Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-9 (section)

=== 9.1.6 Loss and Damage from Climate Change ===

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Assessment of impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation highlights climate change is leading to loss and damage across Africa, that breach current and projected adaptation limits (Table 9.1; Cross-Chapter Box LOSS in Chapter 17).

'''Table 9.1 |''' Loss and damage from climate change across sectors covered in this report. Loss and damage arise from adverse climate-related impacts and risks from both sudden-onset events, such as floods and cyclones, and slower-onset processes, including droughts, sea level rise, glacial retreat and desertification and include both include both economic (e.g., loss of assets and crops) and non-economic types (e.g., loss of biodiversity, heritage and health) ( [[#UNFCCC%20Paris%20Agreement--2015|UNFCCC Paris Agreement, 2015]] ; [[#IPCC--2018a|IPCC, 2018a]] ; [[#Mechler--2020|Mechler et al., 2020]] ). Sections marked with * and in bold highlight Loss and Damage attributed to human-induced climate change (16.1.3).

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Sector'''

! '''Loss and damage from climate change'''

! '''Observed'''

! '''Projected'''

|-
| ''Ecosystems''

| Local, regional and global extinction

Reduced ecosystem goods and services

Declining natural coastal protection and habitats

Altered ecosystem structure and declining ecosystem functioning

Nature-based tourism

Biodiversity loss

| 9.6.2

9.6.1; 9.6.2

9.6.1; 9.6.2

9.6.1

9.6.3

'''9.6.2''' *

| 9.6.2

9.6.2

9.6.2

9.6.2

9.6.3

|-
| ''Water''

| Declining lake and river resources

Reduced hydroelectricity and irrigation

Disappearing glaciers

Reduced groundwater recharge and salinisation

Drought

| 9.7.1

9.7.2; 9.9.1

'''9.5.9''' *; 9.7.1

–

'''Box 9.4''' *

| 9.7.2

9.7.2; 9.9.3; Box 9.5

9.5.9

9.7.2

|-
| ''Food systems''

| Reduced crop productivity and revenues

Increased livestock mortality and price shocks

Decreased fodder and pasture availability

Reduced fisheries catch and fisher livelihoods

| '''9.7.2''' *, 9.8.1; 9.8.2; 9.11.1; Box 9.5

9.8.2

9.8.2

9.6.1; 9.8.5

| 9.8.2; 9.8.3; Box 9.5

9.8.2

9.8.2

9.8.5

|-
| ''Human settlements and infrastructure''

| Loss or damage to formal and informal dwellings

Damage to transport systems

Damage to energy systems

Water supply, sanitation, education and health infrastructure

Migration

| 9.9.2

9.9.2

9.9.2

9.9.2; 9.10; 9.11.1

9.9.1; Box 9.8

| 9.9.4

9.9.4

9.7.2; 9.9.4

9.7.3; 9.9.4; 9.10; 9.11.1

9.9.4; Box 9.8

|-
| ''Health''

| Loss of life

Loss of productivity

Reduced nutrition

| '''9.9.2*''' ; 9.10.2; Box 9.9

9.10.3; 9.11.1

9.8.1; 9.10.2

| 9.9.4; 9.10.2

9.10.2; 9.11.2

9.10.2

|-
| ''Economy, poverty and livelihoods''

| Loss of livelihoods, jobs and income

Reduced productive land

Reduced economic growth and increased inequality

Community and involuntary displacement

Reduced labour productivity and earning potential

Delayed and poorer education progress

Reduced tourism

Increased urban in-migration

| 9.9.2; 9.10.2; 9.11.1

9.8.2

'''9.11.1''' *; Box 9.5

9.9.3; Box 9.8

9.11.1

9.11.1

9.6.3

9.8.1; 9.9.1; Table Box 9.8

| 9.10.2; 9.11.2

9.8.2

9.11.2

9.9.4; Box 9.8

9.11.2

9.11.1

9.5.9, 9.6.3, 9.12.2

9.9.4; Table Box 9.8

|-
| ''Heritage''

| Loss of traditional cultures and ways of life

Loss of language and knowledge systems

Damage to heritage sites

| Box 9.2; 9.12.1

–

9.12.1

| 9.12.2

9.12.1

9.12.2

|}

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