Editing IPCC:AR6/SROCC/Chapter-3 (section)

===== 3.5.4.3.2 Spatial planning for biodiversity =====

Shifts in the distribution, abundance and human use of species and populations due to climate-induced cryosphere and ocean change, concurrent with land use changes, increase the risks to ecosystem health and biodiversity (Kaiser et al., 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r2307|2307]]</sup> ). Building resilience in these challenging conditions follows from spatial planning for biodiversity that links multiple scales and considers how impacts to ecosystems may materialise in social-ecological systems elsewhere (Bengtsson et al., 2003 <sup>[[#fn:r2308|2308]]</sup> ; Cumming, 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r2309|2309]]</sup> ; Allen et al., 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r2310|2310]]</sup> ). Developing pathways for spatial resilience in polar regions involves systematic planning and designating networks of protected areas to protect connected tracts of representative habitats, and biologically and ecologically significant features (Ban et al., 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r2311|2311]]</sup> ). Protected area networks that combine both spatially rigid and spatially flexible regimes with climate refugia can support ecological resilience to climate change by maintaining connectivity of populations, foodwebs, and the flow of genes across scales (McLeod et al., 2009 <sup>[[#fn:r2312|2312]]</sup> ). This approach reduces direct pressures on biodiversity, and thus gives biological communities, populations and ecosystems the space to adapt (Nyström and Folke, 2001 <sup>[[#fn:r2313|2313]]</sup> ; Hope et al., 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r2314|2314]]</sup> ; Thomas and Gillingham, 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r2315|2315]]</sup> ) ( ''medium confidence'' ). Networks of protected areas are now being planned (Solovyev et al., 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r2316|2316]]</sup> ) and implemented (Juvonen and Kuhmonen, 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r2317|2317]]</sup> ) in the marine and terrestrial Arctic, respectively; expanding the terrestrial protected area network in Antarctica is discussed (Coetzee et al., 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r2318|2318]]</sup> ). The planning of protected area networks in polar regions is currently an active topic of international collaboration in both polar regions (Arctic Council, 2015b <sup>[[#fn:r2319|2319]]</sup> ; CCAMLR, 2016a <sup>[[#fn:r2320|2320]]</sup> ; Wenzel et al., 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r2321|2321]]</sup> ). Designating marine protected area networks contributes to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 14 and the Aichi Targets of the CBD but is often contested due to competing interests for marine resources.

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