Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/SPM (section)

=== Future Adaptation Options and their Feasibility ===

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'''C.2 There are feasible [[#footnote-009|41]] and effective [[#footnote-008|42]] adaptation options which can reduce risks to people and nature. The feasibility of implementing adaptation options in the near-term differs across sectors and regions ( '''''very high confidence''''' ). The effectiveness of adaptation to reduce climate risk is documented for specific contexts, sectors and regions ( '''''high confidence''''' ) and will decrease with increasing warming ( '''''high confidence''''' ). Integrated, multi-sectoral solutions that address social inequities, differentiate responses based on climate risk and cut across systems, increase the feasibility and effectiveness of adaptation in multiple sectors ( '''''high confidence''''' ).   Expand [[#figure-spm-4|Figure SPM.4]] Links to chapters Figure TS.6e, 1.4, 3.6, 4.7, 5.12, 6.3, 7.4, 11.3, 11.7, 13.2, 15.5, 17.6, CCP2.3, CCB FEASIB'''
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==== Land, Ocean and Ecosystems Transition ====

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'''C.2.1''' Adaptation to water-related risks and impacts make up the majority of all documented adaptation ( ''high confidence'' ). For inland flooding, combinations of non-structural measures like early warning systems and structural measures like levees have reduced loss of lives ( ''medium confidence'' ). Enhancing natural water retention such as by restoring wetlands and rivers, land use planning such as no build zones or upstream forest management, can further reduce flood risk ( ''medium confidence'' ). On-farm water management, water storage, soil moisture conservation and irrigation are some of the most common adaptation responses and provide economic, institutional or ecological benefits and reduce vulnerability ( ''high confidence'' ). Irrigation is effective in reducing drought risk and climate impacts in many regions and has several livelihood benefits, but needs appropriate management to avoid potential adverse outcomes, which can include accelerated depletion of groundwater and other water sources and increased soil salinization ( ''medium confidence'' ). Large scale irrigation can also alter local to regional temperature and precipitation patterns ( ''high confidence'' ), including both alleviating and exacerbating temperature extremes ( ''medium confidence'' ). The effectiveness of most water-related adaptation options to reduce projected risks declines with increasing warming ( ''high confidence'' ). { 4.1, 4.6, 4.7, Box 4.3, Box 4.6, Box 4.7, Figure 4.22, Figure 4.28, Figure 4.29, Table 4.9, 9.3, 9.7, 11.3, 12.5, 13.1, 13.2, 16.3, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] }

'''C.2.2''' Effective adaptation options, together with supportive public policies enhance food availability and stability and reduce climate risk for food systems while increasing their sustainability ( ''medium confidence'' ). Effective options include cultivar improvements, agroforestry, community-based adaptation, farm and landscape diversification, and urban agriculture ( ''high confidence'' ). Institutional feasibility, adaptation limits of crops and cost effectiveness also influence the effectiveness of the adaptation options ( ''limited evidence'' , ''medium agreement'' ). Agroecological principles and practices, ecosystem-based management in fisheries and aquaculture, and other approaches that work with natural processes support food security, nutrition, health and well-being, livelihoods and biodiversity, sustainability and ecosystem services ( ''high confidence'' ). These services include pest control, pollination, buffering of temperature extremes, and carbon sequestration and storage ( ''high confidence'' ). Trade-offs and barriers associated with such approaches include costs of establishment, access to inputs and viable markets, new knowledge and management ( ''high confidence'' ) and their potential effectiveness varies by socioeconomic context, ecosystem zone, species combinations and institutional support ( ''medium confidence'' ). Integrated, multi-sectoral solutions that address social inequities and differentiate responses based on climate risk and local situation will enhance food security and nutrition ( ''high confidence'' ). Adaptation strategies which reduce food loss and waste or support balanced diets [[#footnote-017|33]] (as described in the IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land) contribute to nutrition, health, biodiversity and other environmental benefits ( ''high confidence'' ). { 3.2, 4.7, 4.6, Box 4.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.8, 5.9, 5.10, 5.11, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, Box 5.10, Box 5.13, 6.3, 7.4, 10.4, 12.5, 13.5, 13.10, 14.5, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , CCB FEASIB, CCB HEALTH, CCB MOVING PLATE, CCB NATURAL, CWGB BIOECONOMY }

'''C.2.3''' Adaptation for natural forests [[#footnote-007|43]] includes conservation, protection and restoration measures. In managed forests [[#footnote-007|43]] , adaptation options include sustainable forest management, diversifying and adjusting tree species compositions to build resilience, and managing increased risks from pests and diseases and wildfires. Restoring natural forests and drained peatlands and improving sustainability of managed forests, generally enhances the resilience of carbon stocks and sinks. Cooperation, and inclusive decision making, with local communities and Indigenous Peoples, as well as recognition of inherent rights of Indigenous Peoples, is integral to successful forest adaptation in many areas. ( ''high confidence'' ) { 2.6, Box 2.2, 5.6, 5.13, Table 5.23, 11.4, 12.5, 13.5, Box 14.1, Box 14.2, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP7.5 CCP7.5] , Box [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP7.1 CCP7.1] , CCB FEASIB, CCB INDIG, CCB NATURAL }

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[[File:c5d3677b1241bf0b90fe9f1ed190d088 IPCC_AR6_WGII_Figure_SPM_004a.png]]

'''Figure SPM.4 |''' '''(a)''' '''Climate responses and adaptation options, organized by System Transitions and Representative Key Risks (RKRs), are assessed for their multidimensional feasibility at global scale, in the near term and up to 1.''' '''5°C global warming.''' As literature above 1.5°C is limited, feasibility at higher levels of warming may change, which is currently not possible to assess robustly. Climate responses and adaptation options at global scale are drawn from a set of options assessed in AR6 that have robust evidence across the feasibility dimensions. This figure shows the six feasibility dimensions (economic, technological, institutional, social, environmental and geophysical) that are used to calculate the potential feasibility of climate responses and adaptation options, along with their synergies with mitigation. For potential feasibility and feasibility dimensions, the figure shows high, medium, or low feasibility. Synergies with mitigation are identified as high, medium, and low. Insufficient evidence is denoted by a dash. { CCB FEASIB, Table SMCCB FEASIB.1.1, SR1.5 4.SM.4.3 }

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[[File:506c80140b851e3e4c6fe830c83417f8 IPCC_AR6_WGII_Figure_SPM_004b.png]]

'''Figure SPM.4 |''' '''(b)''' '''Climate responses and adaptation options, organized by System Transitions and Representative Key Risks, are assessed at global scale for their likely ability to reduce risks for ecosystems and social groups at risk, as well as their relation with the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).''' Climate responses and adaptation options are assessed for observed benefits (+) to ecosystems and their services, ethnic groups, gender equity, and low-income groups, or observed dis-benefits (-) for these systems and groups. Where there is highly diverging evidence of benefits/ dis-benefits across the scientific literature, e.g., based on differences between regions, it is shown as not clear or mixed (•). Insufficient evidence is shown by a dash. The relation with the SDGs is assessed as having benefits (+), dis-benefits (-) or not clear or mixed (•) based on the impacts of the climate response and adaptation option on each SDG. Areas not coloured indicate there is no evidence of a relation or no interaction with the respective SDG. The climate responses and adaptation options are drawn from two assessments. For comparability of climate responses and adaptation options see Table SM17.5. { 17.2, 17.5, CCB FEASIB }

'''C.2.4''' Conservation, protection and restoration of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and ocean ecosystems, together with targeted management to adapt to unavoidable impacts of climate change, reduces the vulnerability of biodiversity to climate change ( ''high confidence'' ). The resilience of species, biological communities and ecosystem processes increases with size of natural area, by restoration of degraded areas and by reducing non-climatic stressors ( ''high confidence'' ) ''.'' To be effective, conservation and restoration actions will increasingly need to be responsive, as appropriate, to ongoing changes at various scales, and plan for future changes in ecosystem structure, community composition and species’ distributions, especially as 1.5°C global warming is approached and even more so if it is exceeded ( ''high confidence'' ). Adaptation options, where circumstances allow, include facilitating the movement of species to new ecologically appropriate locations, particularly through increasing connectivity between conserved or protected areas, targeted intensive management for vulnerable species and protecting refugial areas where species can survive locally ( ''medium confidence'' ). { 2.3, 2,6, Figure 2.1, Table 2.6, 3.3, 3.6, Box 3.4, 4.6, Box 4.6, Box 11.2, 12.3, 12.5, 13.4, 14.7, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , CCB FEASIB }

'''C.2.5''' Effective Ecosystem-based Adaptation [[#footnote-006|44]] reduces a range of climate change risks to people, biodiversity and ecosystem services with multiple co-benefits ( ''high confidence'' ). Ecosystem-based Adaptation is vulnerable to climate change impacts, with effectiveness declining with increasing global warming ( ''high confidence'' ). Urban greening using trees and other vegetation can provide local cooling ( ''very high confidence'' ). Natural river systems, wetlands and upstream forest ecosystems reduce flood risk by storing water and slowing water flow, in most circumstances ( ''high confidence'' ). Coastal wetlands protect against coastal erosion and flooding associated with storms and sea level rise where sufficient space and adequate habitats are available until rates of sea level rise exceeds natural adaptive capacity to build sediment ( ''very high confidence'' ). { 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, Table 2.7, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, Figure 3.26, 4.6, Box 4.6, Box 4.7, 5.5, 5.14, Box 5.11, 6.3, 6.4, Figure 6.6, 7.4, 8.5, 8.6, 9.6, 9.8, 9.9, 10.2, 11.3, 12.5, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 14.5, Box 14.7, 16.3, 18.3, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , CCB FEASIB.3, CCB HEALTH, CCB MOVING PLATE, CCB NATURAL, CWGB BIOECONOMY }

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==== Urban, Rural and Infrastructure Transition ====

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'''C.2.6''' Considering climate change impacts and risks in the design and planning of urban and rural settlements and infrastructure is critical for resilience and enhancing human well-being ( ''high confidence'' ). The urgent provision of basic services, infrastructure, livelihood diversification and employment, strengthening of local and regional food systems and community-based adaptation enhance lives and livelihoods, particularly of low-income and marginalised groups ( ''high confidence'' ). Inclusive, integrated and long-term planning at local, municipal, sub-national and national scales, together with effective regulation and monitoring systems and financial and technological resources and capabilities foster urban and rural system transition ( ''high confidence'' ). Effective partnerships between governments, civil society, and private sector organizations, across scales provide infrastructure and services in ways that enhance the adaptive capacity of vulnerable people ( ''medium'' to ''high confidence'' ). { 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 6.3, 6.4, Box 6.3, Box 6.6, Table 6.6, 7.4, 12.5, 13.6, 14.5, Box 14.4, Box 17.4, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.3 CCP2.3] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.4 CCP2.4] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , CCB FEASIB }

'''C.2.7''' An increasing number of adaptation responses exist for urban systems, but their feasibility and effectiveness is constrained by institutional, financial, and technological access and capacity, and depends on coordinated and contextually appropriate responses across physical, natural and social infrastructure ( ''high confidence'' ). Globally, more financing is directed at physical infrastructure than natural and social infrastructure ( ''medium confidence'' ) and there is ''limited evidence'' of investment in the informal settlements hosting the most vulnerable urban residents ( ''medium'' to ''high confidence'' ). Ecosystem-based adaptation (e.g., urban agriculture and forestry, river restoration) has increasingly been applied in urban areas ( ''high confidence'' ). Combined ecosystem-based and structural adaptation responses are being developed, and there is growing evidence of their potential to reduce adaptation costs and contribute to flood control, sanitation, water resources management, landslide prevention and coastal protection ( ''medium confidence'' ). { 3.6, Box 4.6, 5.12, 6.3, 6.4, Table 6.8, 7.4, 9.7, 9.9, 10.4, Table 10.3, 11.3, 11.7, Box 11.6, 12.5, 13.2, 13.3, 13.6, 14.5, 15.5, 17.2, Box 17.4, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.3 CCP2.3] , CCP 3.2, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , CCB FEASIB, CCB SLR, SROCC SPM }

'''C.2.8''' Sea level rise poses a distinctive and severe adaptation challenge as it implies dealing with slow onset changes and increased frequency and magnitude of extreme sea level events which will escalate in the coming decades ( ''high confidence'' ). Such adaptation challenges would occur much earlier under high rates of sea level rise, in particular if low-likelihood, high impact outcomes associated with collapsing ice sheets occur ( ''high confidence'' ). Responses to ongoing sea level rise and land subsidence in low-lying coastal cities and settlements and small islands include protection, accommodation, advance and planned relocation ( ''high confidence'' ) [[#footnote-005|45]] . These responses are more effective if combined and/or sequenced, planned well ahead, aligned with sociocultural values and development priorities, and underpinned by inclusive community engagement processes ( ''high confidence'' ). { 6.2, 10.4, 11.7, Box 11.6, 13.2, 14.5, 15.5, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.3 CCP2.3] , CCB SLR, WGI AR6 SPM B.5, WGI AR6 SPM C.3, SROCC SPM C3.2 }

'''C.2.9''' Approximately 3.4 billion people globally live in rural areas around the world, and many are highly vulnerable to climate change. Integrating climate adaptation into social protection programs, including cash transfers and public works programmes, is highly feasible and increases resilience to climate change, especially when supported by basic services and infrastructure. Social safety nets are increasingly being reconfigured to build adaptive capacities of the most vulnerable in rural and also urban communities. Social safety nets that support climate change adaptation have strong co-benefits with development goals such as education, poverty alleviation, gender inclusion and food security. ( ''high'' ''confidence'' ) { 5.14, 9.4, 9.10, 9.11, 12.5, 14.5, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , CCB FEASIB, CCB GENDER }

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==== Energy System Transition ====

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'''C.2.10''' Within energy system transitions, the most feasible adaptation options support infrastructure resilience, reliable power systems and efficient water use for existing and new energy generation systems ( ''very high confidence'' ). Energy generation diversification, including with renewable energy resources and generation that can be decentralised depending on context (e.g., wind, solar, small scale hydroelectric) and demand side management (e.g., storage, and energy efficiency improvements) can reduce vulnerabilities to climate change, especially in rural populations ( ''high confidence'' ). Adaptations for hydropower and thermo-electric power generation are effective in most regions up to 1.5°C to 2°C, with decreasing effectiveness at higher levels of warming ( ''medium confidence'' ). Climate responsive energy markets, updated design standards on energy assets according to current and projected climate change, smart-grid technologies, robust transmission systems and improved capacity to respond to supply deficits have high feasibility in the medium- to long-term, with mitigation co-benefits ( ''very high confidence'' ). { 4.6, 4.7, Figure 4.28, Figure 4.29, 10.4, Table 11.8, 13.6, Figure 13.16, Figure 13.19, 18.3,CCP5.2, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , CCB FEASIB, CWGB BIOECONOMY }

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==== Cross-cutting Options ====

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'''C.2.11''' Strengthening the climate resiliency of health systems will protect and promote human health and well-being ( ''high confidence'' ). There are multiple opportunities for targeted investments and finance to protect against exposure to climate hazards, particularly for those at highest risk. Heat Health Action Plans that include early warning and response systems are effective adaptation options for extreme heat ( ''high confidence'' ) ''.'' Effective adaptation options for water-borne and food-borne diseases include improving access to potable water, reducing exposure of water and sanitation systems to flooding and extreme weather events, and improved early warning systems ( ''very high confidence'' ). For vector-borne diseases, effective adaptation options include surveillance, early warning systems, and vaccine development ( ''very high confidence'' ). Effective adaptation options for reducing mental health risks under climate change include improving surveillance, access to mental health care, and monitoring of psychosocial impacts from extreme weather events ( ''high confidence'' ) ''.'' Health and well-being would benefit from integrated adaptation approaches that mainstream health into food, livelihoods, social protection, infrastructure, water and sanitation policies requiring collaboration and coordination at all scales of governance ( ''very high confidence'' ). { 5.12, 6.3, 7.4, 9.10, Box 9.7, 11.3, 12.5, 13.7, 14.5, CCB COVID, CCB FEASIB, CCB ILLNESS }

'''C.2.12''' Increasing adaptive capacities minimises the negative impacts of climate-related displacement and involuntary migration for migrants and sending and receiving areas ( ''high confidence'' ). This improves the degree of choice under which migration decisions are made, ensuring safe and orderly movements of people within and between countries ( ''high confidence'' ). Some development reduces underlying vulnerabilities associated with conflict, and adaptation contributes by reducing the impacts of climate change on climate sensitive drivers of conflict ( ''high confidence'' ). Risks to peace are reduced, for example, by supporting people in climate-sensitive economic activities ( ''medium confidence'' ) and advancing women’s empowerment ( ''high confidence'' ). { 7.4, Box 9.8, Box 10.2, 12.5, CCB FEASIB, CCB MIGRATE }

'''C.2.13''' There are a range of adaptation options, such as disaster risk management, early warning systems, climate services and risk spreading and sharing that have broad applicability across sectors and provide greater benefits to other adaptation options when combined ( ''high confidence'' ). For example, climate services that are inclusive of different users and providers can improve agricultural practices, inform better water use and efficiency, and enable resilient infrastructure planning ( ''high confidence'' ). { 2.6, 3.6, 4.7, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.8, 5.9, 5.12, 5.14, 9.4, 9.8, 10.4, 12.5, 13.11, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , CCB FEASIB, CCB MOVING PLATE }

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