Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-14 (section)

==== 14.7.2.2 Adaptation Through Participatory and Robust Decision Making, Indicators and Sustained Assessments ====

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In response to some of the challenges presented in [[#14.7.2.1|Section 14.7.2.1]] , substantial progress has been made in the North American context on the development of climate services, indicators, sustained assessments, and participatory and stakeholder-driven robust decision making ( ''medium confidence'' ) ( [[#Fazey--2018|Fazey et al., 2018]] ; [[#Fedele--2019|Fedele et al., 2019]] ; [[#Moss--2019|Moss et al., 2019]] ; [[#Boon--2021|Boon et al., 2021]] ; [[#Werners--2021|Werners et al., 2021]] ).

Decision making related to adaptation policies, plans and projects has become more formalised, emphasising participatory governance and co-production of knowledge. Canada has improved capacity with its Canadian Expert Panel on Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience Results and the recent National Adaptation Plan ( [[#14.7.1|Section 14.7.1.5]] ), with the development of a series of indicators to measure progress on adaptation ( [[#EPCCAR--2018|EPCCAR, 2018]] ; [[#Government%20of%20Canada--2021a|Government of Canada, 2021a]] ). In the USA, indicators have been developed to communicate climate risks and guide adaptation efforts from federal ( [[#Kenney--2020|Kenney et al., 2020]] ) to more regional initiatives ( [[#Kenney--2021|Kenney and Gerst, 2021]] ). These climate indicators have been used to support user-driven assessments and to articulate adaptation goals ( [[#Moss--2019|Moss et al., 2019]] ; [[#Kenney--2020|Kenney et al., 2020]] ); however, these frameworks have not sufficiently incorporated monitoring and evaluation into adaptation plans ( [[#Lempert--2018|Lempert et al., 2018]] ; [[#Kenney--2020|Kenney et al., 2020]] ). Tools and services to facilitate risk assessment and action planning have been made available through federal government climate service efforts, and guidance for their use has been developed ( [[#Vano--2018|Vano et al., 2018]] ); however, these products have been characterised as insufficiently developed to allow all adaptation practitioners to use these services ( [[#Meerow--2017|Meerow and Mitchell, 2017]] ).

Throughout North America, co-development (or co-production) of adaptation efforts among stakeholders who share common climate vulnerabilities or risk levels (e.g., individuals, groups, communities, businesses or institutions) has been a core attribute of adaptation planning ( [[#Mees--2016|Mees et al., 2016]] ) and ranges across many sectors (e.g., Sections 14.5.2.2, 14.5.3.3, 14.5.4.3). Participatory efforts and robust decision making have also been observed; some integrated watershed planning processes have high degrees of sustained stakeholder involvement ( [[#14.5.3.3|Section 14.5.3.3]] ; FAQ 14.4; [[#Harris-Lovett--2015|Harris-Lovett et al., 2015]] ; [[#Cantú--2016|Cantú, 2016]] ).

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