Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-9 (section)

==== 9.8.5.1 Observed Impacts of Climate Variability and Change on Marine and Inland Fisheries ====

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Marine and freshwater fisheries provide 19.3% of animal protein intake ( [[#Chan--2019|Chan et al., 2019]] ) and support the livelihoods of 12.3 million people ( [[#de%20Graaf--2015|de Graaf and Garibaldi, 2015]] ) across Africa. Estimates suggest that fish provides approximately 200 million people in Africa with their main source of animal protein and key micronutrients ( [[#Obiero--2019|Obiero et al., 2019]] ). Although marine fisheries account for &gt;50% of total capture fishery production ( [[#Obiero--2019|Obiero et al., 2019]] ), 2.9 million tonnes of fish are harvested annually from inland water bodies constituting the highest per capita inland fishery production of any continent (2.56 kg per person per year) ( [[#Harrod--2018a|Harrod et al., 2018a]] ; [[#Funge-Smith--2019|Funge-Smith and Bennett, 2019]] ).

Climate change already poses a significant threat to marine and freshwater fisheries and aquaculture in Africa ( [[#Blasiak--2017|Blasiak et al., 2017]] ; [[#Harrod--2018a|Harrod et al., 2018a]] ). Severe (&gt;30%) coral bleaching has impacted ~80% of major reef areas in the western Indian Ocean and Red Sea along Africa’s eastern coast ( [[#Hughes--2018|Hughes et al., 2018]] ). Biological effects (e.g., changes in primary production, fish distribution) have also occurred ( [[#Hidalgo--2018|Hidalgo et al., 2018]] ). Range shifts in marine fish species can exacerbate boundary conflicts among fisher communities ( [[#Penney--2017|Penney et al., 2017]] ; [[#Belhabib--2019|Belhabib et al., 2019]] ). Changes in fish distribution and reductions in catch across inland fisheries are associated with climatic variability by fishing communities ( [[#Okpara--2017b|Okpara et al., 2017b]] ; [[#Lowe--2019|Lowe et al., 2019]] ; [[#Muringai--2019b|Muringai et al., 2019b]] ). Floods and reduced river flow reduces fish catches ( [[#Kolding--2019|Kolding et al., 2019]] ), which scale positively with discharge rates in rivers across Africa ( [[#McIntyre--2016|McIntyre et al., 2016]] ). Warming air and water temperatures have altered water stratification patterns in African lakes causing reductions in or redistributions of primary productivity and leading to reduced fish biomass ( [[#9.6.1.3|Section 9.6.1.3]] ). Such changes, partially explain reduced fish catches in Lake Tanganyika ( [[#Cohen--2016|Cohen et al., 2016]] ). In some regions, water scarcity has resulted in conflict within and among food production sectors (pastoralists, fishers and farmers) in this region ( [[#Okpara--2017b|Okpara et al., 2017b]] ). Small-scale and artisanal fisher communities are ill-equipped to adapt to climate impacts because there are few financially accessible alternative livelihoods ( [[#Belhabib--2016|Belhabib et al., 2016]] ; [[#Ndhlovu--2017|Ndhlovu and Saito, 2017]] ).

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