Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-5 (section)

==== 5.7.5.1 Impacts and adaptation ====

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'''Climate Services (food availability).''' Agriculture and food security is a priority area for the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) a programme of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The GFCS enables vulnerable sectors and populations to better manage climate variability and adapt to climate change (Hansen et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r1294|1294]]</sup> ). Global precipitation datasets and remote sensing technologies can be used to detect local to regional anomalies in precipitation as a tool for devising early-warning systems for drought-related impacts, such as famine (Huntington et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1295|1295]]</sup> ).

'''Crop and livestock genetics (food availability, utilisation). ''' Advances in plant breeding are crucial for enhancing food security under changing climate for a wide variety of crops including fruits and vegetables as well as staples. Genetics improvement is needed in order to breed crops and livestock that can both reduce GHG emissions, increase drought and heat tolerance (e.g., rice), and enhance nutrition and food security (Nankishore and Farrell 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r1296|1296]]</sup> ; Kole et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r1297|1297]]</sup> ). Many of these characteristics already exist in traditional varieties, including orphan crops and indigenous and local breeds, so research is needed to recuperate such varieties and evaluate their potential for adaptation and mitigation.

Phenomics-assisted breeding appears to be a promising tool for deciphering the stress responsiveness of crop and animal species (Papageorgiou 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1298|1298]]</sup> ; Kole et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r1299|1299]]</sup> ; Lopes et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r1300|1300]]</sup> ; Boettcher et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r1301|1301]]</sup> ). Initially discovered in bacteria and archaea, CRISPR–Cas9 is an adaptive immune system found in prokaryotes and since 2013 has been used as a genome editing tool in plants. The main use of CRISPR systems is to achieve improved yield performance, biofortification, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, with rice (Oryza sativa) being the most studied crop (Gao 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r1302|1302]]</sup> and Ricroch et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1303|1303]]</sup> ).

'''Climate impact models (food availability).''' Understanding the full range of climate impacts on staple crops (especially those important in developing countries, such as fruits and vegetables) is missing in the current climate impact models. Further, the CO2 effects on nutrition quality of different crops are just beginning to be parameterised in the models (Müller et al. 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r1304|1304]]</sup> ). Bridging these gaps is essential for projecting future dietary diversity, healthy diets, and food security (Bisbis et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r1305|1305]]</sup> ). Crop model improvements are needed for simulation of evapotranspiration to guide crop water management in future climate conditions (Cammarano et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r1306|1306]]</sup> ). Similarly, mores studies are needed to understand the impacts of climate change on global rangelands, livestock and aquaculture, which have received comparatively less attention than the impacts on crop production.

'''Resilience to extreme events (food availability, access, utilisation, and stability).''' On the adaptation side, knowledge gaps include impacts of climate shocks (Rodríguez Osuna et al. 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r1307|1307]]</sup> ) as opposed to impacts of slow-onset climate change, how climate-related harvest failures in one continent may influence food security outcomes in others, impacts of climate change on fruits and vegetables and their nutrient contents.

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