Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-2 (section)

=== 2.1.2 Introduction to the chapter structure ===

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This chapter assesses the consequences of changes in land cover and functioning, resulting from both land use and climate change, to global and regional climates. The chapter starts with an assessment of the historical and projected responses of land processes to climate change and extremes (Section 2.2). Subsequently, the chapter assesses historical and future changes in terrestrial GHG fluxes (Section 2.3) as well as non-GHG fluxes and precursors of SLCFs (Section 2.4). Section 2.5 focuses on how historical and future changes in land use and land cover influence climate change/variability through biophysical and biogeochemical forcing and feedbacks, how specific land management affects climate, and how, in turn, climate- induced land changes feed back to climate. Section 2.6 assesses the consequences of land-based adaptation and mitigation options for the climate system in GHG and non-GHG exchanges. Sections 2.3 and 2.6 address implications of the Paris Agreement for land– climate interactions, and the scientific evidence base for ongoing negotiations around the Paris rulebook, the global stocktake and credibility in measuring, reporting and verifying the climate impacts of anthropogenic activities on land. This chapter also examines how land use and management practices may affect climate change through biophysical feedbacks and radiative forcing (Section 2.5), and assesses policy-relevant projected land use changes and sustainable land management for mitigation and adaptation (Section 2.6). Finally, the chapter concludes with a brief assessment of advances in the understanding of the ecological and biogeochemical processes underlying land–climate interactions (Section 2.7).

The chapter includes three chapter boxes providing general overview of (i) processes underlying land–climate interactions (Box 2.1), (ii) methodological approaches for estimating anthropogenic land carbon fluxes from national to global scales (Box 2.2), and (iii) CO <sub>2</sub> fertilisation and enhanced terrestrial uptake of carbon (Box 2.3). In addition, this chapter includes two cross-chapter boxes on climate change and fire (Cross-Chapter Box 3), and on urbanisation and climate change (Cross-Chapter Box 4).

In summary, the chapter assesses scientific understanding related to (i) how a changing climate affects terrestrial ecosystems, including those on managed lands, (ii) how land affects climate through biophysical and biogeochemical feedbacks, and (iii) how land use or cover change and land management play an important and complex role in the climate system. This chapter also pays special attention to advances in understanding cross-scale interactions, emerging issues, heterogeneity and teleconnections.

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