Editing IPCC:AR6/SR15/Chapter-4 (section)

=== 4.5.4 Synergies and Trade-Offs between Adaptation and Mitigation ===

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Implementing a particular mitigation or adaptation option may affect the feasibility and effectiveness of other mitigation and adaptation options. Supplementary Material 4.SM.5.1 provides examples of possible positive impacts (synergies) and negative impacts (trade-offs) of mitigation options for adaptation. For example, renewable energy sources such as wind energy and solar PV combined with electricity storage can increase resilience due to distributed grids, thereby enhancing both mitigation and adaptation. Yet, as another example, urban densification may reduce GHG emissions, enhancing mitigation, but can also intensify heat island effects and inhibit restoration of local ecosystems if not accounted for, thereby increasing adaptation challenges.<br />
The table in Supplementary Material 4.SM.5.2 provides examples of synergies and trade-offs of adaptation options for mitigation. It shows, for example, that conservation agriculture can reduce some GHG emissions and thus enhance mitigation, but at the same time can increase other GHG emissions, thereby reducing mitigation potential. As another example, agroforestry can reduce GHG emissions through reduced deforestation and fossil fuel consumption but has a lower carbon sequestration potential compared with natural and secondary forest.

Maladaptive actions could increase the risk of adverse climate-related outcomes. For example, biofuel targets could lead to indirect land use change and influence local food security, through a shift in land use abroad in response to increased domestic biofuel demand, increasing global GHG emissions rather than decreasing them.

Various options enhance both climate change mitigation and adaptation, and would hence serve two 1.5°C-related goals: reducing emissions while adapting to the associated climate change. Examples of such options are reforestation, urban and spatial planning, and land and water management.

Synergies between mitigation and adaptation may be enhanced, and trade-offs reduced, by considering enabling conditions (Section 4.4), while trade-offs can be amplified when enabling conditions are not considered (C.A. Scott et al., 2015) <sup>[[#fn:r1508|1508]]</sup> . For example, information that is tailored to the personal situation of individuals and communities, including climate services that are credible and targeted at the point of decision-making, can enable and promote both mitigation and adaptation actions (Section 4.4.3). Similarly, multilevel governance and community participation, respectively, can enable and promote both adaptation and mitigation actions (Section 4.4.1). Governance, policies and institutions can facilitate the implementation of the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus (Rasul and Sharma, 2016) <sup>[[#fn:r1509|1509]]</sup> . The WEF nexus can enhance food, water and energy security, particularly in cities with agricultural production areas (Biggs et al., 2015) <sup>[[#fn:r1510|1510]]</sup> , electricity generation with intensive water requirements (Conway et al 2015), and in agriculture (El Gafy et al., 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r1511|1511]]</sup> and livelihoods (Biggs et al., 2015) <sup>[[#fn:r1512|1512]]</sup> . Such a nexus approach can reduce the transport energy that is embedded in food value chains (Villarroel Walker et al., 2014) <sup>[[#fn:r1513|1513]]</sup> , providing diverse sources of food in the face of changing climates (Tacoli et al., 2013) <sup>[[#fn:r1514|1514]]</sup> . Urban agriculture, where integrated, can mitigate climate change and support urban flood management (Angotti, 2015; Bell et al., 2015; Biggs et al., 2015; Gwedla and Shackleton, 2015; Lwasa et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2016; Sanesi et al., 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r1515|1515]]</sup> . In the case of electricity generation, enabling conditions through a combination of carefully selected policy instruments can maximize the synergic benefits between low GHG energy production and water for energy (Shang et al., 2018) <sup>[[#fn:r1516|1516]]</sup> . Despite the multiple benefits of maximizing synergies between mitigation and adaptations options through the WEF nexus approach (Chen and Chen, 2016) <sup>[[#fn:r1517|1517]]</sup> , there are implementation challenges given institutional complexity, political economy, and interdependencies between actors (Leck et al., 2015) <sup>[[#fn:r1518|1518]]</sup> .

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