Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-5 (section)

==== 5.7.5.3 Synergies and trade-offs ====

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'''Supply-side and demand-side mitigation and adaptation (food availability, utilisation).''' Knowledge gaps exist in characterising the potential and risks associated with novel mitigation technologies on the supply side (e.g., inhibitors, targeted breeding, cellular agriculture, etc.). Additionally, most integrated assessment models (IAMs) currently have limited regional data on BECCS projects because of little BECCS implementation (Lenzi et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r1313|1313]]</sup> ). Hence, several BECCS scenarios rely on assumptions regarding regional climate, soils and infrastructure suitability (Köberle et al. 2019 <sup>[[#fn:r1314|1314]]</sup> ) as well as international trade (Lamers et al. 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r1315|1315]]</sup> ).

Areas for study include how to incentivise, regulate, and raise awareness of the co-benefits of healthy consumption patterns and climate change mitigation and adaptation; to improve access to healthy diets for vulnerable groups through food assistance programmes; and to implement policies and campaigns to reduce food loss and food waste. Knowledge gaps also exist on the role of different policies, and underlying uncertainties, to promote changes in food habits towards climate resilience and healthy diets.

'''Food systems, land-use change, and telecoupling (food availability, access, utilisation).''' The analytical framework of telecoupling has recently been proposed to address this complexity, particularly the connections, flows, and feedbacks characterising food systems (Friis et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r1316|1316]]</sup> ; Easter et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r1317|1317]]</sup> ). For example, how will climate-induced shifts in livestock and crop diseases affect food production and consumption in the future. Investigating the social and ecological consequences of these changes will contribute to decision-making under uncertainty in the future. Research areas include food systems and their boundaries, hierarchies, and scales through metabolism studies, political ecology and cultural anthropology.

'''Food-Energy-Water Nexus (food availability, utilisation, stability)''' . Emerging interdisciplinary science efforts are providing new understanding of the interdependence of food, energy, and water systems. These interdependencies are beginning to take into account climate change, food security, and AFOLU assessments (Scanlon et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1318|1318]]</sup> ; Liu et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1319|1319]]</sup> ). These science advances, in turn, provide critical information for coordinated management to improve the affordability, reliability, and environmental sustainability of food, energy, and water systems. Despite significant advances within the past decade, there are still many challenges for the scientific community. These include the need for interdisciplinary science related to the food-energy-water nexus; ground-based monitoring and modelling at local-to-regional scales (Van Gaelen et al. 2017); incorporating human and institutional behaviour in models; partnerships among universities, industry, and government to develop policy-relevant data; and systems modelling to evaluate trade-offs associated with food-energy-water decisions (Scanlon et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1320|1320]]</sup> ).

However, the nexus approach, as a conceptual framework, requires the recognition that, although land and the goods and services it provides is finite, potential demand for the goods and services may be greater than the ability to supply them sustainably (Benton et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r1321|1321]]</sup> ). By addressing demand-side issues, as well as supply-side efficiencies, it provides a potential route for minimising trade-offs for different goods and services (Benton et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r1322|1322]]</sup> ) (Section 5.6).

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