Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-2 (section)

===== 2.5.3.6.2 Risks to freshwater fisheries and biodiversity =====

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Climate change will increase water temperatures and decrease dissolved oxygen levels ( [[#2.3.1|Section 2.3.1]] ), impacting freshwater fisheries which form an important ecosystem service ( [[#Vári--2022|Vári et al., 2022]] ). People living in the vicinity of cold lakes will be affected by projected losses of ice. In a worst-case scenario (an air temperatures increase of 8°C), 230,400 lakes and 656 million people in 50 countries will be impacted ( [[#Reid--2019|Reid et al., 2019]] ; [[#Sharma--2019|Sharma et al., 2019]] ). Winter ice-fishing ( [[#Orru--2014|Orru et al., 2014]] ), transportation via ice roads ( [[#Prowse--2011|Prowse et al., 2011]] ) and cultural activities ( [[#Magnuson--2014|Magnuson and Lathrop, 2014]] ) are ecosystem services at stake from the ongoing loss of lake ice.

Eutrophication of central European lakes has wiped out a significant proportion of the endemic fish fauna ( [[#Vonlanthen--2012|Vonlanthen et al., 2012]] ), so climate-induced further eutrophication is expected to represent an additional threat to fish fauna and commercial fisheries ( [[#Ficke--2007|Ficke et al., 2007]] ). Given that the ecological consequences of lake warming may be especially strong in the Tropics ( [[#2.3.1|Section 2.3.1.1]] ), ecosystem services may be most affected there. Tropical lakes support important fisheries ( [[#Lynch--2016a|Lynch et al., 2016a]] ; [[#McIntyre--2016|McIntyre et al., 2016]] ) that provide a critical source of nutrition to adjacent human populations. These lakes are especially prone to the loss of deep-water oxygen due to warming, with adverse consequences for the productivity of fisheries and for biodiversity ( ''medium evidence'' , ''medium agreement'' ) ( [[#Lewis%20Jr--2000|Lewis Jr, 2000]] ; [[#Van%20Bocxlaer--2012|Van Bocxlaer et al., 2012]] ).

Tropical lakes tend to be hotspots of freshwater biodiversity ( [[#Vadeboncoeur--2011|Vadeboncoeur et al., 2011]] ; [[#Brawand--2014|Brawand et al., 2014]] ; [[#Sterner--2020|Sterner et al., 2020]] ); ancient tropical lakes such as Malawi, Tanganyika, Victoria, Titicaca, Towuti and Matano hold thousands of animal species found nowhere else ( [[#Vadeboncoeur--2011|Vadeboncoeur et al., 2011]] ). While biodiversity and several ecosystem services can be considered synergistic (food webs, tourism and of aesthetic and spiritual value) ( [[#Langhans--2019|Langhans et al., 2019]] ), others can be considered antagonistic in case of a strong ecosystem service demand (such as water abstraction, water use and food security in terms of overexploitation). Here, the balance between biodiversity and ecosystem services is key ( [[#Langhans--2019|Langhans et al., 2019]] ), where biodiversity can be integrated into water policy by means of integrated water resource management (IWRM) towards NbS ( [[#Ligtvoet--2017|Ligtvoet et al., 2017]] )

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