Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-5 (section)

==== 5.10.2.2 Social vulnerabilities ====

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As in other production systems, Indigenous groups, gender, race and other social categories can result in heightened vulnerability to climate change in mixed production systems owing to historical and current marginalisation and discrimination ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Parraguez-Vergara--2016|Parraguez-Vergara et al., 2016]] ; [[#Baptiste--2019|Baptiste and Devonish, 2019]] ; [[#Moulton--2019|Moulton and Machado, 2019]] ; [[#Popke--2019|Popke and Rhiney, 2019]] ; [[#Fagundes--2020|Fagundes et al., 2020]] ). A study of the Mapuche Indigenous group in Chile found that marginalisation and discrimination worsened their vulnerability and observed impacts of climate change because they had less access to services and lower incomes and were not as high a priority as other groups ( [[#Parraguez-Vergara--2016|Parraguez-Vergara et al., 2016]] ). Among fisherfolk on Lake Wamala, Uganda, Musinguzi (2018) found evidence of considerable diversification to crop and livestock production as a means of increasing households’ food security and income, but women had greater workloads and less control over new income sources than men. Ngigi (2017) evaluated adaptation actions within households in rural Kenya and found that women tended to adopt adaptation strategies related to crops, and men to livestock and agroforestry activities. Chingala (2017) found substantial gender- and age-related differences in control of access to animal feed, animal health and water resources in beef producers in mixed crop–livestock systems in Malawi. In a review of agriculture–aquaculture systems in coastal Bangladesh, [[#Hossain--2018|Hossain et al. (2018)]] showed that existing policies and adaptation mechanisms are not adequately addressing gender power imbalances, and women continue to be marginalised, leading to increasing feminisation of food insecurity. Such studies highlight the need to consider gender and other social inequities when examining adaptation in mixed production systems, particularly in situations in which men and women have different levels of control over productive assets (Cross-Chapter Box GENDER in Chapter 18).

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