Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-10 (section)

=== 10.6.3 Food–Water–Energy Nexus ===

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==== 10.6.3.1 Point of Departure ====

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Food, energy, water and land are vital elements for sustainable development as well as enhancing resilience to both climatic and non-climatic shocks. All these resources are highly vulnerable to climate change (Sections 10.3.1, 10.3.4). Poor people are most affected due to changes in resources availability and accessibility. Food, water and energy security are interconnected ( [[#Bizikova--2013|Bizikova et al., 2013]] ; [[#Ringler--2013|Ringler et al., 2013]] ; [[#Rasul--2014|Rasul, 2014]] ; [[#Chang--2016|Chang et al., 2016]] ; [[#Ringler--2016|Ringler et al., 2016]] ). Although adapting to climate change is one of the core components of the global, regional, national and subnational agendas, the focus of adaptation action has remained sectoral. Undermining the interlinkages of food, energy and water security may increase trade-offs between sectors or places, which may lead to maladaptation ( [[#Barnett--2010|Barnett and O’Neill, 2010]] ; [[#Howells--2013|Howells et al., 2013]] ; [[#Lele--2013|Lele et al., 2013]] ). Therefore, focusing on the nature of trade-offs and synergies across the food–water–energy nexus for integrated management of resources is a potential strategy for adaptation to both climatic and non-climatic challenges ( [[#Bhaduri--2015|Bhaduri et al., 2015]] ; [[#Zaman--2017|Zaman et al., 2017]] ). Due to its importance to the Paris Agreement and SDGs, the food–water–energy nexus approach has gotten increasing attention in terms of capturing synergies and minimising trade-offs in this interconnected system, which is also critical for enhancing adaptation together ( [[#Bazilian--2011|Bazilian et al., 2011]] ; [[#Lawford--2013|Lawford et al., 2013]] ; [[#UNESCAP--2013|UNESCAP, 2013]] ; [[#FAO--2014|FAO, 2014]] ; [[#Rasul--2014|Rasul and Sharma, 2014]] ; [[#Taniguchi--2017a|Taniguchi et al., 2017a]] ; [[#Sukhwani--2019|Sukhwani et al., 2019]] ; [[#Sukhwani--2020|Sukhwani et al., 2020]] ).

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==== 10.6.3.2 Findings ====

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The food–water–energy nexus can be evaluated in the two-way interactions between water–food, water–energy and food–energy ( [[#Taniguchi--2017a|Taniguchi et al., 2017a]] ). The water–energy nexus includes water for energy and energy for water ( [[#Rothausen--2011|Rothausen and Conway, 2011]] ; [[#Hussey--2012|Hussey and Pittock, 2012]] ; [[#Byers--2014|Byers et al., 2014]] ), the water–food nexus includes water for food and the impact of food production on water ( [[#Hoekstra--2012|Hoekstra and Mekonnen, 2012]] ) and the energy–food nexus includes energy consumption for food production and food crops for biofuel production ( [[#Tilman--2009|Tilman et al., 2009]] ). The food–water–energy–land nexus has diverse implications at the sub-regional level in Asia. The increase in the water-supply gap raises questions about the sustainability of the main mode of electricity generation in South Asia. Thermal power generation and hydropower generation are both threatened by water shortages in South Asia (Luo, 2018b; [[#Mitra--2021|Mitra et al., 2021]] ). Furthermore, policy-mismatch-driven anthropogenic causes lead to unsustainable water use for food production in India. For example, subsidised electricity supply for watering agriculture plays a key role in losing groundwater’s buffer capacity against the various changes including climate variabilities ( [[#Badiani--2012|Badiani et al., 2012]] ; Mitra, 2017). In the Mekong River basin of Southeast Asia, massive and rapid export-oriented hydropower development will have direct implications on regional food security and livelihoods through a major negative effect on the aquatic ecosystem ( [[#Baran--2009|Baran and Myschowoda, 2009]] ; [[#Dugan--2010|Dugan et al., 2010]] ; [[#Arias--2014|Arias et al., 2014]] ). Similarly, in Central Asia, the shifting of water storage for irrigation to power development has increased risks on reliable water supply and quality of water ( [[#Granit--2012|Granit et al., 2012]] ). Deforestation-driven agro-environmental changes have led to a decreased forest water supply, an increased irrigation water demand and a negative effect on cropland stability and productivity ( [[#Lim--2017a|Lim et al., 2017a]] ; [[#Lim--2019b|Lim et al., 2019b]] ).

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==== 10.6.3.3 Knowledge gaps ====

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Many challenges remain in both scientific research and policy actions at the global, regional, national and subnational levels. The scientific challenges include data, information and knowledge gaps in understanding the food, energy, water and land interlinkages, and lack of systematic tools to address trade-offs ( [[#Liu--2017a|Liu et al., 2017a]] ). Until very recently, implementation of the food–energy–water nexus focused primarily on technical solutions, whereas governance (i.e., the institutions and processes governing the food–energy–water nexus) has not received much consideration ( [[#Scheyvens--2019|Scheyvens and Shivakoti, 2019]] ). At the policy end, the common challenges for implementation of the water–energy–food–land nexus are absence of sectoral coordination ( [[#Pahl-Wostl--2019|Pahl-Wostl, 2019]] ), the influence of political priorities on decisions and lack of processes for scientific knowledge to shape decisions, lack of capacity to understand interlinkages between sectors, lack of multi-stakeholder engagement in planning and decision-making processes, and lack of incentive mechanisms and adequate finance to support the approach ( [[#Bao--2018|Bao et al., 2018]] ; [[#Scheyvens--2019|Scheyvens and Shivakoti, 2019]] ).

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