Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-7 (section)

==== 7.2.2.3 Soil erosion ====

<div id="section-7-2-2-3-soil-erosion-block-1"></div>

Soil erosion increases risks of economic loss and declines in livelihoods due to reduced land productivity. In the EU, on-site costs of soil erosion by wind has been reported at an average of 55 USD per hectare annually, but up to 450 USD per hectare for sugar beet and oilseed rape (Middleton et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r99|99]]</sup> ). Farmers in the Dapo watershed in Ethiopia lose about 220 USD per hectare of maize due to loss of nitrogen through soil erosion (Erkossa et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r100|100]]</sup> ). Soil erosion not only increases crop loss but has been shown to have reduced household food supply with older farmers most vulnerable to losses from erosion (Ighodaro et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r101|101]]</sup> ). Erosion also results in increased risks to human health, through air pollution from aerosols (Middleton et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r102|102]]</sup> ), and brings risks of reduced ES including supporting services related to soil formation.

At current levels of warming, changes in erosion are already detected in many regions. Attribution to climate change is challenging as there are other powerful drivers of erosion (e.g., land use), limited global- scale studies (Li and Fang 2016a <sup>[[#fn:r103|103]]</sup> ; Vanmaercke et al. 2016a <sup>[[#fn:r104|104]]</sup> ) and the absence of formal detection and attribution studies (Section 4.2.3). However, studies have found an increase in short-duration and high-intensity precipitation, due to anthropogenic climate change, which is a causative factor for soil erosion (Lenderink and van Meijgaard 2008 <sup>[[#fn:r105|105]]</sup> ; Li and Fang 2016b <sup>[[#fn:r106|106]]</sup> ). High risks of erosion may occur between 2°C and 3.5°C ( ''low confidence'' ) as continued increases in intense precipitation are projected at these temperature thresholds (Fischer and Knutti 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r107|107]]</sup> ) in many regions. Warming also reduces soil organic matter, diminishing resistance against erosion. There is ''low confidence'' concerning the temperature threshold at which risks become very high due to large regional differences and limited global-scale studies (Li and Fang 2016b <sup>[[#fn:r108|108]]</sup> ; Vanmaercke et al. 2016b <sup>[[#fn:r109|109]]</sup> ) (Section 4.4).

<div id="section-7-2-2-4-dryland-water-scarcity"></div>

<span id="dryland-water-scarcity"></span>