietnam. Improving local technologies in a participatory manner, through on-farm experimentation, farmer-to- farmer exchange, consideration of women and youths, is also relevant in mobilising knowledge and technologies.

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Citizen science has been tested as a useful tool with potential for biodiversity conservation (Schmitz et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r1284|1284]]</sup> ) and mobilising knowledge from society. In food systems, knowledge-holders (e.g., farmers and pastoralists) are trained to gather scientific data in order to promote conservation and resource management (Fulton et al. 2019 <sup>[[#fn:r1285|1285]]</sup> ) or to conserve and use traditional knowledge in developed countries relevant to climate change adaptation and mitigation through the use of ICT (Calvet-Mir et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r1286|1286]]</sup> ).

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