Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-2 (section)

==== Land-based climate change adaptation and mitigation ====

AR5 reported that adaptation and mitigation choices in the near- term will affect the risks related to climate change throughout the 21st century (Burkett et al. 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r17|17]]</sup> ). AFOLU are responsible for about 10–12 GtCO <sub>2</sub> eq yr <sup>–1</sup> anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, mainly from deforestation and agricultural production. Global CO <sub>2</sub> emissions from forestry and other land use have declined since AR4, largely due to increased afforestation. The SR15 further indicates that afforestation and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) are important land-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR) options. It also states that land use and land-use change emerge as a critical feature of virtually all mitigation pathways that seek to limit global warming to 1.5oC. The Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report concluded that co-benefits and adverse side effects of mitigation could affect achievement of other objectives, such as those related to human health, food security, biodiversity, local environmental quality, energy access, livelihoods and equitable sustainable development. Updated assessment and knowledge gaps are covered in Section 2.6 and Chapter 7.

Overall, sustainable land management is largely constrained by climate change and extremes, but also puts bounds on the capacity of land to effectively adapt to climate change and mitigate its impacts. Scientific knowledge has advanced on how to optimise our adaptation and mitigation efforts while coordinating sustainable land management across sectors and stakeholders. Details are assessed in subsequent sections.

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