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==== 4.2.1.2 Glaciers ==== <div id="section-4-2-1-2glaciers-block-1"></div> Glaciers outside of the GIS and AIS are important contributors to sea level change (Figure 4.4). Because of their specific accumulation and ablation rates, which are often high compared to those of the ice sheets, they are sensitive indicators of climate change and respond quickly to changes inΒ climate. Over the past century, glaciers have added more mass to the ocean than the GIS and AIS combined (Gregory et al., 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r20|20]]</sup> ). However, the mass of glaciers is small by comparison, equivalent to only 0.32 Β± 0.08 m mean SLR if only the fraction of ice above sea level is considered (Farinotti et al., 2019 <sup>[[#fn:r21|21]]</sup> ). Sections 2.2.3, 3.3.2 and Cross-Chapter Box 6 in Chapter 2 provide a detailed discussion of glacier response to climate change. <div id="section-4-2-1-3ocean-processes"></div> <span id="ocean-processes"></span>
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