Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-5 (section)

==== 5.7.5.2 Emissions and mitigation ====

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'''GHG emissions inventory techniques (food utilisation). ''' Knowledge gaps include food consumption-based emissions at national scales, embedded emissions (overseas footprints) of food systems, comparison of GHG emissions per type of food systems (e.g., smallholder and large-scale commercial food systems), and GHG emissions from land-based aquaculture. An additional knowledge gap is the need for more socio-economic assessments of the potential of various integrated practices to deliver the mitigation potential estimated from a biophysical perspective. This needs to be effectively monitored, verified, and implemented, once barriers and incentives to adoption of the techniques, practices, and technologies are considered. Thus, future research needs fill the gaps on evaluation of climate actions in the food system.

'''Food supply chains (food availability).''' The expansion of the cold chain into developing economies means increased energy consumption and GHG emissions at the consumer stages of the food system, but its net impact on GHG emissions for food systems as a whole, is complex and uncertain (Heard and Miller 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r1308|1308]]</sup> ). Further understanding of negative side effects in intensive food processing systems is still needed.

Blockchains, as a distributed digital ledger technology which ensures transparency, traceability, and security, is showing promise for easing some global food supply chain management challenges, including the need for documentation of sustainability and the circular economy for stakeholders including governments, communities, and consumers to meet sustainability goals. Blockchain-led transformation of food supply chains is still in its early stages; research is needed on overcoming barriers to adoption (Tripoli and Schmidhuber 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r1309|1309]]</sup> ; Casado-Vara et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r1310|1310]]</sup> ; Mao et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r1311|1311]]</sup> ; Saberi et al. 2019 <sup>[[#fn:r1312|1312]]</sup> ).

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