Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/TS (section)

=== Migration and displacement ===

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'''TS.B.6 Since AR5 there is increased evidence that climate''' '''hazards''' '''associated with extreme events and variability act as direct drivers of involuntary migration and displacement and as indirect drivers through deteriorating climate-sensitive livelih''' '''oods (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''). Most climate-related displace''' '''ment a''' '''nd migration occur within national boundaries, with inter''' '''nati''' '''onal movements occurring primarily between countries wi''' '''th contiguous borders (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''')''' '''''.''''' '''Since 2008, an annual''' '''average''' '''of over 20 million people have been internally displa''' '''ced''' '''annually by weather-related extreme events, with storms and floods being the most common (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''). {''' 1.1.1, 1.3, 7.2.6, 9.9.2, Box 9.8, Box 10.2, 12.3, 13.8.1, 15.3.4, 16.2.3, 18.2, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP3.2 CCP3.2] , CCB MIGRATE '''}'''

'''TS.B.6.1 The most common climatic drivers for migration and displacement are drought, tropical storms and hurricanes, heavy rains and floods (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' Extreme climate events act as both direct drivers (e.g., destruction of homes by tropical cyclones) and indirect drivers (e.g., rural income losses during prolonged droughts) of involuntary migration and displacement ( ''very high confidence'' ). The largest absolute number of people displaced by extreme weather each year occurs in Asia (South, Southeast and East), followed by sub-Saharan Africa, but small island states in the Caribbean and South Pacific are disproportionately affected relative to their small population size ( ''high confidence'' ). { 4.3.7, 7.2.6, 9.9.2, Box 9.8, 12.3.1, 12.3.2, 12.3.3, 12.3.5, 12.5.8, 15.3.4, 16.2.3, CCB MIGRATE }

'''TS.B.6.2 The impacts of climatic drivers on migration are highly context-specific and interact with social, political, geopolitical and economic drivers (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' Specific climate events and conditions cause migration to increase, decrease or flow in new directions ( ''high confidence'' ). One of the main pathways for climate-induced migration is through deteriorating economic conditions and livelihoods ( ''high confidence'' ). Climate change has influenced changes in temporary, seasonal or permanent migration, often rural to urban or rural to rural, that is associated with labour diversification as a risk-reduction strategy in Central America, Africa, South Asia and Mexico ( ''high confidence'' ). This movement is often followed by remittances ( ''medium confidence'' ). However, the same economic losses can also undermine household resources and savings, limiting mobility and compounding people’s exposure and vulnerability ( ''high confidence'' ). { 4.3.7, 5.5.4, 7.2.6, 8.2.1, Box 9.8, 12.3.1, 12.3.2, 12.3.3, 12.3.5, 12.5.8, 13.8.1, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.2.5 CCP5.2.5] , CCB MIGRATE }

'''TS.B.6.3 Outcomes of climate-related migration are highly variable, with socioeconomic factors and household resources affecting migration success (''' '''''high confidenc''''' '''e).''' The more agency migrants have (i.e., the degree of voluntarity and freedom of movement), the greater the potential benefits for sending and receiving areas ( ''high agreement, medium evidence'' ) ''.'' Displacement or low-agency migration is associated with poor health, well-being and socioeconomic outcomes for migrants and yields fewer benefits to sending or receiving communities ( ''high agreement, medium evidence'' ). Involuntary migration occurs when adaptation alternatives are exhausted or not viable and reflects non-climatic factors that constrain adaptive capacity and create high levels of exposure and vulnerability ( ''high confidence'' ). These outcomes are also shaped by policy and planning decisions at regional, national and local scales that relate to housing, infrastructure, water provisioning, schools and healthcare to support the integration of migrants into receiving communities ( ''high confidence'' ). { 4.3.7, 5.5.3, 5.5.4, 5.10.1, 5.12.2, 7.2.6, 7.2.6, 8.2.1, 9.8.3, Box 8.1, 10.3, Box 12.2, CCB MIGRATE, CCB SLR }

'''TS.B.6.4 Immobility in the context of climatic risk reflects both vulnerability and lack of agency, but is also a deliberate choice (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' Deliberate or voluntary, immobility represents an assertion of the importance of culture, livelihood and sense of place. Planned relocations by governments of settlements and populations exposed to climatic hazards are not presently commonplace, although the need is expected to grow. Existing examples of relocations of Indigenous Peoples in coastal Alaska and villages in the Solomon Islands and Fiji suggest that relocated people can experience significant financial and emotional distress as cultural and spiritual bonds to place and livelihoods are disrupted ( ''high confidence'' ). { 7.2.6, 13.8.1, 15.3.4, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP6.2.5 CCP6.2.5] , CCB MIGRATE }

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