Jump to content
Main menu
Main menu
move to sidebar
hide
Navigation
Main page
Recent changes
Random page
Help about MediaWiki
Special pages
ClimateKG
Search
Search
English
Appearance
Create account
Log in
Personal tools
Create account
Log in
Pages for logged out editors
learn more
Contributions
Talk
Editing
IPCC:AR6/WGI/Chapter-5
(section)
IPCC
Discussion
English
Read
Edit source
View history
Tools
Tools
move to sidebar
hide
Actions
Read
Edit source
View history
General
What links here
Related changes
Page information
In other projects
Appearance
move to sidebar
hide
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
== References == <div id="h1-10-siblings" class="h1-siblings"></div> <div id="Abatzoglou--2019"></div> Abatzoglou, J.T., A.P. Williams, and R. Barbero, 2019: Global Emergence of Anthropogenic Climate Change in Fire Weather Indices. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''46(1)''' , 326–336, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gl080959 10.102 9/2018gl080959] . <div id="Abbott--2015"></div> Abbott, B.W. and J.B. Jones, 2015: Permafrost collapse alters soil carbon stocks, respiration, CH <sub>4</sub> , and N <sub>2</sub> O in upland tundra. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''21(12)''' , 4570–4587, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13069 10. 1111/gcb.13069] . <div id="Abram--2021"></div> Abram, N.J. et al., 2021: Connections of climate change and variability to large and extreme forest fires in southeast Australia. ''Communications Earth & Environment'' , '''2(1)''' , 8, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00065-8 10.1038/s432 47-020-00065-8] . <div id="Achat--2016"></div> Achat, D.L., L. Augusto, A. Gallet-Budynek, and D. Loustau, 2016: Future challenges in coupled C–N–P cycle models for terrestrial ecosystems under global change: a review. ''Biogeochemistry'' , '''131(1–2)''' , 173–202, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-016-0274-9 10.1007/s10 533-016-0274-9] . <div id="Adams--2012"></div> Adams, C.A., J.E. Andrews, and T. Jickells, 2012: Nitrous oxide and methane fluxes vs. carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous burial in new intertidal and saltmarsh sediments. ''Science of The Total Environment'' , '''434''' , 240–251, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.058 10.1016/j.scitote nv.2011.11.058] . <div id="Adams--2020"></div> Adams, M.A., T.N. Buckley, and T.L. Turnbull, 2020: Diminishing CO <sub>2</sub> -driven gains in water-use efficiency of global forests. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''10(5)''' , 466–471, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0747-7 10.1038/s41 558-020-0747-7] . <div id="Ahlstrom--2015"></div> Ahlstrom, A. et al., 2015: The dominant role of semi-arid ecosystems in the trend and variability of the land CO <sub>2</sub> sink. ''Science'' , '''348(6237)''' , 895–899, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1668 10.1126/s cience.aaa1668] . <div id="Ahn--2014"></div> Ahn, J. and E.J. Brook, 2014: Siple Dome ice reveals two modes of millennial CO <sub>2</sub> change during the last ice age. ''Nature Communications'' , '''5(1)''' , 3723, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4723 10.1 038/ncomms4723] . <div id="Ainsworth--2005"></div> Ainsworth, E.A. and S.P. Long, 2005: What have we learned from 15 years of free-air CO <sub>2</sub> enrichment (FACE)? A meta-analytic review of the responses of photosynthesis, canopy properties and plant production to rising CO <sub>2</sub> . ''New Phytologist'' , '''165(2)''' , 351–372, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01224.x 10.1111/j.1469-813 7.2004.01224.x] . <div id="Ajayi--2020"></div> Ajayi, S. et al., 2020: Evaluation of Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum Carbon Isotope Record Completeness – An Illustration of the Potential of Dynamic Time Warping in Aligning Paleo-Proxy Records. ''Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems'' , '''21(3)''' , e2019GC008620, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gc008620 10.102 9/2019gc008620] . <div id="Al-Haj--2020"></div> Al-Haj, A.N. and R.W. Fulweiler, 2020: A synthesis of methane emissions from shallow vegetated coastal ecosystems. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''26(5)''' , 2988–3005, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15046 10. 1111/gcb.15046] . <div id="Allen--2015"></div> Allen, C.D., D.D. Breshears, and N.G. McDowell, 2015: On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene. ''Ecosphere'' , '''6(8)''' , art129, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/es15-00203.1 10.189 0/es15-00203.1] . <div id="Allen--2018"></div> Allen, G.H. and T.M. Pavelsky, 2018: Global extent of rivers and streams. ''Science'' , '''361(6402)''' , 585–588, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat0636 10.1126/s cience.aat0636] . <div id="Allen--2009"></div> Allen, M.R. et al., 2009: Warming caused by cumulative carbon emissions towards the trillionth tonne. ''Nature'' , '''458(7242)''' , 1163–1166, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08019 10.10 38/nature08019] . <div id="Allen--2018"></div> Allen, M.R. et al., 2018: Framing and Context. In: ''Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change,'' ''sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press, pp. 49–92, [https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/chapter-1 www.ipcc.ch/sr15/cha pter/chapter-1] . <div id="Anagnostou--2016"></div> Anagnostou, E. et al., 2016: Changing atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> concentration was the primary driver of early Cenozoic climate. ''Nature'' , '''533(7603)''' , 380–384, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature17423 10.10 38/nature17423] . <div id="Anagnostou--2020"></div> Anagnostou, E. et al., 2020: Proxy evidence for state-dependence of climate sensitivity in the Eocene greenhouse. ''Nature Communications'' , '''11(1)''' , 4436, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17887-x 10.1038/s414 67-020-17887-x] . <div id="Anav--2013"></div> Anav, A. et al., 2013: Evaluating the Land and Ocean Components of the Global Carbon Cycle in the CMIP5 Earth System Models. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''26(18)''' , 6801–6843, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00417.1 10.1175/jcl i-d-12-00417.1] . <div id="Anav--2015"></div> Anav, A. et al., 2015: Spatiotemporal patterns of terrestrial gross primary production: A review. ''Reviews of Geophysics'' , '''53(3)''' , 785–818, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015rg000483 10.100 2/2015rg000483] . <div id="Andela--2017"></div> Andela, N. et al., 2017: A human-driven decline in global burned area. ''Science'' , '''1356''' , 1356–1362, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aal4108 10.1126/s cience.aal4108] . <div id="Anderegg--2015"></div> Anderegg, W.R.L. et al., 2015: Tropical nighttime warming as a dominant driver of variability in the terrestrial carbon sink. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''112(51)''' , 201521479, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521479112 10.1073/p nas.1521479112] . <div id="Anderegg--2020"></div> Anderegg, W.R.L. et al., 2020: Climate-driven risks to the climate mitigation potential of forests. ''Science'' , '''368(6497)''' , eaaz7005, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz7005 10.1126/s cience.aaz7005] . <div id="Anderson--2016"></div> Anderson, K. and G. Peters, 2016: The trouble with negative emissions. ''Science'' , '''354(6309)''' , 182–183, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aah4567 10.1126/s cience.aah4567] . <div id="Anderson--2017"></div> Anderson, L.G. et al., 2017: Export of calcium carbonate corrosive waters from the East Siberian Sea. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''14(7)''' , 1811–1823, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1811-2017 10.5194/b g-14-1811-2017] . <div id="Anderson--2019"></div> Anderson, R.F. et al., 2019: Deep-Sea Oxygen Depletion and Ocean Carbon Sequestration During the Last Ice Age. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''33(3)''' , 301–317, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gb006049 10.102 9/2018gb006049] . <div id="Andrew--2018"></div> Andrew, R.M., 2018: Global CO <sub>2</sub> emissions from cement production. ''Earth System Science Data'' , '''10(1)''' , 195–217, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-195-2018 10.5194/es sd-10-195-2018] . <div id="Andrew--2019"></div> Andrew, R.M., 2019: Global CO <sub>2</sub> emissions from cement production, 1928–2018. ''Earth System Science Data'' , '''11(4)''' , 1675–1710, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1675-2019 10.5194/ess d-11-1675-2019] . <div id="Andrew--2020"></div> Andrew, R.M., 2020: A comparison of estimates of global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil carbon sources. ''Earth System Science Data'' , '''12(2)''' , 1437–1465, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1437-2020 10.5194/ess d-12-1437-2020] . <div id="Aragão--2018"></div> Aragão, L.E.O.C. et al., 2018: 21st Century drought-related fires counteract the decline of Amazon deforestation carbon emissions. ''Nature Communications'' , '''9(1)''' , 536, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02771-y 10.1038/s414 67-017-02771-y] . <div id="Archer--2009"></div> Archer, D., B. Buffett, and V. Brovkin, 2009: Ocean methane hydrates as a slow tipping point in the global carbon cycle. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''106(49)''' , 20596–20601, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0800885105 10.1073/p nas.0800885105] . <div id="Ardyna--2020"></div> Ardyna, M. and K.R. Arrigo, 2020: Phytoplankton dynamics in a changing Arctic Ocean. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''10(10)''' , 892–903, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0905-y 10.1038/s41 558-020-0905-y] . <div id="Arévalo-Martínez--2015"></div> Arévalo-Martínez, D.L., A. Kock, C.R. Löscher, R.A. Schmitz, and H.W. Bange, 2015: Massive nitrous oxide emissions from the tropical South Pacific Ocean. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''8(7)''' , 530–533, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2469 10 .1038/ngeo2469] . <div id="Armour--2016"></div> Armour, K.C., J. Marshall, J.R. Scott, A. Donohoe, and E.R. Newsom, 2016: Southern Ocean warming delayed by circumpolar upwelling and equatorward transport. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''9(7)''' , 549–554, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2731 10 .1038/ngeo2731] . <div id="Armstrong McKay--2018"></div> Armstrong McKay, D.I. and T.M. Lenton, 2018: Reduced carbon cycle resilience across the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. ''Climate of the Past'' , '''14(10)''' , 1515–1527, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1515-2018 10.5194/c p-14-1515-2018] . <div id="Arneth--2010"></div> Arneth, A. et al., 2010: Terrestrial biogeochemical feedbacks in the climate system. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''3(8)''' , 525–532, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo905 1 0.1038/ngeo905] . <div id="Arneth--2017"></div> Arneth, A. et al., 2017: Historical carbon dioxide emissions caused by land-use changes are possibly larger than assumed. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''10(2)''' , 79–84, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2882 10 .1038/ngeo2882] . <div id="Arora--2018"></div> Arora, V.K. and J.R. Melton, 2018: Reduction in global area burned and wildfire emissions since 1930s enhances carbon uptake by land. ''Nature Communications'' , '''9(1)''' , 1326, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03838-0 10.1038/s414 67-018-03838-0] . <div id="Arora--2013"></div> Arora, V.K. et al., 2013: Carbon–concentration and carbon–climate feedbacks in CMIP5 Earth system models. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''26(15)''' , 5289–5314, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00494.1 10.1175/jcl i-d-12-00494.1] . <div id="Arora--2020"></div> Arora, V.K. et al., 2020: Carbon–concentration and carbon–climate feedbacks in CMIP6 models and their comparison to CMIP5 models. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''17(16)''' , 4173–4222, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4173-2020 10.5194/b g-17-4173-2020] . <div id="Arzhanov--2017"></div> Arzhanov, M.M. and I.I. Mokhov, 2017: Stability of continental relic methane hydrates for the holocene climatic optimum and for contemporary conditions. ''Doklady Earth Sciences'' , '''476(2)''' , 1163–1167, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x17100026 10.1134/s10 28334x17100026] . <div id="Arzhanov--2016"></div> Arzhanov, M.M., I.I. Mokhov, and S.N. Denisov, 2016: Impact of regional climatic change on the stability of relic gas hydrates. ''Doklady Earth Sciences'' , '''468(2)''' , 616–618, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x1606009x 10.1134/s10 28334x1606009x] . <div id="Arzhanov--2020"></div> Arzhanov, M.M., V. Malakhova, and I.I. Mokhov, 2020: Modeling thermal regime and evolution of the methane hydrate stability zone of the Yamal peninsula permafrost. ''Permafrost and Periglacial Processes'' , '''31(4)''' , 487–496, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2074 10 .1002/ppp.2074] . <div id="Astor--2013"></div> Astor, Y.M. et al., 2013: Interannual variability in sea surface temperature and fCO <sub>2</sub> changes in the Cariaco Basin. ''Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography'' , '''93''' , 33–43, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.01.002 10.1016/j.ds r2.2013.01.002] . <div id="Atwood--2017"></div> Atwood, T.B. et al., 2017: Global patterns in mangrove soil carbon stocks and losses. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''7(7)''' , 523–528, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3326 10.103 8/nclimate3326] . <div id="Auger--2021"></div> Auger, M., R. Morrow, E. Kestenare, J.-B. Sallée, and R. Cowley, 2021: Southern Ocean in-situ temperature trends over 25 years emerge from interannual variability. ''Nature Communications'' , '''12(1)''' , 514, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20781-1 10.1038/s414 67-020-20781-1] . <div id="Azetsu-Scott--2010"></div> Azetsu-Scott, K. et al., 2010: Calcium carbonate saturation states in the waters of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and the Labrador Sea. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans'' , '''115(C11)''' , C11021, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009jc005917 10.102 9/2009jc005917] . <div id="Babbin--2015"></div> Babbin, A.R., D. Bianchi, A. Jayakumar, and B.B. Ward, 2015: Rapid nitrous oxide cycling in the suboxic ocean. ''Science'' , '''348(6239)''' , 1127–1129, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa8380 10.1126/s cience.aaa8380] . <div id="Babila--2018"></div> Babila, T.L. et al., 2018: Capturing the global signature of surface ocean acidification during the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences'' , '''376(2130)''' , 20170072, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0072 10.1098/ rsta.2017.0072] . <div id="Bacastow--1980"></div> Bacastow, R.B. et al., 1980: Atmospheric carbon dioxide, the Southern oscillation, and the weak 1975 El Ni ''ñ'' o. ''Science'' , '''210(4465)''' , 66–68, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.210.4465.66 10.1126/scien ce.210.4465.66] . <div id="Bach--2019"></div> Bach, L.T., S.J. Gill, R.E.M. Rickaby, S. Gore, and P. [[#Renforth--2019|Renforth, 2019]] : CO <sub>2</sub> Removal With Enhanced Weathering and Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement: Potential Risks and Co-benefits for Marine Pelagic Ecosystems. ''Frontiers in Climate'' , '''1''' , 7, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2019.00007 10.3389/fc lim.2019.00007] . <div id="Bach--2016"></div> Bach, L.T. et al., 2016: Influence of plankton community structure on the sinking velocity of marine aggregates. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''30(8)''' , 1145–1165, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gb005372 10.100 2/2016gb005372] . <div id="Bachman--2020"></div> Bachman, S.D. and A. Klocker, 2020: Interaction of jets and submesoscale dynamics leads to rapid ocean ventilation. ''Journal of Physical Oceanography'' , '''50(10)''' , 2873–2883, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-20-0117.1 10.1175/j po-d-20-0117.1] . <div id="Badgley--2017"></div> Badgley, G., C.B. Field, and J.A. Berry, 2017: Canopy near-infrared reflectance and terrestrial photosynthesis. ''Science Advances'' , '''3(3)''' , e1602244, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1602244 10.1126/ sciadv.1602244] . <div id="Baggenstos--2019"></div> Baggenstos, D. et al., 2019: Earth’s radiative imbalance from the Last Glacial Maximum to the present. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''116(30)''' , 14881–14886, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905447116 10.1073/p nas.1905447116] . <div id="Baig--2015"></div> Baig, S., B.E. Medlyn, L.M. Mercado, and S. Zaehle, 2015: Does the growth response of woody plants to elevated CO <sub>2</sub> increase with temperature? A model-oriented meta-analysis. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''21(12)''' , 4303–4319, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12962 10. 1111/gcb.12962] . <div id="Bakker--2016"></div> Bakker, D.C.E. et al., 2016: A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO <sub>2</sub> data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO <sub>2</sub> ( [[IPCC:Wg1:Chapter:Atlas|Atlas]] (SOCAT). ''Earth System Science Data'' , '''8(2)''' , 383–413, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016 10.5194/e ssd-8-383-2016] . <div id="Bakun--2015"></div> Bakun, A. et al., 2015: Anticipated Effects of Climate Change on Coastal Upwelling Ecosystems. ''Current Climate Change Reports'' , '''1(2)''' , 85–93, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40641-015-0008-4 10.1007/s40 641-015-0008-4] . <div id="Balesdent--2018"></div> Balesdent, J. et al., 2018: Atmosphere–soil carbon transfer as a function of soil depth. ''Nature'' , '''559(7715)''' , 599–602, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0328-3 10.1038/s41 586-018-0328-3] . <div id="Ballantyne--2017"></div> Ballantyne, A. et al., 2017: Accelerating net terrestrial carbon uptake during the warming hiatus due to reduced respiration. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''7(2)''' , 148–152, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3204 10.103 8/nclimate3204] . <div id="Ballantyne--2012"></div> Ballantyne, A.P., C.B. Alden, J.B. Miller, P.P. Tans, and J.W.C. White, 2012: Increase in observed net carbon dioxide uptake by land and oceans during the past 50 years. ''Nature'' , '''488(7409)''' , 70–72, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11299 10.10 38/nature11299] . <div id="Bândă--2016"></div> Bândă, N. et al., 2016: Can we explain the observed methane variability after the Mount Pinatubo eruption? ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''16(1)''' , 195–214, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-195-2016 10.5194/a cp-16-195-2016] . <div id="Barker--2002"></div> Barker, S. and H. Elderfield, 2002: Foraminiferal Calcification Response to Glacial-Interglacial Changes in Atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Science'' , '''297(5582)''' , 833–836, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1072815 10.1126/s cience.1072815] . <div id="Bastviken--2011"></div> Bastviken, D., L.J. Tranvik, J.A. Downing, P.M. Crill, and A. Enrich-Prast, 2011: Freshwater Methane Emissions Offset the Continental Carbon Sink. ''Science'' , '''331(6013)''' , 50–50, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1196808 10.1126/s cience.1196808] . <div id="Bates--2020"></div> Bates, N.R. and R.J. Johnson, 2020: Acceleration of ocean warming, salinification, deoxygenation and acidification in the surface subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. ''Communications Earth & Environment'' , '''1(1)''' , 33, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00030-5 10.1038/s432 47-020-00030-5] . <div id="Bates--2009"></div> Bates, N.R., J.T. Mathis, and L.W. Cooper, 2009: Ocean acidification and biologically induced seasonality of carbonate mineral saturation states in the western Arctic Ocean. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans'' , '''114(C11)''' , C11007, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008jc004862 10.102 9/2008jc004862] . <div id="Bates--2014"></div> Bates, N.R. et al., 2014: A Time-Series View of Changing Ocean Chemistry Due to Ocean Uptake of Anthropogenic CO <sub>2</sub> and Ocean Acidification. ''Oceanography'' , '''27(1)''' , 126–141, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.16 10.5670/o ceanog.2014.16] . <div id="Bathiany--2020"></div> Bathiany, S., J. Hidding, and M. Scheffer, 2020: Edge Detection Reveals Abrupt and Extreme Climate Events. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''33(15)''' , 6399–6421, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0449.1 10.1175/jc li-d-19-0449.1] . <div id="Bathiany--2010"></div> Bathiany, S., M. Claussen, V. Brovkin, T. Raddatz, and V. Gayler, 2010: Combined biogeophysical and biogeochemical effects of large-scale forest cover changes in the MPI earth system model. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''7(5)''' , 1383–1399, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1383-2010 10.5194/ bg-7-1383-2010] . <div id="Batjes--2016"></div> Batjes, N.H., 2016: Harmonized soil property values for broad-scale modelling (WISE30sec) with estimates of global soil carbon stocks. ''Geoderma'' , '''269''' , 61–68, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.01.034 10.1016/j.geoder ma.2016.01.034] . <div id="Battaglia--2018a"></div> Battaglia, G. and F. Joos, 2018a: Hazards of decreasing marine oxygen: the near-term and millennial-scale benefits of meeting the Paris climate targets. ''Earth System Dynamics'' , '''9(2)''' , 797–816, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-797-2018 10.5194/ esd-9-797-2018] . <div id="Battaglia--2018b"></div> Battaglia, G. and F. Joos, 2018b: Marine N <sub>2</sub> O Emissions From Nitrification and Denitrification Constrained by Modern Observations and Projected in Multimillennial Global Warming Simulations. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''32(1)''' , 92–121, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gb005671 10.100 2/2017gb005671] . <div id="Baumgartner--2014"></div> Baumgartner, M. et al., 2014: NGRIP CH <sub>4</sub> concentration from 120 to 10 kyr before present and its relation to a δ 15 N temperature reconstruction from the same ice core. ''Climate of the Past'' , '''10(2)''' , 903–920, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-903-2014 10.5194/ cp-10-903-2014] . <div id="Bauska--2018"></div> Bauska, T.K. et al., 2018: Controls on Millennial-Scale Atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> Variability During the Last Glacial Period. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''45(15)''' , 7731–7740, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gl077881 10.102 9/2018gl077881] . <div id="Beaufort--2011"></div> Beaufort, L. et al., 2011: Sensitivity of coccolithophores to carbonate chemistry and ocean acidification. ''Nature'' , '''476(7358)''' , 80–83, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10295 10.10 38/nature10295] . <div id="Beaulieu--2019"></div> Beaulieu, J.J., T. DelSontro, and J.A. Downing, 2019: Eutrophication will increase methane emissions from lakes and impoundments during the 21st century. ''Nature Communications'' , '''10(1)''' , 1375, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09100-5 10.1038/s414 67-019-09100-5] . <div id="Beaupré-Laperrière--2020"></div> Beaupré-Laperrière, A., A. Mucci, and H. Thomas, 2020: The recent state and variability of the carbonate system of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and adjacent basins in the context of ocean acidification. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''17(14)''' , 3923–3942, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3923-2020 10.5194/b g-17-3923-2020] . <div id="Beck--2018"></div> Beck, J. et al., 2018: Bipolar carbon and hydrogen isotope constraints on the Holocene methane budget. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''15(23)''' , 7155–7175, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7155-2018 10.5194/b g-15-7155-2018] . <div id="Bednaršek--2020"></div> Bednaršek, N. et al., 2020: Exoskeleton dissolution with mechanoreceptor damage in larval Dungeness crab related to severity of present-day ocean acidification vertical gradients. ''Science of The Total Environment'' , '''716''' , 136610, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136610 10.1016/j.scitote nv.2020.136610] . <div id="Beer--2010"></div> Beer, C. et al., 2010: Terrestrial Gross Carbon Dioxide Uptake: Global Distribution and Covariation with Climate. ''Science'' , '''329(5993)''' , 834–838, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1184984 10.1126/s cience.1184984] . <div id="Beerling--2018"></div> Beerling, D.J. et al., 2018: Farming with crops and rocks to address global climate, food and soil security. ''Nature Plants'' , '''4(3)''' , 138–147, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-018-0108-y 10.1038/s41 477-018-0108-y] . <div id="Benanti--2014"></div> Benanti, G., M. Saunders, B. Tobin, and B. Osborne, 2014: Contrasting impacts of afforestation on nitrous oxide and methane emissions. ''Agricultural and Forest Meteorology'' , '''198–199''' , 82–93, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.07.014 10.1016/j.agrform et.2014.07.014] . <div id="Bennedsen--2019"></div> Bennedsen, M., E. Hillebrand, and S. Jan Koopman, 2019: Trend analysis of the airborne fraction and sink rate of anthropogenically released CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Biogeosciences'' , '''16(18)''' , 3651–3663, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3651-2019 10.5194/b g-16-3651-2019] . <div id="Berchet--2016"></div> Berchet, A. et al., 2016: Atmospheric constraints on the methane emissions from the East Siberian Shelf. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''16(6)''' , 4147–4157, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4147-2016 10.5194/ac p-16-4147-2016] . <div id="Bereiter--2018"></div> Bereiter, B., S. Shackleton, D. Baggenstos, K. Kawamura, and J. Severinghaus, 2018: Mean global ocean temperatures during the last glacial transition. ''Nature'' , '''553(7686)''' , 39–44, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature25152 10.10 38/nature25152] . <div id="Berg--2016"></div> Berg, A. et al., 2016: Land–atmosphere feedbacks amplify aridity increase over land under global warming. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6(9)''' , 869–874, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3029 10.103 8/nclimate3029] . <div id="Beringer--2011"></div> Beringer, T., W. Lucht, and S. Schaphoff, 2011: Bioenergy production potential of global biomass plantations under environmental and agricultural constraints. ''GCB Bioenergy'' , '''3(4)''' , 299–312, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2010.01088.x 10.1111/j.1757-170 7.2010.01088.x] . <div id="Betts--2018"></div> Betts, R.A. et al., 2018: A successful prediction of the record CO <sub>2</sub> rise associated with the 2015/2016 El Niño. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'' , '''373(1760)''' , 20170301, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0301 10.1098/ rstb.2017.0301] . <div id="BGR--2020"></div> [[#BGR--2020|BGR, 2020]] : ''BGR Energy Study 2019 – Data and Developments Concerning German and Global Energy Supplies'' . 200 pp., [http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Energie/Produkte/energy_study_2019_summary_en.html www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Energie/Produkte/energy_study_2019_s ummary_en.html] . <div id="Bianchi--2012"></div> Bianchi, D., J.P. Dunne, J.L. Sarmiento, and E.D. Galbraith, 2012: Data-based estimates of suboxia, denitrification, and N <sub>2</sub> O production in the ocean and their sensitivities to dissolved O <sub>2</sub> . ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''26(2)''' , GB2009, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011gb004209 10.102 9/2011gb004209] . <div id="Bindoff--2019"></div> Bindoff, N.L. et al., 2019: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities. In: ''IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate'' [Pörtner, H.-O., D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, and N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. In Press, pp. 447–588, [https://dx.doi.org/www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/chapter-5 www.ipcc.ch/srocc/cha pter/chapter-5] . <div id="Blanc-Betes--2020"></div> Blanc-Betes, E. et al., 2020: In silico assessment of the potential of basalt amendments to reduce N <sub>2</sub> O emissions from bioenergy crops. ''GCB Bioenergy'' , '''13(1)''' , 224–241, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12757 10.1 111/gcbb.12757] . <div id="Blanchette--2016"></div> Blanchette, C.D. et al., 2016: Printable enzyme-embedded materials for methane to methanol conversion. ''Nature Communications'' , '''7(1)''' , 11900, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11900 10.10 38/ncomms11900] . <div id="Bobich--2010"></div> Bobich, E.G., G.A. Barron-Gafford, K.G. Rascher, and R. Murthy, 2010: Effects of drought and changes in vapour pressure deficit on water relations of Populus deltoides growing in ambient and elevated CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Tree Physiology'' , '''30(7)''' , 866–875, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpq036 10.1093/t reephys/tpq036] . <div id="Bock--2010"></div> Bock, M. et al., 2010: Hydrogen isotopes preclude marine hydrate CH <sub>4</sub> emissions at the onset of Dansgaard-Oeschger events. ''Science'' , '''328(5986)''' , 1686–9, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1187651 10.1126/s cience.1187651] . <div id="Bock--2017"></div> Bock, M. et al., 2017: Glacial/interglacial wetland, biomass burning, and geologic methane emissions constrained by dual stable isotopic CH <sub>4</sub> ice core records. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''114(29)''' , E5778–E5786, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613883114 10.1073/p nas.1613883114] . <div id="Boden--2017"></div> Boden, T.A., G. Marland, and R.J. Andres, 2017: Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO <sub>2</sub> Emissions (1751–2014) (V. 2017). Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Retrieved from: [https://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/trends/emis/overview.html https://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/trends/emis /overview.html] . <div id="Boer--2020"></div> Boer, M.M., V. Resco de Dios, and R.A. Bradstock, 2020: Unprecedented burn area of Australian mega forest fires. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''10(3)''' , 171–172, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0716-1 10.1038/s41 558-020-0716-1] . <div id="Bopp--2015"></div> Bopp, L., M. Lévy, L. Resplandy, and J.B. Sallée, 2015: Pathways of anthropogenic carbon subduction in the global ocean. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''42(15)''' , 6416–6423, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gl065073 10.100 2/2015gl065073] . <div id="Bopp--2013"></div> Bopp, L. et al., 2013: Multiple stressors of ocean ecosystems in the 21st century: projections with CMIP5 models. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''10(10)''' , 6225–6245, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6225-2013 10.5194/b g-10-6225-2013] . <div id="Borges--2011"></div> Borges, A.V. and G. Abril, 2011: Carbon Dioxide and Methane Dynamics in Estuaries. In: ''Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science'' [Wolanski, E. and D. McLusky (eds.)]. Academic Press, Waltham, MA, USA, pp. 119–161, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-374711-2.00504-0 10.1016/b978-0-12-37 4711-2.00504-0] . <div id="Boscolo-Galazzo--2018"></div> Boscolo-Galazzo, F., K.A. Crichton, S. Barker, and P.N. Pearson, 2018: Temperature dependency of metabolic rates in the upper ocean: A positive feedback to global climate change? ''Global and Planetary Change'' , '''170''' , 201–212, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.08.017 10.1016/j.gloplac ha.2018.08.017] . <div id="Boulton--2017"></div> Boulton, C.A., B.B.B. Booth, and P. Good, 2017: Exploring uncertainty of Amazon dieback in a perturbed parameter Earth system ensemble. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''23(12)''' , 5032–5044, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13733 10. 1111/gcb.13733] . <div id="Bousquet--2006"></div> Bousquet, P. et al., 2006: Contribution of anthropogenic and natural sources to atmospheric methane variability. ''Nature'' , '''443(7110)''' , 439–443, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05132 10.10 38/nature05132] . <div id="Bowen--2010"></div> Bowen, G.J. and J.C. Zachos, 2010: Rapid carbon sequestration at the termination of the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''3(12)''' , 866–869, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1014 10 .1038/ngeo1014] . <div id="Bowman--2020"></div> Bowman, D.M.J.S. et al., 2020: Vegetation fires in the Anthropocene. ''Nature Reviews Earth & Environment'' , '''1(10)''' , 500–515, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0085-3 10.1038/s43 017-020-0085-3] . <div id="Boyd--2019"></div> Boyd, P.W. and C. Vivian, 2019: Should we fertilize oceans or seed clouds? No one knows. ''Nature'' , '''570(7760)''' , 155–157, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01790-7 10.1038/d415 86-019-01790-7] . <div id="Boyd--2015"></div> Boyd, P.W., S.T. Lennartz, D.M. Glover, and S.C. Doney, 2015: Biological ramifications of climate-change-mediated oceanic multi-stressors. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''5(1)''' , 71–79, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2441 10.103 8/nclimate2441] . <div id="Boyd--2019"></div> Boyd, P.W., H. Claustre, M. Levy, D.A. Siegel, and T. Weber, 2019: Multi-faceted particle pumps drive carbon sequestration in the ocean. ''Nature'' , '''568(7752)''' , 327–335, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1098-2 10.1038/s41 586-019-1098-2] . <div id="Boysen--2017a"></div> Boysen, L.R., W. Lucht, and D. Gerten, 2017a: Trade-offs for food production, nature conservation and climate limit the terrestrial carbon dioxide removal potential. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''23(10)''' , 4303–4317, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13745 10. 1111/gcb.13745] . <div id="Boysen--2017b"></div> Boysen, L.R. et al., 2017b: The limits to global-warming mitigation by terrestrial carbon removal. ''Earth’s Future'' , '''5(5)''' , 463–474, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016ef000469 10.100 2/2016ef000469] . <div id="BP--2018"></div> [[#BP--2018|BP, 2018]] : ''BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2018'' . BP, London, UK, 53 pp., [http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2018-full-report.pdf www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2018-f ull-report.pdf] . <div id="Brady--2020"></div> Brady, R.X., N.S. Lovenduski, S.G. Yeager, M.C. Long, and K. Lindsay, 2020: Skillful multiyear predictions of ocean acidification in the California Current System. ''Nature Communications'' , '''11(1)''' , 2166, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15722-x 10.1038/s414 67-020-15722-x] . <div id="Bralower--2018"></div> Bralower, T.J. et al., 2018: Evidence for shelf acidification during the onset of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. ''Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology'' , '''33(12)''' , 1408–1426, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018pa003382 10.102 9/2018pa003382] . <div id="Brando--2014"></div> Brando, P.M. et al., 2014: Abrupt increases in Amazonian tree mortality due to drought–fire interactions. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''111(17)''' , 6347–6352, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1305499111 10.1073/p nas.1305499111] . <div id="Brando--2019"></div> Brando, P.M. et al., 2019: Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis. ''Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences'' , '''47''' , 555–581, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235 10.1146/annurev-earth -082517-010235] . <div id="Brando--2020"></div> Brando, P.M. et al., 2020: The gathering firestorm in southern Amazonia. ''Science Advances'' , '''6(2)''' , eaay1632, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay1632 10.1126/ sciadv.aay1632] . <div id="Breider--2019"></div> Breider, F. et al., 2019: Response of N <sub>2</sub> O production rate to ocean acidification in the western North Pacific. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''9(12)''' , 954–958, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0605-7 10.1038/s41 558-019-0605-7] . <div id="Breitburg--2018"></div> Breitburg, D. et al., 2018: Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters. ''Science'' , '''359(6371)''' , eaam7240, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7240 10.1126/s cience.aam7240] . <div id="Brewer--2019"></div> Brewer, P.G., 2019: The Molecular Basis for Understanding the Impacts of Ocean Warming. ''Reviews of Geophysics'' , '''57(3)''' , 1112–1123, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018rg000620 10.102 9/2018rg000620] . <div id="Bridgham--2013"></div> Bridgham, S.D., H. Cadillo-Quiroz, J.K. Keller, and Q. Zhuang, 2013: Methane emissions from wetlands: biogeochemical, microbial, and modeling perspectives from local to global scales. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''19(5)''' , 1325–1346, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12131 10. 1111/gcb.12131] . <div id="Brienen--2015"></div> Brienen, R.J.W. et al., 2015: Long-term decline of the Amazon carbon sink. ''Nature'' , '''519(7543)''' , 344–348, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14283 10.10 38/nature14283] . <div id="Bronselaer--2020"></div> Bronselaer, B. and L. Zanna, 2020: Heat and carbon coupling reveals ocean warming due to circulation changes. ''Nature'' , '''584(7820)''' , 227–233, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2573-5 10.1038/s41 586-020-2573-5] . <div id="Bronselaer--2018"></div> Bronselaer, B., L. Zanna, D.R. Munday, and J. Lowe, 2018: Southern Ocean carbon–wind stress feedback. ''Climate Dynamics'' , '''51(7–8)''' , 2743–2757, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-4041-y 10.1007/s00 382-017-4041-y] . <div id="Broucek--2014"></div> Broucek, J., 2014: Production of Methane Emissions from Ruminant Husbandry: A Review. ''Journal of Environmental Protection'' , '''5(15)''' , 1482–1493, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2014.515141 10.4236/j ep.2014.515141] . <div id="Brovkin--2013"></div> Brovkin, V. et al., 2013: Effect of anthropogenic land-use and land-cover changes on climate and land carbon storage in CMIP5 projections for the twenty-first century. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''26(18)''' , 6859–6881, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00623.1 10.1175/jcl i-d-12-00623.1] . <div id="Brovkin--2016"></div> Brovkin, V. et al., 2016: Comparative carbon cycle dynamics of the present and last interglacial. ''Quaternary Science Reviews'' , '''137''' , 15–32, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.01.028 10.1016/j.quascir ev.2016.01.028] . <div id="Brovkin--2019"></div> Brovkin, V. et al., 2019: What was the source of the atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> increase during the Holocene? ''Biogeosciences'' , '''16(13)''' , 2543–2555, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2543-2019 10.5194/b g-16-2543-2019] . <div id="Bruhn--2012"></div> Bruhn, D., I.M. Møller, T.N. Mikkelsen, and P. Ambus, 2012: Terrestrial plant methane production and emission. ''Physiologia Plantarum'' , '''144(3)''' , 201–209, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01551.x 10.1111/j.1399-305 4.2011.01551.x] . <div id="Bruhwiler--2021"></div> Bruhwiler, L., F.J.W. Parmentier, P. Crill, M. Leonard, and P.I. Palmer, 2021: The Arctic Carbon Cycle and Its Response to Changing Climate. ''Current Climate Change Reports'' , '''7''' , 14–34, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40641-020-00169-5 10.1007/s406 41-020-00169-5] . <div id="Brune--2018"></div> Brune, A., 2018: Methanogenesis in the Digestive Tracts of Insects and Other Arthropods. In: ''Biogenesis of Hydrocarbons'' [Stams, A. and D. Sousa (eds.)]. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 1–32, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53114-4_13-1 10.1007/978-3-31 9-53114-4_13-1] . <div id="Buchanan--2016"></div> Buchanan, P.J. et al., 2016: The simulated climate of the Last Glacial Maximum and insights into the global marine carbon cycle. ''Climate of the Past'' , '''12(12)''' , 2271–2295, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2271-2016 10.5194/c p-12-2271-2016] . <div id="Buermann--2018"></div> Buermann, W. et al., 2018: Widespread seasonal compensation effects of spring warming on northern plant productivity. ''Nature'' , '''562(7725)''' , 110–114, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0555-7 10.1038/s41 586-018-0555-7] . <div id="Buitenhuis--2018"></div> Buitenhuis, E.T., P. Suntharalingam, and C. Le Quéré, 2018: Constraints on global oceanic emissions of N <sub>2</sub> O from observations and models. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''15(7)''' , 2161–2175, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2161-2018 10.5194/b g-15-2161-2018] . <div id="Buldovicz--2018"></div> Buldovicz, S.N. et al., 2018: Cryovolcanism on the Earth: Origin of a Spectacular Crater in the Yamal Peninsula (Russia). ''Scientific Reports'' , '''8(1)''' , 13534, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31858-9 10.1038/s415 98-018-31858-9] . <div id="Burke--2013"></div> Burke, E.J., C.D. Jones, and C.D. [[#Koven--2013|Koven, 2013]] : Estimating the permafrost-carbon climate response in the CMIP5 climate models using a simplified approach. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''26(14)''' , 4897–4909, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00550.1 10.1175/jcl i-d-12-00550.1] . <div id="Burke--2017a"></div> Burke, E.J., S.E. Chadburn, and A. Ekici, 2017a: A vertical representation of soil carbon in the JULES land surface scheme (vn4.3_permafrost) with a focus on permafrost regions. ''Geoscientific Model Development'' , '''10(2)''' , 959–975, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-959-2017 10.5194/g md-10-959-2017] . <div id="Burke--2017b"></div> Burke, E.J. et al., 2017b: Quantifying uncertainties of permafrost carbon–climate feedbacks. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''14(12)''' , 3051–3066, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3051-2017 10.5194/b g-14-3051-2017] . <div id="Burls--2017"></div> Burls, N.J. et al., 2017: Active Pacific meridional overturning circulation (PMOC) during the warm Pliocene. ''Science Advances'' , '''3(9)''' , e1700156, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700156 10.1126/ sciadv.1700156] . <div id="Burney--2010"></div> Burney, J.A., S.J. Davis, and D.B. Lobell, 2010: Greenhouse gas mitigation by agricultural intensification. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''107(26)''' , 12052–12057, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0914216107 10.1073/p nas.0914216107] . <div id="Burton--2018"></div> Burton, C., R.A. Betts, C.D. Jones, and K. Williams, 2018: Will Fire Danger Be Reduced by Using Solar Radiation Management to Limit Global Warming to 1.5°C Compared to 2.0°C? ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''45(8)''' , 3644–3652, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2018gl077848 10.100 2/2018gl077848] . <div id="Bushinsky--2019"></div> Bushinsky, S.M. et al., 2019: Reassessing Southern Ocean Air-Sea CO <sub>2</sub> Flux Estimates With the Addition of Biogeochemical Float Observations. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''33(11)''' , 1370–1388, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gb006176 10.102 9/2019gb006176] . <div id="Butterbach-Bahl--2013"></div> Butterbach-Bahl, K., E.M. Baggs, M. Dannenmann, R. Kiese, and S. Zechmeister-Boltenstern, 2013: Nitrous oxide emissions from soils: how well do we understand the processes and their controls? ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'' , '''368(1621)''' , 20130122–20130122, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0122 10.1098/ rstb.2013.0122] . <div id="Byrne--2010"></div> Byrne, R.H., S. Mecking, R.A. Feely, and X. Liu, 2010: Direct observations of basin-wide acidification of the North Pacific Ocean. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''37(2)''' , L02601, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009gl040999 10.102 9/2009gl040999] . <div id="Cabré--2015"></div> Cabré, A., I. Marinov, and S. Leung, 2015: Consistent global responses of marine ecosystems to future climate change across the IPCC AR5 earth system models. ''Climate Dynamics'' , '''45(5–6)''' , 1253–1280, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2374-3 10.1007/s00 382-014-2374-3] . <div id="Cai--2011"></div> Cai, W.-J. et al., 2011: Acidification of subsurface coastal waters enhanced by eutrophication. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''4(11)''' , 766–770, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1297 10 .1038/ngeo1297] . <div id="Cai--2017"></div> Cai, W.-J. et al., 2017: Redox reactions and weak buffering capacity lead to acidification in the Chesapeake Bay. ''Nature Communications'' , '''8(1)''' , 369, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00417-7 10.1038/s414 67-017-00417-7] . <div id="Cai--2020"></div> Cai, W.-J. et al., 2020: Controls on surface water carbonate chemistry along North American ocean margins. ''Nature Communications'' , '''11(1)''' , 2691, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16530-z 10.1038/s414 67-020-16530-z] . <div id="Cain--2019"></div> Cain, M. et al., 2019: Improved calculation of warming-equivalent emissions for short-lived climate pollutants. ''npj Climate and Atmospheric Science'' , '''2''' , 29, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41612-019-0086-4 10.1038/s41 612-019-0086-4] . <div id="Caldeira--2003"></div> Caldeira, K. and M.E. Wickett, 2003: Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH. ''Nature'' , '''425(6956)''' , 365–365, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/425365a 1 0.1038/425365a] . <div id="Campbell--2017"></div> Campbell, J.E. et al., 2017: Large historical growth in global terrestrial gross primary production. ''Nature'' , '''544(7648)''' , 84–87, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature22030 10.10 38/nature22030] . <div id="Campbell--2018"></div> Campbell, J.L., J. Sessions, D. Smith, and K. Trippe, 2018: Potential carbon storage in biochar made from logging residue: Basic principles and Southern Oregon case studies. ''PLOS ONE'' , '''13(9)''' , e0203475, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203475 10.1371/journa l.pone.0203475] . <div id="Campos--2020"></div> Campos, R., G.F. Pires, and M.H. Costa, 2020: Soil Carbon Sequestration in Rainfed and Irrigated Production Systems in a New Brazilian Agricultural Frontier. ''Agriculture'' , '''10(5)''' , 156, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10050156 10.3390/agric ulture10050156] . <div id="Cao--2018"></div> Cao, L., 2018: The Effects of Solar Radiation Management on the Carbon Cycle. ''Current Climate Change Reports'' , '''4(1)''' , 41–50, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40641-018-0088-z 10.1007/s40 641-018-0088-z] . <div id="Cao--2017"></div> Cao, L. and J. Jiang, 2017: Simulated Effect of Carbon Cycle Feedback on Climate Response to Solar Geoengineering. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''44(24)''' , 12484–12491, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gl076546 10.100 2/2017gl076546] . <div id="Cao--2014"></div> Cao, L., H. Zhang, M. Zheng, and S. Wang, 2014: Response of ocean acidification to a gradual increase and decrease of atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''9(2)''' , 024012, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/2/024012 10.1088/1748-9 326/9/2/024012] . <div id="Cao--2020"></div> Cao, Z. et al., 2020: The sponge effect and carbon emission mitigation potentials of the global cement cycle. ''Nature Communications'' , '''11(1)''' , 1–9, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17583-w 10.1038/s414 67-020-17583-w] . <div id="Carstensen--2019"></div> Carstensen, J. and D.J. Conley, 2019: Baltic Sea Hypoxia Takes Many Shapes and Sizes. ''Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin'' , '''28(4)''' , 125–129, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lob.10350 10. 1002/lob.10350] . <div id="Carstensen--2019"></div> Carstensen, J. and C.M. Duarte, 2019: Drivers of pH variability in coastal ecosystems. ''Environmental Science & Technology'' , '''53(8)''' , 4020–4029, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b03655 10.1021/a cs.est.8b03655] . <div id="Carstensen--2014"></div> Carstensen, J., J.H. Andersen, B.G. Gustafsson, and D.J. Conley, 2014: Deoxygenation of the Baltic Sea during the last century. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''111(15)''' , 5628–5633, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323156111 10.1073/p nas.1323156111] . <div id="Cartapanis--2018"></div> Cartapanis, O., E.D. Galbraith, D. Bianchi, and S.L. Jaccard, 2018: Carbon burial in deep-sea sediment and implications for oceanic inventories of carbon and alkalinity over the last glacial cycle. ''Climate of the Past'' , '''14(11)''' , 1819–1850, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1819-2018 10.5194/c p-14-1819-2018] . <div id="Carter--2017"></div> Carter, B.R. et al., 2017: Two decades of Pacific anthropogenic carbon storage and ocean acidification along Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program sections P16 and P02. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''31(2)''' , 306–327, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gb005485 10.100 2/2016gb005485] . <div id="Carter--2019"></div> Carter, B.R. et al., 2019: Pacific anthropogenic carbon between 1991 and 2017. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''33(5)''' , 597–617, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gb006154 10.102 9/2018gb006154] . <div id="Cavan--2019"></div> Cavan, E.L., S.A. Henson, and P.W. Boyd, 2019: The Sensitivity of Subsurface Microbes to Ocean Warming Accentuates Future Declines in Particulate Carbon Export. ''Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution'' , '''6''' , 230, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2018.00230 10.3389/f evo.2018.00230] . <div id="Cavan--2017"></div> Cavan, E.L., S.A. Henson, A. Belcher, and R. Sanders, 2017: Role of zooplankton in determining the efficiency of the biological carbon pump. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''14(1)''' , 177–186, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-177-2017 10.5194/ bg-14-177-2017] . <div id="Cayuela--2014"></div> Cayuela, M.L. et al., 2014: Biochar’s role in mitigating soil nitrous oxide emissions: A review and meta-analysis. ''Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment'' , '''191''' , 5–16, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.009 10.1016/j.ag ee.2013.10.009] . <div id="Chan--2019"></div> Chan, F., J. Barth, K. Kroeker, J. Lubchenco, and B. Menge, 2019: The dynamics and impact of ocean acidification and hypoxia: insights from sustained investigations in the northern California current large marine ecosystem. ''Oceanography'' , '''32(3)''' , 62–71, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2019.312 10.5670/oc eanog.2019.312] . <div id="Chandra--2021"></div> Chandra, N. et al., 2021: Emissions from the Oil and Gas Sectors, Coal Mining and Ruminant Farming Drive Methane Growth over the Past Three Decades. ''Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Series II'' , '''99(2)''' , 309–337, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2021-015 10.2151 /jmsj.2021-015] . <div id="Chang--2018"></div> Chang, L. et al., 2018: Coupled microbial bloom and oxygenation decline recorded by magnetofossils during the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. ''Nature Communications'' , '''9(1)''' , 1–9, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06472-y 10.1038/s414 67-018-06472-y] . <div id="Chaudhary--2020"></div> Chaudhary, N. et al., 2020: Modelling past and future peatland carbon dynamics across the pan-Arctic. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''26(7)''' , 4119–4133, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15099 10. 1111/gcb.15099] . <div id="Chavez--2008"></div> Chavez, F.P., A. Bertrand, R. Guevara-Carrasco, P. Soler, and J. Csirke, 2008: The northern Humboldt Current System: Brief history, present status and a view towards the future. ''Progress in Oceanography'' , '''79(2–4)''' , 95–105, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.10.012 10.1016/j.poce an.2008.10.012] . <div id="Chen--2007"></div> Chen, C.-C., G.-C. Gong, and F.-K. Shiah, 2007: Hypoxia in the East China Sea: One of the largest coastal low-oxygen areas in the world. ''Marine Environmental Research'' , '''64(4)''' , 399–408, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2007.01.007 10.1016/j.marenvr es.2007.01.007] . <div id="Chen--2009"></div> Chen, C.-T.A. and A.V. Borges, 2009: Reconciling opposing views on carbon cycling in the coastal ocean: Continental shelves as sinks and near-shore ecosystems as sources of atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography'' , '''56(8–10)''' , 578–590, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.01.001 10.1016/j.ds r2.2009.01.001] . <div id="Chen--2017"></div> Chen, C.-T.A. et al., 2017: Deep oceans may acidify faster than anticipated due to global warming. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''7(12)''' , 890–894, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0003-y 10.1038/s41 558-017-0003-y] . <div id="Chen--2019"></div> Chen, P. et al., 2019: Effects of afforestation on soil CH <sub>4</sub> and N <sub>2</sub> O fluxes in a subtropical karst landscape. ''Science of The Total Environment'' , '''705''' , 135974, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135974 10.1016/j.scitote nv.2019.135974] . <div id="Chen--2020"></div> Chen, Y., A. Liu, and J.C. Moore, 2020: Mitigation of Arctic permafrost carbon loss through stratospheric aerosol geoengineering. ''Nature Communications'' , '''11(1)''' , 2430, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16357-8 10.1038/s414 67-020-16357-8] . <div id="Cheng--2017"></div> Cheng, L. et al., 2017: Recent increases in terrestrial carbon uptake at little cost to the water cycle. ''Nature Communications'' , '''8(1)''' , 110, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00114-5 10.1038/s414 67-017-00114-5] . <div id="Chevallier--2005"></div> Chevallier, F. et al., 2005: Inferring CO <sub>2</sub> sources and sinks from satellite observations: Method and application to TOVS data. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'' , '''110(D24)''' , D24309, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006390 10.102 9/2005jd006390] . <div id="Chierici--2009"></div> Chierici, M. and A. Fransson, 2009: Calcium carbonate saturation in the surface water of the Arctic Ocean: undersaturation in freshwater influenced shelves. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''6(11)''' , 2421–2431, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2421-2009 10.5194/ bg-6-2421-2009] . <div id="Chou--2013"></div> Chou, W.-C., G.-C. Gong, W.-J. Cai, and C.-M. Tseng, 2013: Seasonality of CO <sub>2</sub> in coastal oceans altered by increasing anthropogenic nutrient delivery from large rivers: evidence from the Changjiang–East China Sea system. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''10(6)''' , 3889–3899, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3889-2013 10.5194/b g-10-3889-2013] . <div id="Chowdhry Beeman--2019"></div> Chowdhry Beeman, J. et al., 2019: Antarctic temperature and CO <sub>2</sub> : Near-synchrony yet variable phasing during the last deglaciation. ''Climate of the Past'' , '''15(3)''' , 913–926, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-913-2019 10.5194/ cp-15-913-2019] . <div id="Chu--2016"></div> Chu, S.N., Z.A. Wang, S.C. Doney, G.L. Lawson, and K.A. Hoering, 2016: Changes in anthropogenic carbon storage in the Northeast Pacific in the last decade. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans'' , '''121(7)''' , 4618–4632, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016jc011775 10.100 2/2016jc011775] . <div id="Churkina--2020"></div> Churkina, G. et al., 2020: Buildings as a global carbon sink. ''Nature Sustainability'' , '''3(4)''' , 269–276, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0462-4 10.1038/s41 893-019-0462-4] . <div id="Chuvilin--2018"></div> Chuvilin, E., B. Bukhanov, D. Davletshina, S. Grebenkin, and V. Istomin, 2018: Dissociation and self-preservation of gas hydrates in permafrost. ''Geosciences'' , '''8(12)''' , 431, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8120431 10.3390/geos ciences8120431] . <div id="Ciais--2005"></div> Ciais, P. et al., 2005: Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. ''Nature'' , '''437(7058)''' , 529–533, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03972 10.10 38/nature03972] . <div id="Ciais--2012"></div> Ciais, P. et al., 2012: Large inert carbon pool in the terrestrial biosphere during the Last Glacial Maximum. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''5(1)''' , 74–79, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1324 10 .1038/ngeo1324] . <div id="Ciais--2013"></div> Ciais, P. et al., 2013: Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles. In: ''Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 465–570, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107415324.015 10.1017/cbo978 1107415324.015] . <div id="Ciais--2019"></div> Ciais, P. et al., 2019: Five decades of northern land carbon uptake revealed by the interhemispheric CO <sub>2</sub> gradient. ''Nature'' , '''568(7751)''' , 221–225, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1078-6 10.1038/s41 586-019-1078-6] . <div id="Claret--2018"></div> Claret, M. et al., 2018: Rapid coastal deoxygenation due to ocean circulation shift in the northwest Atlantic. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''8(10)''' , 868–872, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0263-1 10.1038/s41 558-018-0263-1] . <div id="Clarke--2014"></div> Clarke, L. et al., 2014: Assessing transformation pathways. In: ''Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel, and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 413–510, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107415416.012 10.1017/cbo978 1107415416.012] . <div id="Clarkson--2021"></div> Clarkson, M.O. et al., 2021: Upper limits on the extent of seafloor anoxia during the PETM from uranium isotopes. ''Nature Communications'' , '''12(1)''' , 399, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20486-5 10.1038/s414 67-020-20486-5] . <div id="Clough--2013"></div> Clough, T., L. Condron, C. Kammann, and C. Müller, 2013: A review of biochar and soil nitrogen dynamics. ''Agronomy'' , '''3(2)''' , 275–293, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy3020275 10.3390/a gronomy3020275] . <div id="Cobb--2017"></div> Cobb, A.R. et al., 2017: How temporal patterns in rainfall determine the geomorphology and carbon fluxes of tropical peatlands. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''114(26)''' , E5187–E5196, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701090114 10.1073/p nas.1701090114] . <div id="Cocquempot--2019"></div> Cocquempot, L. et al., 2019: Coastal Ocean and Nearshore Observation: A French Case Study. ''Frontiers in Marine Science'' , '''6''' , 324, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00324 10.3389/fm ars.2019.00324] . <div id="Codispoti--2007"></div> Codispoti, L.A., 2007: An oceanic fixed nitrogen sink exceeding 400 Tg N a <sup>–1</sup> vs the concept of homeostasis in the fixed-nitrogen inventory. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''4(2)''' , 233–253, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-233-2007 10.5194 /bg-4-233-2007] . <div id="Codispoti--2010"></div> Codispoti, L.A., 2010: Interesting Times for Marine N <sub>2</sub> O. ''Science'' , '''327(5971)''' , 1339–1340, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1184945 10.1126/s cience.1184945] . <div id="Collier--2018"></div> Collier, N. et al., 2018: The International Land Model Benchmarking (ILAMB) System: Design, Theory, and Implementation. ''Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems'' , '''10(11)''' , 2731–2754, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018ms001354 10.102 9/2018ms001354] . <div id="Collins--2013"></div> Collins, M. et al., 2013: Long-term Climate Change: Projections, Commitments and Irreversibility. In: ''Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1029–1136, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107415324.024 10.1017/cbo978 1107415324.024] . <div id="Collins--2013"></div> Collins, W.J. et al., 2013: Global and regional temperature-change potentials for near-term climate forcers. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''13(5)''' , 2471–2485, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2471-2013 10.5194/ac p-13-2471-2013] . <div id="Collins--2018"></div> Collins, W.J. et al., 2018: Increased importance of methane reduction for a 1.5 degree target. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13(5)''' , 054003, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aab89c 10.1088/17 48-9326/aab89c] . <div id="Commane--2017"></div> Commane, R. et al., 2017: Carbon dioxide sources from Alaska driven by increasing early winter respiration from Arctic tundra. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''114(21)''' , 5361–5366, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618567114 10.1073/p nas.1618567114] . <div id="Comyn-Platt--2018"></div> Comyn-Platt, E. et al., 2018: Carbon budgets for 1.5 and 2°C targets lowered by natural wetland and permafrost feedbacks. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''11(8)''' , 568–573, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0174-9 10.1038/s41 561-018-0174-9] . <div id="Conrad--2015"></div> Conrad, C.J. and N.S. Lovenduski, 2015: Climate-driven variability in the Southern Ocean carbonate system. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''28(13)''' , 5335–5350, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00481.1 10.1175/jcl i-d-14-00481.1] . <div id="Conway--1994"></div> Conway, T.J. et al., 1994: Evidence for interannual variability of the carbon cycle from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory Global Air Sampling Network. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'' , '''99(D11)''' , 22831, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94jd01951 10. 1029/94jd01951] . <div id="Cooper--1983"></div> Cooper, C.F., 1983: Carbon storage in managed forests. ''Canadian Journal of Forest Research'' , '''13(1)''' , 155–166, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x83-022 1 0.1139/x83-022] . <div id="Cotovicz Jr.--2015"></div> Cotovicz Jr., L.C., B.A. Knoppers, N. Brandini, S.J. Costa Santos, and G. Abril, 2015: A strong CO <sub>2</sub> sink enhanced by eutrophication in a tropical coastal embayment (Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). ''Biogeosciences'' , '''12(20)''' , 6125–6146, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6125-2015 10.5194/b g-12-6125-2015] . <div id="Cotovicz Jr.--2018"></div> Cotovicz Jr., L.C. et al., 2018: Predominance of phytoplankton-derived dissolved and particulate organic carbon in a highly eutrophic tropical coastal embayment (Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). ''Biogeochemistry'' , '''137(1–2)''' , 1–14, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-017-0405-y 10.1007/s10 533-017-0405-y] . <div id="Covey--2019"></div> Covey, K.R. and J.P. Megonigal, 2019: Methane production and emissions in trees and forests. ''New Phytologist'' , '''222(1)''' , 35–51, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.15624 10. 1111/nph.15624] . <div id="Cowtan--2014"></div> Cowtan, K. and R.G. Way, 2014: Coverage bias in the HadCRUT4 temperature series and its impact on recent temperature trends. ''Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society'' , '''140(683)''' , 1935–1944, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.2297 1 0.1002/qj.2297] . <div id="Cox--2019"></div> Cox, P.M., 2019: Emergent Constraints on Climate–Carbon Cycle Feedbacks. ''Current Climate Change Reports'' , '''5(4)''' , 275–281, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40641-019-00141-y 10.1007/s406 41-019-00141-y] . <div id="Cox--2000"></div> Cox, P.M., R.A. Betts, C.D. Jones, S.A. Spall, and I.J. Totterdell, 2000: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. ''Nature'' , '''408(6809)''' , 184–187, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35041539 10 .1038/35041539] . <div id="Cox--2004"></div> Cox, P.M. et al., 2004: Amazonian forest dieback under climate-carbon cycle projections for the 21st century. ''Theoretical and Applied Climatology'' , '''78(1–3)''' , 137–156, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-004-0049-4 10.1007/s00 704-004-0049-4] . <div id="Cox--2013"></div> Cox, P.M. et al., 2013: Sensitivity of tropical carbon to climate change constrained by carbon dioxide variability. ''Nature'' , '''494(7437)''' , 341–344, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11882 10.10 38/nature11882] . <div id="Crawford--2017"></div> Crawford, J.T. et al., 2017: Spatial heterogeneity of within-stream methane concentrations. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences'' , '''122(5)''' , 1036–1048, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016jg003698 10.100 2/2016jg003698] . <div id="Creese--2014"></div> Creese, C., S. Oberbauer, P. Rundel, and L. Sack, 2014: Are fern stomatal responses to different stimuli coordinated? Testing responses to light, vapor pressure deficit, and CO <sub>2</sub> for diverse species grown under contrasting irradiances. ''New Phytologist'' , '''204(1)''' , 92–104, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.12922 10. 1111/nph.12922] . <div id="Crichton--2016"></div> Crichton, K.A., N. Bouttes, D.M. Roche, J. Chappellaz, and G. Krinner, 2016: Permafrost carbon as a missing link to explain CO <sub>2</sub> changes during the last deglaciation. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''9(9)''' , 683–686, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2793 10 .1038/ngeo2793] . <div id="Crippa--2020"></div> Crippa, M. et al., 2020: High resolution temporal profiles in the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research. ''Scientific Data'' , '''7(1)''' , 121, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0462-2 10.1038/s41 597-020-0462-2] . <div id="Cronin--2019"></div> Cronin, M.F. et al., 2019: Air–sea fluxes with a focus on heat and momentum. ''Frontiers in Marine Science'' , '''6''' , 430, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00430 10.3389/fm ars.2019.00430] . <div id="Cross--2018"></div> Cross, J.N., J.T. Mathis, R.S. Pickart, and N.R. Bates, 2018: Formation and transport of corrosive water in the Pacific Arctic region. ''Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography'' , '''152''' , 67–81, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.05.020 10.1016/j.ds r2.2018.05.020] . <div id="Crowley--2015"></div> Crowley, J.W., R.F. Katz, P. Huybers, C.H. Langmuir, and S.-H. Park, 2015: Glacial cycles drive variations in the production of oceanic crust. ''Science'' , '''347(6227)''' , 1237–1240, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1261508 10.1126/s cience.1261508] . <div id="Cui--2018"></div> Cui, Y. and B.A. Schubert, 2018: Towards determination of the source and magnitude of atmospheric pCO <sub>2</sub> change across the early Paleogene hyperthermals. ''Global and Planetary Change'' , '''170''' , 120–125, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.08.011 10.1016/j.gloplac ha.2018.08.011] . <div id="Cui--2011"></div> Cui, Y. et al., 2011: Slow release of fossil carbon during the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''4(7)''' , 481–485, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1179 10 .1038/ngeo1179] . <div id="Cummins--2020"></div> Cummins, P.F. and T. Ross, 2020: Secular trends in water properties at Station P in the northeast Pacific: An updated analysis. ''Progress in Oceanography'' , '''186''' , 102329, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102329 10.1016/j.poce an.2020.102329] . <div id="D’Olivo--2015"></div> D’Olivo, J.P., M.T. McCulloch, S.M. Eggins, and J. Trotter, 2015: Coral records of reef-water pH across the central Great Barrier Reef, Australia: assessing the influence of river runoff on inshore reefs. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''12(4)''' , 1223–1236, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1223-2015 10.5194/b g-12-1223-2015] . <div id="Dagon--2019"></div> Dagon, K. and D.P. Schrag, 2019: Quantifying the effects of solar geoengineering on vegetation. ''Climatic Change'' , '''153(1–2)''' , 235–251, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02387-9 10.1007/s105 84-019-02387-9] . <div id="Dalsøren--2016"></div> Dalsøren, S.B. et al., 2016: Atmospheric methane evolution the last 40 years. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''16(5)''' , 3099–3126, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3099-2016 10.5194/ac p-16-3099-2016] . <div id="Daneshvar--2017"></div> Daneshvar, F. et al., 2017: Evaluating the significance of wetland restoration scenarios on phosphorus removal. ''Journal of Environmental Management'' , '''192''' , 184–196, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.01.059 10.1016/j.jenvm an.2017.01.059] . <div id="Dargie--2017"></div> Dargie, G.C. et al., 2017: Age, extent and carbon storage of the central Congo Basin peatland complex. ''Nature'' , '''542(7639)''' , doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature21048 10.10 38/nature21048] . <div id="Davidson--2009"></div> Davidson, E.A., 2009: The contribution of manure and fertilizer nitrogen to atmospheric nitrous oxide since 1860. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''2(9)''' , 659–662, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo608 1 0.1038/ngeo608] . <div id="Davies-Barnard--2020"></div> Davies-Barnard, T. et al., 2020: Nitrogen cycling in CMIP6 land surface models: progress and limitations. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''17(20)''' , 5129–5148, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5129-2020 10.5194/b g-17-5129-2020] . <div id="de Coninck--2018"></div> de Coninck, H. et al., 2018: Strengthening and Implementing the Global Response. In: ''Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change,'' ''sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press, pp. 313–444, [https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/chapter-4 www.ipcc.ch/sr15/cha pter/chapter-4] . <div id="De Kauwe--2013"></div> De Kauwe, M.G. et al., 2013: Forest water use and water use efficiency at elevated CO <sub>2</sub> : a model-data intercomparison at two contrasting temperate forest FACE sites. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''19(6)''' , 1759–1779, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12164 10. 1111/gcb.12164] . <div id="De Kauwe--2014"></div> De Kauwe, M.G. et al., 2014: Where does the carbon go? A model-data intercomparison of vegetation carbon allocation and turnover processes at two temperate forest free-air CO <sub>2</sub> enrichment sites. ''New Phytologist'' , '''203(3)''' , 883–899, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.12847 10. 1111/nph.12847] . <div id="de la Vega--2020"></div> de la Vega, E., T.B. Chalk, P.A. Wilson, R.P. Bysani, and G.L. Foster, 2020: Atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> during the Mid-Piacenzian Warm Period and the M2 glaciation. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''10(1)''' , 11002, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67154-8 10.1038/s415 98-020-67154-8] . <div id="de Oliveira Garcia--2020"></div> de Oliveira Garcia, W. et al., 2020: Impacts of enhanced weathering on biomass production for negative emission technologies and soil hydrology. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''17(7)''' , 2107–2133, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2107-2020 10.5194/b g-17-2107-2020] . <div id="de Richter--2017"></div> de Richter, R., T. Ming, P. Davies, W. Liu, and S. Caillol, 2017: Removal of non-CO <sub>2</sub> greenhouse gases by large-scale atmospheric solar photocatalysis. ''Progress in Energy and Combustion Science'' , '''60''' , 68–96, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2017.01.001 10.1016/j.pe cs.2017.01.001] . <div id="de Vries--2009"></div> de Vries, W. et al., 2009: The impact of nitrogen deposition on carbon sequestration by European forests and heathlands. ''Forest Ecology and Management'' , '''258(8)''' , 1814–1823, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.02.034 10.1016/j.fore co.2009.02.034] . <div id="Dean--2018"></div> Dean, J.F. et al., 2018: Methane feedbacks to the global climate system in a warmer world. ''Reviews of Geophysics'' , '''56(1)''' , 207–250, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017rg000559 10.100 2/2017rg000559] . <div id="DeConto--2008"></div> DeConto, R.M. et al., 2008: Thresholds for Cenozoic bipolar glaciation. ''Nature'' , '''455(7213)''' , 652–656, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07337 10.10 38/nature07337] . <div id="Deemer--2016"></div> Deemer, B.R. et al., 2016: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Reservoir Water Surfaces: A New Global Synthesis. ''BioScience'' , '''66(11)''' , 949–964, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw117 10.1093 /biosci/biw117] . <div id="DelSontro--2018"></div> DelSontro, T., J.J. Beaulieu, and J.A. Downing, 2018: Greenhouse gas emissions from lakes and impoundments: Upscaling in the face of global change. ''Limnology and Oceanography Letters'' , '''3(3)''' , 64–75, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10073 10.1 002/lol2.10073] . <div id="Denisov--2013"></div> Denisov, S.N., A. Eliseev, and I.I. Mokhov, 2013: Climate change in IAP RAS global model taking account of interaction with methane cycle under anthropogenic scenarios of RCP family. ''Russian Meteorology and Hydrology'' , '''38(11)''' , 741–749, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068373913110034 10.3103/s10 68373913110034] . <div id="Denisov--2019"></div> Denisov, S.N., A. Eliseev, and I.I. Mokhov, 2019: Contribution of Natural and Anthropogenic Emissions of CO <sub>2</sub> and CH <sub>4</sub> to the Atmosphere from the Territory of Russia to Global Climate Changes in the Twenty-first Century. ''Doklady Earth Sciences'' , '''488(1)''' , 1066–1071, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x19090010 10.1134/s10 28334x19090010] . <div id="Denman--2007"></div> Denman, K.L. et al., 2007: Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry. In: ''Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 499–588, [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1 www.ipcc.ch/ report/ar4/wg1] . <div id="Denvil-Sommer--2019"></div> Denvil-Sommer, A., M. Gehlen, M. Vrac, and C. Mejia, 2019: LSCE-FFNN-v1: a two-step neural network model for the reconstruction of surface ocean pCO <sub>2</sub> over the global ocean. ''Geoscientific Model Development'' , '''12(5)''' , 2091–2105, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2091-2019 10.5194/gm d-12-2091-2019] . <div id="Deutsch--2011"></div> Deutsch, C., H. Brix, T. Ito, H. Frenzel, and L.A. Thompson, 2011: Climate-Forced Variability of Ocean Hypoxia. ''Science'' , '''333(6040)''' , 336–339, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1202422 10.1126/s cience.1202422] . <div id="Deutsch--2014"></div> Deutsch, C. et al., 2014: Centennial changes in North Pacific anoxia linked to tropical trade winds. ''Science'' , '''345(6197)''' , 665–668, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1252332 10.1126/s cience.1252332] . <div id="Devaraju--2016"></div> Devaraju, N., G. Bala, K. Caldeira, and R. Nemani, 2016: A model based investigation of the relative importance of CO <sub>2</sub> -fertilization, climate warming, nitrogen deposition and land use change on the global terrestrial carbon uptake in the historical period. ''Climate Dynamics'' , '''47(1–2)''' , 173–190, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2830-8 10.1007/s00 382-015-2830-8] . <div id="DeVries--2014"></div> DeVries, T., 2014: The oceanic anthropogenic CO <sub>2</sub> sink: Storage, air-sea fluxes, and transports over the industrial era. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''28(7)''' , 631–647, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013gb004739 10.100 2/2013gb004739] . <div id="DeVries--2017"></div> DeVries, T., M. Holzer, and F. Primeau, 2017: Recent increase in oceanic carbon uptake driven by weaker upper-ocean overturning. ''Nature'' , '''542(7640)''' , 215–218, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature21068 10.10 38/nature21068] . <div id="DeVries--2019"></div> DeVries, T. et al., 2019: Decadal trends in the ocean carbon sink. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''116(24)''' , 201900371, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900371116 10.1073/p nas.1900371116] . <div id="Dickson--2012"></div> Dickson, A.J., A.S. Cohen, and A.L. Coe, 2012: Seawater oxygenation during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. ''Geology'' , '''40(7)''' , 639–642, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g32977.1 10 .1130/g32977.1] . <div id="Dickson--2014"></div> Dickson, A.J. et al., 2014: The spread of marine anoxia on the northern Tethys margin during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. ''Paleoceanography'' , '''29(6)''' , 471–488, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014pa002629 10.100 2/2014pa002629] . <div id="Dignac--2017"></div> Dignac, M.F. et al., 2017: Increasing soil carbon storage: mechanisms, effects of agricultural practices and proxies. A review. ''Agronomy for Sustainable Development'' , '''37''' , 14, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13593-017-0421-2 10.1007/s13 593-017-0421-2] . <div id="Dixon--2014"></div> Dixon, T., J. Garrett, and E. Kleverlaan, 2014: Update on the London Protocol – Developments on Transboundary CCS and on Geoengineering. ''Energy Procedia'' , '''63''' , 6623–6628, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.698 10.1016/j.egyp ro.2014.11.698] . <div id="Djakovac--2015"></div> Djakovac, T., N. Supić, F. Bernardi Aubry, D. Degobbis, and M. Giani, 2015: Mechanisms of hypoxia frequency changes in the northern Adriatic Sea during the period 1972–2012. ''Journal of Marine Systems'' , '''141''' , 179–189, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.08.001 10.1016/j.jmars ys.2014.08.001] . <div id="Dlugokencky--2019"></div> Dlugokencky, E.J. and P. Tans, 2019: Trends in atmospheric carbon dioxide. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory (NOAA/ESRL). Retrieved from: [http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/global.html www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/tren ds/global.html] . <div id="Dlugokencky--2011"></div> Dlugokencky, E.J., E.G. Nisbet, R. Fisher, and D. Lowry, 2011: Global atmospheric methane: budget, changes and dangers. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences'' , '''369(1943)''' , 2058–2072, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0341 10.1098/ rsta.2010.0341] . <div id="Dlugokencky--1994"></div> Dlugokencky, E.J. et al., 1994: A dramatic decrease in the growth rate of atmospheric methane in the northern hemisphere during 1992. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''21(1)''' , 45–48, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93gl03070 10. 1029/93gl03070] . <div id="Dlugokencky--2003"></div> Dlugokencky, E.J. et al., 2003: Atmospheric methane levels off: Temporary pause or a new steady-state? ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''30(19)''' , 1992, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003gl018126 10.102 9/2003gl018126] . <div id="Don--2012"></div> Don, A. et al., 2012: Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon. ''GCB Bioenergy'' , '''4(4)''' , 372–391, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01116.x 10.1111/j.1757-170 7.2011.01116.x] . <div id="Doney--2009"></div> Doney, S.C. et al., 2009: Mechanisms governing interannual variability in upper-ocean inorganic carbon system and air–sea CO <sub>2</sub> fluxes: Physical climate and atmospheric dust. ''Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography'' , '''56(8–10)''' , 640–655, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.006 10.1016/j.ds r2.2008.12.006] . <div id="Donis--2017"></div> Donis, D. et al., 2017: Full-scale evaluation of methane production under oxic conditions in a mesotrophic lake. ''Nature Communications'' , '''8(1)''' , 1661, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01648-4 10.1038/s414 67-017-01648-4] . <div id="Dore--2009"></div> Dore, J.E., R. Lukas, D.W. Sadler, M.J. Church, and D.M. Karl, 2009: Physical and biogeochemical modulation of ocean acidification in the central North Pacific. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''106(30)''' , 12235–12240, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0906044106 10.1073/p nas.0906044106] . <div id="Drake--2017"></div> Drake, B.L., D.T. Hanson, T.K. Lowrey, and Z.D. Sharp, 2017: The carbon fertilization effect over a century of anthropogenic CO <sub>2</sub> emissions: higher intracellular CO <sub>2</sub> and more drought resistance among invasive and native grass species contrasts with increased water use efficiency for woody plants in the US Southwest. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''23(2)''' , 782–792, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13449 10. 1111/gcb.13449] . <div id="Drake--2011"></div> Drake, J.E. et al., 2011: Increases in the flux of carbon belowground stimulate nitrogen uptake and sustain the long-term enhancement of forest productivity under elevated CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Ecology Letters'' , '''14(4)''' , 349–357, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01593.x 10.1111/j.1461-024 8.2011.01593.x] . <div id="Drake--2018"></div> Drake, J.E. et al., 2018: Three years of soil respiration in a mature eucalypt woodland exposed to atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> enrichment. ''Biogeochemistry'' , '''139(1)''' , 85–101, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-018-0457-7 10.1007/s10 533-018-0457-7] . <div id="Drijfhout--2015"></div> Drijfhout, S. et al., 2015: Catalogue of abrupt shifts in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change climate models. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''112(43)''' , E5777–E5786, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1511451112 10.1073/p nas.1511451112] . <div id="Du--2019"></div> Du, C., X. Wang, M. Zhang, J. Jing, and Y. Gao, 2019: Effects of elevated CO <sub>2</sub> on plant C–N–P stoichiometry in terrestrial ecosystems: A meta-analysis. ''Science of The Total Environment'' , '''650''' , 697–708, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.051 10.1016/j.scitote nv.2018.09.051] . <div id="Du--2020"></div> Du, E. et al., 2020: Global patterns of terrestrial nitrogen and phosphorus limitation. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''13(3)''' , 221–226, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0530-4 10.1038/s41 561- 019-0530-4] . <div id="Duan--2020"></div> Duan, L., L. Cao, G. Bala, and K. Caldeira, 2020: A Model-Based Investigation of Terrestrial Plant Carbon Uptake Response to Four Radiation Modification Approaches. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'' , '''125(9)''' , e2019JD031883, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019jd031883 10.102 9/2019jd031883] . <div id="Duarte--2013"></div> Duarte, C.M. et al., 2013: Is Ocean Acidification an Open-Ocean Syndrome? Understanding Anthropogenic Impacts on Seawater pH. ''Estuaries and Coasts'' , '''36(2)''' , 221–236, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9594-3 10.1007/s12 237-013-9594-3] . <div id="Dunkley Jones--2013"></div> Dunkley Jones, T. et al., 2013: Climate model and proxy data constraints on ocean warming across the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. ''Earth-Science Reviews'' , '''125''' , 123–145, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.07.004 10.1016/j.earscir ev.2013.07.004] . <div id="Dupont--2010"></div> Dupont, S., N. Dorey, and M. Thorndyke, 2010: What meta-analysis can tell us about vulnerability of marine biodiversity to ocean acidification? ''Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science'' , '''89(2)''' , 182–185, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2010.06.013 10.1016/j.ec ss.2010.06.013] . <div id="Dürr--2011"></div> Dürr, H.H. et al., 2011: Worldwide typology of nearshore coastal systems: defining the estuarine filter of river inputs to the oceans. ''Estuaries and Coasts'' , '''34(3)''' , 441–458, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-011-9381-y 10.1007/s12 237-011-9381-y] . <div id="Dussin--2019"></div> Dussin, R., E.N. Curchitser, C.A. Stock, and N. Van Oostende, 2019: Biogeochemical drivers of changing hypoxia in the California Current Ecosystem. ''Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography'' , '''169–170''' , 104590, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.05.013 10.1016/j.ds r2.2019.05.013] . <div id="Dymond--2014"></div> Dymond, C.C. et al., 2014: Diversifying managed forests to increase resilience. ''Canadian Journal of Forest Research'' , '''44(10)''' , 1196–1205, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0146 10.1139/ cjfr-2014-0146] . <div id="Dyonisius--2020"></div> Dyonisius, M.N. et al., 2020: Old carbon reservoirs were not important in the deglacial methane budget. ''Science'' , '''367(6480)''' , 907–910, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aax0504 10.1126/s cience.aax0504] . <div id="Earl--2018"></div> Earl, N. and I. Simmonds, 2018: Spatial and Temporal Variability and Trends in 2001–2016 Global Fire Activity. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'' , '''123(5)''' , 2524–2536, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017jd027749 10.100 2/2017jd027749] . <div id="Eby--2013"></div> Eby, M. et al., 2013: Historical and idealized climate model experiments: an intercomparison of Earth system models of intermediate complexity. ''Climate of the Past'' , '''9(3)''' , 1111–1140, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1111-2013 10.5194/ cp-9-1111-2013] . <div id="Egleston--2010"></div> Egleston, E.S., C.L. Sabine, and F.M.M. Morel, 2010: Revelle revisited: Buffer factors that quantify the response of ocean chemistry to changes in DIC and alkalinity. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''24(1)''' , doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008gb003407 10.102 9/2008gb003407] . <div id="Ehlert--2017"></div> Ehlert, D. and K. Zickfeld, 2017: What determines the warming commitment after cessation of CO <sub>2</sub> emissions? ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''12(1)''' , 015002, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa564a 10.1088/17 48-9326/aa564a] . <div id="Ehlert--2017"></div> Ehlert, D., K. Zickfeld, M. Eby, and N. Gillett, 2017: The sensitivity of the proportionality between temperature change and cumulative CO <sub>2</sub> emissions to ocean mixing. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''30(8)''' , 2921–2935, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0247.1 10.1175/jc li-d-16-0247.1] . <div id="Ekholm--2016"></div> Ekholm, T. and H. Korhonen, 2016: Climate change mitigation strategy under an uncertain Solar Radiation Management possibility. ''Climatic Change'' , '''139(3)''' , 503–515, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1828-5 10.1007/s10 584-016-1828-5] . <div id="Elberling--2010"></div> Elberling, B., H.H. Christiansen, and B.U. Hansen, 2010: High nitrous oxide production from thawing permafrost. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''3(5)''' , 332–335, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo803 1 0.1038/ngeo803] . <div id="Eliseev--2014a"></div> Eliseev, A., I.I. Mokhov, and A. Chernokulsky, 2014a: An ensemble approach to simulate CO <sub>2</sub> emissions from natural fires. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''11(12)''' , 3205–3223, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3205-2014 10.5194/b g-11-3205-2014] . <div id="Eliseev--2014b"></div> Eliseev, A., I.I. Mokhov, and A. Chernokulsky, 2014b: Influence of ground and peat fires on CO <sub>2</sub> emissions into the atmosphere. ''Doklady Earth Sciences'' , '''459(2)''' , 1565–1569, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x14120034 10.1134/s10 28334x14120034] . <div id="Eliseev--2008"></div> Eliseev, A., I.I. Mokhov, M.M. Arzhanov, P.F. Demchenko, and S.N. Denisov, 2008: Interaction of the methane cycle and processes in wetland ecosystems in a climate model of intermediate complexity. ''Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics'' , '''44(2)''' , 139–152, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0001433808020011 10.1134/s00 01433808020011] . <div id="Elkins--2018"></div> Elkins, J.W. et al., 2018: Combined Nitrous Oxide data from the NOAA/ESRL Global Monitoring Division. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory (NOAA/ESRL). Retrieved from: [https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/combined/n2o.html www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/com bined/n2o.html] . <div id="Elling--2019"></div> Elling, F.J. et al., 2019: Archaeal lipid biomarker constraints on the Paleocene-Eocene carbon isotope excursion. ''Nature Communications'' , '''10(1)''' , 1–10, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12553-3 10.1038/s414 67-019-12553-3] . <div id="Ellison--2017"></div> Ellison, D. et al., 2017: Trees, forests and water: Cool insights for a hot world. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''43''' , 51–61, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.01.002 10.1016/j.gloenvc ha. 2017.01.002] . <div id="Elsig--2009"></div> Elsig, J. et al., 2009: Stable isotope constraints on Holocene carbon cycle changes from an Antarctic ice core. ''Nature'' , '''461(7263)''' , 507–510, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08393 10.10 38/nature08393] . <div id="Engram--2020"></div> Engram, M. et al., 2020: Remote sensing northern lake methane ebullition. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''10(6)''' , 511–517, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0762-8 10.1038/s41 558-020-0762-8] . <div id="Erb--2018"></div> Erb, K.-H. et al., 2018: Unexpectedly large impact of forest management and grazing on global vegetation biomass. ''Nature'' , '''553(7686)''' , 73–76, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature25138 10.10 38/nature25138] . <div id="Etiope--2019"></div> Etiope, G., G. Ciotoli, S. Schwietzke, and M. Schoell, 2019: Gridded maps of geological methane emissions and their isotopic signature. ''Earth System Science Data'' , '''11(1)''' , 1–22, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1-2019 10.5194/ essd-11-1-2019] . <div id="Etminan--2016"></div> Etminan, M., G. Myhre, E.J.J. Highwood, and K.P.P. Shine, 2016: Radiative forcing of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide: A significant revision of the methane radiative forcing. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''43(24)''' , 12614–12623, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl071930 10.100 2/2016gl071930] . <div id="Fagundes--2020"></div> Fagundes, M. et al., 2020: Downscaling global ocean climate models improves estimates of exposure regimes in coastal environments. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''10(1)''' , 14227, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71169-6 10.1038/s415 98-020-71169-6] . <div id="Fajardy--2017"></div> Fajardy, M. and N. Mac Dowell, 2017: Can BECCS deliver sustainable and resource efficient negative emissions? ''Energy and Environmental Science'' , '''10(6)''' , 1389–1426, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee00465f 10.1 039/c7ee00465f] . <div id="Fan--2019"></div> Fan, L. et al., 2019: Satellite-observed pantropical carbon dynamics. ''Nature Plants'' , '''5(9)''' , 944–951, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-019-0478-9 10.1038/s41 477-019-0478-9] . <div id="Fang--2017"></div> Fang, Y. et al., 2017: Global land carbon sink response to temperature and precipitation varies with ENSO phase. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''12(6)''' , 064007, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa6e8e 10.1088/17 48-9326/aa6e8e] . <div id="FAO--2019"></div> [[#FAO--2019|FAO, 2019]] : FAOSTAT: Emissions – Agriculture, Emissions – Land Use, Trade (Crops and livestock products), Population, Agri-Environmental Indicators (Livestock Manure). The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy. Retrieved from: [http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data www.fao.org/fa ostat/en/#data] . <div id="Fargione--2018"></div> Fargione, J.E. et al., 2018: Natural climate solutions for the United States. ''Science Advances'' , '''4(11)''' , eaat1869, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat1869 10.1126/ sciadv.aat1869] . <div id="Farías--2015"></div> Farías, L., V. Besoain, and S. García-Loyola, 2015: Presence of nitrous oxide hotspots in the coastal upwelling area off central Chile: an analysis of temporal variability based on ten years of a biogeochemical time series. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''10(4)''' , 044017, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/4/044017 10.1088/1748-93 26/10/4/044017] . <div id="Farley--2005"></div> Farley, K.A., E.G. Jobbagy, and R.B. Jackson, 2005: Effects of afforestation on water yield: a global synthesis with implications for policy. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''11(10)''' , 1565–1576, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01011.x 10.1111/j.1365-248 6.2005.01011.x] . <div id="Farrior--2015"></div> Farrior, C.E., I. Rodriguez-Iturbe, R. Dybzinski, S.A. Levin, and S.W. Pacala, 2015: Decreased water limitation under elevated CO <sub>2</sub> amplifies potential for forest carbon sinks. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''112(23)''' , 7213–7218, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1506262112 10.1073/p nas.1506262112] . <div id="Fassbender--2017"></div> Fassbender, A.J., C.L. Sabine, and H.I. Palevsky, 2017: Nonuniform ocean acidification and attenuation of the ocean carbon sink. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''44(16)''' , 8404–8413, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gl074389 10.100 2/2017gl074389] . <div id="Fassbender--2018"></div> Fassbender, A.J. et al., 2018: Seasonal carbonate chemistry variability in marine surface waters of the US Pacific Northwest. ''Earth System Science Data'' , '''10(3)''' , 1367–1401, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1367-2018 10.5194/ess d-10-1367-2018] . <div id="Fatichi--2019"></div> Fatichi, S., C. Pappas, J. Zscheischler, and S. Leuzinger, 2019: Modelling carbon sources and sinks in terrestrial vegetation. ''New Phytologist'' , '''221(2)''' , 652–668, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.15451 10. 1111/nph.15451] . <div id="Fatichi--2016"></div> Fatichi, S. et al., 2016: Partitioning direct and indirect effects reveals the response of water-limited ecosystems to elevated CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''113(45)''' , 12757–12762, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605036113 10.1073/p nas.1605036113] . <div id="Fay--2014"></div> Fay, A.R. and G.A. McKinley, 2014: Global open-ocean biomes: mean and temporal variability. ''Earth System Science Data'' , '''6(2)''' , 273–284, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-273-2014 10.5194/e ssd-6-273-2014] . <div id="Feely--2009"></div> Feely, R.A., S. Doney, and S. Cooley, 2009: Ocean Acidification: Present Conditions and Future Changes in a High-CO <sub>2</sub> World. ''Oceanography'' , '''22(4)''' , 36–47, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2009.95 10.5670/o ceanog.2009.95] . <div id="Feely--2008"></div> Feely, R.A., C.L. Sabine, J.M. Hernandez-Ayon, D. Ianson, and B. Hales, 2008: Evidence for upwelling of corrosive “acidified” water onto the continental shelf. ''Science'' , '''320(5882)''' , 1490–1492, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1155676 10.1126/s cience.1155676] . <div id="Feely--2010"></div> Feely, R.A. et al., 2010: The combined effects of ocean acidification, mixing, and respiration on pH and carbonate saturation in an urbanized estuary. ''Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science'' , '''88(4)''' , 442–449, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2010.05.004 10.1016/j.ec ss.2010.05.004] . <div id="Feely--2012"></div> Feely, R.A. et al., 2012: Decadal changes in the aragonite and calcite saturation state of the Pacific Ocean. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''26(3)''' , 2011GB004157, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011gb004157 10.102 9/2011gb004157] . <div id="Feely--2016"></div> Feely, R.A. et al., 2016: Chemical and biological impacts of ocean acidification along the west coast of North America. ''Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science'' , '''183''' , 260–270, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.08.043 10.1016/j.ec ss.2016.08.043] . <div id="Feely--2018"></div> Feely, R.A. et al., 2018: The combined effects of acidification and hypoxia on pH and aragonite saturation in the coastal waters of the California current ecosystem and the northern Gulf of Mexico. ''Continental Shelf Research'' , '''152''' , 50–60, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2017.11.002 10.1016/j.c sr.2017.11.002] . <div id="Feng--2020"></div> Feng, E.Y., B. Su, and A. Oschlies, 2020: Geoengineered Ocean Vertical Water Exchange Can Accelerate Global Deoxygenation. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''47(16)''' , e2020GL088263, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2020gl088263 10.102 9/2020gl088263] . <div id="Fennel--2019"></div> Fennel, K. and J.M. Testa, 2019: Biogeochemical controls on coastal hypoxia. ''Annual Review of Marine Science'' , '''11(1)''' , 105–130, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095138 10.1146/annurev-marine -010318-095138] . <div id="Fennel--2019"></div> Fennel, K. et al., 2019: Carbon cycling in the North American coastal ocean: a synthesis. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''16(6)''' , 1281–1304, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1281-2019 10.5194/b g-16-1281-2019] . <div id="Fernández-Martínez--2019"></div> Fernández-Martínez, M. et al., 2019: Global trends in carbon sinks and their relationships with CO <sub>2</sub> and temperature. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''9(1)''' , 73–79, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0367-7 10.1038/s41 558-018-0367-7] . <div id="Ferrari--2014"></div> Ferrari, R. et al., 2014: Antarctic sea ice control on ocean circulation in present and glacial climates. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''111(24)''' , 8753–8758, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323922111 10.1073/p nas.1323922111] . <div id="Ferretti--2005"></div> Ferretti, D.F. et al., 2005: Unexpected Changes to the Global Methane Budget over the Past 2000 Years. ''Science'' , '''309(5741)''' , 1714–1717, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1115193 10.1126/s cience.1115193] . <div id="Field--2016"></div> Field, R.D. et al., 2016: Indonesian fire activity and smoke pollution in 2015 show persistent nonlinear sensitivity to El Niño-induced drought. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''113(33)''' , 9204–9209, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1524888113 10.1073/p nas.1524888113] . <div id="Finzi--2007"></div> Finzi, A.C. et al., 2007: Increases in nitrogen uptake rather than nitrogen-use efficiency support higher rates of temperate forest productivity under elevated CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''104(35)''' , 14014–14019, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706518104 10.1073/p nas.0706518104] . <div id="Fischer--2019"></div> Fischer, B.M.C. et al., 2019: Improving agricultural water use efficiency with biochar – A synthesis of biochar effects on water storage and fluxes across scales. ''Science of The Total Environment'' , '''657''' , 853–862, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.312 10.1016/j.scitote nv.2018.11.312] . <div id="Fischer--2019"></div> Fischer, H. et al., 2019: N <sub>2</sub> O changes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the preindustrial – Part 1: Quantitative reconstruction of terrestrial and marine emissions using N <sub>2</sub> O stable isotopes in ice cores. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''16(20)''' , 3997–4021, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3997-2019 10.5194/b g-16-3997-2019] . <div id="Fisher--2018"></div> Fisher, R.A. et al., 2018: Vegetation demographics in Earth System Models: A review of progress and priorities. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''24(1)''' , 35–54, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13910 10. 1111/gcb.13910] . <div id="Flach--2021"></div> Flach, M. et al., 2021: Vegetation modulates the impact of climate extremes on gross primary production. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''18(1)''' , 39–53, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-39-2021 10.5194 /bg-18-39-2021] . <div id="Fleischer--2019"></div> Fleischer, K. et al., 2019: Amazon forest response to CO <sub>2</sub> fertilization dependent on plant phosphorus acquisition. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''12(9)''' , 736–741, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0404-9 10.1038/s41 561-019-0404-9] . <div id="Fleming--2011"></div> Fleming, E.L., C.H. Jackman, R.S. Stolarski, and A.R. Douglass, 2011: A model study of the impact of source gas changes on the stratosphere for 1850–2100. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''11(16)''' , 8515–8541, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8515-2011 10.5194/ac p-11-8515-2011] . <div id="Flombaum--2020"></div> Flombaum, P., W.-L. Wang, F.W. Primeau, and A.C. Martiny, 2020: Global picophytoplankton niche partitioning predicts overall positive response to ocean warming. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''13(2)''' , 116–120, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0524-2 10.1038/s41 561-019-0524-2] . <div id="Forkel--2016"></div> Forkel, M. et al., 2016: Enhanced seasonal CO <sub>2</sub> exchange caused by amplified plant productivity in northern ecosystems. ''Science'' , '''351(6274)''' , 696–699, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4971 10.1126/s cience.aac4971] . <div id="Forkel--2019"></div> Forkel, M. et al., 2019: Recent global and regional trends in burned area and their compensating environmental controls. ''Environmental Research Communications'' , '''1(5)''' , 051005, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ab25d2 10.1088/25 15-7620/ab25d2] . <div id="Fornara--2011"></div> Fornara, D.A. et al., 2011: Increases in soil organic carbon sequestration can reduce the global warming potential of long-term liming to permanent grassland. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''17(5)''' , 1925–1934, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02328.x 10.1111/j.1365-248 6.2010.02328.x] . <div id="Forster--2018"></div> Forster, P. et al., 2018: Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5°C in the Context of Sustainable Development Supplementary Material. In: ''Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press, pp. 2SM: 1–50, [https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/download www.ipcc.ch /sr15/download] . <div id="Forster--2020"></div> Forster, P.M. et al., 2020: Current and future global climate impacts resulting from COVID-19. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''10(10)''' , 913–919, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0883-0 10.1038/s41 558-020-0883-0] . <div id="Forzieri--2017"></div> Forzieri, G., R. Alkama, D.G. Miralles, and A. Cescatti, 2017: Satellites reveal contrasting responses of regional climate to the widespread greening of Earth. ''Science'' , '''356(6343)''' , 1180–1184, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aal1727 10.1126/s cience.aal1727] . <div id="Foster--2017"></div> Foster, G.L., D.L. Royer, and D.J. Lunt, 2017: Future climate forcing potentially without precedent in the last 420 million years. ''Nature Communications'' , '''8''' , 14845, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14845 10.10 38/ncomms14845] . <div id="Fowell--2018"></div> Fowell, S.E. et al., 2018: Historical Trends in pH and Carbonate Biogeochemistry on the Belize Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''45(7)''' , 3228–3237, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gl076496 10.100 2/2017gl076496] . <div id="Francey--2003"></div> Francey, R.J. et al., 2003: The CSIRO (Australia) measurement of greenhouse gases in the global atmosphere. In: ''Report of the eleventh WMO/IAEA Meeting of Experts on Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Related Tracer Measurement Techniques'' [Toru, S. and S. Kazuto (eds.)]. WMO TD No. 1138, World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 97–111, https://library.wmo.int/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=11080#.YHA_RtV1DIU . <div id="Frank--2015"></div> Frank, D.C. et al., 2015: Water-use efficiency and transpiration across European forests during the Anthropocene. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''5(6)''' , 579–583, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2614 10.103 8/nclimate2614] . <div id="Fransson--2015"></div> Fransson, A. et al., 2015: Effect of glacial drainage water on the CO <sub>2</sub> system and ocean acidification state in an Arctic tidewater-glacier fjord during two contrasting years. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans'' , '''120(4)''' , 2413–2429, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jc010320 10.100 2/2014jc010320] . <div id="Fransson--2017"></div> Fransson, A. et al., 2017: Effects of sea-ice and biogeochemical processes and storms on under-ice water fCO <sub>2</sub> during the winter-spring transition in the high Arctic Ocean: Implications for sea-air CO <sub>2</sub> fluxes. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans'' , '''122(7)''' , 5566–5587, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016jc012478 10.100 2/2016jc012478] . <div id="Freing--2012"></div> Freing, A., D.W.R. Wallace, and H.W. Bange, 2012: Global oceanic production of nitrous oxide. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'' , '''367(1593)''' , 1245–1255, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0360 10.1098/ rstb.2011.0360] . <div id="Friedlingstein--2003"></div> Friedlingstein, P., J.-L. Dufresne, P.M. Cox, and P. Rayner, 2003: How positive is the feedback between climate change and the carbon cycle? ''Tellus B'' , '''55(2)''' , 692–700, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.01461.x 10.1034/j.1600-088 9.2003.01461.x] . <div id="Friedlingstein--2006"></div> Friedlingstein, P. et al., 2006: Climate–Carbon Cycle Feedback Analysis: Results from the C 4 MIP Model Intercomparison. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''19(14)''' , 3337–3353, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3800.1 10.1 175/jcli3800.1] . <div id="Friedlingstein--2014a"></div> Friedlingstein, P. et al., 2014a: Persistent growth of CO <sub>2</sub> emissions and implications for reaching climate targets. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''7(10)''' , 709–715, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2248 10 .1038/ngeo2248] . <div id="Friedlingstein--2014b"></div> Friedlingstein, P. et al., 2014b: Uncertainties in CMIP5 climate projections due to carbon cycle feedbacks. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''27(2)''' , 511–526, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00579.1 10.1175/jcl i-d-12-00579.1] . <div id="Friedlingstein--2019"></div> Friedlingstein, P. et al., 2019: Global Carbon Budget 2019. ''Earth System Science Data'' , '''11(4)''' , 1783–1838, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019 10.5194/ess d-11-1783-2019] . <div id="Friedlingstein--2020"></div> Friedlingstein, P. et al., 2020: Global Carbon Budget 2020. ''Earth System Science Data'' , '''12(4)''' , 3269–3340, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020 10.5194/ess d-12-3269-2020] . <div id="Friend--2014"></div> Friend, A.D. et al., 2014: Carbon residence time dominates uncertainty in terrestrial vegetation responses to future climate and atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''111(9)''' , 3280–3285, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222477110 10.1073/p nas.1222477110] . <div id="Frölicher--2015"></div> Frölicher, T.L. and D.J. Paynter, 2015: Extending the relationship between global warming and cumulative carbon emissions to multi-millennial timescales. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''10(7)''' , 075002, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/7/075002 10.1088/1748-93 26/10/7/075002] . <div id="Frölicher--2018"></div> Frölicher, T.L. and C. Laufkötter, 2018: Emerging risks from marine heat waves. ''Nature Communications'' , '''9(1)''' , 650, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03163-6 10.1038/s414 67-018-03163-6] . <div id="Frölicher--2013"></div> Frölicher, T.L., F. Joos, C.C. Raible, and J.L. Sarmiento, 2013: Atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> response to volcanic eruptions: The role of ENSO, season, and variability. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''27(1)''' , 239–251, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gbc.20028 10. 1002/gbc.20028] . <div id="Frölicher--2015"></div> Frölicher, T.L. et al., 2015: Dominance of the Southern Ocean in Anthropogenic Carbon and Heat Uptake in CMIP5 Models. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''28(2)''' , 862–886, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00117.1 10.1175/jcl i-d-14-00117.1] . <div id="Fu--2016"></div> Fu, W., J.T. Randerson, and J.K. Moore, 2016: Climate change impacts on net primary production (NPP) and export production (EP) regulated by increasing stratification and phytoplankton community structure in the CMIP5 models. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''13(18)''' , 5151–5170, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5151-2016 10.5194/b g-13-5151-2016] . <div id="Fujita--2020"></div> Fujita, R. et al., 2020: Global and Regional CH <sub>4</sub> emissions for 1995–2013 Derived From Atmospheric CH <sub>4</sub> , δ <sup>13</sup> C-CH <sub>4</sub> , and δ D-CH <sub>4</sub> Observations and a Chemical Transport Model. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'' , '''125(14)''' , e2020JD032903, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2020jd032903 10.102 9/2020jd032903] . <div id="Fuss--2018"></div> Fuss, S. et al., 2018: Negative emissions – Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13(6)''' , 063002, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9f 10.1088/17 48-9326/aabf9f] . <div id="Galbraith--2013"></div> Galbraith, E.D. and M. Kienast, 2013: The acceleration of oceanic denitrification during deglacial warming. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''6(7)''' , 579–584, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1832 10 .1038/ngeo1832] . <div id="Galbraith--2015"></div> Galbraith, E.D. and S.L. Jaccard, 2015: Deglacial weakening of the oceanic soft tissue pump: global constraints from sedimentary nitrogen isotopes and oxygenation proxies. ''Quaternary Science Reviews'' , '''109''' , 38–48, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.11.012 10.1016/j.quascir ev.2014.11.012] . <div id="Galbraith--2020"></div> Galbraith, E.D. and L.C. Skinner, 2020: The biological pump during the Last Glacial Maximum. ''Annual Review of Marine Science'' , '''12(1)''' , 559–586, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010419-010906 10.1146/annurev-marine -010419-010906] . <div id="Ganopolski--2017"></div> Ganopolski, A. and V. Brovkin, 2017: Simulation of climate, ice sheets and CO <sub>2</sub> evolution during the last four glacial cycles with an Earth system model of intermediate complexity. ''Climate of the Past'' , '''13(12)''' , 1695–1716, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1695-2017 10.5194/c p-13-1695-2017] . <div id="Gao--2020"></div> Gao, J., C.H. Guan, and B. Zhang, 2020: China’s CH <sub>4</sub> emissions from coal mining: A review of current bottom-up inventories. ''Science of the Total Environment'' , '''725''' , 138295, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138295 10.1016/j.scitote nv.2020.138295] . <div id="Gasser--2017"></div> Gasser, T. et al., 2017: Accounting for the climate–carbon feedback in emission metrics. ''Earth System Dynamics'' , '''8(2)''' , 235–253, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-235-2017 10.5194/ esd-8-235-2017] . <div id="Gasser--2018"></div> Gasser, T. et al., 2018: Path-dependent reductions in CO <sub>2</sub> emission budgets caused by permafrost carbon release. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''11(11)''' , 830–835, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0227-0 10.1038/s41 561-018-0227-0] . <div id="Gasser--2020"></div> Gasser, T. et al., 2020: Historical CO <sub>2</sub> emissions from land use and land cover change and their uncertainty. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''17(15)''' , 4075–4101, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4075-2020 10.5194/b g-17-4075-2020] . <div id="Gatti--2014"></div> Gatti, L. et al., 2014: Drought sensitivity of Amazonian carbon balance revealed by atmospheric measurements. ''Nature'' , '''506(7486)''' , 76–80, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12957 10.10 38/nature12957] . <div id="Gattuso--1998"></div> Gattuso, J.-P., M. Frankignoulle, and R. Wollast, 1998: Carbon and carbonate metabolism in coastal aquatic ecosystems. ''Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics'' , '''29(1)''' , 405–434, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.405 10.1146/annurev.ec olsys.29.1.405] . <div id="Gattuso--2015"></div> Gattuso, J.-P. et al., 2015: Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO <sub>2</sub> emissions scenarios. ''Science'' , '''349(6243)''' , aac4722, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4722 10.1126/s cience.aac4722] . <div id="Gattuso--2018"></div> Gattuso, J.-P. et al., 2018: Ocean Solutions to Address Climate Change and Its Effects on Marine Ecosystems. ''Frontiers in Marine Science'' , '''5''' , 337, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00337 10.3389/fm ars.2018.00337] . <div id="Gauthier--2015"></div> Gauthier, S., P. Bernier, T. Kuuluvainen, A.Z. Shvidenko, and D.G. Schepaschenko, 2015: Boreal forest health and global change. ''Science'' , '''349(6250)''' , 819–822, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa9092 10.1126/s cience.aaa9092] . <div id="Gedney--2004"></div> Gedney, N., P.M. Cox, and C. Huntingford, 2004: Climate feedback from wetland methane emissions. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''31(20)''' , L20503, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004gl020919 10.102 9/2004gl020919] . <div id="Gedney--2019"></div> Gedney, N., C. Huntingford, E. Comyn-Platt, and A. Wiltshire, 2019: Significant feedbacks of wetland methane release on climate change and the causes of their uncertainty. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''14(8)''' , 84027, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab2726 10.1088/17 48-9326/ab2726] . <div id="Genet--2013"></div> Genet, H. et al., 2013: Modeling the effects of fire severity and climate warming on active layer thickness and soil carbon storage of black spruce forests across the landscape in interior Alaska. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''8(4)''' , 45016, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/045016 10.1088/1748-9 326/8/4/045016] . <div id="GESAMP--2019"></div> [[#GESAMP--2019|GESAMP, 2019]] : ''High Level Review of a Wide Range of Proposed Marine Geoengineering Techniques'' [Boyd, P.W. and C.M.G. Vivian (eds.)]. IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/UNIDO/WMO/IAEA/UN/UN Environment/UNDP/ISA Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection, pp. 144, [http://www.gesamp.org/publications/high-level-review-of-a-wide-range-of-proposed-marine-geoengineering-techniques www.gesamp.org/publications/high-level-review-of-a-wide-range-of-proposed-marine-geoengineer ing-techniques] . <div id="Ghosh--2015"></div> Ghosh, A. et al., 2015: Variations in global methane sources and sinks during 1910–2010. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''15(5)''' , 2595–2612, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2595-2015 10.5194/ac p-15-2595-2015] . <div id="Gibson--2019"></div> Gibson, C.M., C. Estop-Aragonés, M. Flannigan, D.K. Thompson, and D. Olefeldt, 2019: Increased deep soil respiration detected despite reduced overall respiration in permafrost peat plateaus following wildfire. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''14(12)''' , 125001, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab4f8d 10.1088/17 48-9326/ab4f8d] . <div id="Gidden--2019"></div> Gidden, M.J. et al., 2019: Global emissions pathways under different socioeconomic scenarios for use in CMIP6: a dataset of harmonized emissions trajectories through the end of the century. ''Geoscientific Model Development'' , '''12(4)''' , 1443–1475, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1443-2019 10.5194/gm d-12-1443-2019] . <div id="Gillett--2013"></div> Gillett, N.P., V.K. Arora, D. Matthews, and M.R. Allen, 2013: Constraining the ratio of global warming to cumulative CO <sub>2</sub> emissions using CMIP5 simulations. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''26(18)''' , 6844–6858, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00476.1 10.1175/jcl i-d-12-00476.1] . <div id="Gingerich--2019"></div> Gingerich, P.D., 2019: Temporal Scaling of Carbon Emission and Accumulation Rates: Modern Anthropogenic Emissions Compared to Estimates of PETM Onset Accumulation. ''Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology'' , '''34(3)''' , 329–335, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018pa003379 10.102 9/2018pa003379] . <div id="Gitz--2003"></div> Gitz, V. and P. Ciais, 2003: Amplifying effects of land-use change on future atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> levels. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''17(1)''' , 1–15, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002gb001963 10.102 9/2002gb001963] . <div id="Glienke--2015"></div> Glienke, S., P.J. Irvine, and M.G. Lawrence, 2015: The impact of geoengineering on vegetation in experiment G1 of the GeoMIP. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'' , '''120(19)''' , 10196–10213, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015jd024202 10.100 2/2015jd024202] . <div id="Gloege--2021"></div> Gloege, L. et al., 2021: Quantifying Errors in Observationally Based Estimates of Ocean Carbon Sink Variability. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''35(4)''' , e2020GB006788, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2020gb006788 10.102 9/2020gb006788] . <div id="Gloor--2010"></div> Gloor, M., J.L. Sarmiento, and N. Gruber, 2010: What can be learned about carbon cycle climate feedbacks from the CO <sub>2</sub> airborne fraction? ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''10(16)''' , 7739–7751, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7739-2010 10.5194/ac p-10-7739-2010] . <div id="Goll--2012"></div> Goll, D.S. et al., 2012: Nutrient limitation reduces land carbon uptake in simulations with a model of combined carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''9(9)''' , 3547–3569, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3547-2012 10.5194/ bg-9-3547-2012] . <div id="Goll--2017"></div> Goll, D.S. et al., 2017: Carbon–nitrogen interactions in idealized simulations with JSBACH (version 3.10). ''Geoscientific Model Development'' , '''10(5)''' , 2009–2030, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2009-2017 10.5194/gm d-10-2009-2017] . <div id="González--2018"></div> González, M.F., T. Ilyina, S. Sonntag, and H. Schmidt, 2018: Enhanced rates of regional warming and ocean acidification after termination of large-scale ocean alkalinization. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''45(14)''' , 7120–7129, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gl077847 10.102 9/2018gl077847] . <div id="González-Dávila--2010"></div> González-Dávila, M., J.M. Santana-Casiano, M.J. Rueda, and O. Llinás, 2010: The water column distribution of carbonate system variables at the ESTOC site from 1995 to 2004. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''7(10)''' , 3067–3081, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3067-2010 10.5194/ bg-7-3067-2010] . <div id="Good--2013"></div> Good, P., C. Jones, J. Lowe, R. Betts, and N. Gedney, 2013: Comparing tropical forest projections from two denerations of Hadley Centre Earth System Models, HadGEM2-ES and HadCM3LC. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''26(2)''' , 495–511, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00366.1 10.1175/jcl i-d-11-00366.1] . <div id="Good--2011"></div> Good, P. et al., 2011: Quantifying environmental drivers of future tropical forest extent. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''24(5)''' , 1337–1349, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3865.1 10.1175/ 2010jcli3865.1] . <div id="Goodkin--2015"></div> Goodkin, N.F. et al., 2015: Ocean circulation and biogeochemistry moderate interannual and decadal surface water pH changes in the Sargasso Sea. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''42(12)''' , 4931–4939, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gl064431 10.100 2/2015gl064431] . <div id="Goodwin--2015"></div> Goodwin, P., R.G. Williams, and A. Ridgwell, 2015: Sensitivity of climate to cumulative carbon emissions due to compensation of ocean heat and carbon uptake. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''8(1)''' , 29–34, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2304 10 .1038/ngeo2304] . <div id="Goodwin--2018"></div> Goodwin, P. et al., 2018: Pathways to 1.5°C and 2°C warming based on observational and geological constraints. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''11(2)''' , 102–107, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-017-0054-8 10.1038/s41 561-017-0054-8] . <div id="Gottschalk--2016"></div> Gottschalk, J. et al., 2016: Biological and physical controls in the Southern Ocean on past millennial-scale atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> changes. ''Nature Communications'' , '''7(1)''' , 11539, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11539 10.10 38/ncomms11539] . <div id="Gottschalk--2019"></div> Gottschalk, J. et al., 2019: Mechanisms of millennial-scale atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> change in numerical model simulations. ''Quaternary Science Reviews'' , '''220''' , 30–74, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.05.013 10.1016/j.quascir ev.2019.05.013] . <div id="Gottschalk--2020a"></div> Gottschalk, J. et al., 2020a: Glacial heterogeneity in Southern Ocean carbon storage abated by fast South Indian deglacial carbon release. ''Nature Communications'' , '''11(1)''' , 6192, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20034-1 10.1038/s414 67-020-20034-1] . <div id="Gottschalk--2020b"></div> Gottschalk, J. et al., 2020b: Southern Ocean link between changes in atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> levels and northern-hemisphere climate anomalies during the last two glacial periods. ''Quaternary Science Reviews'' , '''230''' , 106067, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106067 10.1016/j.quascir ev.2019.106067] . <div id="Grassi--2018"></div> Grassi, G. et al., 2018: Reconciling global-model estimates and country reporting of anthropogenic forest CO <sub>2</sub> sinks. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''8(10)''' , 914–920, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0283-x 10.1038/s41 558-018-0283-x] . <div id="Graven--2013"></div> Graven, H.D. et al., 2013: Enhanced Seasonal Exchange of CO <sub>2</sub> by Northern Ecosystems Since 1960. ''Science'' , '''341(6150)''' , 1085–1089, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1239207 10.1126/s cience.1239207] . <div id="Graven--2017"></div> Graven, H.D. et al., 2017: Compiled records of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> for historical simulations in CMIP6. ''Geoscientific Model Development'' , '''10(12)''' , 4405–4417, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4405-2017 10.5194/gm d-10-4405-2017] . <div id="Green--2019"></div> Green, J.K. et al., 2019: Large influence of soil moisture on long-term terrestrial carbon uptake. ''Nature'' , '''565(7740)''' , 476–479, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0848-x 10.1038/s41 586-018-0848-x] . <div id="Gregor--2018"></div> Gregor, L., S. Kok, and P.M.S. Monteiro, 2018: Interannual drivers of the seasonal cycle of CO <sub>2</sub> in the Southern Ocean. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''15(8)''' , 2361–2378, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2361-2018 10.5194/b g-15-2361-2018] . <div id="Gregor--2019"></div> Gregor, L., A.D. Lebehot, S. Kok, and P.M. Scheel Monteiro, 2019: A comparative assessment of the uncertainties of global surface ocean CO <sub>2</sub> estimates using a machine-learning ensemble (CSIR-ML6 version 2019a) – have we hit the wall? ''Geoscientific Model Development'' , '''12(12)''' , 5113–5136, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-5113-2019 10.5194/gm d-12-5113-2019] . <div id="Gregory--2015"></div> Gregory, J.M., T. Andrews, and P. Good, 2015: The inconstancy of the transient climate response parameter under increasing CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences'' , '''373(2054)''' , 20140417, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0417 10.1098/ rsta.2014.0417] . <div id="Gregory--2009"></div> Gregory, J.M., C.D. Jones, P. Cadule, and P. Friedlingstein, 2009: Quantifying Carbon Cycle Feedbacks. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''22(19)''' , 5232–5250, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2949.1 10.1175/ 2009jcli2949.1] . <div id="Griscom--2017"></div> Griscom, B.W. et al., 2017: Natural climate solutions. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''114(44)''' , 11645–11650, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710465114 10.1073/p nas.1710465114] . <div id="Griscom--2020"></div> Griscom, B.W. et al., 2020: National mitigation potential from natural climate solutions in the tropics. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'' , '''375(1794)''' , 20190126, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0126 10.1098/ rstb.2019.0126] . <div id="Gromov--2018"></div> Gromov, S., C.A.M. Brenninkmeijer, and P. Jöckel, 2018: A very limited role of tropospheric chlorine as a sink of the greenhouse gas methane. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''18(13)''' , 9831–9843, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9831-2018 10.5194/ac p-18-9831-2018] . <div id="Grossiord--2020"></div> Grossiord, C. et al., 2020: Plant responses to rising vapor pressure deficit. ''New Phytologist'' , '''226(6)''' , 1550–1566, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.16485 10. 1111/nph.16485] . <div id="Gruber--2011"></div> Gruber, N., 2011: Warming up, turning sour, losing breath: ocean biogeochemistry under global change. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences'' , '''369(1943)''' , 1980–1996, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0003 10.1098/ rsta.2011.0003] . <div id="Gruber--2008"></div> Gruber, N. and J.N. Galloway, 2008: An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle. ''Nature'' , '''451(7176)''' , 293–296, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06592 10.10 38/nature06592] . <div id="Gruber--2019a"></div> Gruber, N., P. Landschützer, and N.S. Lovenduski, 2019a: The variable Southern Ocean carbon sink. ''Annual Review of Marine Science'' , '''11(1)''' , 159–186, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063407 10.1146/annurev-marine -121916-063407] . <div id="Gruber--2019b"></div> Gruber, N. et al., 2019b: The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO <sub>2</sub> from 1994 to 2007. ''Science'' , '''363(6432)''' , 1193–1199, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aau5153 10.1126/s cience.aau5153] . <div id="Gu--2017"></div> Gu, J. et al., 2017: Trade-off between soil organic carbon sequestration and nitrous oxide emissions from winter wheat-summer maize rotations: Implications of a 25-year fertilization experiment in Northwestern China. ''Science of The Total Environment'' , '''595''' , 371–379, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.280 10.1016/j.scitote nv.2017.03.280] . <div id="Guanter--2014"></div> Guanter, L. et al., 2014: Global and time-resolved monitoring of crop photosynthesis with chlorophyll fluorescence. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''111(14)''' , E1327–E1333, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320008111 10.1073/p nas.1320008111] . <div id="Guenet--2018"></div> Guenet, B. et al., 2018: Impact of priming on global soil carbon stocks. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''24(5)''' , 1873–1883, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14069 10. 1111/gcb.14069] . <div id="Guerrieri--2019"></div> Guerrieri, R. et al., 2019: Disentangling the role of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance on rising forest water-use efficiency. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''116(34)''' , 16909–16914, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905912116 10.1073/p nas.1905912116] . <div id="Guidi--2009"></div> Guidi, L. et al., 2009: Effects of phytoplankton community on production, size, and export of large aggregates: A world-ocean analysis. ''Limnology and Oceanography'' , '''54(6)''' , 1951–1963, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.6.1951 10.4319/lo. 2009.54.6.1951] . <div id="Guimberteau--2018"></div> Guimberteau, M. et al., 2018: ORCHIDEE-MICT (v8.4.1), a land surface model for the high latitudes: model description and validation. ''Geoscientific Model Development'' , '''11(1)''' , 121–163, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-121-2018 10.5194/g md-11-121-2018] . <div id="Günther--2020"></div> Günther, A. et al., 2020: Prompt rewetting of drained peatlands reduces climate warming despite methane emissions. ''Nature Communications'' , '''11(1)''' , 1644, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15499-z 10.1038/s414 67-020-15499-z] . <div id="Gupta--2016"></div> Gupta, G.V.M. et al., 2016: Evolution to decay of upwelling and associated biogeochemistry over the southeastern Arabian Sea shelf. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences'' , '''121(1)''' , 159–175, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015jg003163 10.100 2/2015jg003163] . <div id="Gutjahr--2017"></div> Gutjahr, M. et al., 2017: Very large release of mostly volcanic carbon during the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. ''Nature'' , '''548(7669)''' , 573–577, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature23646 10.10 38/nature23646] . <div id="Hain--2010"></div> Hain, M.P., D.M. Sigman, and G.H. Haug, 2010: Carbon dioxide effects of Antarctic stratification, North Atlantic Intermediate Water formation, and subantarctic nutrient drawdown during the last ice age: Diagnosis and synthesis in a geochemical box model. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''24(4)''' , GB4023, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010gb003790 10.102 9/2010gb003790] . <div id="Hajima--2014"></div> Hajima, T., K. Tachiiri, A. Ito, and M. Kawamiya, 2014: Uncertainty of concentration–terrestrial carbon feedback in Earth System Models. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''27(9)''' , 3425–3445, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00177.1 10.1175/jcl i-d-13-00177.1] . <div id="Hajima--2020a"></div> Hajima, T. et al., 2020a: Development of the MIROC-ES2L Earth system model and the evaluation of biogeochemical processes and feedbacks. ''Geoscientific Model Development'' , '''13(5)''' , 2197–2244, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2197-2020 10.5194/gm d-13-2197-2020] . <div id="Hajima--2020b"></div> Hajima, T. et al., 2020b: Millennium time-scale experiments on climate-carbon cycle with doubled CO <sub>2</sub> concentration. ''Progress in Earth and Planetary Science'' , '''7(1)''' , 1–19, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40645-020-00350-2 10.1186/s406 45-020-00350-2] . <div id="Hall--2019"></div> Hall, A., P. Cox, C. Huntingford, and S. Klein, 2019: Progressing emergent constraints on future climate change. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''9(4)''' , 269–278, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0436-6 10.1038/s41 558-019-0436-6] . <div id="Hall--2007"></div> Hall, B.D., G.S. Dutton, and J.W. Elkins, 2007: The NOAA nitrous oxide standard scale for atmospheric observations. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'' , '''112(D9)''' , D09305, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006jd007954 10.102 9/2006jd007954] . <div id="Hamilton--2018"></div> Hamilton, S.E. and D.A. Friess, 2018: Global carbon stocks and potential emissions due to mangrove deforestation from 2000 to 2012. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''8(3)''' , 240–244, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0090-4 10.1038/s41 558-018-0090-4] . <div id="Hansell--2009"></div> Hansell, D.A., C.A. Carlson, D.J. Repeta, and R. Schlitzer, 2009: Dissolved Organic Matter in the Ocean: A Controversy Stimulates New Insights. ''Oceanography'' , '''22(4)''' , 202–211, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2009.109 10.5670/oc eanog.2009.109] . <div id="Hansis--2015"></div> Hansis, E., S.J. Davis, and J. Pongratz, 2015: Relevance of methodological choices for accounting of land use change carbon fluxes. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''29(8)''' , 1230–1246, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014gb004997 10.100 2/2014gb004997] . <div id="Hantson--2020"></div> Hantson, S. et al., 2020: Quantitative assessment of fire and vegetation properties in simulations with fire-enabled vegetation models from the Fire Model Intercomparison Project. ''Geoscientific Model Development'' , '''13(7)''' , 3299–3318, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3299-2020 10.5194/gm d-13-3299-2020] . <div id="Harenda--2018"></div> Harenda, K.M., M. Lamentowicz, M. Samson, and B.H. Chojnicki, 2018: The role of peatlands and their carbon storage function in the context of climate change. In: ''Interdisciplinary Approaches for Sustainable Development Goals: Economic Growth, Social Inclusion and Environmental Protection'' [Zielinski, T., I. Sagan, and W. Surosz (eds.)]. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 169–187, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71788-3_12 10.1007/978-3- 319-71788-3_12] . <div id="Harper--2018"></div> Harper, A.B. et al., 2018: Land-use emissions play a critical role in land-based mitigation for Paris climate targets. ''Nature Communications'' , '''9(1)''' , 2938, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05340-z 10.1038/s414 67-018-05340-z] . <div id="Harris--2014"></div> Harris, I., P.D. Jones, T.J. Osborn, and D.H. Lister, 2014: Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations – the CRU TS3.10 Dataset. ''International Journal of Climatology'' , '''34(3)''' , 623–642, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.3711 10 .1002/joc.3711] . <div id="Harrison--2018"></div> Harrison, S.P. et al., 2018: The biomass burning contribution to climate–carbon-cycle feedback. ''Earth System Dynamics'' , '''9(2)''' , 663–677, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-663-2018 10.5194/ esd-9-663-2018] . <div id="Hartmann--2013"></div> Hartmann, J. et al., 2013: Enhanced chemical weathering as a geoengineering strategy to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide, supply nutrients, and mitigate ocean acidification. ''Reviews of Geophysics'' , '''51(2)''' , 113–149, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rog.20004 10. 1002/rog.20004] . <div id="Hasenclever--2017"></div> Hasenclever, J. et al., 2017: Sea level fall during glaciation stabilized atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> by enhanced volcanic degassing. ''Nature Communications'' , '''8(1)''' , 15867, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15867 10.10 38/ncomms15867] . <div id="Hauck--2015"></div> Hauck, J. and C. Völker, 2015: Rising atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> leads to large impact of biology on Southern Ocean CO <sub>2</sub> uptake via changes of the Revelle factor. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''42(5)''' , 1459–1464, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gl063070 10.100 2/2015gl063070] . <div id="Hauck--2016"></div> Hauck, J., P. Köhler, D. Wolf-Gladrow, and C. Völker, 2016: Iron fertilisation and century-scale effects of open ocean dissolution of olivine in a simulated CO <sub>2</sub> removal experiment. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''11(2)''' , 024007, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/2/024007 10.1088/1748-93 26/11/2/024007] . <div id="Hauck--2010"></div> Hauck, J., M. Hoppema, R.G.J. Bellerby, C. Völker, and D. Wolf-Gladrow, 2010: Data-based estimation of anthropogenic carbon and acidification in the Weddell Sea on a decadal timescale. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans'' , '''115(C3)''' , C03004, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009jc005479 10.102 9/2009jc005479] . <div id="Hauck--2015"></div> Hauck, J. et al., 2015: On the Southern Ocean CO <sub>2</sub> uptake and the role of the biological carbon pump in the 21st century. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''29(9)''' , 1451–1470, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gb005140 10.100 2/2015gb005140] . <div id="Hauck--2020"></div> Hauck, J. et al., 2020: Consistency and Challenges in the Ocean Carbon Sink Estimate for the Global Carbon Budget. ''Frontiers in Marine Science'' , '''7''' , 852, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.571720 10.3389/fma rs.2020.571720] . <div id="Hauri--2016"></div> Hauri, C., T. Friedrich, and A. Timmermann, 2016: Abrupt onset and prolongation of aragonite undersaturation events in the Southern Ocean. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6(2)''' , 172–176, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2844 10.103 8/nclimate2844] . <div id="Hauri--2013"></div> Hauri, C. et al., 2013: Spatiotemporal variability and long-term trends of ocean acidification in the California Current System. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''10(1)''' , 193–216, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-193-2013 10.5194/ bg-10-193-2013] . <div id="Hauri--2015"></div> Hauri, C. et al., 2015: Two decades of inorganic carbon dynamics along the West Antarctic Peninsula. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''12(22)''' , 6761–6779, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6761-2015 10.5194/b g-12-6761-2015] . <div id="Hauri--2020"></div> Hauri, C. et al., 2020: A regional hindcast model simulating ecosystem dynamics, inorganic carbon chemistry, and ocean acidification in the Gulf of Alaska. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''17(14)''' , 3837–3857, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3837-2020 10.5194/b g-17-3837-2020] . <div id="Haustein--2017"></div> Haustein, K. et al., 2017: A real-time Global Warming Index. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''7(1)''' , 15417, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14828-5 10.1038/s415 98-017-14828-5] . <div id="Haynes--2020"></div> Haynes, L.L. and B. Hönisch, 2020: The seawater carbon inventory at the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''117(39)''' , 24088–24095, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003197117 10.1073/p nas.2003197117] . <div id="He--2020"></div> He, J., V. Naik, L.W. Horowitz, E. Dlugokencky, and K. Thoning, 2020: Investigation of the global methane budget over 1980–2017 using GFDL-AM4.1. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''20(2)''' , 805–827, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-805-2020 10.5194/a cp-20-805-2020] . <div id="He--2016"></div> He, Y. et al., 2016: Radiocarbon constraints imply reduced carbon uptake by soils during the 21st century. ''Science'' , '''353(6306)''' , 1419–1424, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aad4273 10.1126/s cience.aad4273] . <div id="Heck--2016"></div> Heck, V., D. Gerten, W. Lucht, and L.R. Boysen, 2016: Is extensive terrestrial carbon dioxide removal a ‘green’ form of geoengineering? A global modelling study. ''Global and Planetary Change'' , '''137''' , 123–130, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.12.008 10.1016/j.gloplac ha.2015.12.008] . <div id="Heck--2018"></div> Heck, V., D. Gerten, W. Lucht, and A. Popp, 2018: Biomass-based negative emissions difficult to reconcile with planetary boundaries. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''8(2)''' , 151–155, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0064-y 10.1038/s41 558-017-0064-y] . <div id="Helm--2011"></div> Helm, K.P., N.L. Bindoff, and J.A. Church, 2011: Observed decreases in oxygen content of the global ocean. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''38(23)''' , L23602, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011gl049513 10.102 9/2011gl049513] . <div id="Hemes--2019"></div> Hemes, K.S. et al., 2019: Assessing the carbon and climate benefit of restoring degraded agricultural peat soils to managed wetlands. ''Agricultural and Forest Meteorology'' , '''268''' , 202–214, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.01.017 10.1016/j.agrform et.2019.01.017] . <div id="Henderson--2015"></div> Henderson, B.B. et al., 2015: Greenhouse gas mitigation potential of the world’s grazing lands: Modeling soil carbon and nitrogen fluxes of mitigation practices. ''Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment'' , '''207''' , 91–100, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.029 10.1016/j.ag ee.2015.03.029] . <div id="Henehan--2013"></div> Henehan, M.J. et al., 2013: Calibration of the boron isotope proxy in the planktonic foraminifera ''Globigerinoides ruber'' for use in palaeo-CO <sub>2</sub> reconstruction. ''Earth and Planetary Science Letters'' , '''364(0)''' , 111–122, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.12.029 10.1016/j.ep sl.2012.12.029] . <div id="Henley--2020"></div> Henley, S.F. et al., 2020: Changing Biogeochemistry of the Southern Ocean and Its Ecosystem Implications. ''Frontiers in Marine Science'' , '''7''' , 581, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00581 10.3389/fm ars.2020.00581] . <div id="Henson--2016"></div> Henson, S.A., C. Beaulieu, and R. Lampitt, 2016: Observing climate change trends in ocean biogeochemistry: when and where. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''22(4)''' , 1561–1571, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13152 10. 1111/gcb.13152] . <div id="Herndl--2013"></div> Herndl, G.J. and T. Reinthaler, 2013: Microbial control of the dark end of the biological pump. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''6(9)''' , 718–724, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1921 10 .1038/ngeo1921] . <div id="Herrington--2014"></div> Herrington, T. and K. Zickfeld, 2014: Path independence of climate and carbon cycle response over a broad range of cumulative carbon emissions. ''Earth System Dynamics'' , '''5(2)''' , 409–422, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-409-2014 10.5194/ esd-5-409-2014] . <div id="Hewitt--2016"></div> Hewitt, H.T. et al., 2016: The impact of resolving the Rossby radius at mid-latitudes in the ocean: Results from a high-resolution version of the Met Office GC2 coupled model. ''Geoscientific Model Development'' , '''9(10)''' , 3655–3670, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3655-2016 10.5194/g md-9-3655-2016] . <div id="Hicks Pries--2013"></div> Hicks Pries, C.E., E.A.G. Schuur, and K.G. Crummer, 2013: Thawing permafrost increases old soil and autotrophic respiration in tundra: Partitioning ecosystem respiration using δ <sup>13</sup> C and ∆ <sup>14</sup> C. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''19(2)''' , 649–661, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12058 10. 1111/gcb.12058] . <div id="Hicks Pries--2017"></div> Hicks Pries, C.E., C. Castanha, R.C. Porras, and M.S. Torn, 2017: The whole-soil carbon flux in response to warming. ''Science'' , '''355(6332)''' , 1420–1423, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aal1319 10.1126/s cience.aal1319] . <div id="Higgins--2012"></div> Higgins, S.I. and S. Scheiter, 2012: Atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> forces abrupt vegetation shifts locally, but not globally. ''Nature'' , '''488(7410)''' , 209–212, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11238 10.10 38/nature11238] . <div id="Hirota--2011"></div> Hirota, M., M. Holmgren, E.H. Van Nes, and M. Scheffer, 2011: Global resilience of tropical forest and savanna to critical transitions. ''Science'' , '''334(6053)''' , 232–235, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1210657 10.1126/s cience.1210657] . <div id="Hmiel--2020"></div> Hmiel, B. et al., 2020: Preindustrial <sup>14</sup> CH <sub>4</sub> indicates greater anthropogenic fossil CH <sub>4</sub> emissions. ''Nature'' , '''578(7795)''' , 409–412, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-1991-8 10.1038/s41 586-020-1991-8] . <div id="Hoffman--2014"></div> Hoffman, F.M. et al., 2014: Causes and implications of persistent atmospheric carbon dioxide biases in Earth System Models. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences'' , '''119(2)''' , 141–162, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013jg002381 10.100 2/2013jg002381] . <div id="Höglund-Isaksson--2020"></div> Höglund-Isaksson, L., A. Gómez-Sanabria, Z. Klimont, P. Rafaj, and W. Schöpp, 2020: Technical potentials and costs for reducing global anthropogenic methane emissions in the 2050 timeframe – results from the GAINS model. ''Environmental Research Communications'' , '''2(2)''' , 025004, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ab7457 10.1088/25 15-7620/ab7457] . <div id="Holden--2018"></div> Holden, Z.A. et al., 2018: Decreasing fire season precipitation increased recent western US forest wildfire activity. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''115(36)''' , E8349–E8357, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802316115 10.1073/p nas.1802316115] . <div id="Holl--2020"></div> Holl, D., E.-M. Pfeiffer, and L. Kutzbach, 2020: Comparison of eddy covariance CO <sub>2</sub> and CH <sub>4</sub> fluxes from mined and recently rewetted sections in a northwestern German cutover bog. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''17(10)''' , 2853–2874, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2853-2020 10.5194/b g-17-2853-2020] . <div id="Holl--2020"></div> Holl, K.D. and P.H.S. Brancalion, 2020: Tree planting is not a simple solution. ''Science'' , '''368(6491)''' , 580–581, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aba8232 10.1126/s cience.aba8232] . <div id="Hönisch--2005"></div> Hönisch, B. and N.G. Hemming, 2005: Surface ocean pH response to variations in pCO <sub>2</sub> through two full glacial cycles. ''Earth and Planetary Science Letters'' , '''236(1–2)''' , 305–314, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.027 10.1016/j.ep sl.2005.04.027] . <div id="Hoogakker--2015"></div> Hoogakker, B.A.A., H. Elderfield, G. Schmiedl, I.N. McCave, and R.E.M. Rickaby, 2015: Glacial–interglacial changes in bottom-water oxygen content on the Portuguesemargin. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''8(1)''' , 40–43, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2317 10 .1038/ngeo2317] . <div id="Hoogakker--2018"></div> Hoogakker, B.A.A. et al., 2018: Glacial expansion of oxygen-depleted seawater in the eastern tropical Pacific. ''Nature'' , '''562(7727)''' , 410–413, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0589-x 10.1038/s41 586-018-0589-x] . <div id="Hopcroft--2017"></div> Hopcroft, P.O., P.J. Valdes, F.M. O’Connor, J.O. Kaplan, and D.J. Beerling, 2017: Understanding the glacial methane cycle. ''Nature Communications'' , '''8''' , 14383, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14383 10.10 38/ncomms14383] . <div id="Hopwood--2020"></div> Hopwood, M.J. et al., 2020: Review article: How does glacier discharge affect marine biogeochemistry and primary production in the Arctic? ''The Cryosphere'' , '''14(4)''' , 1347–1383, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1347-2020 10.5194/t c-14-1347-2020] . <div id="Horowitz--2020"></div> Horowitz, H.M. et al., 2020: Effects of Sea Salt Aerosol Emissions for Marine Cloud Brightening on Atmospheric Chemistry: Implications for Radiative Forcing. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''47(4)''' , e2019GL085838, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gl085838 10.102 9/2019gl085838] . <div id="Hossaini--2016"></div> Hossaini, R. et al., 2016: A global model of tropospheric chlorine chemistry: Organic versus inorganic sources and impact on methane oxidation. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'' , '''121(23)''' , 14271–14297, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016jd025756 10.100 2/2016jd025756] . <div id="Houghton--2013"></div> Houghton, R.A., 2013: Keeping management effects separate from environmental effects in terrestrial carbon accounting. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''19(9)''' , 2609–2612, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12233 10. 1111/gcb.12233] . <div id="Houghton--2017"></div> Houghton, R.A. and A.A. Nassikas, 2017: Global and regional fluxes of carbon from land use and land cover change 1850–2015. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''31(3)''' , 456–472, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gb005546 10.100 2/2016gb005546] . <div id="Houweling--2015"></div> Houweling, S. et al., 2015: An intercomparison of inverse models for estimating sources and sinks of CO <sub>2</sub> using GOSAT measurements. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'' , '''120(10)''' , 5253–5266, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jd022962 10.100 2/2014jd022962] . <div id="Hovenden--2019"></div> Hovenden, M.J. et al., 2019: Globally consistent influences of seasonal precipitation limit grassland biomass response to elevated CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Nature Plants'' , '''5(2)''' , 167–173, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-018-0356-x 10.1038/s41 477-018-0356-x] . <div id="Howard--2017"></div> Howard, J. et al., 2017: The potential to integrate blue carbon into MPA design and management. ''Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems'' , '''27''' , 100–115, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2809 10 .1002/aqc.2809] . <div id="Howarth--2019"></div> Howarth, R.W., 2019: Ideas and perspectives: is shale gas a major driver of recent increase in global atmospheric methane? ''Biogeosciences'' , '''16(15)''' , 3033–3046, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3033-2019 10.5194/b g-16-3033-2019] . <div id="Hristov--2013"></div> Hristov, A.N. et al., 2013: Mitigation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from animal operations: I. A review of enteric methane mitigation options. ''Journal of Animal Science'' , '''91(11)''' , 5045–5069, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6583 10.2527 /jas.2013-6583] . <div id="Hu--2010"></div> Hu, F.S. et al., 2010: Tundra burning in Alaska: Linkages to climatic change and sea ice retreat. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences'' , '''115(G4)''' , G04002, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009jg001270 10.102 9/2009jg001270] . <div id="Hu--2016"></div> Hu, M., D. Chen, and R.A. Dahlgren, 2016: Modeling nitrous oxide emission from rivers: a global assessment. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''22(11)''' , 3566–3582, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13351 10. 1111/gcb.13351] . <div id="Hua--2016"></div> Hua, F. et al., 2016: Opportunities for biodiversity gains under the world’s largest reforestation programme. ''Nature Communications'' , '''7(1)''' , 12717, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12717 10.10 38/ncomms12717] . <div id="Huang--2019"></div> Huang, Y. et al., 2019: Methane and Nitrous Oxide Flux after Biochar Application in Subtropical Acidic Paddy Soils under Tobacco-Rice Rotation. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''9(1)''' , 17277, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53044-1 10.1038/s415 98-019-53044-1] . <div id="Hugelius--2014"></div> Hugelius, G. et al., 2014: Estimated stocks of circumpolar permafrost carbon with quantified uncertainty ranges and identified data gaps. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''11(23)''' , 6573–6593, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6573-2014 10.5194/b g-11-6573-2014] . <div id="Humphrey--2018"></div> Humphrey, V. et al., 2018: Sensitivity of atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> growth rate to observed changes in terrestrial water storage. ''Nature'' , '''560(7720)''' , 628–631, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0424-4 10.1038/s41 586-018-0424-4] . <div id="Hungate--2013"></div> Hungate, B.A. et al., 2013: Cumulative response of ecosystem carbon and nitrogen stocks to chronic CO <sub>2</sub> exposure in a subtropical oak woodland. ''New Phytologist'' , '''200(3)''' , 753–766, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.12333 10. 1111/nph.12333] . <div id="Hunter--2013"></div> Hunter, S.J., D.S. Goldobin, A.M. Haywood, A. Ridgwell, and J.G. Rees, 2013: Sensitivity of the global submarine hydrate inventory to scenarios of future climate change. ''Earth and Planetary Science Letters'' , '''367''' , 105–115, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.02.017 10.1016/j.ep sl.2013.02.017] . <div id="Huntingford--2013"></div> Huntingford, C. et al., 2013: Simulated resilience of tropical rainforests to CO <sub>2</sub> -induced climate change. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''6(4)''' , 268–273, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1741 10 .1038/ngeo1741] . <div id="Huntingford--2017"></div> Huntingford, C. et al., 2017: Implications of improved representations of plant respiration in a changing climate. ''Nature Communications'' , '''8(1)''' , 1602, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01774-z 10.1038/s414 67-017-01774-z] . <div id="Huntzinger--2017"></div> Huntzinger, D.N. et al., 2017: Uncertainty in the response of terrestrial carbon sink to environmental drivers undermines carbon–climate feedback predictions. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''7(1)''' , 4765, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03818-2 10.1038/s415 98-017-03818-2] . <div id="Hupp--2020"></div> Hupp, B. and D.C. Kelly, 2020: Delays, Discrepancies, and Distortions: Size-Dependent Sediment Mixing and the Deep-Sea Record of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum From ODP Site 690 (Weddell Sea). ''Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology'' , '''35(11)''' , e2020PA004018, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2020pa004018 10.102 9/2020pa004018] . <div id="Huppmann--2018"></div> Huppmann, D., J. Rogelj, E. Kriegler, V. Krey, and K. Riahi, 2018: A new scenario resource for integrated 1.5°C research. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''8(12)''' , 1027–1030, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0317-4 10.1038/s41 558-018-0317-4] . <div id="Hurd--2018"></div> Hurd, C.L., A. Lenton, B. Tilbrook, and P.W. Boyd, 2018: Current understanding and challenges for oceans in a higher-CO <sub>2</sub> world. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''8(8)''' , 686–694, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0211-0 10.1038/s41 558-018-0211-0] . <div id="Hurtt--2020"></div> Hurtt, G.C. et al., 2020: Harmonization of global land use change and management for the period 850–2100 (LUH2) for CMIP6. ''Geoscientific Model Development'' , '''13(11)''' , 5425–5464, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5425-2020 10.5194/gm d-13-5425-2020] . <div id="Huybers--2017"></div> Huybers, P. and C.H. Langmuir, 2017: Delayed CO <sub>2</sub> emissions from mid-ocean ridge volcanism as a possible cause of late-Pleistocene glacial cycles. ''Earth and Planetary Science Letters'' , '''457''' , 238–249, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.09.021 10.1016/j.ep sl.2016.09.021] . <div id="IEA--2017"></div> [[#IEA--2017|IEA, 2017]] : ''CO'' <sub>2</sub> ''Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2017'' . International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, France, 529 pp., doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/co2_fuel-2017-en 10.1787/co 2_fuel-2017-en] . <div id="Iida--2021"></div> Iida, Y., Y. Takatani, A. Kojima, and M. Ishii, 2021: Global trends of ocean CO <sub>2</sub> sink and ocean acidification: an observation-based reconstruction of surface ocean inorganic carbon variables. ''Journal of Oceanography'' , '''77(2)''' , 323–358, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10872-020-00571-5 10.1007/s108 72-020-00571-5] . <div id="Ilyina--2021"></div> Ilyina, T. et al., 2021: Predictable Variations of the Carbon Sinks and Atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> Growth in a Multi-Model Framework. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''48(6)''' , e2020GL090695, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2020gl090695 10.102 9/2020gl090695] . <div id="IOC--2019"></div> [[#IOC--2019|IOC, 2019]] : ''Indicator Methodology for 14.3.1'' . Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), Paris, France, 17 pp., [http://goa-on.org/resources/sdg_14.3.1_indicator.php http://goa-on.org/resources/sdg_14.3.1 _indicator.php] . <div id="IPBES--2018"></div> [[#IPBES--2018|IPBES, 2018]] : ''The IPBES assessment report on land degradation and restoration'' [Montanarella, L., R. Scholes, and A. Brainich (eds.)]. Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), Bonn, Germany, pp. 744, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3237392 10.5281/ zenodo.3237392] . <div id="IPCC--2013a"></div> [[#IPCC--2013a|IPCC, 2013a]] : Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp., doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107415324.004 10.1017/cbo978 1107415324.004] . <div id="IPCC--2013b"></div> [[#IPCC--2013b|IPCC, 2013b]] : Summary for Policymakers. In: ''Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–29, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107415324.004 10.1017/cbo978 1107415324.004] . <div id="IPCC--2014"></div> [[#IPCC--2014|IPCC, 2014]] : Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri, and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp., [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr www.ipcc.ch/ report/ar5/syr] . <div id="IPCC--2018"></div> [[#IPCC--2018|IPCC, 2018]] : Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press, 616 pp., [https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15 ww w.ipcc.ch/sr15] . <div id="IPCC--2019a"></div> [[#IPCC--2019a|IPCC, 2019a]] : Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems [Shukla, P.R., J. Skea, E.C. Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, P. Zhai, R. Slade, S. Connors, R. Diemen, M. Ferrat, E. Haughey, S. Luz, S. Neogi, M. Pathak, J. Petzold, J.P. Pereira, P. Vyas, E. Huntley, K. Kissick, M. Belkacemi, and J. Malley (eds.)]. In Press, 896 pp., [https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl www .ipcc.ch/srccl] . <div id="IPCC--2019b"></div> [[#IPCC--2019b|IPCC, 2019b]] : IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate [Pörtner, H.-O., D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, and N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. In Press, 755 pp., [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/srocc www.ipcc.c h/report/srocc] . <div id="IPCC--2019c"></div> [[#IPCC--2019c|IPCC, 2019c]] : Summary for Policymakers. In: ''IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate'' [Pörtner, H.-O., D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, and N. Weyer (eds.)]. In Press, pp. 3–35, [https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/summary-for-policymakers www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/summary-fo r-policymakers] . <div id="Isabel--2020"></div> Isabel, N., J.A. Holliday, and S.N. Aitken, 2020: Forest genomics: Advancing climate adaptation, forest health, productivity, and conservation. ''Evolutionary Applications'' , '''13(1)''' , 3–10, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eva.12902 10. 1111/eva.12902] . <div id="Ishidoya--2012"></div> Ishidoya, S. et al., 2012: Time and space variations of the O <sub>2</sub> /N <sub>2</sub> ratio in the troposphere over Japan and estimation of the global CO <sub>2</sub> budget for the period 2000–2010. ''Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology'' , '''64(1)''' , 18964, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.18964 10.3402/tellu sb.v64i0.18964] . <div id="Ishii--2020"></div> Ishii, M. et al., 2020: Ocean Acidification From Below in the Tropical Pacific. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''34(8)''' , e2019GB006368, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gb006368 10.102 9/2019gb006368] . <div id="Ishijima--2007"></div> Ishijima, K. et al., 2007: Temporal variations of the atmospheric nitrous oxide concentration and its δ <sup>15</sup> N and δ <sup>18</sup> O for the latter half of the 20th century reconstructed from firn air analyses. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'' , '''112(D3)''' , D03305, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006jd007208 10.102 9/2006jd007208] . <div id="Ito--2019"></div> Ito, A., 2019: Disequilibrium of terrestrial ecosystem CO <sub>2</sub> budget caused by disturbance-induced emissions and non-CO <sub>2</sub> carbon export flows: A global model assessment. ''Earth System Dynamics'' , '''10(4)''' , 685–709, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-685-2019 10.5194/e sd-10-685-2019] . <div id="Ito--2020"></div> Ito, A., 2020: Bottom-up evaluation of the regional methane budget of northern lands from 1980 to 2015. ''Polar Science'' , '''27''' , 100558, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2020.100558 10.1016/j.pol ar.2020.100558] . <div id="Ito--2017"></div> Ito, T., S. Minobe, M.C. Long, and C. Deutsch, 2017: Upper ocean O <sub>2</sub> trends: 1958–2015. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''44(9)''' , 4214–4223, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gl073613 10.100 2/2017gl073613] . <div id="Ito--2015"></div> Ito, T. et al., 2015: Sustained growth of the Southern Ocean carbon storage in a warming climate. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''42(11)''' , 4516–4522, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gl064320 10.100 2/2015gl064320] . <div id="Iudicone--2016"></div> Iudicone, D. et al., 2016: The formation of the ocean’s anthropogenic carbon reservoir. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''6(1)''' , 35473, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep35473 10. 1038/srep35473] . <div id="Jaccard--2012"></div> Jaccard, S.L. and E.D. Galbraith, 2012: Large climate-driven changes of oceanic oxygen concentrations during the last deglaciation. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''5(2)''' , 151–156, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1352 10 .1038/ngeo1352] . <div id="Jaccard--2014"></div> Jaccard, S.L., E.D. Galbraith, T.L. Frölicher, and N. Gruber, 2014: Ocean (de)oxygenation across the last deglaciation: insights for the future. ''Oceanography'' , '''27(1)''' , 26–35, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.05 10.5670/o ceanog.2014.05] . <div id="Jaccard--2016"></div> Jaccard, S.L., E.D. Galbraith, A. Martínez-García, and R.F. Anderson, 2016: Covariation of deep Southern Ocean oxygenation and atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> through the last ice age. ''Nature'' , '''530(7589)''' , 207–210, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature16514 10.10 38/nature16514] . <div id="Jackson--2019"></div> Jackson, R.B., E.I. Solomon, J.G. Canadell, M. Cargnello, and C.B. Field, 2019: Methane removal and atmospheric restoration. ''Nature Sustainability'' , '''2(6)''' , 436–438, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0299-x 10.1038/s41 893-019-0299-x] . <div id="Jackson--2005"></div> Jackson, R.B. et al., 2005: Atmospheric science: Trading water for carbon with biological carbon sequestration. ''Science'' , '''310(5756)''' , 1944–1947, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1119282 10.1126/s cience.1119282] . <div id="Jackson--2017"></div> Jackson, R.B. et al., 2017: The ecology of soil carbon: pools, vulnerabilities, and biotic and abiotic controls. ''Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics'' , '''48(1)''' , 419–445, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054234 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys -112414-054234] . <div id="Jackson--2020"></div> Jackson, R.B. et al., 2020: Increasing anthropogenic methane emissions arise equally from agricultural and fossil fuel sources. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''15(7)''' , 071002, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab9ed2 10.1088/17 48-9326/ab9ed2] . <div id="Jacobson--2007"></div> Jacobson, A.R., S.E. Mikaloff Fletcher, N. Gruber, J.L. Sarmiento, and M. Gloor, 2007: A joint atmosphere–ocean inversion for surface fluxes of carbon dioxide: 1. Methods and global-scale fluxes. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''21(1)''' , GB1019, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gb002556 10.102 9/2005gb002556] . <div id="Jans--2018"></div> Jans, Y., G. Berndes, J. Heinke, W. Lucht, and D. Gerten, 2018: Biomass production in plantations: Land constraints increase dependency on irrigation water. ''GCB Bioenergy'' , '''10(9)''' , 628–644, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12530 10.1 111/gcbb.12530] . <div id="Janssens-Maenhout--2019"></div> Janssens-Maenhout, G. et al., 2019: EDGAR v4.3.2 Global ( [[IPCC:Wg1:Chapter:Atlas|Atlas]] of the three major greenhouse gas emissions for the period 1970–2012. ''Earth System Science Data'' , '''11(3)''' , 959–1002, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-959-2019 10.5194/es sd-11-959-2019] . <div id="Jeffery--2016"></div> Jeffery, S., F.G.A. Verheijen, C. Kammann, and D. Abalos, 2016: Biochar effects on methane emissions from soils: A meta-analysis. ''Soil Biology and Biochemistry'' , '''101''' , 251–258, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.07.021 10.1016/j.soilb io.2016.07.021] . <div id="Jeffrey--2019"></div> Jeffrey, L.C. et al., 2019: Are methane emissions from mangrove stems a cryptic carbon loss pathway? Insights from a catastrophic forest mortality. ''New Phytologist'' , '''224(1)''' , 146–154, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.15995 10. 1111/nph.15995] . <div id="Jeltsch-Thömmes--2019"></div> Jeltsch-Thömmes, A., G. Battaglia, O. Cartapanis, S.L. Jaccard, and F. Joos, 2019: Low terrestrial carbon storage at the Last Glacial Maximum: constraints from multi-proxy data. ''Climate of the Past'' , '''15(2)''' , 849–879, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-849-2019 10.5194/ cp-15-849-2019] . <div id="Jenkins--2018"></div> Jenkins, S., R.J. Millar, N. Leach, and M.R. Allen, 2018: Framing Climate Goals in Terms of Cumulative CO <sub>2</sub> -Forcing-Equivalent Emissions. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''45(6)''' , 2795–2804, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gl076173 10.100 2/2017gl076173] . <div id="Ji--2015"></div> Ji, Q., A.R. Babbin, A. Jayakumar, S. Oleynik, and B.B. Ward, 2015: Nitrous oxide production by nitrification and denitrification in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific oxygen minimum zone. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''42(24)''' , 10755–10764, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gl066853 10.100 2/2015gl066853] . <div id="Ji--2019"></div> Ji, Q. et al., 2019: Investigating the effect of El Niño on nitrous oxide distribution in the eastern tropical South Pacific. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''16(9)''' , 2079–2093, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2079-2019 10.5194/b g-16-2079-2019] . <div id="Jia--2019"></div> Jia, G. et al., 2019: Land–climate interactions. In: ''Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems.'' [Shukla, P.R., J. Skea, E.C. Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, P. Zhai, R. Slade, S. Connors, R. Diemen, M. Ferrat, E. Haughey, S. Luz, S. Neogi, M. Pathak, J. Petzold, J.P. Pereira, P. Vyas, E. Huntley, K. Kissick, M. Belkacemi, and J. Malley (eds.)]. In Press, pp. 131–248, [https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/chapter-2 www.ipcc.ch/srccl/cha pter/chapter-2] . <div id="Jiang--2018"></div> Jiang, J., H. Zhang, and L. [[#Cao--2018|Cao, 2018]] : Simulated effect of sunshade solar geoengineering on the global carbon cycle. ''Science China Earth Sciences'' , '''61(9)''' , 1306–1315, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11430-017-9210-0 10.1007/s11 430-017-9210-0] . <div id="Jiang--2019"></div> Jiang, L.-Q., B.R. Carter, R.A. Feely, S.K. Lauvset, and A. Olsen, 2019: Surface ocean pH and buffer capacity: past, present and future. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''9(1)''' , 18624, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55039-4 10.1038/s415 98-019-55039-4] . <div id="Jiang--2021"></div> Jiang, M., J.W.G. Kelly, B.J. Atwell, D.T. Tissue, and B.E. Medlyn, 2021: Drought by CO <sub>2</sub> interactions in trees: a test of the water savings mechanism. ''New Phytologist'' , doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.17233 10. 1111/nph.17233] . <div id="Jiang--2020a"></div> Jiang, M. et al., 2020a: Low phosphorus supply constrains plant responses to elevated CO <sub>2</sub> : A meta-analysis. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''26(10)''' , 5856–5873, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15277 10. 1111/gcb.15277] . <div id="Jiang--2020b"></div> Jiang, M. et al., 2020b: The fate of carbon in a mature forest under carbon dioxide enrichment. ''Nature'' , '''580(7802)''' , 227–231, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2128-9 10.1038/s41 586-020-2128-9] . <div id="Jiao--2014"></div> Jiao, N. et al., 2014: Mechanisms of microbial carbon sequestration in the ocean – future research directions. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''11(19)''' , 5285–5306, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5285-2014 10.5194/b g-11-5285-2014] . <div id="Jiao--2019"></div> Jiao, X.C., X.M. Song, D.L. Zhang, Q.J. Du, and J.M. Li, 2019: Coordination between vapor pressure deficit and CO <sub>2</sub> on the regulation of photosynthesis and productivity in greenhouse tomato production. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''9(1)''' , 1–10, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45232-w 10.1038/s415 98-019-45232-w] . <div id="Jickells--2017"></div> Jickells, T.D. et al., 2017: A reevaluation of the magnitude and impacts of anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen inputs on the ocean. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''31(2)''' , 289–305, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gb005586 10.100 2/2016gb005586] . <div id="Jin--2015"></div> Jin, Y. et al., 2015: Identification of two distinct fire regimes in Southern California: implications for economic impact and future change. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''10(9)''' , 94005, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094005 10.1088/1748-93 26/10/9/094005] . <div id="Jokinen--2018"></div> Jokinen, S.A. et al., 2018: A 1500-year multiproxy record of coastal hypoxia from the northern Baltic Sea indicates unprecedented deoxygenation over the 20th century. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''15(13)''' , 3975–4001, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3975-2018 10.5194/b g-15-3975-2018] . <div id="Jolly--2015"></div> Jolly, W.M. et al., 2015: Climate-induced variations in global wildfire danger from 1979 to 2013. ''Nature Communications'' , doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8537 10.1 038/ncomms8537] . <div id="Jones--2013"></div> Jones, A. et al., 2013: The impact of abrupt suspension of solar radiation management (termination effect) in experiment G2 of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP). ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'' , '''118(17)''' , 9743–9752, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50762 10.1 002/jgrd.50762] . <div id="Jones--2020"></div> Jones, C.D. and P. Friedlingstein, 2020: Quantifying process-level uncertainty contributions to TCRE and carbon budgets for meeting Paris Agreement climate targets. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''15(7)''' , 074019, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab858a 10.1088/17 48-9326/ab858a] . <div id="Jones--2009"></div> Jones, C.D., J. Lowe, S. Liddicoat, and R. Betts, 2009: Committed terrestrial ecosystem changes due to climate change. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''2(7)''' , 484–487, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo555 1 0.1038/ngeo555] . <div id="Jones--2013"></div> Jones, C.D. et al., 2013: Twenty-First-Century Compatible CO <sub>2</sub> Emissions and Airborne Fraction Simulated by CMIP5 Earth System Models under Four Representative Concentration Pathways. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''26(13)''' , 4398–4413, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00554.1 10.1175/jcl i-d-12-00554.1] . <div id="Jones--2016a"></div> Jones, C.D. et al., 2016a: C4MIP – The Coupled Climate–Carbon Cycle Model Intercomparison Project: experimental protocol for CMIP6. ''Geoscientific Model Development'' , '''9(8)''' , 2853–2880, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2853-2016 10.5194/g md-9-2853-2016] . <div id="Jones--2016b"></div> Jones, C.D. et al., 2016b: Simulating the earth system response to negative emissions. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''11(9)''' , 095012, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/9/095012 10.1088/1748-93 26/11/9/095012] . <div id="Jones--2019"></div> Jones, C.D. et al., 2019: The Zero Emissions Commitment Model Intercomparison Project (ZECMIP) contribution to C4MIP: quantifying committed climate changes following zero carbon emissions. ''Geoscientific Model Development'' , '''12(10)''' , 4375–4385, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4375-2019 10.5194/gm d-12-4375-2019] . <div id="Jones--2019"></div> Jones, S.M., M. Hoggett, S.E. Greene, and T. Dunkley Jones, 2019: Large Igneous Province thermogenic greenhouse gas flux could have initiated Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum climate change. ''Nature Communications'' , '''10(1)''' , 5547, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12957-1 10.1038/s414 67-019-12957-1] . <div id="Joos--2001"></div> Joos, F. et al., 2001: Global warming feedbacks on terrestrial carbon uptake under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission scenarios. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''15(4)''' , 891–907, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000gb001375 10.102 9/2000gb001375] . <div id="Joos--2013"></div> Joos, F. et al., 2013: Carbon dioxide and climate impulse response functions for the computation of greenhouse gas metrics: a multi-model analysis. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''13(5)''' , 2793–2825, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2793-2013 10.5194/ac p-13-2793-2013] . <div id="Joos--2020"></div> Joos, F. et al., 2020: N <sub>2</sub> O changes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the preindustrial – Part 2: terrestrial N <sub>2</sub> O emissions and carbon–nitrogen cycle interactions. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''17(13)''' , 3511–3543, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3511-2020 10.5194/b g-17-3511-2020] . <div id="Jung--2017"></div> Jung, M. et al., 2017: Compensatory water effects link yearly global land CO <sub>2</sub> sink changes to temperature. ''Nature'' , '''541(7638)''' , 516–520, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature20780 10.10 38/nature20780] . <div id="Junium--2018"></div> Junium, C.K., A.J. Dickson, and B.T. Uveges, 2018: Perturbation to the nitrogen cycle during rapid Early Eocene global warming. ''Nature Communications'' , '''9(1)''' , 3186, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05486-w 10.1038/s414 67-018-05486-w] . <div id="Kalidindi--2015"></div> Kalidindi, S., G. Bala, A. Modak, and K. Caldeira, 2015: Modeling of solar radiation management: a comparison of simulations using reduced solar constant and stratospheric sulphate aerosols. ''Climate Dynamics'' , '''44(9–10)''' , 2909–2925, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2240-3 10.1007/s00 382-014-2240-3] . <div id="Kalliokoski--2020"></div> Kalliokoski, T. et al., 2020: Mitigation Impact of Different Harvest Scenarios of Finnish Forests That Account for Albedo, Aerosols, and Trade-Offs of Carbon Sequestration and Avoided Emissions. ''Frontiers in Forests and Global Change'' , '''3''' , 112, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2020.562044 10.3389/ff gc.2020.562044] . <div id="Kammann--2017"></div> Kammann, C. et al., 2017: Biochar as a Tool to Reduce the Agricultural Greenhouse-gas Burden – Knowns, Unknowns and Future Research Needs. ''Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management'' , '''25(2)''' , 114–139, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2017.1319375 10.3846/1648689 7.2017.1319375] . <div id="Kantola--2017"></div> Kantola, I.B., M.D. Masters, D.J. Beerling, S.P. Long, and E.H. DeLucia, 2017: Potential of global croplands and bioenergy crops for climate change mitigation through deployment for enhanced weathering. ''Biology Letters'' , '''13(4)''' , 20160714, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0714 10.1098/ rsbl.2016.0714] . <div id="Karelin--2017"></div> Karelin, D. et al., 2017: Human footprints on greenhouse gas fluxes in cryogenic ecosystems. ''Doklady Earth Sciences'' , '''477(2)''' , 1467–1469, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x17120133 10.1134/s10 28334x17120133] . <div id="Karhu--2011"></div> Karhu, K., T. Mattila, I. Bergström, and K. Regina, 2011: Biochar addition to agricultural soil increased CH <sub>4</sub> uptake and water holding capacity – Results from a short-term pilot field study. ''Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment'' , '''140(1)''' , 309–313, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.12.005 10.1016/j.ag ee.2010.12.005] . <div id="Katavouta--2019"></div> Katavouta, A., R.G. Williams, and P. Goodwin, 2019: The Effect of Ocean Ventilation on the Transient Climate Response to Emissions. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''32(16)''' , 5085–5105, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0829.1 10.1175/jc li-d-18-0829.1] . <div id="Katavouta--2018"></div> Katavouta, A., R.G. Williams, P. Goodwin, and V. Roussenov, 2018: Reconciling Atmospheric and Oceanic Views of the Transient Climate Response to Emissions. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''45(12)''' , 6205–6214, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gl077849 10.102 9/2018gl077849] . <div id="Kato--2014"></div> Kato, E. and Y. Yamagata, 2014: BECCS capability of dedicated bioenergy crops under a future land-use scenario targeting net negative carbon emissions. ''Earth’s Future'' , '''2(9)''' , 421–439, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014ef000249 10.100 2/2014ef000249] . <div id="Kattge--2007"></div> Kattge, J. and W. Knorr, 2007: Temperature acclimation in a biochemical model of photosynthesis: a reanalysis of data from 36 species. ''Plant, Cell & Environment'' , '''30(9)''' , 1176–1190, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01690.x 10.1111/j.1365-304 0.2007.01690.x] . <div id="Kaushal--2018"></div> Kaushal, S.S. et al., 2018: Freshwater salinization syndrome on a continental scale. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''115(4)''' , E574–E583, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711234115 10.1073/p nas.1711234115] . <div id="Kawahata--2019"></div> Kawahata, H. et al., 2019: Perspective on the response of marine calcifiers to global warming and ocean acidification – Behavior of corals and foraminifera in a high CO <sub>2</sub> world “hot house”. ''Progress in Earth and Planetary Science'' , '''6(1)''' , 5, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40645-018-0239-9 10.1186/s40 645-018-0239-9] . <div id="Keeling--1960"></div> Keeling, C.D., 1960: The Concentration and Isotopic Abundances of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere. ''Tellus'' , '''12(2)''' , 200–203, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1960.tb01300.x 10.1111/j.2153-3490. 1960.tb01300.x] . <div id="Keeling--2001"></div> Keeling, C.D., T.P. Whorf, M. Wahlen, and J. van der Plicht, 2001: ''Exchanges of Atmospheric CO'' <sub>2</sub> ''and'' ''13'' ''CO'' <sub>2</sub> ''with the Terrestrial Biosphere and Oceans from 1978 to 2000. I. Global Aspects'' . SIO Reference No. 01–06, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA, 28 pp., [https://escholarship.org/uc/item/09v319r9 https://escholarship.org/uc /item/09v319r9] . <div id="Keeling--2014"></div> Keeling, R.F. and A.C. Manning, 2014: Studies of Recent Changes in Atmospheric O <sub>2</sub> content. In: ''Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition)'' [Holland, H.D. and K.K. Turekian (eds.)]. Elsevier, pp. 385–404, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-095975-7.00420-4 10.1016/b978-0-08-09 5975-7.00420-4] . <div id="Keeling--2017"></div> Keeling, R.F. et al., 2017: Atmospheric evidence for a global secular increase in carbon isotopic discrimination of land photosynthesis. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''114(39)''' , 10361–10366, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619240114 10.1073/p nas.1619240114] . <div id="Keith--2015"></div> Keith, D.W. and D.G. MacMartin, 2015: A temporary, moderate and responsive scenario for solar geoengineering. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''5(3)''' , 201–206, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2493 10.103 8/nclimate2493] . <div id="Keith--2021"></div> Keith, H. et al., 2021: Evaluating nature-based solutions for climate mitigation and conservation requires comprehensive carbon accounting. ''Science of the Total Environment'' , '''769''' , 144341, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144341 10.1016/j.scitote nv.2020.144341] . <div id="Kell--2011"></div> Kell, D.B., 2011: Breeding crop plants with deep roots: their role in sustainable carbon, nutrient and water sequestration. ''Annals of Botany'' , '''108(3)''' , 407–418, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcr175 10.1 093/aob/mcr175] . <div id="Keller--2019"></div> Keller, D.P., 2019: Marine climate engineering. In: ''Handbook on Marine Environment Protection: Science, Impacts and Sustainable Management'' [Salomon, M. and T. Markus (eds.)]. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 261–276, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60156-4_13 10.1007/978-3- 319-60156-4_13] . <div id="Keller--2014"></div> Keller, D.P., E.Y. Feng, and A. Oschlies, 2014: Potential climate engineering effectiveness and side effects during a high carbon dioxide-emission scenario. ''Nature Communications'' , '''5(1)''' , 3304, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4304 10.1 038/ncomms4304] . <div id="Keller--2018a"></div> Keller, D.P. et al., 2018a: The Effects of Carbon Dioxide Removal on the Carbon Cycle. ''Current Climate Change Reports'' , '''4(3)''' , 250–265, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40641-018-0104-3 10.1007/s40 641-018-0104-3] . <div id="Keller--2018b"></div> Keller, D.P. et al., 2018b: The Carbon Dioxide Removal Model Intercomparison Project (CDRMIP): rationale and experimental protocol for CMIP6. ''Geoscientific Model Development'' , '''11(3)''' , 1133–1160, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1133-2018 10.5194/gm d-11-1133-2018] . <div id="Keller--2018"></div> Keller, J.K., 2018: Greenhouse gases. In: ''A Blue Carbon Primer: The State of Coastal Wetland Carbon Science, Practice and Policy'' [Windham-Myers, L., S. Crooks, and Troxler (eds.)]. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 93–106, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429435362 10.1201/9780429435362] . <div id="Kelly--2016"></div> Kelly, J.W.G., R.A. Duursma, B.J. Atwell, D.T. Tissue, and B.E. Medlyn, 2016: Drought × CO <sub>2</sub> interactions in trees: a test of the low-intercellular CO <sub>2</sub> concentration (C <sub>i</sub> ) mechanism. ''New Phytologist'' , '''209(4)''' , 1600–1612, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.13715 10. 1111/nph.13715] . <div id="Kemp--2015"></div> Kemp, D.B., K. Eichenseer, and W. Kiessling, 2015: Maximum rates of climate change are systematically underestimated in the geological record. ''Nature Communications'' , '''6(1)''' , 8890, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9890 10.1 038/ncomms9890] . <div id="Kennedy--2018"></div> Kennedy, H., J. Fourqueran, and S. Papadimitriou, 2018: The calcium carbonate cycle in seagrass ecosystems. In: ''A Blue Carbon Primer: The State of Coastal Wetland Carbon Science, Practice and Policy'' [Windham-Myers, L., S. Crooks, and T. Troxler (eds.)]. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 107–119, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429435362 10.1201 /9780429435362] . <div id="Keppler--2019"></div> Keppler, L. and P. Landschützer, 2019: Regional Wind Variability Modulates the Southern Ocean Carbon Sink. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''9(1)''' , 7384, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43826-y 10.1038/s415 98-019-43826-y] . <div id="Keppler--2020"></div> Keppler, L., P. Landschützer, N. Gruber, S.K. Lauvset, and I. Stemmler, 2020: Seasonal Carbon Dynamics in the Near-Global Ocean. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''34(12)''' , e2020GB006571, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2020gb006571 10.102 9/2020gb006571] . <div id="Khatiwala--2019"></div> Khatiwala, S., A. Schmittner, and J. Muglia, 2019: Air–sea disequilibrium enhances ocean carbon storage during glacial periods. ''Science Advances'' , '''5(6)''' , eaaw4981, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw4981 10.1126/ sciadv.aaw4981] . <div id="Kicklighter--2014"></div> Kicklighter, D.W. et al., 2014: Potential influence of climate-induced vegetation shifts on future land use and associated land carbon fluxes in Northern Eurasia. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''9(3)''' , 35004, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/3/035004 10.1088/1748-9 326/9/3/035004] . <div id="Kirschke--2013"></div> Kirschke, S. et al., 2013: Three decades of global methane sources and sinks. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''6(10)''' , 813–823, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1955 10 .1038/ngeo1955] . <div id="Kirtland Turner--2018"></div> Kirtland Turner, S., 2018: Constraints on the onset duration of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences'' , '''376(2130)''' , 20170082, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0082 10.1098/ rsta.2017.0082] . <div id="Kirtland Turner--2017"></div> Kirtland Turner, S., P.M. Hull, L.R. Kump, and A. Ridgwell, 2017: A probabilistic assessment of the rapidity of PETM onset. ''Nature Communications'' , '''8(1)''' , 353, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00292-2 10.1038/s414 67-017-00292-2] . <div id="Kizyakov--2017"></div> Kizyakov, A. et al., 2017: Comparison of gas emission crater geomorphodynamics on Yamal and Gydan Peninsulas (Russia), based on repeat very-high-resolution stereopairs. ''Remote Sensing'' , '''9(10)''' , 1023, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs9101023 10. 3390/rs9101023] . <div id="Kizyakov--2018"></div> Kizyakov, A. et al., 2018: Microrelief associated with gas emission craters: remote-sensing and field-based study. ''Remote Sensing'' , '''10(5)''' , 677, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10050677 10.3 390/rs10050677] . <div id="Kleber--2007"></div> Kleber, M., P. Sollins, and R. Sutton, 2007: A conceptual model of organo-mineral interactions in soils: self-assembly of organic molecular fragments into zonal structures on mineral surfaces. ''Biogeochemistry'' , '''85(1)''' , 9–24, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-007-9103-5 10.1007/s10 533-007-9103-5] . <div id="Klein Goldewijk--2017"></div> Klein Goldewijk, K., A. Beusen, J. Doelman, and E. Stehfest, 2017: Anthropogenic land use estimates for the Holocene – HYDE 3.2. ''Earth System Science Data'' , '''9(2)''' , 927–953, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-927-2017 10.5194/e ssd-9-927-2017] . <div id="Kleinen--2018"></div> Kleinen, T. and V. Brovkin, 2018: Pathway-dependent fate of permafrost region carbon. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13(9)''' , 094001, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aad824 10.1088/17 48-9326/aad824] . <div id="Kleinen--2020"></div> Kleinen, T., U. Mikolajewicz, and V. Brovkin, 2020: Terrestrial methane emissions from the Last Glacial Maximum to the preindustrial period. ''Climate of the Past'' , '''16(2)''' , 575–595, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-575-2020 10.5194/ cp-16-575-2020] . <div id="Kloster--2017"></div> Kloster, S. and G. Lasslop, 2017: Historical and future fire occurrence (1850 to 2100) simulated in CMIP5 Earth System Models. ''Global and Planetary Change'' , '''150''' , 58–69, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.12.017 10.1016/j.gloplac ha.2016.12.017] . <div id="Knauer--2017"></div> Knauer, J. et al., 2017: The response of ecosystem water-use efficiency to rising atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> concentrations: sensitivity and large-scale biogeochemical implications. ''New Phytologist'' , '''213(4)''' , 1654–1666, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.14288 10. 1111/nph.14288] . <div id="Knutti--2015"></div> Knutti, R. and J. Rogelj, 2015: The legacy of our CO <sub>2</sub> emissions: a clash of scientific facts, politics and ethics. ''Climatic Change'' , '''133(3)''' , 361–373, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1340-3 10.1007/s10 584-015-1340-3] . <div id="Kock--2016"></div> Kock, A., D.L. Arévalo-Martínez, C.R. Löscher, and H.W. Bange, 2016: Extreme N <sub>2</sub> O accumulation in the coastal oxygen minimum zone off Peru. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''13(3)''' , 827–840, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-827-2016 10.5194/ bg-13-827-2016] . <div id="Kock--2012"></div> Kock, A., J. Schafstall, M. Dengler, P. Brandt, and H.W. Bange, 2012: Sea-to-air and diapycnal nitrous oxide fluxes in the eastern tropical North Atlantic Ocean. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''9(3)''' , 957–964, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-957-2012 10.5194 /bg-9-957-2012] . <div id="Koffi--2020"></div> Koffi, E.N., P. Bergamaschi, R. Alkama, and A. Cescatti, 2020: An observation-constrained assessment of the climate sensitivity and future trajectories of wetland methane emissions. ''Science Advances'' , '''6(15)''' , eaay4444, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay4444 10.1126/ sciadv.aay4444] . <div id="Köhler--2014"></div> Köhler, P., G. Knorr, and E. Bard, 2014: Permafrost thawing as a possible source of abrupt carbon release at the onset of the Bølling/Allerød. ''Nature Communications'' , '''5(1)''' , 5520, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6520 10.1 038/ncomms6520] . <div id="Kohnert--2017"></div> Kohnert, K., A. Serafimovich, S. Metzger, J. Hartmann, and T. Sachs, 2017: Strong geologic methane emissions from discontinuous terrestrial permafrost in the Mackenzie Delta, Canada. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''7(1)''' , 5828, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05783-2 10.1038/s415 98-017-05783-2] . <div id="Koné--2009"></div> Koné, Y.J.M., G. Abril, K.N. Kouadio, B. Delille, and A. Borges, 2009: Seasonal Variability of Carbon Dioxide in the Rivers and Lagoons of Ivory Coast (West Africa). ''Estuaries and Coasts'' , '''32(2)''' , 246–260, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-008-9121-0 10.1007/s12 237-008-9121-0] . <div id="Kortelainen--2020"></div> Kortelainen, P. et al., 2020: Lakes as nitrous oxide sources in the boreal landscape. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''26(3)''' , 1432–1445, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14928 10. 1111/gcb.14928] . <div id="Koskinen--2016"></div> Koskinen, M., L. Maanavilja, M. Nieminen, K. Minkkinen, and E. Tuittila, 2016: High methane emissions from restored Norway spruce swamps in southern Finland over one growing season. ''Mires and Peat'' , '''17(02)''' , 1–13, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.19189/map.2015.omb.202 10.19189/ma p.2015.omb.202] . <div id="Kosugi--2016"></div> Kosugi, N., D. Sasano, M. Ishii, K. Enyo, and S. Saito, 2016: Autumn CO <sub>2</sub> chemistry in the Japan Sea and the impact of discharges from the Changjiang River. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans'' , '''121(8)''' , 6536–6549, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016jc011838 10.100 2/2016jc011838] . <div id="Koven--2013"></div> Koven, C.D., 2013: Boreal carbon loss due to poleward shift in low-carbon ecosystems. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''6(6)''' , 452–456, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1801 10 .1038/ngeo1801] . <div id="Koven--2015a"></div> Koven, C.D., D.M. Lawrence, and W.J. Riley, 2015a: Permafrost carbon–climate feedback is sensitive to deep soil carbon decomposability but not deep soil nitrogen dynamics. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''112(12)''' , 3752-3757, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1415123112 10.1073/p nas.1415123112] . <div id="Koven--2017"></div> Koven, C.D., G. Hugelius, D.M. Lawrence, and W.R. Wieder, 2017: Higher climatological temperature sensitivity of soil carbon in cold than warm climates. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''7(11)''' , 817–822, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3421 10.103 8/nclimate3421] . <div id="Koven--2015b"></div> Koven, C.D. et al., 2015b: Controls on terrestrial carbon feedbacks by productivity versus turnover in the CMIP5 Earth System Models. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''12(17)''' , 5211–5228, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5211-2015 10.5194/b g-12-5211-2015] . <div id="Koven--2015c"></div> Koven, C.D. et al., 2015c: A simplified, data-constrained approach to estimate the permafrost carbon–climate feedback. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences'' , '''373(2054)''' , 20140423, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0423 10.1098/ rsta.2014.0423] . <div id="Krause--2017"></div> Krause, A. et al., 2017: Global consequences of afforestation and bioenergy cultivation on ecosystem service indicators. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''14(21)''' , 4829–4850, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4829-2017 10.5194/b g-14-4829-2017] . <div id="Kravitz--2011"></div> Kravitz, B. et al., 2011: The Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP). ''Atmospheric Science Letters'' , '''12(2)''' , 162–167, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asl.316 1 0.1002/asl.316] . <div id="Kretschmer--2015"></div> Kretschmer, K., A. Biastoch, L. Rüpke, and E. Burwicz, 2015: Modeling the fate of methane hydrates under global warming. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''29(5)''' , 610–625, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014gb005011 10.100 2/2014gb005011] . <div id="Krishnamohan--2019"></div> Krishnamohan, K.-P.S.-P., G. Bala, L. Cao, L. Duan, and K. Caldeira, 2019: Climate system response to stratospheric sulfate aerosols: sensitivity to altitude of aerosol layer. ''Earth System Dynamics'' , '''10(4)''' , 885–900, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-885-2019 10.5194/e sd-10-885-2019] . <div id="Krishnamohan--2020"></div> Krishnamohan, K.-P.S.-P., G. Bala, L. Cao, L. Duan, and K. Caldeira, 2020: The Climatic Effects of Hygroscopic Growth of Sulfate Aerosols in the Stratosphere. ''Earth’s Future'' , '''8(2)''' , e2019EF001326, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019ef001326 10.102 9/2019ef001326] . <div id="Krumhardt--2019"></div> Krumhardt, K.M. et al., 2019: Coccolithophore Growth and Calcification in an Acidified Ocean: Insights From Community Earth System Model Simulations. ''Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems'' , '''11(5)''' , 1418–1437, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018ms001483 10.102 9/2018ms001483] . <div id="Kubota--2017"></div> Kubota, K., Y. Yokoyama, T. Ishikawa, A. Suzuki, and M. Ishii, 2017: Rapid decline in pH of coral calcification fluid due to incorporation of anthropogenic CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Scientific Reports'' , '''7(1)''' , 7694, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-07680-0 10.1038/s415 98-017-07680-0] . <div id="Kumarathunge--2019"></div> Kumarathunge, D.P. et al., 2019: Acclimation and adaptation components of the temperature dependence of plant photosynthesis at the global scale. ''New Phytologist'' , '''222(2)''' , 768–784, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.15668 10. 1111/nph.15668] . <div id="Kuypers--2005"></div> Kuypers, M.M.M. et al., 2005: Massive nitrogen loss from the Benguela upwelling system through anaerobic ammonium oxidation. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''102(18)''' , 6478–6483, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0502088102 10.1073/p nas.0502088102] . <div id="Kwiatkowski--2018"></div> Kwiatkowski, L. and J.C. Orr, 2018: Diverging seasonal extremes for ocean acidification during the twenty-first century. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''8(2)''' , 141–145, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0054-0 10.1038/s41 558-017-0054-0] . <div id="Kwiatkowski--2017"></div> Kwiatkowski, L. et al., 2017: Emergent constraints on projections of declining primary production in the tropical oceans. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''7(5)''' , 355–358, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3265 10.103 8/nclimate3265] . <div id="Kwiatkowski--2020"></div> Kwiatkowski, L. et al., 2020: Twenty-first century ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation, and upper-ocean nutrient and primary production decline from CMIP6 model projections. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''17(13)''' , 3439–3470, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3439-2020 10.5194/b g-17-3439-2020] . <div id="Lade--2018"></div> Lade, S.J. et al., 2018: Analytically tractable climate–carbon cycle feedbacks under 21st century anthropogenic forcing. ''Earth System Dynamics'' , '''9(2)''' , 507–523, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-507-2018 10.5194/ esd-9-507-2018] . <div id="Lamarche-Gagnon--2019"></div> Lamarche-Gagnon, G. et al., 2019: Greenland melt drives continuous export of methane from the ice-sheet bed. ''Nature'' , '''565(7737)''' , 73–77, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0800-0 10.1038/s41 586-018-0800-0] . <div id="Lambert--2021"></div> Lambert, F. et al., 2021: Regional patterns and temporal evolution of ocean iron fertilization and CO <sub>2</sub> drawdown during the last glacial termination. ''Earth and Planetary Science Letters'' , '''554''' , 116675, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116675 10.1016/j.ep sl.2020.116675] . <div id="Lan--2019"></div> Lan, X. et al., 2019: Long-Term Measurements Show Little Evidence for Large Increases in Total U.S. Methane Emissions Over the Past Decade. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''46(9)''' , 4991–4999, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gl081731 10.102 9/2018gl081731] . <div id="Landolfi--2017"></div> Landolfi, A., C.J. Somes, W. Koeve, L.M. Zamora, and A. Oschlies, 2017: Oceanic nitrogen cycling and N <sub>2</sub> flux perturbations in the Anthropocene. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''31(8)''' , 1236–1255, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gb005633 10.100 2/2017gb005633] . <div id="Landschützer--2016"></div> Landschützer, P., N. Gruber, and D.C.E. Bakker, 2016: Decadal variations and trends of the global ocean carbon sink. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''30(10)''' , 1396–1417, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gb005359 10.100 2/2015gb005359] . <div id="Landschützer--2019"></div> Landschützer, P., T. Ilyina, and N.S. Lovenduski, 2019: Detecting Regional Modes of Variability in Observation-Based Surface Ocean pCO <sub>2</sub> . ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''46(5)''' , 2670–2679, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gl081756 10.102 9/2018gl081756] . <div id="Landschützer--2014"></div> Landschützer, P., N. Gruber, D.C.E. Bakker, and U. Schuster, 2014: Recent variability of the global ocean carbon sink. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''28(9)''' , 927–949, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014gb004853 10.100 2/2014gb004853] . <div id="Landschützer--2020"></div> Landschützer, P., G.G. Laruelle, A. Roobaert, and P. Regnier, 2020: A uniform pCO <sub>2</sub> climatology combining open and coastal oceans. ''Earth System Science Data'' , '''12(4)''' , 2537–2553, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2537-2020 10.5194/ess d-12-2537-2020] . <div id="Landschützer--2018"></div> Landschützer, P., N. Gruber, D.C.E. Bakker, I. Stemmler, and K.D. Six, 2018: Strengthening seasonal marine CO <sub>2</sub> variations due to increasing atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''8(2)''' , 146–150, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0057-x 10.1038/s41 558-017-0057-x] . <div id="Landschützer--2015"></div> Landschützer, P. et al., 2015: The reinvigoration of the Southern Ocean carbon sink. ''Science'' , '''349(6253)''' , 1221–1224, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aab2620 10.1126/s cience.aab2620] . <div id="Laruelle--2014"></div> Laruelle, G.G., R. Lauerwald, B. Pfeil, and P. Regnier, 2014: Regionalized global budget of the CO <sub>2</sub> exchange at the air-water interface in continental shelf seas. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''28(11)''' , 1199–1214, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014gb004832 10.100 2/2014gb004832] . <div id="Laruelle--2017"></div> Laruelle, G.G. et al., 2017: Global high-resolution monthly CO <sub>2</sub> climatology for the coastal ocean derived from neural network interpolation. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''14(19)''' , 4545–4561, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4545-2017 10.5194/b g-14-4545-2017] . <div id="Laruelle--2018"></div> Laruelle, G.G. et al., 2018: Continental shelves as a variable but increasing global sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. ''Nature Communications'' , '''9(1)''' , 454, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02738-z 10.1038/s414 67-017-02738-z] . <div id="Lassey--2007"></div> Lassey, K.R., D.M. Etheridge, D.C. Lowe, A.M. Smith, and D.F. Ferretti, 2007: Centennial evolution of the atmospheric methane budget: what do the carbon isotopes tell us? ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''7(8)''' , 2119–2139, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2119-2007 10.5194/a cp-7-2119-2007] . <div id="Lasslop--2016"></div> Lasslop, G., V. Brovkin, C.H. Reick, S. Bathiany, and S. Kloster, 2016: Multiple stable states of tree cover in a global land surface model due to a fire-vegetation feedback. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''43(12)''' , 6324–6331, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl069365 10.100 2/2016gl069365] . <div id="Lasslop--2019"></div> Lasslop, G., A.I. Coppola, A. Voulgarakis, C. Yue, and S. Veraverbeke, 2019: Influence of Fire on the Carbon Cycle and Climate. ''Current Climate Change Reports'' , '''5(2)''' , 112–123, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40641-019-00128-9 10.1007/s406 41-019-00128-9] . <div id="Lasslop--2020"></div> Lasslop, G. et al., 2020: Global ecosystems and fire: Multi-model assessment of fire-induced tree-cover and carbon storage reduction. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''26(9)''' , 5027–5041, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15160 10. 1111/gcb.15160] . <div id="Lauerwald--2015"></div> Lauerwald, R., G.G. Laruelle, J. Hartmann, P. Ciais, and P.A.G. Regnier, 2015: Spatial patterns in CO <sub>2</sub> evasion from the global river network. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''29(5)''' , 534–554, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014gb004941 10.100 2/2014gb004941] . <div id="Lauerwald--2019"></div> Lauerwald, R. et al., 2019: Natural Lakes Are a Minor Global Source of N <sub>2</sub> O to the Atmosphere. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''33(12)''' , 1564–1581, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gb006261 10.102 9/2019gb006261] . <div id="Laufkoetter--2015"></div> Laufkoetter, C. et al., 2015: Drivers and uncertainties of future global marine primary production in marine ecosystem models. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''12(23)''' , 6955–6984, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6955-2015 10.5194/b g-12-6955-2015] . <div id="Laufkötter--2020"></div> Laufkötter, C., J. Zscheischler, and T. Frölicher, 2020: High-impact marine heatwaves attributable to human-induced global warming. ''Science'' , '''369(6511)''' , 1621–1625, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aba0690 10.1126/s cience.aba0690] . <div id="Laufkötter--2015"></div> Laufkötter, C. et al., 2015: Drivers and uncertainties of future global marine primary production in marine ecosystem models. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''12(23)''' , 6955–6984, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6955-2015 10.5194/b g-12-6955-2015] . <div id="Laurent--2017"></div> Laurent, A. et al., 2017: Eutrophication-induced acidification of coastal waters in the northern Gulf of Mexico: Insights into origin and processes from a coupled physical–biogeochemical model. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''44(2)''' , 946–956, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl071881 10.100 2/2016gl071881] . <div id="Lauvset--2017"></div> Lauvset, S.K., J. Tjiputra, and H. Muri, 2017: Climate engineering and the ocean: effects on biogeochemistry and primary production. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''14(24)''' , 5675–5691, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5675-2017 10.5194/b g-14-5675-2017] . <div id="Lauvset--2015"></div> Lauvset, S.K., N. Gruber, P. Landschützer, A. Olsen, and J. Tjiputra, 2015: Trends and drivers in global surface ocean pH over the past 3 decades. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''12(5)''' , 1285–1298, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1285-2015 10.5194/b g-12-1285-2015] . <div id="Lauvset--2020"></div> Lauvset, S.K. et al., 2020: Processes Driving Global Interior Ocean pH Distribution. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''34(1)''' , 2019GB006229, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gb006229 10.102 9/2019gb006229] . <div id="Lavergne--2019"></div> Lavergne, A. et al., 2019: Observed and modelled historical trends in the water-use efficiency of plants and ecosystems. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''25(7)''' , 2242–2257, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14634 10. 1111/gcb.14634] . <div id="Le Page--2017"></div> Le Page, Y. et al., 2017: Synergy between land use and climate change increases future fire risk in Amazon forests. ''Earth System Dynamics'' , '''8(4)''' , 1237–1246, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-1237-2017 10.5194/e sd-8-1237-2017] . <div id="Le Quéré--2018a"></div> Le Quéré, C. et al., 2018a: Global Carbon Budget 2018. ''Earth System Science Data'' , '''10(4)''' , 2141–2194, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2141-2018 10.5194/ess d-10-2141-2018] . <div id="Le Quéré--2018b"></div> Le Quéré, C. et al., 2018b: Global Carbon Budget 2017. ''Earth System Science Data'' , '''10(1)''' , 405–448, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-405-2018 10.5194/es sd-10-405-2018] . <div id="Le Quéré--2020"></div> Le Quéré, C. et al., 2020: Temporary reduction in daily global CO <sub>2</sub> emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''10(7)''' , 647–653, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0797-x 10.1038/s41 558-020-0797-x] . <div id="Leduc--2015"></div> Leduc, M., H.D. Matthews, and R. de Elía, 2015: Quantifying the limits of a linear temperature response to cumulative CO <sub>2</sub> emissions. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''28(24)''' , 9955–9968, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00500.1 10.1175/jcl i-d-14-00500.1] . <div id="Leduc--2016"></div> Leduc, M., H.D. Matthews, and R. de Elía, 2016: Regional estimates of the transient climate response to cumulative CO <sub>2</sub> emissions. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6(5)''' , 474–478, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2913 10.103 8/nclimate2913] . <div id="Lee--2019"></div> Lee, H. et al., 2019: The Response of Permafrost and High-Latitude Ecosystems Under Large-Scale Stratospheric Aerosol Injection and Its Termination. ''Earth’s Future'' , '''7(6)''' , 605–614, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018ef001146 10.102 9/2018ef001146] . <div id="Lee--2011"></div> Lee, S.-J., I.-S. Ryu, B.-M. Kim, and S.-H. Moon, 2011: A review of the current application of N <sub>2</sub> O emission reduction in CDM projects. ''International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control'' , '''5(1)''' , 167–176, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2010.07.001 10.1016/j.ijg gc.2010.07.001] . <div id="Legendre--2015"></div> Legendre, L., R.B. Rivkin, M.G. Weinbauer, L. Guidi, and J. Uitz, 2015: The microbial carbon pump concept: Potential biogeochemical significance in the globally changing ocean. ''Progress in Oceanography'' , '''134''' , 432–450, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.01.008 10.1016/j.poce an.2015.01.008] . <div id="Lehmann--2014"></div> Lehmann, C.E.R. et al., 2014: Savanna Vegetation–Fire–Climate Relationships Differ Among Continents. ''Science'' , '''343(6170)''' , 548–552, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1247355 10.1126/s cience.1247355] . <div id="Lehmann--2015"></div> Lehmann, J. et al., 2015: Persistence of biochar in soil. In: ''Biochar for Environmental Management: Science, Technology and Implementation (Second Edition)'' [Lehmann, J. and S. Joseph (eds.)]. Routledge, London, UK, pp. 233––80, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203762264 10.4324 /9780203762264] . <div id="Leifeld--2019"></div> Leifeld, J., C. Wüst-Galley, and S. Page, 2019: Intact and managed peatland soils as a source and sink of GHGs from 1850 to 2100. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''9(12)''' , 945–947, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0615-5 10.1038/s41 558-019-0615-5] . <div id="Lemordant--2018"></div> Lemordant, L., P. Gentine, A.S. Swann, B.I. Cook, and J. Scheff, 2018: Critical impact of vegetation physiology on the continental hydrologic cycle in response to increasing CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''115(16)''' , 4093–4098, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720712115 10.1073/p nas.1720712115] . <div id="Lencina-Avila--2018"></div> Lencina-Avila, J.M. et al., 2018: Past and future evolution of the marine carbonate system in a coastal zone of the Northern Antarctic Peninsula. ''Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography'' , '''149(SI)''' , 193–205, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.10.018 10.1016/j.ds r2.2017.10.018] . <div id="Lennartz--2014"></div> Lennartz, S.T. et al., 2014: Long-term trends at the Boknis Eck time series station (Baltic Sea), 1957–2013: does climate change counteract the decline in eutrophication? ''Biogeosciences'' , '''11(22)''' , 6323–6339, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6323-2014 10.5194/b g-11-6323-2014] . <div id="Lenton--2008"></div> Lenton, T.M. et al., 2008: Tipping elements in the Earth’s climate system. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''105(6)''' , 1786–1793, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0705414105 10.1073/p nas.0705414105] . <div id="Leung--2021"></div> Leung, S.W., T. Weber, J.A. Cram, and C. Deutsch, 2021: Variable particle size distributions reduce the sensitivity of global export flux to climate change. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''18(1)''' , 229–250, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-229-2021 10.5194/ bg-18-229-2021] . <div id="Leutert--2020"></div> Leutert, T.J., A. Auderset, A. Martínez-García, S. Modestou, and A.N. Meckler, 2020: Coupled Southern Ocean cooling and Antarctic ice sheet expansion during the middle Miocene. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''13(9)''' , 634–639, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0623-0 10.1038/s41 561-020-0623-0] . <div id="Levin--2010"></div> Levin, I. et al., 2010: Observations and modelling of the global distribution and long-term trend of atmospheric 14 CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology'' , '''62(1)''' , 26–46, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2009.00446.x 10.1111/j.1600-088 9.2009.00446.x] . <div id="Levin--2018"></div> Levin, L.A., 2018: Manifestation, Drivers, and Emergence of Open Ocean Deoxygenation. ''Annual Review of Marine Science'' , '''10(1)''' , 229–260, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063359 10.1146/annurev-marine -121916-063359] . <div id="Levin--2015"></div> Levin, L.A. and D.L. Breitburg, 2015: Linking coasts and seas to address ocean deoxygenation. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''5(5)''' , 401–403, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2595 10.103 8/nclimate2595] . <div id="Levin--2015"></div> Levin, L.A. et al., 2015: Comparative biogeochemistry–ecosystem–human interactions on dynamic continental margins. ''Journal of Marine Systems'' , '''141''' , 3–17, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.04.016 10.1016/j.jmars ys.2014.04.016] . <div id="Levine--2016"></div> Levine, N.M. et al., 2016: Ecosystem heterogeneity determines the ecological resilience of the Amazon to climate change. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''113(3)''' , 793–797, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1511344112 10.1073/p nas.1511344112] . <div id="Levy--2013"></div> Levy, M. et al., 2013: Physical pathways for carbon transfers between the surface mixed layer and the ocean interior. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''27(4)''' , 1001–1012, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gbc.20092 10. 1002/gbc.20092] . <div id="Lewis--2019"></div> Lewis, S.L., C.E. Wheeler, E.T.A. Mitchard, and A. Koch, 2019: Regenerate natural forest to store carbon. ''Nature'' , '''568(7750)''' , 25–28, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01026-8 10.1038/d415 86-019-01026-8] . <div id="Li--2018"></div> Li, H. and T. Ilyina, 2018: Current and future decadal trends in the oceanic carbon uptake are dominated by internal variability. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''45(2)''' , 916–925, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gl075370 10.100 2/2017gl075370] . <div id="Li--2016"></div> Li, H., T. Ilyina, W.A. Müller, and F. Sienz, 2016: Decadal predictions of the North Atlantic CO <sub>2</sub> uptake. ''Nature Communications'' , '''7(1)''' , 11076, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11076 10.10 38/ncomms11076] . <div id="Li--2019"></div> Li, H., T. Ilyina, W.A. Müller, and P. Landschützer, 2019: Predicting the variable ocean carbon sink. ''Science Advances'' , '''5(4)''' , eaav6471, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav6471 10.1126/ sciadv.aav6471] . <div id="Li--2016"></div> Li, M. et al., 2016: What drives interannual variability of hypoxia in Chesapeake Bay: Climate forcing versus nutrient loading? ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''43(5)''' , 2127–2134, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gl067334 10.100 2/2015gl067334] . <div id="Li--2020"></div> Li, T. et al., 2020: Rapid shifts in circulation and biogeochemistry of the Southern Ocean during deglacial carbon cycle events. ''Science Advances'' , '''6(42)''' , 1–10, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb3807 10.1126/ sciadv.abb3807] . <div id="Li--2016"></div> Li, W. et al., 2016: Reducing uncertainties in decadal variability of the global carbon budget with multiple datasets. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''113(46)''' , 13104–13108, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1603956113 10.1073/p nas.1603956113] . <div id="Li--2018"></div> Li, W. et al., 2018: Temporal response of soil organic carbon after grassland-related land-use change. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''24(10)''' , 4731–4746, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14328 10. 1111/gcb.14328] . <div id="Li--2020"></div> Li, X. et al., 2020: Temporal trade-off between gymnosperm resistance and resilience increases forest sensitivity to extreme drought. ''Nature Ecology & Evolution'' , '''4(8)''' , 1075–1083, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1217-3 10.1038/s41 559-020-1217-3] . <div id="Lian--2021"></div> Lian, X. et al., 2021: Multifaceted characteristics of dryland aridity changes in a warming world. ''Nature Reviews Earth & Environment'' , '''2(4)''' , 232–250, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-00144-0 10.1038/s430 17-021-00144-0] . <div id="Lilly--2019"></div> Lilly, L.E. et al., 2019: Biogeochemical Anomalies at Two Southern California Current System Moorings During the 2014–2016 Warm Anomaly-El Niño Sequence. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans'' , '''124(10)''' , 6886–6903, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019jc015255 10.102 9/2019jc015255] . <div id="Limburg--2020"></div> Limburg, K.E., D. Breitburg, D.P. Swaney, and G. Jacinto, 2020: Ocean Deoxygenation: A Primer. ''One Earth'' , '''2(1)''' , 24–29, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.01.001 10.1016/j.onee ar.2020.01.001] . <div id="Lin--2012"></div> Lin, Y.-S., B.E. Medlyn, and D.S. Ellsworth, 2012: Temperature responses of leaf net photosynthesis: the role of component processes. ''Tree Physiology'' , '''32(2)''' , 219–231, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpr141 10.1093/t reephys/tpr141] . <div id="Lindgren--2018"></div> Lindgren, A., G. Hugelius, and P. Kuhry, 2018: Extensive loss of past permafrost carbon but a net accumulation into present-day soils. ''Nature'' , '''560(7717)''' , 219–222, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0371-0 10.1038/s41 586-018-0371-0] . <div id="Lippold--2016"></div> Lippold, J. et al., 2016: Deep water provenance and dynamics of the (de)glacial Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. ''Earth and Planetary Science Letters'' , '''445''' , 68–78, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.04.013 10.1016/j.ep sl.2016.04.013] . <div id="Liu--2016"></div> Liu, C. et al., 2016: Biochar increased water holding capacity but accelerated organic carbon leaching from a sloping farmland soil in China. ''Environmental Science and Pollution Research'' , '''23(2)''' , 995–1006, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4885-9 10.1007/s11 356-015-4885-9] . <div id="Liu--2020"></div> Liu, H., N. Wrage-Mönnig, and B. Lennartz, 2020: Rewetting strategies to reduce nitrous oxide emissions from European peatlands. ''Communications Earth & Environment'' , '''1(1)''' , 17, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00017-2 10.1038/s432 47-020-00017-2] . <div id="Liu--2017"></div> Liu, J. et al., 2017: Contrasting carbon cycle responses of the tropical continents to the 2015–2016 El Niño. ''Science'' , '''358(6360)''' , eaam5690, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aam5690 10.1126/s cience.aam5690] . <div id="Liu--2020"></div> Liu, L. et al., 2020: Soil moisture dominates dryness stress on ecosystem production globally. ''Nature Communications'' , '''11(1)''' , 4892, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18631-1 10.1038/s414 67-020-18631-1] . <div id="Liu--2014"></div> Liu, Y. et al., 2014: Acceleration of modern acidification in the South China Sea driven by anthropogenic CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Scientific Reports'' , '''4(1)''' , 5148, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep05148 10. 1038/srep05148] . <div id="Liu--2017"></div> Liu, Z. et al., 2017: Effects of biochar application on nitrogen leaching, ammonia volatilization and nitrogen use efficiency in two distinct soils. ''Journal of soil science and plant nutrition'' , '''17(2)''' , 515–528, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-95162017005000037 10.4067/s0718-951 62017005000037] . <div id="Liu--2019"></div> Liu, Z. et al., 2019: Global divergent responses of primary productivity to water, energy, and CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''14(12)''' , 124044, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab57c5 10.1088/17 48-9326/ab57c5] . <div id="Liu--2020"></div> Liu, Z. et al., 2020: Near-real-time monitoring of global CO <sub>2</sub> emissions reveals the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. ''Nature Communications'' , '''11(1)''' , 5172, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18922-7 10.1038/s414 67-020-18922-7] . <div id="Llanillo--2013"></div> Llanillo, P.J., J. Karstensen, J.L. Pelegrí, and L. Stramma, 2013: Physical and biogeochemical forcing of oxygen and nitrate changes during El Niño/El Viejo and La Niña/La Vieja upper-ocean phases in the tropical eastern South Pacific along 86°W. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''10(10)''' , 6339–6355, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6339-2013 10.5194/b g-10-6339-2013] . <div id="Lloret--2012"></div> Lloret, F., A. Escudero, J.M. Iriondo, J. Martínez-Vilalta, and F. Valladares, 2012: Extreme climatic events and vegetation: the role of stabilizing processes. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''18(3)''' , 797–805, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02624.x 10.1111/j.1365-248 6.2011.02624.x] . <div id="Loisel--2014"></div> Loisel, J. et al., 2014: A database and synthesis of northern peatland soil properties and Holocene carbon and nitrogen accumulation. ''The Holocene'' , '''24(9)''' , 1028–1042, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683614538073 10.1177/09 59683614538073] . <div id="Lombardozzi--2015"></div> Lombardozzi, D.L., G.B. Bonan, N.G. Smith, J.S. Dukes, and R.A. Fisher, 2015: Temperature acclimation of photosynthesis and respiration: A key uncertainty in the carbon cycle–climate feedback. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''42(20)''' , 8624–8631, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gl065934 10.100 2/2015gl065934] . <div id="Long--2016"></div> Long, M.C., C. Deutsch, and T. Ito, 2016: Finding forced trends in oceanic oxygen. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''30(2)''' , 381–397, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gb005310 10.100 2/2015gb005310] . <div id="Lorenz--2014"></div> Lorenz, K. and R. Lal, 2014: Biochar application to soil for climate change mitigation by soil organic carbon sequestration. ''Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science'' , '''177(5)''' , 651–670, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201400058 10.1002/ jpln.201400058] . <div id="Loulergue--2008"></div> Loulergue, L. et al., 2008: Orbital and millennial-scale features of atmospheric CH <sub>4</sub> over the past 800,000 years. ''Nature'' , '''453(7193)''' , 383–386, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06950 10.10 38/nature06950] . <div id="Lovelock--2019"></div> Lovelock, C.E. and C.M. Duarte, 2019: Dimensions of Blue Carbon and emerging perspectives. ''Biology Letters'' , '''15(3)''' , 20180781, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0781 10.1098/ rsbl.2018.0781] . <div id="Lovenduski--2019a"></div> Lovenduski, N.S., S.G. Yeager, K. Lindsay, and M.C. Long, 2019a: Predicting near-term variability in ocean carbon uptake. ''Earth System Dynamics'' , '''10(1)''' , 45–57, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-45-2019 10.5194/ esd-10-45-2019] . <div id="Lovenduski--2019b"></div> Lovenduski, N.S., G.B. Bonan, S.G. Yeager, K. Lindsay, and D.L. Lombardozzi, 2019b: High predictability of terrestrial carbon fluxes from an initialized decadal prediction system. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''14(12)''' , 124074, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab5c55 10.1088/17 48-9326/ab5c55] . <div id="Lowe--2019"></div> Lowe, A.T., J. Bos, and J. Ruesink, 2019: Ecosystem metabolism drives pH variability and modulates long-term ocean acidification in the Northeast Pacific coastal ocean. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''9(1)''' , 963, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37764-4 10.1038/s415 98-018-37764-4] . <div id="Lowe--2018"></div> Lowe, J.A. and D. Bernie, 2018: The impact of Earth system feedbacks on carbon budgets and climate response. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences'' , '''376(2119)''' , 20170263, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0263 10.1098/ rsta.2017.0263] . <div id="Lu--2016"></div> Lu, X., L. Wang, and M.F. McCabe, 2016: Elevated CO <sub>2</sub> as a driver of global dryland greening. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''6''' , 1–7, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep20716 10. 1038/srep20716] . <div id="Lucht--2006"></div> Lucht, W., S. Schaphoff, T. Erbrecht, U. Heyder, and W. Cramer, 2006: Terrestrial vegetation redistribution and carbon balance under climate change. ''Carbon Balance and Management'' , '''1(1)''' , 6, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1750-0680-1-6 10.1186 /1750-0680-1-6] . <div id="Luijendijk--2020"></div> Luijendijk, E., T. Gleeson, and N. Moosdorf, 2020: Fresh groundwater discharge insignificant for the world’s oceans but important for coastal ecosystems. ''Nature Communications'' , '''11(1)''' , 1260, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15064-8 10.1038/s414 67-020-15064-8] . <div id="Łukawska-Matuszewska--2019"></div> Łukawska-Matuszewska, K., B. Graca, O. Brocławik, and T. Zalewska, 2019: The impact of declining oxygen conditions on pyrite accumulation in shelf sediments (Baltic Sea). ''Biogeochemistry'' , '''142(2)''' , 209–230, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-018-0530-2 10.1007/s10 533-018-0530-2] . <div id="Lund--2016"></div> Lund, D.C. et al., 2016: Enhanced East Pacific Rise hydrothermal activity during the last two glacial terminations. ''Science'' , '''351(6272)''' , 478–482, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aad4296 10.1126/s cience.aad4296] . <div id="Lundin--2017"></div> Lundin, L., T. Nilsson, S. Jordan, E. Lode, and M. Strömgren, 2017: Impacts of rewetting on peat, hydrology and water chemical composition over 15 years in two finished peat extraction areas in Sweden. ''Wetlands Ecology and Management'' , '''25(4)''' , 405–419, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11273-016-9524-9 10.1007/s11 273-016-9524-9] . <div id="Lunt--2011"></div> Lunt, D.J. et al., 2011: A model for orbital pacing of methane hydrate destabilization during the Palaeogene. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''4(11)''' , 775–778, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1266 10 .1038/ngeo1266] . <div id="Luo--2016"></div> Luo, Y. et al., 2016: Toward more realistic projections of soil carbon dynamics by Earth system models. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''30(1)''' , 40–56, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gb005239 10.100 2/2015gb005239] . <div id="Lüthi--2008"></div> Lüthi, D. et al., 2008: High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present. ''Nature'' , '''453(7193)''' , 379–382, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06949 10.10 38/nature06949] . <div id="Lyons--2019"></div> Lyons, S.L. et al., 2019: Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum prolonged by fossil carbon oxidation. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''12(1)''' , 54–60, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0277-3 10.1038/s41 561-018-0277-3] . <div id="Maavara--2019"></div> Maavara, T. et al., 2019: Nitrous oxide emissions from inland waters: Are IPCC estimates too high? ''Global Change Biology'' , '''25(2)''' , 473–488, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14504 10. 1111/gcb.14504] . <div id="MacDougall--2016"></div> MacDougall, A.H., 2016: The Transient Response to Cumulative CO <sub>2</sub> Emissions: a Review. ''Current Climate Change Reports'' , '''2(1)''' , 39–47, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40641-015-0030-6 10.1007/s40 641-015-0030-6] . <div id="MacDougall--2017"></div> MacDougall, A.H., 2017: The oceanic origin of path-independent carbon budgets. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''7(1)''' , 10373, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10557-x 10.1038/s415 98-017-10557-x] . <div id="MacDougall--2015"></div> MacDougall, A.H. and P. Friedlingstein, 2015: The origin and limits of the near proportionality between climate warming and cumulative CO <sub>2</sub> emissions. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''28(10)''' , 4217–4230, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00036.1 10.1175/jcl i-d-14-00036.1] . <div id="MacDougall--2016a"></div> MacDougall, A.H. and R. Knutti, 2016a: Enhancement of non-CO <sub>2</sub> radiative forcing via intensified carbon cycle feedbacks. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''43(11)''' , 5833–5840, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl068964 10.100 2/2016gl068964] . <div id="MacDougall--2016b"></div> MacDougall, A.H. and R. Knutti, 2016b: Projecting the release of carbon from permafrost soils using a perturbed parameter ensemble modelling approach. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''13(7)''' , 2123–2136, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2123-2016 10.5194/b g-13-2123-2016] . <div id="MacDougall--2017"></div> MacDougall, A.H., N.C. Swart, and R. Knutti, 2017: The uncertainty in the transient climate response to cumulative CO <sub>2</sub> emissions arising from the uncertainty in physical climate parameters. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''30(2)''' , 813–827, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0205.1 10.1175/jc li-d-16-0205.1] . <div id="MacDougall--2015"></div> MacDougall, A.H., K. Zickfeld, R. Knutti, and H.D. Matthews, 2015: Sensitivity of carbon budgets to permafrost carbon feedbacks and non-CO <sub>2</sub> forcings. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''10(12)''' , 125003, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/125003 10.1088/1748-932 6/10/12/125003] . <div id="MacDougall--2020"></div> MacDougall, A.H. et al., 2020: Is there warming in the pipeline? A multi-model analysis of the Zero Emissions Commitment from CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Biogeosciences'' , '''17(11)''' , 2987–3016, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2987-2020 10.5194/b g-17-2987-2020] . <div id="MacFarling Meure--2006"></div> MacFarling Meure, C. et al., 2006: Law Dome CO <sub>2</sub> , CH <sub>4</sub> and N <sub>2</sub> O ice core records extended to 2000 years BP. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''33(14)''' , L14810, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006gl026152 10.102 9/2006gl026152] . <div id="MacMartin--2014"></div> MacMartin, D.G., K. Caldeira, and D.W. Keith, 2014: Solar geoengineering to limit the rate of temperature change. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences'' , '''372(2031)''' , 20140134, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0134 10.1098/ rsta.2014.0134] . <div id="Macreadie--2019"></div> Macreadie, P.I. et al., 2019: The future of Blue Carbon science. ''Nature Communications'' , '''10(1)''' , 3998, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11693-w 10.1038/s414 67-019-11693-w] . <div id="Mahowald--2017"></div> Mahowald, N.M. et al., 2017: Aerosol deposition impacts on land and ocean carbon cycles. ''Current Climate Change Reports'' , '''3(1)''' , 16–31, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40641-017-0056-z 10.1007/s40 641-017-0056-z] . <div id="Malakhova--2017"></div> Malakhova, V. and A. Eliseev, 2017: The role of heat transfer time scale in the evolution of the subsea permafrost and associated methane hydrates stability zone during glacial cycles. ''Global and Planetary Change'' , '''157''' , 18–25, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.08.007 10.1016/j.gloplac ha.2017.08.007] . <div id="Malakhova--2020"></div> Malakhova, V. and A. Eliseev, 2020: Uncertainty in temperature and sea level datasets for the Pleistocene glacial cycles: Implications for thermal state of the subsea sediments. ''Global and Planetary Change'' , '''192''' , 103249, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103249 10.1016/j.gloplac ha.2020.103249] . <div id="Malhi--2018"></div> Malhi, Y., L. Rowland, L.E.O.C. Aragão, and R.A. Fisher, 2018: New insights into the variability of the tropical land carbon cycle from the El Niño of 2015/2016. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'' , '''373(1760)''' , 20170298, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0298 10.1098/ rstb.2017.0298] . <div id="Manizza--2012"></div> Manizza, M., R.F. Keeling, and C.D. Nevison, 2012: On the processes controlling the seasonal cycles of the air–sea fluxes of O <sub>2</sub> and N <sub>2</sub> O: A modelling study. ''Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology'' , '''64(1)''' , 18429, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.18429 10.3402/tellu sb.v64i0.18429] . <div id="Mankin--2019"></div> Mankin, J.S., R. Seager, J.E. Smerdon, B.I. Cook, and A.P. Williams, 2019: Mid-latitude freshwater availability reduced by projected vegetation responses to climate change. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''12(12)''' , 983–988, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0480-x 10.1038/s41 561-019-0480-x] . <div id="Mao--2016"></div> Mao, J. et al., 2016: Human-induced greening of the northern extratropical land surface. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6(10)''' , 959–963, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3056 10.103 8/nclimate3056] . <div id="Marcott--2014"></div> Marcott, S.A. et al., 2014: Centennial-scale changes in the global carbon cycle during the last deglaciation. ''Nature'' , '''514(7524)''' , 616–619, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13799 10.10 38/nature13799] . <div id="Marshall--2015"></div> Marshall, J. et al., 2015: The ocean’s role in the transient response of climate to abrupt greenhouse gas forcing. ''Climate Dynamics'' , '''44(7–8)''' , 2287–2299, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2308-0 10.1007/s00 382-014-2308-0] . <div id="Martínez-Botí--2015a"></div> Martínez-Botí, M.A. et al., 2015a: Plio-Pleistocene climate sensitivity evaluated using high-resolution CO <sub>2</sub> records. ''Nature'' , '''518(7537)''' , 49–54, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14145 10.10 38/nature14145] . <div id="Martínez-Botí--2015b"></div> Martínez-Botí, M.A. et al., 2015b: Boron isotope evidence for oceanic carbon dioxide leakage during the last deglaciation. ''Nature'' , '''518(7538)''' , 219–222, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14155 10.10 38/nature14155] . <div id="Martínez-García--2014"></div> Martínez-García, A. et al., 2014: Iron Fertilization of the Subantarctic Ocean During the Last Ice Age. ''Science'' , '''343(6177)''' , 1347–1350, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1246848 10.1126/s cience.1246848] . <div id="Martinez-Rey--2015"></div> Martinez-Rey, J., L. Bopp, M. Gehlen, A. Tagliabue, and N. Gruber, 2015: Projections of oceanic N <sub>2</sub> O emissions in the 21st century using the IPSL Earth system model. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''12(13)''' , 4133–4148, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4133-2015 10.5194/b g-12-4133-2015] . <div id="Mastrotheodoros--2017"></div> Mastrotheodoros, T. et al., 2017: Linking plant functional trait plasticity and the large increase in forest water use efficiency. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences'' , '''122(9)''' , 2393–2408, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017jg003890 10.100 2/2017jg003890] . <div id="Matear--2014"></div> Matear, R.J. and A. Lenton, 2014: Quantifying the impact of ocean acidification on our future climate. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''11(14)''' , 3965–3983, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3965-2014 10.5194/b g-11-3965-2014] . <div id="Matear--2018"></div> Matear, R.J. and A. Lenton, 2018: Carbon–climate feedbacks accelerate ocean acidification. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''15(6)''' , 1721–1732, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1721-2018 10.5194/b g-15-1721-2018] . <div id="Mathesius--2015"></div> Mathesius, S., M. Hofmann, K. Caldeira, and H.J. Schellnhuber, 2015: Long-term response of oceans to CO <sub>2</sub> removal from the atmosphere. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''5(12)''' , 1107–1113, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2729 10.103 8/nclimate2729] . <div id="Matthews--2007"></div> Matthews, H.D. and K. Caldeira, 2007: Transient climate carbon simulations of planetary geoengineering. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''104(24)''' , 9949–9954, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0700419104 10.1073/p nas.0700419104] . <div id="Matthews--2013"></div> Matthews, H.D. and S. Solomon, 2013: Irreversible does not mean unavoidable. ''Science'' , '''340(6131)''' , 438–439, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1236372 10.1126/s cience.1236372] . <div id="Matthews--2012"></div> Matthews, H.D., S. Solomon, and R. Pierrehumbert, 2012: Cumulative carbon as a policy framework for achieving climate stabilization. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences'' , '''370(1974)''' , 4365–4379, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0064 10.1098/ rsta.2012.0064] . <div id="Matthews--2009"></div> Matthews, H.D., N.P. Gillett, P.A. Stott, and K. Zickfeld, 2009: The proportionality of global warming to cumulative carbon emissions. ''Nature'' , '''459(7248)''' , 829–832, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08047 10.10 38/nature08047] . <div id="Matthews--2017"></div> Matthews, H.D. et al., 2017: Estimating carbon budgets for ambitious climate targets. ''Current Climate Change Reports'' , '''3(1)''' , 69–77, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40641-017-0055-0 10.1007/s40 641-017-0055-0] . <div id="Matthews--2020"></div> Matthews, H.D. et al., 2020: Opportunities and challenges in using remaining carbon budgets to guide climate policy. ''Nature Geoscience'' , 13(12), 769-779, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-00663-3 10.1038/s415 61-020-00663-3] . <div id="Matthews--2021"></div> Matthews, H.D. et al., 2021: An integrated approach to quantifying uncertainties in the remaining carbon budget. ''Communications Earth & Environment'' , '''2(1)''' , 1–11, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00064-9 10.1038/s432 47-020-00064-9] . <div id="Mattsdotter Björk--2014"></div> Mattsdotter Björk, M., A. Fransson, A. Torstensson, and M. Chierici, 2014: Ocean acidification state in western Antarctic surface waters: controls and interannual variability. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''11(1)''' , 57–73, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-57-2014 10.5194 /bg-11-57-2014] . <div id="Maxwell--2019"></div> Maxwell, S.L. et al., 2019: Degradation and forgone removals increase the carbon impact of intact forest loss by 626%. ''Science Advances'' , '''5(10)''' , eaax2546, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax2546 10.1126/ sciadv.aax2546] . <div id="McCormack--2016"></div> McCormack, C.G. et al., 2016: Key impacts of climate engineering on biodiversity and ecosystems, with priorities for future research. ''Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences'' , '''13(2–4)''' , 1–26, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1943815x.2016.1159578 10.1080/1943815 x.2016.1159578] . <div id="McCusker--2014"></div> McCusker, K.E., K.C. Armour, C.M. Bitz, and D.S. Battisti, 2014: Rapid and extensive warming following cessation of solar radiation management. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''9(2)''' , 024005, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/2/024005 10.1088/1748-9 326/9/2/024005] . <div id="McDaniel--2019"></div> McDaniel, M.D., D. Saha, M.G. Dumont, M. Hernández, and M.A. Adams, 2019: The effect of land-use change on soil CH <sub>4</sub> and N <sub>2</sub> O fluxes: a global meta-analysis. ''Ecosystems'' , '''22(6)''' , 1424–1443, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-019-00347-z 10.1007/s100 21-019-00347-z] . <div id="McDermid--2021"></div> McDermid, S.S. et al., 2021: Disentangling the Regional Climate Impacts of Competing Vegetation Responses to Elevated Atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'' , '''126(5)''' , e2020JD034108, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2020jd034108 10.102 9/2020jd034108] . <div id="McDowell--2018"></div> McDowell, N. et al., 2018: Drivers and mechanisms of tree mortality in moist tropical forests. ''New Phytologist'' , '''219(3)''' , 851–869, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.15027 10. 1111/nph.15027] . <div id="McGuire--2018"></div> McGuire, A.D. et al., 2018: Dependence of the evolution of carbon dynamics in the northern permafrost region on the trajectory of climate change. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''115(15)''' , 3882–3887, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719903115 10.1073/p nas.1719903115] . <div id="McInerney--2011"></div> McInerney, F.A. and S.L. Wing, 2011: The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: A Perturbation of Carbon Cycle, Climate, and Biosphere with Implications for the Future. ''Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences'' , '''39(1)''' , 489–516, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133431 10.1146/annurev-earth -040610-133431] . <div id="McKinley--2017"></div> McKinley, G.A., A.R. Fay, N.S. Lovenduski, and D.J. Pilcher, 2017: Natural Variability and Anthropogenic Trends in the Ocean Carbon Sink. ''Annual Review of Marine Science'' , '''9(1)''' , 125–150, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060529 10.1146/annurev-marine -010816-060529] . <div id="McKinley--2020"></div> McKinley, G.A., A.R. Fay, Y.A. Eddebbar, L. Gloege, and N.S. Lovenduski, 2020: External Forcing Explains Recent Decadal Variability of the Ocean Carbon Sink. ''AGU Advances'' , '''1(2)''' , e2019AV000149, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019av000149 10.102 9/2019av000149] . <div id="McKinley--2016"></div> McKinley, G.A. et al., 2016: Timescales for detection of trends in the ocean carbon sink. ''Nature'' , '''530(7591)''' , 469–472, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature16958 10.10 38/nature16958] . <div id="Mcleod--2011"></div> Mcleod, E. et al., 2011: A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment'' , '''9(10)''' , 552–560, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/110004 10.1890/110004] . <div id="McManus--2004"></div> McManus, J.F., R. Francois, J.-M. Gherardi, L.D. Keigwin, and S. Brown-Leger, 2004: Collapse and rapid resumption of Atlantic meridional circulation linked to deglacial climate changes. ''Nature'' , '''428(6985)''' , 834–837, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02494 10.10 38/nature02494] . <div id="McNeil--2016"></div> McNeil, B.I. and T.P. Sasse, 2016: Future ocean hypercapnia driven by anthropogenic amplification of the natural CO <sub>2</sub> cycle. ''Nature'' , '''529(7586)''' , 383–386, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature16156 10.10 38/nature16156] . <div id="McNorton--2018"></div> McNorton, J. et al., 2018: Attribution of recent increases in atmospheric methane through 3-D inverse modelling. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''18(24)''' , 18149–18168, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-18149-2018 10.5194/acp -18-18149-2018] . <div id="Medlyn--2015"></div> Medlyn, B.E. et al., 2015: Using ecosystem experiments to improve vegetation models. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''5(6)''' , 528–534, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2621 10.103 8/nclimate2621] . <div id="Medlyn--2016"></div> Medlyn, B.E. et al., 2016: Using models to guide field experiments: a priori predictions for the CO <sub>2</sub> response of a nutrient- and water-limited native Eucalypt woodland. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''22(8)''' , 2834–2851, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13268 10. 1111/gcb.13268] . <div id="Meier--2017"></div> Meier, I.C., A.C. Finzi, and R.P. Phillips, 2017: Root exudates increase N availability by stimulating microbial turnover of fast-cycling N pools. ''Soil Biology and Biochemistry'' , '''106''' , 119–128, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.12.004 10.1016/j.soilb io.2016.12.004] . <div id="Meinshausen--2011a"></div> Meinshausen, M., S.C.B. Raper, and T.M.L. Wigley, 2011a: Emulating coupled atmosphere-ocean and carbon cycle models with a simpler model, MAGICC6 – Part 1: Model description and calibration. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''11(4)''' , 1417–1456, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1417-2011 10.5194/ac p-11-1417-2011] . <div id="Meinshausen--2011b"></div> Meinshausen, M., T.M.L. Wigley, and S.C.B. Raper, 2011b: Emulating atmosphere–ocean and carbon cycle models with a simpler model, MAGICC6 – Part 2: Applications. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''11(4)''' , 1457–1471, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1457-2011 10.5194/ac p-11-1457-2011] . <div id="Meinshausen--2009"></div> Meinshausen, M. et al., 2009: Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2°C. ''Nature'' , '''458(7242)''' , 1158–1162, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08017 10.10 38/nature08017] . <div id="Meinshausen--2011c"></div> Meinshausen, M. et al., 2011c: The RCP greenhouse gas concentrations and their extensions from 1765 to 2300. ''Climatic Change'' , '''109(1–2)''' , 213–241, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0156-z 10.1007/s10 584-011-0156-z] . <div id="Meinshausen--2017"></div> Meinshausen, M. et al., 2017: Historical greenhouse gas concentrations for climate modelling (CMIP6). ''Geoscientific Model Development'' , '''10(5)''' , 2057–2116, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2057-2017 10.5194/gm d-10-2057-2017] . <div id="Meinshausen--2020"></div> Meinshausen, M. et al., 2020: The shared socio-economic pathway (SSP) greenhouse gas concentrations and their extensions to 2500. ''Geoscientific Model Development'' , '''13(8)''' , 3571–3605, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3571-2020 10.5194/gm d-13-3571-2020] . <div id="Meli--2014"></div> Meli, P., J.M. Rey Benayas, P. Balvanera, and M. Martínez Ramos, 2014: Restoration enhances wetland biodiversity and ecosystem service supply, but results are context-dependent: a meta-analysis. ''PLOS ONE'' , '''9(4)''' , e93507, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093507 10.1371/journa l.pone.0093507] . <div id="Melillo--2011"></div> Melillo, J.M. et al., 2011: Soil warming, carbon–nitrogen interactions, and forest carbon budgets. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''108(23)''' , 9508–9512, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1018189108 10.1073/p nas.1018189108] . <div id="Melillo--2017"></div> Melillo, J.M. et al., 2017: Long-term pattern and magnitude of soil carbon feedback to the climate system in a warming world. ''Science'' , '''358(6359)''' , 101–105, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aan2874 10.1126/s cience.aan2874] . <div id="Melton--2013"></div> Melton, J.R. et al., 2013: Present state of global wetland extent and wetland methane modelling: conclusions from a model inter-comparison project (WETCHIMP). ''Biogeosciences'' , '''10(2)''' , 753–788, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-753-2013 10.5194/ bg-10-753-2013] . <div id="Mendonça--2017"></div> Mendonça, R. et al., 2017: Organic carbon burial in global lakes and reservoirs. ''Nature Communications'' , '''8(1)''' , 1–6, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01789-6 10.1038/s414 67-017-01789-6] . <div id="Menezes-Silva--2019"></div> Menezes-Silva, P.E. et al., 2019: Different ways to die in a changing world: Consequences of climate change for tree species performance and survival through an ecophysiological perspective. ''Ecology and Evolution'' , '''9(20)''' , 11979–11999, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5663 10. 1002/ece3.5663] . <div id="Mengis--2018"></div> Mengis, N., A.-I. Partanen, J. Jalbert, and H.D. Matthews, 2018: 1.5°C carbon budget dependent on carbon cycle uncertainty and future non-CO <sub>2</sub> forcing. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''8(1)''' , 5831, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24241-1 10.1038/s415 98-018-24241-1] . <div id="Mengis--2020"></div> Mengis, N. et al., 2020: Evaluation of the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model version 2.10 (UVic ESCM 2.10). ''Geoscientific Model Development'' , '''13(9)''' , 4183–4204, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4183-2020 10.5194/gm d-13-4183-2020] . <div id="Menviel--2012"></div> Menviel, L. and F. Joos, 2012: Toward explaining the Holocene carbon dioxide and carbon isotope records: Results from transient ocean carbon cycle–climate simulations. ''Paleoceanography'' , '''27(1)''' , PA1207, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011pa002224 10.102 9/2011pa002224] . <div id="Mercado--2009"></div> Mercado, L.M. et al., 2009: Impact of changes in diffuse radiation on the global land carbon sink. ''Nature'' , '''458(7241)''' , 1014–1017, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07949 10.10 38/nature07949] . <div id="Mercado--2018"></div> Mercado, L.M. et al., 2018: Large sensitivity in land carbon storage due to geographical and temporal variation in the thermal response of photosynthetic capacity. ''New Phytologist'' , '''218(4)''' , 1462–1477, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.15100 10. 1111/nph.15100] . <div id="Meredith--2019"></div> Meredith, M. et al., 2019: Polar Regions. In: ''IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate'' [Pörtner, H.-O., D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, and N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. In Press, pp. 203–320, [https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/chapter-3-2 www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapt er/chapter-3-2] . <div id="Merlivat--2018"></div> Merlivat, L. et al., 2018: Increase of dissolved inorganic carbon and decrease in pH in near-surface waters in the Mediterranean Sea during the past two decades. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''15(18)''' , 5653–5662, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5653-2018 10.5194/b g-15-5653-2018] . <div id="Messier--2019"></div> Messier, C. et al., 2019: The functional complex network approach to foster forest resilience to global changes. ''Forest Ecosystems'' , '''6(1)''' , 21, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40663-019-0166-2 10.1186/s40 663-019-0166-2] . <div id="Meyer--2019"></div> Meyer, V.D. et al., 2019: Permafrost-carbon mobilization in Beringia caused by deglacial meltwater runoff, sea-level rise and warming. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''14(8)''' , 085003, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab2653 10.1088/17 48-9326/ab2653] . <div id="Meyerholt--2020"></div> Meyerholt, J., K. Sickel, and S. Zaehle, 2020: Ensemble projections elucidate effects of uncertainty in terrestrial nitrogen limitation on future carbon uptake. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''26(7)''' , 3978–3996, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15114 10. 1111/gcb.15114] . <div id="Middelburg--2009"></div> Middelburg, J.J. and L.A. Levin, 2009: Coastal hypoxia and sediment biogeochemistry. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''6(7)''' , 1273–1293, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1273-2009 10.5194/ bg-6-1273-2009] . <div id="Midorikawa--2012"></div> Midorikawa, T. et al., 2012: Decreasing pH trend estimated from 35-year time series of carbonate parameters in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean in summer. ''Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers'' , '''61''' , 131–139, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2011.12.003 10.1016/j.d sr.2011.12.003] . <div id="Millar--2018"></div> Millar, R.J. and P. Friedlingstein, 2018: The utility of the historical record for assessing the transient climate response to cumulative emissions. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences'' , '''376(2119)''' , 20160449, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0449 10.1098/ rsta.2016.0449] . <div id="Millar--2017a"></div> Millar, R.J., Z.R. Nicholls, P. Friedlingstein, and M.R. Allen, 2017a: A modified impulse-response representation of the global near-surface air temperature and atmospheric concentration response to carbon dioxide emissions. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''17(11)''' , 7213–7228, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7213-2017 10.5194/ac p-17-7213-2017] . <div id="Millar--2017b"></div> Millar, R.J. et al., 2017b: Emission budgets and pathways consistent with limiting warming to 1.5°C. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''10(10)''' , 741–747, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo3031 10 .1038/ngeo3031] . <div id="Miller--2019"></div> Miller, S.M. et al., 2019: China’s coal mine methane regulations have not curbed growing emissions. ''Nature Communications'' , '''10(1)''' , 303, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07891-7 10.1038/s414 67-018-07891-7] . <div id="Millero--2009"></div> Millero, F., R. Woosley, B. DiTrolio, and J. Waters, 2009: Effect of Ocean Acidification on the Speciation of Metals in Seawater. ''Oceanography'' , '''22(4)''' , 72–85, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2009.98 10.5670/o ceanog.2009.98] . <div id="Milly--2016"></div> Milly, P.C.D. and K.A. Dunne, 2016: Potential evapotranspiration and continental drying. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6(10)''' , 946–949, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3046 10.103 8/nclimate3046] . <div id="Minschwaner--1993"></div> Minschwaner, K., R.J. Salawitch, and M.B. McElroy, 1993: Absorption of solar radiation by O <sub>2</sub> : Implications for O <sub>3</sub> and lifetimes of N <sub>2</sub> O, CFCl <sub>3</sub> , and CF <sub>2</sub> cl <sub>2</sub> . ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'' , '''98(D6)''' , 10543, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93jd00223 10. 1029/93jd00223] . <div id="Minshull--2016"></div> Minshull, T.A., H. Marín-Moreno, D.I. Armstrong McKay, and P.A. Wilson, 2016: Mechanistic insights into a hydrate contribution to the Paleocene-Eocene carbon cycle perturbation from coupled thermohydraulic simulations. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''43(16)''' , 8637–8644, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl069676 10.100 2/2016gl069676] . <div id="Mishra--2021"></div> Mishra, U. et al., 2021: Spatial heterogeneity and environmental predictors of permafrost region soil organic carbon stocks. ''Science Advances'' , '''7(9)''' , eaaz5236, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz5236 10.1126/ sciadv.aaz5236] . <div id="Moffitt--2015"></div> Moffitt, S.E., T.M. Hill, P.D. Roopnarine, and J.P. Kennett, 2015: Response of seafloor ecosystems to abrupt global climate change. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''112(15)''' , 4684–4689, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1417130112 10.1073/p nas.1417130112] . <div id="Mongwe--2018"></div> Mongwe, N.P., M. Vichi, and P.M.S. Monteiro, 2018: The seasonal cycle of pCO <sub>2</sub> and CO <sub>2</sub> fluxes in the Southern Ocean: diagnosing anomalies in CMIP5 Earth system models. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''15(9)''' , 2851–2872, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2851-2018 10.5194/b g-15-2851-2018] . <div id="Monnin--2001"></div> Monnin, E., 2001: Atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> Concentrations over the Last Glacial Termination. ''Science'' , '''291(5501)''' , 112–114, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5501.112 10.1126/scienc e.291.5501.112] . <div id="Monteiro--2020a"></div> Monteiro, T., R. Kerr, and E.C. Machado, 2020a: Seasonal variability of net sea–air CO <sub>2</sub> fluxes in a coastal region of the northern Antarctic Peninsula. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''10(1)''' , 14875, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71814-0 10.1038/s415 98-020-71814-0] . <div id="Monteiro--2020b"></div> Monteiro, T., R. Kerr, I.B.M. Orselli, and J.M. Lencina-Avila, 2020b: Towards an intensified summer CO <sub>2</sub> sink behaviour in the Southern Ocean coastal regions. ''Progress in Oceanography'' , '''183''' , 102267, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102267 10.1016/j.poce an.2020.102267] . <div id="Moy--2019"></div> Moy, A.D. et al., 2019: Varied contribution of the Southern Ocean to deglacial atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> rise. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''12(12)''' , 1006–1011, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0473-9 10.1038/s41 561-019-0473-9] . <div id="Muri--2018"></div> Muri, H. et al., 2018: Climate response to aerosol geoengineering: A multimethod comparison. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''31(16)''' , 6319–6340, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0620.1 10.1175/jc li-d-17-0620.1] . <div id="Murray--2015"></div> Murray, R.H., D. Erler, and B.D. Eyre, 2015: Nitrous oxide fluxes in estuarine environments: response to global change. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''21(9)''' , 3219–3245, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12923 10. 1111/gcb.12923] . <div id="Myers-Smith--2011"></div> Myers-Smith, I.H. et al., 2011: Shrub expansion in tundra ecosystems: dynamics, impacts and research priorities. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''6(4)''' , 45509, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045509 10.1088/1748-9 326/6/4/045509] . <div id="Naik--2013"></div> Naik, V. et al., 2013: Preindustrial to present-day changes in tropospheric hydroxyl radical and methane lifetime from the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP). ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''13(10)''' , 5277–5298, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5277-2013 10.5194/ac p-13-5277-2013] . <div id="Nakano--2015"></div> Nakano, H., M. Ishii, K.B. Rodgers, H. Tsujino, and G. Yamanaka, 2015: Anthropogenic CO <sub>2</sub> uptake, transport, storage, and dynamical controls in the ocean imposed by the meridional overturning circulation: A modeling study. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''29(10)''' , 1706–1724, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gb005128 10.100 2/2015gb005128] . <div id="Nakazawa--1997"></div> Nakazawa, T., S. Morimoto, S. Aoki, and M. Tanaka, 1997: Temporal and spatial variations of the carbon isotopic ratio of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the western Pacific region. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'' , '''102(D1)''' , 1271–1285, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96jd02720 10. 1029/96jd02720] . <div id="Naqvi--2010"></div> Naqvi, S.W.A. et al., 2010: Marine hypoxia/anoxia as a source of CH <sub>4</sub> and N <sub>2</sub> O. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''7(7)''' , 2159–2190, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2159-2010 10.5194/ bg-7-2159-2010] . <div id="NASEM--2019"></div> [[#NASEM--2019|NASEM, 2019]] : ''Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda'' . National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, USA, 510 pp., doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.17226/25259 10.17226/25259] . <div id="Natali--2019"></div> Natali, S.M. et al., 2019: Large loss of CO <sub>2</sub> in winter observed across the northern permafrost region. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''9(11)''' , 852–857, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0592-8 10.1038/s41 558-019-0592-8] . <div id="Natchimuthu--2017"></div> Natchimuthu, S., M.B. Wallin, L. Klemedtsson, and D. Bastviken, 2017: Spatio-temporal patterns of stream methane and carbon dioxide emissions in a hemiboreal catchment in Southwest Sweden. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''7(1)''' , 39729, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep39729 10. 1038/srep39729] . <div id="Negrete-García--2019"></div> Negrete-García, G., N.S. Lovenduski, C. Hauri, K.M. Krumhardt, and S.K. Lauvset, 2019: Sudden emergence of a shallow aragonite saturation horizon in the Southern Ocean. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''9(4)''' , 313–317, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0418-8 10.1038/s41 558-019-0418-8] . <div id="Nehrbass-Ahles--2020"></div> Nehrbass-Ahles, C. et al., 2020: Abrupt CO <sub>2</sub> release to the atmosphere under glacia and early interglacial climate conditions. ''Science'' , '''369(6506)''' , 1000–1005, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aay8178 10.1126/s cience.aay8178] . <div id="Nevison--2004"></div> Nevison, C.D., T.J. Lueker, and R.F. Weiss, 2004: Quantifying the nitrous oxide source from coastal upwelling. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''18(1)''' , GB1018, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003gb002110 10.102 9/2003gb002110] . <div id="Nevison--2020"></div> Nevison, C.D. et al., 2020: Southern Annular Mode Influence on Wintertime Ventilation of the Southern Ocean Detected in Atmospheric O <sub>2</sub> and CO <sub>2</sub> Measurements. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''47(4)''' , e2019GL085667, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gl085667 10.102 9/2019gl085667] . <div id="Ni--2018"></div> Ni, X. and P.M. Groffman, 2018: Declines in methane uptake in forest soils. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''115(34)''' , 8587–8590, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807377115 10.1073/p nas.1807377115] . <div id="Nicely--2018"></div> Nicely, J.M. et al., 2018: Changes in global tropospheric OH expected as a result of climate change over the last several decades. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'' , '''123(18)''' , 10774–10795, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018jd028388 10.102 9/2018jd028388] . <div id="Nicholls--2020"></div> Nicholls, Z.R.J., R. Gieseke, J. Lewis, A. Nauels, and M. Meinshausen, 2020: Implications of non-linearities between cumulative CO <sub>2</sub> emissions and CO <sub>2</sub> -induced warming for assessing the remaining carbon budget. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''15(7)''' , 074017, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab83af 10.1088/17 48-9326/ab83af] . <div id="Nichols--2019"></div> Nichols, J.E. and D.M. Peteet, 2019: Rapid expansion of northern peatlands and doubled estimate of carbon storage. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''12(11)''' , 917–921, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0454-z 10.1038/s41 561-019-0454-z] . <div id="Nie--2013"></div> Nie, M., M. Lu, J. Bell, S. Raut, and E. Pendall, 2013: Altered root traits due to elevated CO <sub>2</sub> : A meta-analysis. ''Global Ecology and Biogeography'' , '''22(10)''' , 1095–1105, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.12062 10. 1111/geb.12062] . <div id="Nisbet--2016"></div> Nisbet, E.G. et al., 2016: Rising atmospheric methane: 2007–2014 growth and isotopic shift. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''30(9)''' , 1356–1370, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gb005406 10.100 2/2016gb005406] . <div id="Nisbet--2019"></div> Nisbet, E.G. et al., 2019: Very strong atmospheric methane growth in the 4 years 2014–2017: implications for the Paris Agreement. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''33''' , 2018GB006009, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gb006009 10.102 9/2018gb006009] . <div id="Nisbet--2020"></div> Nisbet, E.G. et al., 2020: Methane Mitigation: Methods to Reduce Emissions, on the Path to the Paris Agreement. ''Reviews of Geophysics'' , '''58(1)''' , e2019RG000675, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019rg000675 10.102 9/2019rg000675] . <div id="Nobre--2016"></div> Nobre, C.A. et al., 2016: Land-use and climate change risks in the Amazon and the need of a novel sustainable development paradigm. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''113(39)''' , 10759–10768, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605516113 10.1073/p nas.1605516113] . <div id="Norby--2011"></div> Norby, R.J. and D.R. Zak, 2011: Ecological Lessons from Free-Air CO <sub>2</sub> Enrichment (FACE) Experiments. ''Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics'' , '''42(1)''' , 181–203, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102209-144647 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys -102209-144647] . <div id="Norby--2010"></div> Norby, R.J., J.M. Warren, C.M. Iversen, B.E. Medlyn, and R.E. McMurtrie, 2010: CO <sub>2</sub> enhancement of forest productivity constrained by limited nitrogen availability. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''107(45)''' , 19368–19373, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1006463107 10.1073/p nas.1006463107] . <div id="Norby--2016"></div> Norby, R.J. et al., 2016: Model–data synthesis for the next generation of forest free-air CO <sub>2</sub> enrichment (FACE) experiments. ''New Phytologist'' , '''209(1)''' , 17–28, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.13593 10. 1111/nph.13593] . <div id="Nottingham--2020"></div> Nottingham, A.T., P. Meir, E. Velasquez, and B.L. Turner, 2020: Soil carbon loss by experimental warming in a tropical forest. ''Nature'' , '''584(7820)''' , 234–237, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2566-4 10.1038/s41 586-020-2566-4] . <div id="Novick--2016"></div> Novick, K.A., C.F. Miniat, and J.M. Vose, 2016: Drought limitations to leaf-level gas exchange: Results from a model linking stomatal optimization and cohesion–tension theory. ''Plant, Cell & Environment'' , '''39(3)''' , 583–596, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pce.12657 10. 1111/pce.12657] . <div id="O’Dell--2018"></div> O’Dell, C.W. et al., 2018: Improved retrievals of carbon dioxide from Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 with the version 8 ACOS algorithm. ''Atmospheric Measurement Techniques'' , '''11(12)''' , 6539–6576, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-6539-2018 10.5194/am t-11-6539-2018] . <div id="O’Sullivan--2019"></div> O’Sullivan, M. et al., 2019: Have synergies between nitrogen deposition and atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> driven the recent enhancement of the terrestrial carbon sink? ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''33(2)''' , 163–180, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gb005922 10.102 9/2018gb005922] . <div id="Obermeier--2017"></div> Obermeier, W.A. et al., 2017: Reduced CO <sub>2</sub> fertilization effect in temperate C3 grasslands under more extreme weather conditions. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''7(2)''' , 137–141, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3191 10.103 8/nclimate3191] . <div id="Oka--2015"></div> Oka, E. et al., 2015: Decadal variability of Subtropical Mode Water subduction and its impact on biogeochemistry. ''Journal of Oceanography'' , '''71(4)''' , 389–400, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10872-015-0300-x 10.1007/s10 872-015-0300-x] . <div id="Oka--2019"></div> Oka, E. et al., 2019: Remotely forced decadal physical and biogeochemical variability of North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water over the last 40 years. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''46(3)''' , 1555–1561, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gl081330 10.102 9/2018gl081330] . <div id="Olafsson--2009"></div> Olafsson, J. et al., 2009: Rate of Iceland Sea acidification from time series measurements. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''6(11)''' , 2661–2668, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2661-2009 10.5194/ bg-6-2661-2009] . <div id="Olefeldt--2016a"></div> Olefeldt, D. et al., 2016a: Circumpolar distribution and carbon storage of thermokarst landscapes. ''Nature Communications'' , '''7(1)''' , 13043, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13043 10.10 38/ncomms13043] . <div id="Olefeldt--2016b"></div> Olefeldt, D. et al., 2016b: Arctic Circumpolar Distribution and Soil Carbon of Thermokarst Landscapes, 2015. ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Retrieved from: [http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=1332 http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer .pl?ds_id=1332] . <div id="Olivarez Lyle--2006"></div> Olivarez Lyle, A. and M.W. Lyle, 2006: Missing organic carbon in Eocene marine sediments: Is metabolism the biological feedback that maintains end-member climates? ''Paleoceanography'' , '''21(2)''' , PA2007, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005pa001230 10.102 9/2005pa001230] . <div id="Olsen--2020"></div> Olsen, A. et al., 2020: An updated version of the global interior ocean biogeochemical data product, GLODAPv2.2020. ''Earth System Science Data'' , '''12(4)''' , 3653–3678, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3653-2020 10.5194/ess d-12-3653-2020] . <div id="Ono--2019"></div> Ono, H. et al., 2019: Acceleration of Ocean Acidification in the Western North Pacific. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''46(22)''' , 13161–13169, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gl085121 10.102 9/2019gl085121] . <div id="Orr--2005"></div> Orr, J.C. et al., 2005: Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. ''Nature'' , '''437(7059)''' , 681–686, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04095 10.10 38/nature04095] . <div id="Orselli--2018"></div> Orselli, I.B.M. et al., 2018: How fast is the Patagonian shelf-break acidifying? ''Journal of Marine Systems'' , '''178''' , 1–14, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2017.10.007 10.1016/j.jmars ys.2017.10.007] . <div id="Ortega--2019"></div> Ortega, A. et al., 2019: Important contribution of macroalgae to oceanic carbon sequestration. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''12(9)''' , 748–754, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0421-8 10.1038/s41 561-019-0421-8] . <div id="Osborne--2020"></div> Osborne, E.B., R.C. Thunell, N. Gruber, R.A. Feely, and C.R. Benitez-Nelson, 2020: Decadal variability in twentieth-century ocean acidification in the California Current Ecosystem. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''13(1)''' , 43–49, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0499-z 10.1038/s41 561-019-0499-z] . <div id="Oschlies--2010a"></div> Oschlies, A., W. Koeve, W. Rickels, and K. Rehdanz, 2010a: Side effects and accounting aspects of hypothetical large-scale Southern Ocean iron fertilization. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''7(12)''' , 4017–4035, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-4017-2010 10.5194/ bg-7-4017-2010] . <div id="Oschlies--2010b"></div> Oschlies, A., M. Pahlow, A. Yool, and R.J. Matear, 2010b: Climate engineering by artificial ocean upwelling: Channelling the sorcerer’s apprentice. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''37(4)''' , L04701, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009gl041961 10.102 9/2009gl041961] . <div id="Oschlies--2018"></div> Oschlies, A., P. Brandt, L. Stramma, and S. Schmidtko, 2018: Drivers and mechanisms of ocean deoxygenation. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''11(7)''' , 467–473, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0152-2 10.1038/s41 561-018-0152-2] . <div id="Osma--2020"></div> Osma, N. et al., 2020: Response of Phytoplankton Assemblages From Naturally Acidic Coastal Ecosystems to Elevated pCO <sub>2</sub> . ''Frontiers in Marine Science'' , '''7''' , 323, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00323 10.3389/fm ars.2020.00323] . <div id="Palmer--2019"></div> Palmer, P.I. et al., 2019: Net carbon emissions from African biosphere dominate pan-tropical atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> signal. ''Nature Communications'' , '''10(1)''' , 3344, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11097-w 10.1038/s414 67-019-11097-w] . <div id="Pandey--2017"></div> Pandey, S. et al., 2017: Enhanced methane emissions from tropical wetlands during the 2011 La Niña. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''7(1)''' , 45759, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep45759 10. 1038/srep45759] . <div id="Pangala--2017"></div> Pangala, S.R. et al., 2017: Large emissions from floodplain trees close the Amazon methane budget. ''Nature'' , '''552(7684)''' , 230–234, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature24639 10.10 38/nature24639] . <div id="Parazoo--2018"></div> Parazoo, N.C., C.D. Koven, D.M. Lawrence, V. Romanovsky, and C.E. Miller, 2018: Detecting the permafrost carbon feedback: talik formation and increased cold-season respiration as precursors to sink-to-source transitions. ''The Cryosphere'' , '''12(1)''' , 123–144, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-123-2018 10.5194/ tc-12-123-2018] . <div id="Park--2019"></div> Park, J.-Y., C.A. Stock, J.P. Dunne, X. Yang, and A. Rosati, 2019: Seasonal to multiannual marine ecosystem prediction with a global Earth system model. ''Science'' , '''365(6450)''' , 284–288, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aav6634 10.1126/s cience.aav6634] . <div id="Park--2012"></div> Park, S. et al., 2012: Trends and seasonal cycles in the isotopic composition of nitrous oxide since 1940. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''5(4)''' , 261–265, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1421 10 .1038/ngeo1421] . <div id="Partanen--2016"></div> Partanen, A.-I., D.P. Keller, H. Korhonen, and H.D. Matthews, 2016: Impacts of sea spray geoengineering on ocean biogeochemistry. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''43(14)''' , 7600–7608, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl070111 10.100 2/2016gl070111] . <div id="Patra--2005"></div> Patra, P.K., M. Ishizawa, S. Maksyutov, T. Nakazawa, and G. Inoue, 2005: Role of biomass burning and climate anomalies for land–atmosphere carbon fluxes based on inverse modeling of atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''19(3)''' , GB3005, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004gb002258 10.102 9/2004gb002258] . <div id="Patra--2014"></div> Patra, P.K. et al., 2014: Observational evidence for interhemispheric hydroxyl-radical parity. ''Nature'' , '''513(7517)''' , 219–223, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13721 10.10 38/nature13721] . <div id="Patra--2016"></div> Patra, P.K. et al., 2016: Regional methane emission estimation based on observed atmospheric concentrations (2002–2012). ''Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Series II'' , '''94(1)''' , 91–113, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2016-006 10.2151 /jmsj.2016-006] . <div id="Patra--2021"></div> Patra, P.K. et al., 2021: Methyl Chloroform continues to constrain the hydroxyl (OH) variability in the troposphere. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'' , '''126(4)''' , e2020JD033862, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2020jd033862 10.102 9/2020jd033862] . <div id="Paulmier--2009"></div> Paulmier, A. and D. Ruiz-Pino, 2009: Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in the modern ocean. ''Progress in Oceanography'' , '''80(3–4)''' , 113–128, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.08.001 10.1016/j.poce an.2008.08.001] . <div id="Paulmier--2008"></div> Paulmier, A., D. Ruiz-Pino, and V. Garcon, 2008: The oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) off Chile as intense source of CO <sub>2</sub> and N <sub>2</sub> O. ''Continental Shelf Research'' , '''28(20)''' , 2746–2756, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2008.09.012 10.1016/j.c sr.2008.09.012] . <div id="Paustian--2016"></div> Paustian, K. et al., 2016: Climate-smart soils. ''Nature'' , '''532(7597)''' , 49–57, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature17174 10.10 38/nature17174] . <div id="Pavlov--2015"></div> Pavlov, I.N., 2015: Biotic and abiotic factors as causes of coniferous forests dieback in Siberia and Far East. ''Contemporary Problems of Ecology'' , '''8(4)''' , 440–456, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1995425515040125 10.1134/s19 95425515040125] . <div id="Pearson--2013"></div> Pearson, R.G. et al., 2013: Shifts in Arctic vegetation and associated feedbacks under climate change. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''3(7)''' , 673–677, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1858 10.103 8/nclimate1858] . <div id="Pelejero--2005"></div> Pelejero, C. et al., 2005: Preindustrial to Modern Interdecadal Variability in Coral Reef pH. ''Science'' , '''309(5744)''' , 2204–2207, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1113692 10.1126/s cience.1113692] . <div id="Peng--2016"></div> Peng, S. et al., 2016: Inventory of anthropogenic methane emissions in mainland China from 1980 to 2010. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''16(22)''' , 14545–14562, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14545-2016 10.5194/acp -16-14545-2016] . <div id="Penman--2014"></div> Penman, D.E., B. Hönisch, R.E. Zeebe, E. Thomas, and J.C. Zachos, 2014: Rapid and sustained surface ocean acidification during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. ''Paleoceanography'' , '''29(5)''' , 357–369, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014pa002621 10.100 2/2014pa002621] . <div id="Peñuelas--2017"></div> Peñuelas, J. et al., 2017: Shifting from a fertilization-dominated to a warming-dominated period. ''Nature Ecology & Evolution'' , '''1(10)''' , 1438–1445, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0274-8 10.1038/s41 559-017-0274-8] . <div id="Pépin--2001"></div> Pépin, L., D. Raynaud, J.-M. Barnola, and M.F. Loutre, 2001: Hemispheric roles of climate forcings during glacial–interglacial transitions as deduced from the Vostok record and LLN-2D model experiments. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'' , '''106(D23)''' , 31885–31892, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001jd900117 10.102 9/2001jd900117] . <div id="Pérez--2013"></div> Pérez, F.F. et al., 2013: Atlantic Ocean CO <sub>2</sub> uptake reduced by weakening of the meridional overturning circulation. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''6(2)''' , 146–152, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1680 10 .1038/ngeo1680] . <div id="Pérez--2018"></div> Pérez, F.F. et al., 2018: Meridional overturning circulation conveys fast acidification to the deep Atlantic Ocean. ''Nature'' , '''554(7693)''' , 515–518, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature25493 10.10 38/nature25493] . <div id="Pérez-Ramı́rez--2003"></div> Pérez-Ram '''ı́''' rez, J., F. Kapteijn, K. Schöffel, and J.A. Moulijn, 2003: Formation and control of N <sub>2</sub> O in nitric acid production. ''Applied Catalysis B: Environmental'' , '''44(2)''' , 117–151, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-3373(03)00026-2 10.1016/s0926-3 373(03)00026-2] . <div id="Peters--2012"></div> Peters, G.P. et al., 2012: Rapid growth in CO <sub>2</sub> emissions after the 2008–2009 global financial crisis. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''2(1)''' , 2–4, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1332 10.103 8/nclimate1332] . <div id="Peters--2020"></div> Peters, G.P. et al., 2020: Carbon dioxide emissions continue to grow amidst slowly emerging climate policies. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''10(1)''' , 3–6, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0659-6 10.1038/s41 558-019-0659-6] . <div id="Peters--2020"></div> Peters, W., A. Bastos, P. Ciais, and A. Vermeulen, 2020: A historical, geographical and ecological perspective on the 2018 European summer drought. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'' , '''375(1810)''' , 20190505, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0505 10.1098/ rstb.2019.0505] . <div id="Peters--2007"></div> Peters, W. et al., 2007: An atmospheric perspective on North American carbon dioxide exchange: CarbonTracker. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''104(48)''' , 18925–18930, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708986104 10.1073/p nas.0708986104] . <div id="Peterson--2014"></div> Peterson, C.D., L.E. Lisiecki, and J. Stern, 2014: Deglacial whole-ocean δ <sup>13</sup> C change estimated from 480 benthic foraminiferal records. ''Paleoceanography'' , '''29(6)''' , 549–563, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013pa002552 10.100 2/2013pa002552] . <div id="Petit--1999"></div> Petit, J.R. et al., 1999: Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. ''Nature'' , '''399(6735)''' , 429–436, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/20859 10.1038/20859] . <div id="Petrenko--2017"></div> Petrenko, V. et al., 2017: Minimal geological methane emissions during the Younger Dryas–Preboreal abrupt warming event. ''Nature'' , '''548(7668)''' , 443–446, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature23316 10.10 38/nature23316] . <div id="Petrescu--2020"></div> Petrescu, A.M.R. et al., 2020: European anthropogenic AFOLU greenhouse gas emissions: a review and benchmark data. ''Earth System Science Data'' , '''12(2)''' , 961–1001, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-961-2020 10.5194/es sd-12-961-2020] . <div id="Peylin--2013"></div> Peylin, P. et al., 2013: Global atmospheric carbon budget: results from an ensemble of atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> inversions. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''10(10)''' , 6699–6720, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6699-2013 10.5194/b g-10-6699-2013] . <div id="Pfleiderer--2018"></div> Pfleiderer, P., C.-F. Schleussner, M. Mengel, and J. Rogelj, 2018: Global mean temperature indicators linked to warming levels avoiding climate risks. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13(6)''' , 064015, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aac319 10.1088/17 48-9326/aac319] . <div id="Pham-Duc--2017"></div> Pham-Duc, B., C. Prigent, F. Aires, and F. Papa, 2017: Comparisons of global terrestrial surface water datasets over 15 years. ''Journal of Hydrometeorology'' , '''18(4)''' , 993–1007, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-16-0206.1 10.1175/j hm-d-16-0206.1] . <div id="Phillips--2009"></div> Phillips, O.L. et al., 2009: Drought Sensitivity of the Amazon Rainforest. ''Science'' , '''323(5919)''' , 1344–1347, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1164033 10.1126/s cience.1164033] . <div id="Piao--2017"></div> Piao, S. et al., 2017: Weakening temperature control on the interannual variations of spring carbon uptake across northern lands. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''7(5)''' , 359–363, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3277 10.103 8/nclimate3277] . <div id="Piao--2020"></div> Piao, S. et al., 2020: Interannual variation of terrestrial carbon cycle: Issues and perspectives. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''26(1)''' , 300–318, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14884 10. 1111/gcb.14884] . <div id="Pilcher--2019"></div> Pilcher, D.J. et al., 2019: Modeled Effect of Coastal Biogeochemical Processes, Climate Variability, and Ocean Acidification on Aragonite Saturation State in the Bering Sea. ''Frontiers in Marine Science'' , '''5''' , 508, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00508 10.3389/fm ars.2018.00508] . <div id="Pison--2013"></div> Pison, I., B. Ringeval, P. Bousquet, C. Prigent, and F. Papa, 2013: Stable atmospheric methane in the 2000s: key-role of emissions from natural wetlands. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''13(23)''' , 11609–11623, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11609-2013 10.5194/acp -13-11609-2013] . <div id="Pitari--2014"></div> Pitari, G. et al., 2014: Stratospheric ozone response to sulfate geoengineering: Results from the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP). ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'' , '''119(5)''' , 2629–2653, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013jd020566 10.100 2/2013jd020566] . <div id="Plazzotta--2019"></div> Plazzotta, M., R. Séférian, and H. Douville, 2019: Impact of solar radiation modification on allowable CO <sub>2</sub> emissions: what can we learn from multimodel simulations? ''Earth’s Future'' , '''7(6)''' , 664–676, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019ef001165 10.102 9/2019ef001165] . <div id="Poeplau--2015"></div> Poeplau, C. and A. Don, 2015: Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils via cultivation of cover crops – A meta-analysis. ''Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment'' , '''200''' , 33–41, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.10.024 10.1016/j.ag ee.2014.10.024] . <div id="Pongratz--2012"></div> Pongratz, J., D.B. Lobell, L. Cao, and K. Caldeira, 2012: Crop yields in a geoengineered climate. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''2(2)''' , 101–105, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1373 10.103 8/nclimate1373] . <div id="Pongratz--2014"></div> Pongratz, J., C.H. Reick, R.A. Houghton, and J.I. House, 2014: Terminology as a key uncertainty in net land use and land cover change carbon flux estimates. ''Earth System Dynamics'' , '''5(1)''' , 177–195, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-177-2014 10.5194/ esd-5-177-2014] . <div id="Pongratz--2018"></div> Pongratz, J. et al., 2018: Models meet data: Challenges and opportunities in implementing land management in Earth system models. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''24(4)''' , 1470–1487, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13988 10. 1111/gcb.13988] . <div id="Poulter--2014"></div> Poulter, B. et al., 2014: Contribution of semi-arid ecosystems to interannual variability of the global carbon cycle. ''Nature'' , '''509(7502)''' , 600–603, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13376 10.10 38/nature13376] . <div id="Poulter--2017"></div> Poulter, B. et al., 2017: Global wetland contribution to 2000–2012 atmospheric methane growth rate dynamics. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''12(9)''' , 094013, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8391 10.1088/17 48-9326/aa8391] . <div id="Powell--2013"></div> Powell, T.L. et al., 2013: Confronting model predictions of carbon fluxes with measurements of Amazon forests subjected to experimental drought. ''New Phytologist'' , '''200(2)''' , 350–365, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.12390 10. 1111/nph.12390] . <div id="Praetorius--2015"></div> Praetorius, S.K. et al., 2015: North Pacific deglacial hypoxic events linked to abrupt ocean warming. ''Nature'' , '''527(7578)''' , 362–366, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature15753 10.10 38/nature15753] . <div id="Prather--2012"></div> Prather, M.J., C.D. Holmes, and J. Hsu, 2012: Reactive greenhouse gas scenarios: Systematic exploration of uncertainties and the role of atmospheric chemistry. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''39(9)''' , L09803, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012gl051440 10.102 9/2012gl051440] . <div id="Prather--2015"></div> Prather, M.J. et al., 2015: Measuring and modeling the lifetime of nitrous oxide including its variability. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'' , '''120(11)''' , 5693–5705, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015jd023267 10.100 2/2015jd023267] . <div id="Prinn--2000"></div> Prinn, R.G. et al., 2000: A history of chemically and radiatively important gases in air deduced from ALE/GAGE/AGAGE. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'' , '''105(D14)''' , 17751–17792, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900141 10.102 9/2000jd900141] . <div id="Prinn--2018"></div> Prinn, R.G. et al., 2018: History of chemically and radiatively important atmospheric gases from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE). ''Earth System Science Data'' , '''10(2)''' , 985–1018, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-985-2018 10.5194/es sd-10-985-2018] . <div id="Proctor--2018"></div> Proctor, J., S. Hsiang, J. Burney, M. Burke, and W. Schlenker, 2018: Estimating global agricultural effects of geoengineering using volcanic eruptions. ''Nature'' , '''560(7719)''' , 480–483, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0417-3 10.1038/s41 586-018-0417-3] . <div id="Prokopiou--2017"></div> Prokopiou, M. et al., 2017: Constraining N <sub>2</sub> O emissions since 1940 using firn air isotope measurements in both hemispheres. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''17(7)''' , 4539–4564, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4539-2017 10.5194/ac p-17-4539-2017] . <div id="Prokopiou--2018"></div> Prokopiou, M. et al., 2018: Changes in the Isotopic Signature of Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide and Its Global Average Source During the Last Three Millennia. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'' , '''123(18)''' , 10757–10773, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018jd029008 10.102 9/2018jd029008] . <div id="Pugh--2018"></div> Pugh, T.A.M. et al., 2018: A Large Committed Long-Term Sink of Carbon due to Vegetation Dynamics. ''Earth’s Future'' , '''6(10)''' , 1413–1432, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018ef000935 10.102 9/2018ef000935] . <div id="Pugh--2019"></div> Pugh, T.A.M. et al., 2019: Role of forest regrowth in global carbon sink dynamics. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''116(10)''' , 4382–4387, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810512116 10.1073/p nas.1810512116] . <div id="Qi--2017"></div> Qi, D. et al., 2017: Increase in acidifying water in the western Arctic Ocean. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''7(3)''' , 195–199, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3228 10.103 8/nclimate3228] . <div id="Qi--2020"></div> Qi, D. et al., 2020: Coastal acidification induced by biogeochemical processes driven by sea-ice melt in the western Arctic ocean. ''Polar Science'' , '''23''' , 100504, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2020.100504 10.1016/j.pol ar.2020.100504] . <div id="Qian--2017"></div> Qian, W. et al., 2017: Non-local drivers of the summer hypoxia in the East China Sea off the Changjiang Estuary. ''Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science'' , '''198''' , 393–399, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.08.032 10.1016/j.ec ss.2016.08.032] . <div id="Qiu--2013"></div> Qiu, B., S. Chen, N. Schneider, and B. Taguchi, 2013: A Coupled Decadal Prediction of the Dynamic State of the Kuroshio Extension System. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''27(4)''' , 1751–1764, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00318.1 10.1175/jcl i-d-13-00318.1] . <div id="Rabalais--2010"></div> Rabalais, N.N. et al., 2010: Dynamics and distribution of natural and human-caused hypoxia. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''7(2)''' , 585–619, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-585-2010 10.5194 /bg-7-585-2010] . <div id="Rabalais--2014"></div> Rabalais, N.N. et al., 2014: Eutrophication-Driven Deoxygenation in the Coastal Ocean. ''Oceanography'' , '''27(1)''' , 172–183, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.21 10.5670/o ceanog.2014.21] . <div id="Rabin--2017"></div> Rabin, S.S. et al., 2017: The Fire Modeling Intercomparison Project (FireMIP), phase 1: experimental and analytical protocols with detailed model descriptions. ''Geoscientific Model Development'' , '''10(3)''' , 1175–1197, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1175-2017 10.5194/gm d-10-1175-2017] . <div id="Rae--2018"></div> Rae, J.W.B. et al., 2018: CO <sub>2</sub> storage and release in the deep Southern Ocean on millennial to centennial timescales. ''Nature'' , '''562(7728)''' , 569–573, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0614-0 10.1038/s41 586-018-0614-0] . <div id="Rafter--2019"></div> Rafter, P.A. et al., 2019: Anomalous > 2000-Year-Old Surface Ocean Radiocarbon Age as Evidence for Deglacial Geologic Carbon Release. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''46(23)''' , 13950–13960, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gl085102 10.102 9/2019gl085102] . <div id="Randerson--2015"></div> Randerson, J.T. et al., 2015: Multicentury changes in ocean and land contributions to the climate–carbon feedback. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''29(6)''' , 744–759, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014gb005079 10.100 2/2014gb005079] . <div id="Raupach--2014"></div> Raupach, M.R. et al., 2014: The declining uptake rate of atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> by land and ocean sinks. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''11(13)''' , 3453–3475, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3453-2014 10.5194/b g-11-3453-2014] . <div id="Raven--2021"></div> Raven, M.R., R.G. Keil, and S.M. Webb, 2021: Microbial sulfate reduction and organic sulfur formation in sinking marine particles. ''Science'' , '''371(6525)''' , 178–181, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abc6035 10.1126/s cience.abc6035] . <div id="Ravishankara--2009"></div> Ravishankara, A.R., J.S. Daniel, and R.W. Portmann, 2009: Nitrous Oxide (N <sub>2</sub> O): The Dominant Ozone-Depleting Substance Emitted in the 21st Century. ''Science'' , '''326(5949)''' , 123–125, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1176985 10.1126/s cience.1176985] . <div id="Raymond--2013"></div> Raymond, P.A. et al., 2013: Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters. ''Nature'' , '''503(7476)''' , 355–359, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12760 10.10 38/nature12760] . <div id="Raynaud--2005"></div> Raynaud, D. et al., 2005: The record for marine isotopic stage 11. ''Nature'' , '''436(7047)''' , 39–40, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/43639b 10.1038/43639b] . <div id="Rees--2016"></div> Rees, A.P., I.J. Brown, A. Jayakumar, and B.B. Ward, 2016: The inhibition of N <sub>2</sub> O production by ocean acidification in cold temperate and polar waters. ''Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography'' , '''127''' , 93–101, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.12.006 10.1016/j.ds r2.2015.12.006] . <div id="Regnier--2013"></div> Regnier, P. et al., 2013: Anthropogenic perturbation of the carbon fluxes from land to ocean. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''6(8)''' , 597–607, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1830 10 .1038/ngeo1830] . <div id="Reich--2013"></div> Reich, P.B. and S.E. Hobbie, 2013: Decade-long soil nitrogen constraint on the CO <sub>2</sub> fertilization of plant biomass. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''3(3)''' , 278–282, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1694 10.103 8/nclimate1694] . <div id="Reich--2014"></div> Reich, P.B., S.E. Hobbie, and T.D. Lee, 2014: Plant growth enhancement by elevated CO <sub>2</sub> eliminated by joint water and nitrogen limitation. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''7(12)''' , 920–924, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2284 10 .1038/ngeo2284] . <div id="Reich--2018"></div> Reich, P.B., S.E. Hobbie, T.D. Lee, and M.A. Pastore, 2018: Unexpected reversal of C3 versus C4 grass response to elevated CO <sub>2</sub> during a 20-year field experiment. ''Science'' , '''360(6386)''' , 317–320, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aas9313 10.1126/s cience.aas9313] . <div id="Remmelzwaal--2019"></div> Remmelzwaal, S.R.C. et al., 2019: Investigating Ocean Deoxygenation During the PETM Through the Cr Isotopic Signature of Foraminifera. ''Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology'' , '''34(6)''' , 917–929, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018pa003372 10.102 9/2018pa003372] . <div id="Renforth--2019"></div> Renforth, P., 2019: The negative emission potential of alkaline materials. ''Nature Communications'' , '''10(1)''' , 1401, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09475-5 10.1038/s414 67-019-09475-5] . <div id="Renou-Wilson--2019"></div> Renou-Wilson, F. et al., 2019: Rewetting degraded peatlands for climate and biodiversity benefits: Results from two raised bogs. ''Ecological Engineering'' , '''127''' , 547–560, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.02.014 10.1016/j.ecole ng.2018.02.014] . <div id="Resplandy--2013"></div> Resplandy, L., L. Bopp, J.C. Orr, and J.P. Dunne, 2013: Role of mode and intermediate waters in future ocean acidification: Analysis of CMIP5 models. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''40(12)''' , 3091–3095, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/grl.50414 10. 1002/grl.50414] . <div id="Resplandy--2018"></div> Resplandy, L. et al., 2018: Revision of global carbon fluxes based on a reassessment of oceanic and riverine carbon transport. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''11(7)''' , 504–509, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0151-3 10.1038/s41 561-018-0151-3] . <div id="Reuter--2017"></div> Reuter, M. et al., 2017: How Much CO <sub>2</sub> Is Taken Up by the European Terrestrial Biosphere? ''Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society'' , '''98(4)''' , 665–671, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-15-00310.1 10.1175/bam s-d-15-00310.1] . <div id="Revelle--1957"></div> Revelle, R. and H.E. Suess, 1957: Carbon Dioxide Exchange Between Atmosphere and Ocean and the Question of an Increase of Atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> during the Past Decades. ''Tellus'' , '''9(1)''' , 18–27, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1957.tb01849.x 10.1111/j.2153-3490. 1957.tb01849.x] . <div id="Reyer--2015"></div> Reyer, C.P.O. et al., 2015: Forest resilience and tipping points at different spatio-temporal scales: Approaches and challenges. ''Journal of Ecology'' , '''103(1)''' , 5–15, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12337 10.1111/1 365-2745.12337] . <div id="Rhodes--2017"></div> Rhodes, R.H. et al., 2017: Atmospheric methane variability: Centennial-scale signals in the Last Glacial Period. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''31''' , 575–590, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gb005570 10.100 2/2016gb005570] . <div id="Riahi--2017"></div> Riahi, K. et al., 2017: The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''42''' , 153–168, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009 10.1016/j.gloenvc ha.2016.05.009] . <div id="Rice--2016"></div> Rice, A.L. et al., 2016: Atmospheric methane isotopic record favors fossil sources flat in 1980s and 1990s with recent increase. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''113(39)''' , 10791–10796, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1522923113 10.1073/p nas.1522923113] . <div id="Richardson--2018"></div> Richardson, M., K. Cowtan, and R.J. Millar, 2018: Global temperature definition affects achievement of long-term climate goals. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13(5)''' , 054004, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aab305 10.1088/17 48-9326/aab305] . <div id="Richardson--2019"></div> Richardson, T.L., 2019: Mechanisms and Pathways of Small-Phytoplankton Export from the Surface Ocean. ''Annual Review of Marine Science'' , '''11(1)''' , 57–74, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063627 10.1146/annurev-marine -121916-063627] . <div id="Ricke--2014"></div> Ricke, K.L. and K. Caldeira, 2014: Maximum warming occurs about one decade after a carbon dioxide emission. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''9(12)''' , 124002, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/12/124002 10.1088/1748-93 26/9/12/124002] . <div id="Rigby--2008"></div> Rigby, M. et al., 2008: Renewed growth of atmospheric methane. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''35(22)''' , L22805, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008gl036037 10.102 9/2008gl036037] . <div id="Rigby--2017"></div> Rigby, M. et al., 2017: Role of atmospheric oxidation in recent methane growth. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''114(21)''' , 5373–5377, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616426114 10.1073/p nas.1616426114] . <div id="Ringeval--2011"></div> Ringeval, B. et al., 2011: Climate–CH <sub>4</sub> feedback from wetlands and its interaction with the climate–CO <sub>2</sub> feedback. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''8(8)''' , 2137–2157, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2137-2011 10.5194/ bg-8-2137-2011] . <div id="Ríos--2015"></div> Ríos, A.F. et al., 2015: Decadal acidification in the water masses of the Atlantic Ocean. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''112(32)''' , 9950–9955, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1504613112 10.1073/p nas.1504613112] . <div id="Robbins--2013"></div> Robbins, L.L. et al., 2013: Baseline Monitoring of the Western Arctic Ocean Estimates 20% of Canadian Basin Surface Waters Are Undersaturated with Respect to Aragonite. ''PLOS ONE'' , '''8(9)''' , e73796, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073796 10.1371/journa l.pone.0073796] . <div id="Robinson--2019"></div> Robinson, C., 2019: Microbial respiration, the engine of ocean deoxygenation. ''Frontiers in Marine Science'' , '''5''' , 533, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00533 10.3389/fm ars.2018.00533] . <div id="Robinson--2014"></div> Robinson, J. et al., 2014: How deep is deep enough? Ocean iron fertilization and carbon sequestration in the Southern Ocean. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''41(7)''' , 2489–2495, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013gl058799 10.100 2/2013gl058799] . <div id="Rödenbeck--2018"></div> Rödenbeck, C., S. Zaehle, R. Keeling, and M. Heimann, 2018: History of El Niño impacts on the global carbon cycle 1957–2017: a quantification from atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> data. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'' , '''373(1760)''' , 20170303, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0303 10.1098/ rstb.2017.0303] . <div id="Rödenbeck--2014"></div> Rödenbeck, C. et al., 2014: Interannual sea–air CO <sub>2</sub> flux variability from an observation-driven ocean mixed-layer scheme. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''11(17)''' , 4599–4613, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4599-2014 10.5194/b g-11-4599-2014] . <div id="Rödenbeck--2015"></div> Rödenbeck, C. et al., 2015: Data-based estimates of the ocean carbon sink variability – first results of the Surface Ocean pCO <sub>2</sub> Mapping intercomparison (SOCOM). ''Biogeosciences'' , '''12(23)''' , 7251–7278, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7251-2015 10.5194/b g-12-7251-2015] . <div id="Roderick--2015"></div> Roderick, M.L., P. Greve, and G.D. Farquhar, 2015: On the assessment of aridity with changes in atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Water Resources Research'' , '''51(7)''' , 5450–5463, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015wr017031 10.100 2/2015wr017031] . <div id="Rodgers--2020"></div> Rodgers, K.B. et al., 2020: Reemergence of Anthropogenic Carbon Into the Ocean’s Mixed Layer Strongly Amplifies Transient Climate Sensitivity. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''47(18)''' , doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2020gl089275 10.102 9/2020gl089275] . <div id="Rogelj--2012"></div> Rogelj, J., M. Meinshausen, and R. Knutti, 2012: Global warming under old and new scenarios using IPCC climate sensitivity range estimates. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''2(4)''' , 248–253, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1385 10.103 8/nclimate1385] . <div id="Rogelj--2015a"></div> Rogelj, J., M. Meinshausen, M. Schaeffer, R. Knutti, and K. Riahi, 2015a: Impact of short-lived non-CO <sub>2</sub> mitigation on carbon budgets for stabilizing global warming. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''10(7)''' , 075001, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/7/075001 10.1088/1748-93 26/10/7/075001] . <div id="Rogelj--2019"></div> Rogelj, J., P.M. Forster, E. Kriegler, C.J. Smith, and R. Séférian, 2019: Estimating and tracking the remaining carbon budget for stringent climate targets. ''Nature'' , '''571(7765)''' , 335–342, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1368-z 10.1038/s41 586-019-1368-z] . <div id="Rogelj--2015b"></div> Rogelj, J. et al., 2015b: Mitigation choices impact carbon budget size compatible with low temperature goals. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''10(7)''' , 075003, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/7/075003 10.1088/1748-93 26/10/7/075003] . <div id="Rogelj--2016"></div> Rogelj, J. et al., 2016: Differences between carbon budget estimates unravelled. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6(3)''' , 245–252, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2868 10.103 8/nclimate2868] . <div id="Rogelj--2018a"></div> Rogelj, J. et al., 2018a: Scenarios towards limiting global mean temperature increase below 1.5°C. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''8(4)''' , 325–332, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0091-3 10.1038/s41 558-018-0091-3] . <div id="Rogelj--2018b"></div> Rogelj, J. et al., 2018b: Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5°C in the Context of Sustainable Development. In: ''Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press, pp. 93–174, [https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/chapter-2 www.ipcc.ch/sr15/cha pter/chapter-2] . <div id="Rogers--2019"></div> Rogers, K. et al., 2019: Wetland carbon storage controlled by millennial-scale variation in relative sea-level rise. ''Nature'' , '''567(7746)''' , 91–95, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-0951-7 10.1038/s41 586-019-0951-7] . <div id="Ronge--2016"></div> Ronge, T.A. et al., 2016: Radiocarbon constraints on the extent and evolution of the South Pacific glacial carbon pool. ''Nature Communications'' , '''7(1)''' , 11487, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11487 10.10 38/ncomms11487] . <div id="Ronge--2020"></div> Ronge, T.A. et al., 2020: Radiocarbon Evidence for the Contribution of the Southern Indian Ocean to the Evolution of Atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> Over the Last 32,000 Years. ''Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology'' , '''35(3)''' , e2019PA003733, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019pa003733 10.102 9/2019pa003733] . <div id="Roobaert--2018"></div> Roobaert, A., G.G. Laruelle, P. Landschützer, and P. Regnier, 2018: Uncertainty in the global oceanic CO <sub>2</sub> uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''15(6)''' , 1701–1720, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1701-2018 10.5194/b g-15-1701-2018] . <div id="Roobaert--2019"></div> Roobaert, A. et al., 2019: The spatiotemporal dynamics of the sources and sinks of CO <sub>2</sub> in the global coastal ocean. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''33(12)''' , 2019GB006239, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gb006239 10.102 9/2019gb006239] . <div id="Rosa--2020"></div> Rosa, L., J.A. Reimer, M.S. Went, and P. D’Odorico, 2020: Hydrological limits to carbon capture and storage. ''Nature Sustainability'' , '''3(8)''' , 658–666, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0532-7 10.1038/s41 893-020-0532-7] . <div id="Rosentreter--2018"></div> Rosentreter, J.A., D.T. Maher, D. Erler, R.H. Murray, and B.D. Eyre, 2018: Methane emissions partially offset “blue carbon” burial in mangroves. ''Science Advances'' , '''4(6)''' , eaao4985, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aao4985 10.1126/ sciadv.aao4985] . <div id="Roshan--2017"></div> Roshan, S. and T. DeVries, 2017: Efficient dissolved organic carbon production and export in the oligotrophic ocean. ''Nature Communications'' , '''8(1)''' , 2036, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02227-3 10.1038/s414 67-017-02227-3] . <div id="Ross--2020"></div> Ross, T., C. Du Preez, and D. Ianson, 2020: Rapid deep ocean deoxygenation and acidification threaten life on Northeast Pacific seamounts. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''26(11)''' , 6424–6444, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15307 10. 1111/gcb.15307] . <div id="Roth--2012"></div> Roth, R. and F. Joos, 2012: Model limits on the role of volcanic carbon emissions in regulating glacial–interglacial CO <sub>2</sub> variations. ''Earth and Planetary Science Letters'' , '''329–330''' , 141–149, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.02.019 10.1016/j.ep sl.2012.02.019] . <div id="Roy--2016"></div> Roy, J. et al., 2016: Elevated CO <sub>2</sub> maintains grassland net carbon uptake under a future heat and drought extreme. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''113(22)''' , 6224–6229, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1524527113 10.1073/p nas.1524527113] . <div id="Roy--2018"></div> Roy, J. et al., 2018: Sustainable Development, Poverty Eradication and Reducing Inequalities. In: ''Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press, pp. 445–538, [https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/chapter-5 www.ipcc.ch/sr15/cha pter/chapter-5] . <div id="Roy--2011"></div> Roy, T. et al., 2011: Regional impacts of climate change and atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> on future ocean carbon uptake: A multimodel linear feedback analysis. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''24(9)''' , 2300–2318, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3787.1 10.1175/ 2010jcli3787.1] . <div id="Royer--2016"></div> Royer, S.-J. et al., 2016: A high-resolution time-depth view of dimethylsulphide cycling in the surface sea. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''6''' , 32325, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep32325 10. 1038/srep32325] . <div id="Rubino--2013"></div> Rubino, M. et al., 2013: A revised 1000 year atmospheric δ <sup>13</sup> C-CO <sub>2</sub> record from Law Dome and South Pole, Antarctica. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'' , '''118(15)''' , 8482–8499, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50668 10.1 002/jgrd.50668] . <div id="Ruddiman--2016"></div> Ruddiman, W.F. et al., 2016: Late Holocene climate: Natural or anthropogenic? ''Reviews of Geophysics'' , '''54(1)''' , 93–118, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015rg000503 10.100 2/2015rg000503] . <div id="Ruppel--2015"></div> Ruppel, C.D., 2015: Permafrost-Associated Gas Hydrate: Is It Really Approximately 1% of the Global System? ''Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data'' , '''60(2)''' , 429–436, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je500770m 10. 1021/je500770m] . <div id="Ruppel--2017"></div> Ruppel, C.D. and J.D. Kessler, 2017: The interaction of climate change and methane hydrates. ''Reviews of Geophysics'' , '''55(1)''' , 126–168, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016rg000534 10.100 2/2016rg000534] . <div id="Sabine--2004"></div> Sabine, C.L. et al., 2004: The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Science'' , '''305(5682)''' , 367–371, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1097403 10.1126/s cience.1097403] . <div id="Saeki--2017"></div> Saeki, T. and P.K. Patra, 2017: Implications of overestimated anthropogenic CO <sub>2</sub> emissions on East Asian and global land CO <sub>2</sub> flux inversion. ''Geoscience Letters'' , '''4(1)''' , 9, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40562-017-0074-7 10.1186/s40 562-017-0074-7] . <div id="Saikawa--2014"></div> Saikawa, E. et al., 2014: Global and regional emissions estimates for N <sub>2</sub> O. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''14(9)''' , 4617–4641, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4617-2014 10.5194/ac p-14-4617-2014] . <div id="Sakaguchi--2016"></div> Sakaguchi, K., X. Zeng, L.R. Leung, and P. Shao, 2016: Influence of dynamic vegetation on carbon–nitrogen cycle feedback in the Community Land Model (CLM4). ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''11(12)''' , 124029, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa51d9 10.1088/17 48-9326/aa51d9] . <div id="Sakschewski--2016"></div> Sakschewski, B. et al., 2016: Resilience of Amazon forests emerges from plant trait diversity. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6(11)''' , 1032–1036, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3109 10.103 8/nclimate3109] . <div id="Salisbury--2018"></div> Salisbury, J.E. and B.F. Jönsson, 2018: Rapid warming and salinity changes in the Gulf of Maine alter surface ocean carbonate parameters and hide ocean acidification. ''Biogeochemistry'' , '''141(3)''' , 401–418, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-018-0505-3 10.1007/s10 533-018-0505-3] . <div id="Sallée--2012"></div> Sallée, J.-B., R.J. Matear, S.R. Rintoul, and A. Lenton, 2012: Localized subduction of anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the Southern Hemisphere oceans. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''5(8)''' , 579–584, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1523 10 .1038/ngeo1523] . <div id="Salmon--2016"></div> Salmon, V.G. et al., 2016: Nitrogen availability increases in a tundra ecosystem during five years of experimental permafrost thaw. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''22(5)''' , 1927–1941, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13204 10. 1111/gcb.13204] . <div id="Salt--2015"></div> Salt, L.A., S.M.A.C. van Heuven, M.E. Claus, E.M. Jones, and H.J.W. de Baar, 2015: Rapid acidification of mode and intermediate waters in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''12(5)''' , 1387–1401, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1387-2015 10.5194/b g-12-1387-2015] . <div id="Sanches--2019"></div> Sanches, L.F., B. Guenet, C.C. Marinho, N. Barros, and F. de Assis Esteves, 2019: Global regulation of methane emission from natural lakes. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''9(1)''' , 255, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36519-5 10.1038/s415 98-018-36519-5] . <div id="Sanderman--2017"></div> Sanderman, J., T. Hengl, and G.J. Fiske, 2017: Soil carbon debt of 12,000 years of human land use. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''114(36)''' , 9575–9580, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706103114 10.1073/p nas.1706103114] . <div id="Sanderson--2020"></div> Sanderson, B., 2020: The role of prior assumptions in carbon budget calculations. ''Earth System Dynamics'' , '''11(2)''' , 563–577, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-563-2020 10.5194/e sd-11-563-2020] . <div id="Sarmiento--2002"></div> Sarmiento, J.L. and N. Gruber, 2002: Sinks for Anthropogenic Carbon. ''Physics Today'' , '''55(8)''' , 30–36, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1510279 10. 1063/1.1510279] . <div id="Sarmiento--2010"></div> Sarmiento, J.L. et al., 2010: Trends and regional distributions of land and ocean carbon sinks. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''7(8)''' , 2351–2367, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2351-2010 10.5194/ bg-7-2351-2010] . <div id="Sasano--2015"></div> Sasano, D. et al., 2015: Multidecadal trends of oxygen and their controlling factors in the western North Pacific. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''29(7)''' , 935–956, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014gb005065 10.100 2/2014gb005065] . <div id="Sasano--2018"></div> Sasano, D. et al., 2018: Decline and Bidecadal Oscillations of Dissolved Oxygen in the Oyashio Region and Their Propagation to the Western North Pacific. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''32(6)''' , 909–931, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2017gb005876 10.102 9/2017gb005876] . <div id="Sasmito--2019"></div> Sasmito, S.D. et al., 2019: Effect of land-use and land-cover change on mangrove blue carbon: A systematic review. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''25(12)''' , 4291–4302, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14774 10. 1111/gcb.14774] . <div id="Sasse--2015"></div> Sasse, T.P., B.I. McNeil, R.J. Matear, and A. Lenton, 2015: Quantifying the influence of CO <sub>2</sub> seasonality on future aragonite undersaturation onset. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''12(20)''' , 6017–6031, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6017-2015 10.5194/b g-12-6017-2015] . <div id="Saunders--2018"></div> Saunders, K.M. et al., 2018: Holocene dynamics of the Southern Hemisphere westerly winds and possible links to CO <sub>2</sub> outgassing. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''11(9)''' , 650–655, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0186-5 10.1038/s41 561-018-0186-5] . <div id="Saunois--2020"></div> Saunois, M. et al., 2020: The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017. ''Earth System Science Data'' , '''12(3)''' , 1561–1623, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020 10.5194/ess d-12-1561-2020] . <div id="Schädel--2014"></div> Schädel, C. et al., 2014: Circumpolar assessment of permafrost C quality and its vulnerability over time using long-term incubation data. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''20(2)''' , 641–652, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12417 10. 1111/gcb.12417] . <div id="Schädel--2016"></div> Schädel, C. et al., 2016: Potential carbon emissions dominated by carbon dioxide from thawed permafrost soils. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6(10)''' , 950–953, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3054 10.103 8/nclimate3054] . <div id="Schaefer--2016"></div> Schaefer, H. et al., 2016: A 21st-century shift from fossil-fuel to biogenic methane emissions indicated by 13 CH4. ''Science'' , '''352(6281)''' , 80–84, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aad2705 10.1126/s cience.aad2705] . <div id="Schaefer--2014"></div> Schaefer, K., H. Lantuit, V.E. Romanovsky, E.A.G. Schuur, and R. Witt, 2014: The impact of the permafrost carbon feedback on global climate. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''9(8)''' , 85003, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/085003 10.1088/1748-9 326/9/8/085003] . <div id="Schaphoff--2016"></div> Schaphoff, S., C.P.O. Reyer, D. Schepaschenko, D. Gerten, and A. Shvidenko, 2016: Tamm Review: Observed and projected climate change impacts on Russia’s forests and its carbon balance. ''Forest Ecology and Management'' , '''361''' , 432–444, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.11.043 10.1016/j.fore co.2015.11.043] . <div id="Scheffer--2012"></div> Scheffer, M., M. Hirota, M. Holmgren, E.H. Van Nes, and F.S. Chapin, 2012: Thresholds for boreal biome transitions. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''109(52)''' , 21384–21389, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1219844110 10.1073/p nas.1219844110] . <div id="Schilt--2010a"></div> Schilt, A. et al., 2010a: Glacial–interglacial and millennial-scale variations in the atmospheric nitrous oxide concentration during the last 800,000 years. ''Quaternary Science Reviews'' , '''29(1–2)''' , 182–192, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.03.011 10.1016/j.quascir ev.2009.03.011] . <div id="Schilt--2010b"></div> Schilt, A. et al., 2010b: Atmospheric nitrous oxide during the last 140,000 years. ''Earth and Planetary Science Letters'' , '''300(1–2)''' , 33–43, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.027 10.1016/j.ep sl.2010.09.027] . <div id="Schilt--2014"></div> Schilt, A. et al., 2014: Isotopic constraints on marine and terrestrial N <sub>2</sub> O emissions during the last deglaciation. ''Nature'' , '''516(7530)''' , 234–237, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13971 10.10 38/nature13971] . <div id="Schimel--2015"></div> Schimel, D., B.B. Stephens, and J.B. Fisher, 2015: Effect of increasing CO <sub>2</sub> on the terrestrial carbon cycle. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''112(2)''' , 436–441, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1407302112 10.1073/p nas.1407302112] . <div id="Schlesinger--2013"></div> Schlesinger, W.H., 2013: An estimate of the global sink for nitrous oxide in soils. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''19(10)''' , 2929–2931, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12239 10. 1111/gcb.12239] . <div id="Schlunegger--2019"></div> Schlunegger, S. et al., 2019: Emergence of anthropogenic signals in the ocean carbon cycle. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''9(9)''' , 719–725, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0553-2 10.1038/s41 558-019-0553-2] . <div id="Schmidt--2011"></div> Schmidt, M.W.I. et al., 2011: Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property. ''Nature'' , '''478(7367)''' , 49–56, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10386 10.10 38/nature10386] . <div id="Schmidtko--2017"></div> Schmidtko, S., L. Stramma, and M. Visbeck, 2017: Decline in global oceanic oxygen content during the past five decades. ''Nature'' , '''542(7641)''' , 335–339, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature21399 10.10 38/nature21399] . <div id="Schmitt--2012"></div> Schmitt, J. et al., 2012: Carbon Isotope Constraints on the Deglacial CO <sub>2</sub> Rise from Ice Cores. ''Science'' , '''336(6082)''' , 711–714, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1217161 10.1126/s cience.1217161] . <div id="Schneider von Deimling--2012"></div> Schneider von Deimling, T. et al., 2012: Estimating the near-surface permafrost-carbon feedback on global warming. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''9(2)''' , 649–665, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-649-2012 10.5194 /bg-9-649-2012] . <div id="Schneider von Deimling--2015"></div> Schneider von Deimling, T. et al., 2015: Observation-based modelling of permafrost carbon fluxes with accounting for deep carbon deposits and thermokarst activity. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''12(11)''' , 3469–3488, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3469-2015 10.5194/b g-12-3469-2015] . <div id="Schuur--2015"></div> Schuur, E.A.G. et al., 2015: Climate change and the permafrost carbon feedback. ''Nature'' , '''520(7546)''' , 171–179, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14338 10.10 38/nature14338] . <div id="Schwalm--2012"></div> Schwalm, C.R. et al., 2012: Reduction in carbon uptake during turn of the century drought in western North America. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''5(8)''' , 551–556, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1529 10 .1038/ngeo1529] . <div id="Schwarber--2019"></div> Schwarber, A.K., S.J. Smith, C.A. Hartin, B.A. Vega-Westhoff, and R. Sriver, 2019: Evaluating climate emulation: fundamental impulse testing of simple climate models. ''Earth System Dynamics'' , '''10(4)''' , 729–739, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-729-2019 10.5194/e sd-10-729-2019] . <div id="Schwietzke--2016"></div> Schwietzke, S. et al., 2016: Upward revision of global fossil fuel methane emissions based on isotope database. ''Nature'' , '''538(7623)''' , 88–91, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature19797 10.10 38/nature19797] . <div id="Schwinger--2014"></div> Schwinger, J. et al., 2014: Nonlinearity of Ocean Carbon Cycle Feedbacks in CMIP5 Earth System Models. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''27(11)''' , 3869–3888, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00452.1 10.1175/jcl i-d-13-00452.1] . <div id="Séférian--2018a"></div> Séférian, R., S. Berthet, and M. Chevallier, 2018a: Assessing the decadal predictability of land and ocean carbon uptake. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''45(5)''' , 2455–2466, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gl076092 10.100 2/2017gl076092] . <div id="Séférian--2018b"></div> Séférian, R., M. Rocher, C. Guivarch, and J. Colin, 2018b: Constraints on biomass energy deployment in mitigation pathways: The case of water scarcity. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13(5)''' , 054011, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabcd7 10.1088/17 48-9326/aabcd7] . <div id="Séférian--2014"></div> Séférian, R. et al., 2014: Multiyear predictability of tropical marine productivity. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''111(32)''' , 11646–11651, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1315855111 10.1073/p nas.1315855111] . <div id="Séférian--2020"></div> Séférian, R. et al., 2020: Tracking Improvement in Simulated Marine Biogeochemistry Between CMIP5 and CMIP6. ''Current Climate Change Reports'' , '''6(3)''' , 95–119, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40641-020-00160-0 10.1007/s406 41-020-00160-0] . <div id="Seitzinger--2000"></div> Seitzinger, S.P., C. Kroeze, and R. Styles, 2000: Global distribution of N <sub>2</sub> O emissions from aquatic systems: natural emissions and anthropogenic effects. ''Chemosphere - Global Change Science'' , '''2(3–4)''' , 267–279, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1465-9972(00)00015-5 10.1016/s1465-9 972(00)00015-5] . <div id="Semiletov--2016"></div> Semiletov, I. et al., 2016: Acidification of East Siberian Arctic Shelf waters through addition of freshwater and terrestrial carbon. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''9(5)''' , 361–365, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2695 10 .1038/ngeo2695] . <div id="Serrano--2019"></div> Serrano, O. et al., 2019: Australian vegetated coastal ecosystems as global hotspots for climate change mitigation. ''Nature Communications'' , '''10(1)''' , 4313, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12176-8 10.1038/s414 67-019-12176-8] . <div id="Seshadri--2017"></div> Seshadri, A.K., 2017: Origin of path independence between cumulative CO <sub>2</sub> emissions and global warming. ''Climate Dynamics'' , '''49(9–10)''' , 3383–3401, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3519-3 10.1007/s00 382-016-3519-3] . <div id="Shakhova--2010"></div> Shakhova, N. et al., 2010: Extensive methane venting to the atmosphere from sediments of the East Siberian Arctic shelf. ''Science'' , '''327(5970)''' , 1246–1250, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1182221 10.1126/s cience.1182221] . <div id="Shakhova--2014"></div> Shakhova, N. et al., 2014: Ebullition and storm-induced methane release from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''7(1)''' , 64–70, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2007 10 .1038/ngeo2007] . <div id="Shakhova--2017"></div> Shakhova, N. et al., 2017: Current rates and mechanisms of subsea permafrost degradation in the East Siberian Arctic Shelf. ''Nature Communications'' , '''8''' , 15872, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15872 10.10 38/ncomms15872] . <div id="Shakun--2012"></div> Shakun, J.D. et al., 2012: Global warming preceded by increasing carbon dioxide concentrations during the last deglaciation. ''Nature'' , '''484(7392)''' , 49–54, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10915 10.10 38/nature10915] . <div id="Shao--2019"></div> Shao, J. et al., 2019: Atmosphere–Ocean CO <sub>2</sub> Exchange Across the Last Deglaciation From the Boron Isotope Proxy. ''Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology'' , '''34(10)''' , 1650–1670, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018pa003498 10.102 9/2018pa003498] . <div id="Shen--2016"></div> Shen, Q., M. Hedley, M. Camps Arbestain, and M.U.F. Kirschbaum, 2016: Can biochar increase the bioavailability of phosphorus? ''Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition'' , '''16(2)''' , 268–286, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-95162016005000022 10.4067/s0718-951 62016005000022] . <div id="Sheng--2019"></div> Sheng, J., S. Song, Y. Zhang, R.G. Prinn, and G. Janssens-Maenhout, 2019: Bottom-Up Estimates of Coal Mine Methane Emissions in China: A Gridded Inventory, Emission Factors, and Trends. ''Environmental Science and Technology Letters'' , '''6(8)''' , 473–478, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00294 10.1021/acs.e stlett.9b00294] . <div id="Shindell--2013"></div> Shindell, D.T. et al., 2013: Interactive ozone and methane chemistry in GISS-E2 historical and future climate simulations. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''13(5)''' , 2653–2689, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2653-2013 10.5194/ac p-13-2653-2013] . <div id="Shinjo--2013"></div> Shinjo, R., R. Asami, K.-F. Huang, C.-F. You, and Y. Iryu, 2013: Ocean acidification trend in the tropical North Pacific since the mid-20th century reconstructed from a coral archive. ''Marine Geology'' , '''342''' , 58–64, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.06.002 10.1016/j.marg eo.2013.06.002] . <div id="Shuttleworth--2021"></div> Shuttleworth, R. et al., 2021: Early deglacial CO <sub>2</sub> release from the Sub-Antarctic Atlantic and Pacific oceans. ''Earth and Planetary Science Letters'' , '''554''' , 116649, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116649 10.1016/j.ep sl.2020.116649] . <div id="Siegenthaler--2005"></div> Siegenthaler, U. et al., 2005: EPICA Dome C carbon dioxide concentrations from 650 to 391 kyr BP. PANGAEA. Retrieved from: [https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/pangaea.728136 https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/ pangaea.728136] . <div id="Sigman--2004"></div> Sigman, D.M., S.L. Jaccard, and G.H. Haug, 2004: Polar ocean stratification in a cold climate. ''Nature'' , '''428(6978)''' , 59–63, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02357 10.10 38/nature02357] . <div id="Sikes--2016"></div> Sikes, E.L., M.S. Cook, and T.P. Guilderson, 2016: Reduced deep ocean ventilation in the Southern Pacific Ocean during the last glaciation persisted into the deglaciation. ''Earth and Planetary Science Letters'' , '''438''' , 130–138, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.12.039 10.1016/j.ep sl.2015.12.039] . <div id="Simmons--2016"></div> Simmons, C.T. and H.D. Matthews, 2016: Assessing the implications of human land-use change for the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''11(3)''' , 035001, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/035001 10.1088/1748-93 26/11/3/035001] . <div id="Simpson--2012"></div> Simpson, I.J. et al., 2012: Long-term decline of global atmospheric ethane concentrations and implications for methane. ''Nature'' , '''488(7412)''' , 490–494, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11342 10.10 38/nature11342] . <div id="Singarayer--2011"></div> Singarayer, J.S., P.J. Valdes, P. Friedlingstein, S. Nelson, and D.J. Beerling, 2011: Late Holocene methane rise caused by orbitally controlled increase in tropical sources. ''Nature'' , '''470(7332)''' , 82–86, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09739 10.10 38/nature09739] . <div id="Sitch--2015"></div> Sitch, S. et al., 2015: Recent trends and drivers of regional sources and sinks of carbon dioxide. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''12(3)''' , 653–679, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-653-2015 10.5194/ bg-12-653-2015] . <div id="Sjögersten--2020"></div> Sjögersten, S. et al., 2020: Methane emissions from tree stems in neotropical peatlands. ''New Phytologist'' , '''225(2)''' , 769–781, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.16178 10. 1111/nph.16178] . <div id="Skinner--2010"></div> Skinner, L.C., S. Fallon, C. Waelbroeck, E. Michel, and S. Barker, 2010: Ventilation of the Deep Southern Ocean and Deglacial CO <sub>2</sub> Rise. ''Science'' , '''328(5982)''' , 1147–1151, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1183627 10.1126/s cience.1183627] . <div id="Skinner--2015"></div> Skinner, L.C. et al., 2015: Reduced ventilation and enhanced magnitude of the deep Pacific carbon pool during the last glacial period. ''Earth and Planetary Science Letters'' , '''411''' , 45–52, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.11.024 10.1016/j.ep sl.2014.11.024] . <div id="Skinner--2017"></div> Skinner, L.C. et al., 2017: Radiocarbon constraints on the glacial ocean circulation and its impact on atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Nature Communications'' , '''8''' , 16010, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms16010 10.10 38/ncomms16010] . <div id="Sluijs--2006"></div> Sluijs, A. et al., 2006: Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum. ''Nature'' , '''441(7093)''' , 610–613, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04668 10.10 38/nature04668] . <div id="Smale--2019"></div> Smale, D.A. et al., 2019: Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''9(4)''' , 306–312, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0412-1 10.1038/s41 558-019-0412-1] . <div id="Smith--2018"></div> Smith, C.J. et al., 2018: FAIR v1.3: a simple emissions-based impulse response and carbon cycle model. ''Geoscientific Model Development'' , '''11(6)''' , 2273–2297, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2273-2018 10.5194/gm d-11-2273-2018] . <div id="Smith--2020"></div> Smith, M.N. et al., 2020: Empirical evidence for resilience of tropical forest photosynthesis in a warmer world. ''Nature Plants'' , '''6(10)''' , 1225–1230, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-020-00780-2 10.1038/s414 77-020-00780-2] . <div id="Smith--2013"></div> Smith, N.G. and J.S. Dukes, 2013: Plant respiration and photosynthesis in global-scale models: incorporating acclimation to temperature and CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Global Change Biology'' , '''19(1)''' , 45–63, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02797.x 10.1111/j.1365-248 6.2012.02797.x] . <div id="Smith--2017"></div> Smith, N.G. and J.S. Dukes, 2017: Short-term acclimation to warmer temperatures accelerates leaf carbon exchange processes across plant types. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''23(11)''' , 4840–4853, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13735 10. 1111/gcb.13735] . <div id="Smith--2015"></div> Smith, N.G., S.L. Malyshev, E. Shevliakova, J. Kattge, and J.S. Dukes, 2015: Foliar temperature acclimation reduces simulated carbon sensitivity to climate. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6''' , 407, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2878 10.103 8/nclimate2878] . <div id="Smith--2016"></div> Smith, P., 2016: Soil carbon sequestration and biochar as negative emission technologies. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''22(3)''' , 1315–1324, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13178 10. 1111/gcb.13178] . <div id="Smith--2018"></div> Smith, P., J. Price, A. Molotoks, R. Warren, and Y. Malhi, 2018: Impacts on terrestrial biodiversity of moving from a 2°C to a 1.5°C target. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences'' , '''376(2119)''' , 20160456, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0456 10.1098/ rsta.2016.0456] . <div id="Smith--2016"></div> Smith, P. et al., 2016: Biophysical and economic limits to negative CO <sub>2</sub> emissions. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6(1)''' , 42–50, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2870 10.103 8/nclimate2870] . <div id="Smith--2019"></div> Smith, P. et al., 2019: Land-Management Options for Greenhouse Gas Removal and Their Impacts on Ecosystem Services and the Sustainable Development Goals. ''Annual Review of Environment and Resources'' , '''44(1)''' , 255–286, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-101718-033129 10.1146/annurev-environ -101718-033129] . <div id="Smith--2013"></div> Smith, S.J. and A. Mizrahi, 2013: Near-term climate mitigation by short-lived forcers. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''110(35)''' , 14202–14206, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1308470110 10.1073/p nas.1308470110] . <div id="Snider--2015"></div> Snider, D.M., J.J. Venkiteswaran, S.L. Schiff, and J. Spoelstra, 2015: From the Ground Up: Global Nitrous Oxide Sources are Constrained by Stable Isotope Values. ''PLOS ONE'' , '''10(3)''' , e0118954, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118954 10.1371/journa l.pone.0118954] . <div id="Song--2019"></div> Song, J. et al., 2019: A meta-analysis of 1,119 manipulative experiments on terrestrial carbon-cycling responses to global change. ''Nature Ecology & Evolution'' , '''3(9)''' , 1309–1320, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0958-3 10.1038/s41 559-019-0958-3] . <div id="Song--2018"></div> Song, X. et al., 2018: Nitrous Oxide Emissions Increase Exponentially When Optimum Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates Are Exceeded in the North China Plain. ''Environmental Science & Technology'' , '''52(21)''' , 12504–12513, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b03931 10.1021/a cs.est.8b03931] . <div id="Sonntag--2016"></div> Sonntag, S., J. Pongratz, C.H. Reick, and H. Schmidt, 2016: Reforestation in a high-CO2 world-Higher mitigation potential than expected, lower adaptation potential than hoped for. Geophysical Research Letters, 43(12), 6546–6553, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl068824 10.1002/2016gl068824] . <div id="Sonntag--2018"></div> Sonntag, S. et al., 2018: Quantifying and Comparing Effects of Climate Engineering Methods on the Earth System. ''Earth’s Future'' , '''6(2)''' , 149–168, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017ef000620 10.100 2/2017ef000620] . <div id="Spafford--2020"></div> Spafford, L. and A.H. Macdougall, 2020: Quantifying the probability distribution function of the transient climate response to cumulative CO <sub>2</sub> emissions. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''15(3)''' , 034044, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab6d7b 10.1088/17 48-9326/ab6d7b] . <div id="Spring--2020"></div> Spring, A. and T. Ilyina, 2020: Predictability Horizons in the Global Carbon Cycle Inferred From a Perfect-Model Framework. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''47(9)''' , e2019GL085311, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gl085311 10.102 9/2019gl085311] . <div id="Stanley--2016"></div> Stanley, E.H. et al., 2016: The ecology of methane in streams and rivers: patterns, controls, and global significance. ''Ecological Monographs'' , '''86(2)''' , 146–171, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/15-1027 1 0.1890/15-1027] . <div id="Staver--2011"></div> Staver, A.C., S. Archibald, and S.A. Levin, 2011: The global extent and determinants of savanna and forest as alternative biome states. ''Science'' , '''334(6053)''' , 230–232, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1210465 10.1126/s cience.1210465] . <div id="Steele--1992"></div> Steele, L.P. et al., 1992: Slowing down of the global accumulation of atmospheric methane during the 1980s. ''Nature'' , '''358(6384)''' , 313–316, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/358313a0 10 .1038/358313a0] . <div id="Steffen--2018"></div> Steffen, W. et al., 2018: Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''115(33)''' , 8252–8259, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810141115 10.1073/p nas.1810141115] . <div id="Steinacher--2016"></div> Steinacher, M. and F. Joos, 2016: Transient Earth system responses to cumulative carbon dioxide emissions: linearities, uncertainties, and probabilities in an observation-constrained model ensemble. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''13(4)''' , 1071–1103, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1071-2016 10.5194/b g-13-1071-2016] . <div id="Steinacher--2009"></div> Steinacher, M., F. Joos, T.L. Frölicher, G.-K. Plattner, and S.C. Doney, 2009: Imminent ocean acidification in the Arctic projected with the NCAR global coupled carbon cycle–climate model. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''6(4)''' , 515–533, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-515-2009 10.5194 /bg-6-515-2009] . <div id="Stenzel--2019"></div> Stenzel, F., D. Gerten, C. Werner, and J. Jägermeyr, 2019: Freshwater requirements of large-scale bioenergy plantations for limiting global warming to 1.5°C. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''14(8)''' , 084001, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab2b4b 10.1088/17 48-9326/ab2b4b] . <div id="Stenzel--2021"></div> Stenzel, F. et al., 2021: Irrigation of biomass plantations may globally increase water stress more than climate change. ''Nature Communications'' , '''12(1)''' , 1512, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21640-3 10.1038/s414 67-021-21640-3] . <div id="Stepanenko--2016"></div> Stepanenko, V. et al., 2016: LAKE 2.0: a model for temperature, methane, carbon dioxide and oxygen dynamics in lakes. ''Geoscientific Model Development'' , '''9(5)''' , 1977–2006, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1977-2016 10.5194/g md-9-1977-2016] . <div id="Sterman--2018"></div> Sterman, J.D., L. Siegel, and J.N. Rooney-Varga, 2018: Does replacing coal with wood lower CO <sub>2</sub> emissions? Dynamic lifecycle analysis of wood bioenergy. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13(1)''' , 15007, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa512 10.1088/17 48-9326/aaa512] . <div id="Stern--1996"></div> Stern, D.I. and R.K. Kaufmann, 1996: Estimates of global anthropogenic methane emissions 1860–1993. ''Chemosphere'' , '''33(1)''' , 159–176, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(96)00157-9 10.1016/0045-6 535(96)00157-9] . <div id="Stevenson--2020"></div> Stevenson, D.S. et al., 2020: Trends in global tropospheric hydroxyl radical and methane lifetime since 1850 from AerChemMIP. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''20(21)''' , 12905–12920, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12905-2020 10.5194/acp -20-12905-2020] . <div id="Stocker--2015"></div> Stocker, B.D. and F. Joos, 2015: Quantifying differences in land use emission estimates implied by definition discrepancies. ''Earth System Dynamics'' , '''6(2)''' , 731–744, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-6-731-2015 10.5194/ esd-6-731-2015] . <div id="Stocker--2017"></div> Stocker, B.D., Z. Yu, C. Massa, and F. Joos, 2017: Holocene peatland and ice-core data constraints on the timing and magnitude of CO <sub>2</sub> emissions from past land use. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''114(7)''' , 1492–1497, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613889114 10.1073/p nas.1613889114] . <div id="Stocker--2013"></div> Stocker, B.D. et al., 2013: Multiple greenhouse-gas feedbacks from the land biosphere under future climate change scenarios. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''3(7)''' , 666–672, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1864 10.103 8/nclimate1864] . <div id="Stocker--2019"></div> Stocker, B.D. et al., 2019: Drought impacts on terrestrial primary production underestimated by satellite monitoring. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''12(4)''' , 264–270, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0318-6 10.1038/s41 561-019-0318-6] . <div id="Stocker--2013"></div> Stocker, T.F. et al., 2013: Technical Summary. In: ''Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, A. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 33–115, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107415324.005 10.1017/cbo978 1107415324.005] . <div id="Stott--2019a"></div> Stott, L.D., K.M. Harazin, and N.B. Quintana Krupinski, 2019a: Hydrothermal carbon release to the ocean and atmosphere from the eastern equatorial Pacific during the last glacial termination. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''14(2)''' , 025007, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aafe28 10.1088/17 48-9326/aafe28] . <div id="Stott--2019b"></div> Stott, L.D. et al., 2019b: CO <sub>2</sub> Release From Pockmarks on the Chatham Rise-Bounty Trough at the Glacial Termination. ''Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology'' , '''34(11)''' , 1726–1743, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019pa003674 10.102 9/2019pa003674] . <div id="Stramma--2008"></div> Stramma, L., G.C. Johnson, J. Sprintall, and V. Mohrholz, 2008: Expanding oxygen-minimum zones in the tropical oceans. ''Science'' , '''320(5876)''' , 655–658, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1153847 10.1126/s cience.1153847] . <div id="Strassburg--2020"></div> Strassburg, B.B.N. et al., 2020: Global priority areas for ecosystem restoration. ''Nature'' , '''586(7831)''' , 724–729, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2784-9 10.1038/s41 586-020-2784-9] . <div id="Strauss--2013"></div> Strauss, J. et al., 2013: The deep permafrost carbon pool of the Yedoma region in Siberia and Alaska. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''40(23)''' , 6165–6170, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013gl058088 10.100 2/2013gl058088] . <div id="Strauss--2017"></div> Strauss, J. et al., 2017: Deep Yedoma permafrost: A synthesis of depositional characteristics and carbon vulnerability. ''Earth-Science Reviews'' , '''172''' , 75–86, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.07.007 10.1016/j.earscir ev.2017.07.007] . <div id="Strefler--2018"></div> Strefler, J., T. Amann, N. Bauer, E. Kriegler, and J. Hartmann, 2018: Potential and costs of carbon dioxide removal by enhanced weathering of rocks. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13(3)''' , 34010, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa9c4 10.1088/17 48-9326/aaa9c4] . <div id="Strode--2020"></div> Strode, S.A. et al., 2020: Strong sensitivity of the isotopic composition of methane to the plausible range of tropospheric chlorine. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''20(14)''' , 8405–8419, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8405-2020 10.5194/ac p-20-8405-2020] . <div id="Studer--2018"></div> Studer, A.S. et al., 2018: Increased nutrient supply to the Southern Ocean during the Holocene and its implications for the pre-industrial atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> rise. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''11(10)''' , 756–760, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0191-8 10.1038/s41 561-018-0191-8] . <div id="Suess--1955"></div> Suess, H.E., 1955: Radiocarbon Concentration in Modern Wood. ''Science'' , '''122(3166)''' , 415–417, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.122.3166.415.b 10.1126/science. 122.3166.415.b] . <div id="Sulman--2019"></div> Sulman, B.N. et al., 2019: Diverse mycorrhizal associations enhance terrestrial C storage in a global model. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''33(4)''' , 501–523, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gb005973 10.102 9/2018gb005973] . <div id="Sulpis--2019"></div> Sulpis, O. et al., 2019: Reduced CaCO <sub>3</sub> Flux to the Seafloor and Weaker Bottom Current Speeds Curtail Benthic CaCO <sub>3</sub> Dissolution Over the 21st Century. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''33(12)''' , 1654–1673, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gb006230 10.102 9/2019gb006230] . <div id="Sun--2020"></div> Sun, H. et al., 2020: Surface seawater partial pressure of CO <sub>2</sub> variability and air–sea CO <sub>2</sub> fluxes in the Bering Sea in July 2010. ''Continental Shelf Research'' , '''193''' , 104031, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2019.104031 10.1016/j.c sr.2019.104031] . <div id="Sun--2020"></div> Sun, W. et al., 2020: Climate drives global soil carbon sequestration and crop yield changes under conservation agriculture. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''26(6)''' , 3325–3335, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15001 10. 1111/gcb.15001] . <div id="Suntharalingam--2012"></div> Suntharalingam, P. et al., 2012: Quantifying the impact of anthropogenic nitrogen deposition on oceanic nitrous oxide. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''39(7)''' , L07605, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011gl050778 10.102 9/2011gl050778] . <div id="Suntharalingam--2019"></div> Suntharalingam, P. et al., 2019: Anthropogenic nitrogen inputs and impacts on oceanic N <sub>2</sub> O fluxes in the northern Indian Ocean: The need for an integrated observation and modelling approach. ''Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography'' , '''166''' , 104–113, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.03.007 10.1016/j.ds r2.2019.03.007] . <div id="Sutton--2014"></div> Sutton, A.J. et al., 2014: Natural variability and anthropogenic change in equatorial Pacific surface ocean pCO <sub>2</sub> and pH. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''28(2)''' , 131–145, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013gb004679 10.100 2/2013gb004679] . <div id="Sutton--2016"></div> Sutton, A.J. et al., 2016: Using present-day observations to detect when anthropogenic change forces surface ocean carbonate chemistry outside preindustrial bounds. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''13(17)''' , 5065–5083, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5065-2016 10.5194/b g-13-5065-2016] . <div id="Sutton--2019"></div> Sutton, A.J. et al., 2019: Autonomous seawater CO <sub>2</sub> and pH time series from 40 surface buoys and the emergence of anthropogenic trends. ''Earth System Science Data'' , '''11(1)''' , 421–439, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-421-2019 10.5194/es sd-11-421-2019] . <div id="Swann--2016"></div> Swann, A.L.S., F.M. Hoffman, C.D. Koven, and J.T. Randerson, 2016: Plant responses to increasing CO <sub>2</sub> reduce estimates of climate impacts on drought severity. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''113(36)''' , 10019–10024, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604581113 10.1073/p nas.1604581113] . <div id="Sweeney--2016"></div> Sweeney, C. et al., 2016: No significant increase in long-term CH <sub>4</sub> emissions on North Slope of Alaska despite significant increase in air temperature. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''43(12)''' , 6604–6611, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl069292 10.100 2/2016gl069292] . <div id="Szulczewski--2012"></div> Szulczewski, M.L., C.W. MacMinn, H.J. Herzog, and R. Juanes, 2012: Lifetime of carbon capture and storage as a climate-change mitigation technology. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''109(14)''' , 5185–5189, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1115347109 10.1073/p nas.1115347109] . <div id="Tachiiri--2015"></div> Tachiiri, K., T. Hajima, and M. Kawamiya, 2015: Increase of uncertainty in transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions after stabilization of atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> concentration. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''10(12)''' , 125018, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/125018 10.1088/1748-932 6/10/12/125018] . <div id="Tachiiri--2019"></div> Tachiiri, K., T. Hajima, and M. Kawamiya, 2019: Increase of the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions with decreasing CO <sub>2</sub> concentration scenarios. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''14(12)''' , 124067, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab57d3 10.1088/17 48-9326/ab57d3] . <div id="Tagesson--2020"></div> Tagesson, T. et al., 2020: Recent divergence in the contributions of tropical and boreal forests to the terrestrial carbon sink. ''Nature Ecology & Evolution'' , '''4(2)''' , 202–209, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-1090-0 10.1038/s41 559-019-1090-0] . <div id="Taillardat--2018"></div> Taillardat, P., D.A. Friess, and M. Lupascu, 2018: Mangrove blue carbon strategies for climate change mitigation are most effective at the national scale. ''Biology Letters'' , '''14(10)''' , 20180251, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0251 10.1098/ rsbl.2018.0251] . <div id="Takahashi--2014"></div> Takahashi, T. et al., 2014: Climatological distributions of pH, pCO <sub>2</sub> , total CO <sub>2</sub> , alkalinity, and CaCO <sub>3</sub> saturation in the global surface ocean, and temporal changes at selected locations. ''Marine Chemistry'' , '''164''' , 95–125, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2014.06.004 10.1016/j.march em.2014.06.004] . <div id="Takata--2017"></div> Takata, K. et al., 2017: Reconciliation of top-down and bottom-up CO <sub>2</sub> fluxes in Siberian larch forest. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''12(12)''' , 125012, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa926d 10.1088/17 48-9326/aa926d] . <div id="Takatani--2012"></div> Takatani, Y., D. Sasano, T. Nakano, T. Midorikawa, and M. Ishii, 2012: Decrease of dissolved oxygen after the mid-1980s in the western North Pacific subtropical gyre along the 137°E repeat section. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''26(2)''' , GB2013, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011gb004227 10.102 9/2011gb004227] . <div id="Takeshita--2015"></div> Takeshita, Y. et al., 2015: Including high-frequency variability in coastal ocean acidification projections. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''12(19)''' , 5853–5870, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5853-2015 10.5194/b g-12-5853-2015] . <div id="Talhelm--2014"></div> Talhelm, A.F. et al., 2014: Elevated carbon dioxide and ozone alter productivity and ecosystem carbon content in northern temperate forests. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''20(8)''' , 2492–2504, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12564 10. 1111/gcb.12564] . <div id="Talley--2016"></div> Talley, L.D. et al., 2016: Changes in Ocean Heat, Carbon Content, and Ventilation: A Review of the First Decade of GO-SHIP Global Repeat Hydrography. ''Annual Review of Marine Science'' , '''8(1)''' , 185–215, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-052915-100829 10.1146/annurev-marine -052915-100829] . <div id="Tan--2015"></div> Tan, Z. and Q. Zhuang, 2015: Arctic lakes are continuous methane sources to the atmosphere under warming conditions. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''10(5)''' , 054016, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/5/054016 10.1088/1748-93 26/10/5/054016] . <div id="Tan--2017"></div> Tan, Z.-H. et al., 2017: Optimum air temperature for tropical forest photosynthesis: mechanisms involved and implications for climate warming. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''12(5)''' , 054022, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa6f97 10.1088/17 48-9326/aa6f97] . <div id="Tanhua--2017"></div> Tanhua, T. et al., 2017: Temporal changes in ventilation and the carbonate system in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. ''Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography'' , '''138''' , 26–38, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.10.004 10.1016/j.ds r2.2016.10.004] . <div id="Taucher--2011"></div> Taucher, J. and A. Oschlies, 2011: Can we predict the direction of marine primary production change under global warming? ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''38(2)''' , L02603, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010gl045934 10.102 9/2010gl045934] . <div id="Taucher--2021"></div> Taucher, J. et al., 2021: Changing carbon-to-nitrogen ratios of organic-matter export under ocean acidification. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''11(1)''' , 52–57, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00915-5 10.1038/s415 58-020-00915-5] . <div id="Taylor--2012"></div> Taylor, K.E., R.J. Stouffer, and G.A. Meehl, 2012: An Overview of CMIP5 and the Experiment Design. ''Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society'' , '''93(4)''' , 485–498, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-11-00094.1 10.1175/bam s-d-11-00094.1] . <div id="Tebaldi--2007"></div> Tebaldi, C. and R. Knutti, 2007: The use of the multi-model ensemble in probabilistic climate projections. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences'' , '''365(1857)''' , 2053–2075, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2076 10.1098/ rsta.2007.2076] . <div id="Teckentrup--2019"></div> Teckentrup, L. et al., 2019: Response of simulated burned area to historical changes in environmental and anthropogenic factors: a comparison of seven fire models. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''16(19)''' , 3883–3910, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3883-2019 10.5194/b g-16-3883-2019] . <div id="Terhaar--2019"></div> Terhaar, J., J.C. Orr, C. Ethé, P. Regnier, and L. Bopp, 2019: Simulated Arctic Ocean Response to Doubling of Riverine Carbon and Nutrient Delivery. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''33(8)''' , 1048–1070, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gb006200 10.102 9/2019gb006200] . <div id="Terrer--2016"></div> Terrer, C., S. Vicca, B.A. Hungate, R.P. Phillips, and I.C. Prentice, 2016: Mycorrhizal association as a primary control of the CO <sub>2</sub> fertilization effect. ''Science'' , '''353(6294)''' , 72–74, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf4610 10.1126/s cience.aaf4610] . <div id="Terrer--2018"></div> Terrer, C. et al., 2018: Ecosystem responses to elevated CO <sub>2</sub> governed by plant–soil interactions and the cost of nitrogen acquisition. ''New Phytologist'' , '''217(2)''' , 507–522, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.14872 10. 1111/nph.14872] . <div id="Terrer--2019"></div> Terrer, C. et al., 2019: Nitrogen and phosphorus constrain the CO <sub>2</sub> fertilization of global plant biomass. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''9(9)''' , 684–689, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0545-2 10.1038/s41 558-019-0545-2] . <div id="Teuling--2017"></div> Teuling, A.J. et al., 2017: Observational evidence for cloud cover enhancement over western European forests. ''Nature Communications'' , '''8(1)''' , 14065, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14065 10.10 38/ncomms14065] . <div id="Teuling--2019"></div> Teuling, A.J. et al., 2019: Climate change, reforestation/afforestation, and urbanization impacts on evapotranspiration and streamflow in Europe. ''Hydrology and Earth System Sciences'' , '''23(9)''' , 3631–3652, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3631-2019 10.5194/hes s-23-3631-2019] . <div id="Thomas--2018"></div> Thomas, J., D. Waugh, and A. Gnanadesikan, 2018: Relationship between ocean carbon and heat multidecadal variability. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''31(4)''' , 1467–1482, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0134.1 10.1175/jc li-d-17-0134.1] . <div id="Thomas--2015"></div> Thomas, R.Q., E.N.J. Brookshire, and S. Gerber, 2015: Nitrogen limitation on land: how can it occur in Earth system models? ''Global Change Biology'' , '''21(5)''' , 1777–1793, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12813 10. 1111/gcb.12813] . <div id="Thompson--2009"></div> Thompson, I., B. Mackey, S. Mcnulty, and A. Mosseler, 2009: ''Forest Resilience, Biodiversity, and Climate Change. A Synthesis of the Biodiversity/Resilience/Stability Relationship in Forest Ecosystems'' . Technical Series no. 43, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, QC, Canada, 67 pp., [http://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-43-en.pdf www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cb d-ts-43-en.pdf] . <div id="Thompson--2018"></div> Thompson, R.L. et al., 2018: Variability in Atmospheric Methane From Fossil Fuel and Microbial Sources Over the Last Three Decades. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''45(20)''' , 11499–11508, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gl078127 10.102 9/2018gl078127] . <div id="Thompson--2019"></div> Thompson, R.L. et al., 2019: Acceleration of global N <sub>2</sub> O emissions seen from two decades of atmospheric inversion. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''9(12)''' , 993–998, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0613-7 10.1038/s41 558-019-0613-7] . <div id="Thornhill--2021"></div> Thornhill, G. et al., 2021: Climate-driven chemistry and aerosol feedbacks in CMIP6 Earth system models. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''21(2)''' , 1105–1126, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1105-2021 10.5194/ac p-21-1105-2021] . <div id="Thornton--2016a"></div> Thornton, B.F., M. Wik, and P.M. Crill, 2016a: Double-counting challenges the accuracy of high-latitude methane inventories. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''43(24)''' , 12569–12577, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl071772 10.100 2/2016gl071772] . <div id="Thornton--2016b"></div> Thornton, B.F., M.C. Geibel, P.M. Crill, C. Humborg, and C.-M. Mörth, 2016b: Methane fluxes from the sea to the atmosphere across the Siberian shelf seas. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''43(11)''' , 5869–5877, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl068977 10.100 2/2016gl068977] . <div id="Thornton--2020"></div> Thornton, B.F. et al., 2020: Shipborne eddy covariance observations of methane fluxes constrain Arctic sea emissions. ''Science Advances'' , '''6(5)''' , eaay7934, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay7934 10.1126/ sciadv.aay7934] . <div id="Thornton--2009"></div> Thornton, P.E. et al., 2009: Carbon-nitrogen interactions regulate climate-carbon cycle feedbacks: results from an atmosphere–ocean general circulation model. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''6(10)''' , 2099–2120, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2099-2009 10.5194/ bg-6-2099-2009] . <div id="Thurner--2017"></div> Thurner, M. et al., 2017: Evaluation of climate-related carbon turnover processes in global vegetation models for boreal and temperate forests. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''23(8)''' , 3076–3091, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13660 10. 1111/gcb.13660] . <div id="Tian--2019"></div> Tian, H. et al., 2019: Global soil nitrous oxide emissions since the preindustrial era estimated by an ensemble of terrestrial biosphere models: Magnitude, attribution, and uncertainty. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''25(2)''' , 640–659, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14514 10. 1111/gcb.14514] . <div id="Tian--2020"></div> Tian, H. et al., 2020: A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks. ''Nature'' , '''586(7828)''' , 248–256, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2780-0 10.1038/s41 586-020-2780-0] . <div id="Tiemeyer--2020"></div> Tiemeyer, B. et al., 2020: A new methodology for organic soils in national greenhouse gas inventories: Data synthesis, derivation and application. ''Ecological Indicators'' , '''109''' , 105838, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105838 10.1016/j.ecoli nd.2019.105838] . <div id="Tierney--2020"></div> Tierney, J.E. et al., 2020: Past climates inform our future. ''Science'' , '''370(6517)''' , eaay3701, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aay3701 10.1126/s cience.aay3701] . <div id="Tilbrook--2019"></div> Tilbrook, B. et al., 2019: An Enhanced Ocean Acidification Observing Network: From People to Technology to Data Synthesis and Information Exchange. ''Frontiers in Marine Science'' , '''6''' , 337, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00337 10.3389/fm ars.2019.00337] . <div id="Tilmes--2016"></div> Tilmes, S., B.M. Sanderson, and B.C. O’Neill, 2016: Climate impacts of geoengineering in a delayed mitigation scenario. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''43(15)''' , 8222–8229, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl070122 10.100 2/2016gl070122] . <div id="Tilmes--2018"></div> Tilmes, S. et al., 2018: Effects of Different Stratospheric SO <sub>2</sub> injection Altitudes on Stratospheric Chemistry and Dynamics. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'' , '''123(9)''' , 4654–4673, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017jd028146 10.100 2/2017jd028146] . <div id="Tisserant--2019"></div> Tisserant, A. and F. Cherubini, 2019: Potentials, Limitations, Co-Benefits, and Trade-Offs of Biochar Applications to Soils for Climate Change Mitigation. ''Land'' , '''8(12)''' , 179, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8120179 10.33 90/land8120179] . <div id="Tjiputra--2016"></div> Tjiputra, J.F., A. Grini, and H. Lee, 2016: Impact of idealized future stratospheric aerosol injection on the large-scale ocean and land carbon cycles. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences'' , '''121(1)''' , 2–27, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015jg003045 10.100 2/2015jg003045] . <div id="Todd-Brown--2013"></div> Todd-Brown, K.E.O. et al., 2013: Causes of variation in soil carbon simulations from CMIP5 Earth system models and comparison with observations. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''10(3)''' , 1717–1736, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1717-2013 10.5194/b g-10-1717-2013] . <div id="Tohjima--2019"></div> Tohjima, Y., H. Mukai, T. Machida, Y. Hoshina, and S.-I. Nakaoka, 2019: Global carbon budgets estimated from atmospheric O <sub>2</sub> /N <sub>2</sub> and CO <sub>2</sub> observations in the western Pacific region over a 15-year period. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''19(14)''' , 9269–9285, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9269-2019 10.5194/ac p-19-9269-2019] . <div id="Tokarska--2015"></div> Tokarska, K.B. and K. Zickfeld, 2015: The effectiveness of net negative carbon dioxide emissions in reversing anthropogenic climate change. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''10(9)''' , 094013, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094013 10.1088/1748-93 26/10/9/094013] . <div id="Tokarska--2018"></div> Tokarska, K.B. and N.P. Gillett, 2018: Cumulative carbon emissions budgets consistent with 1.5°C global warming. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''8(4)''' , 296–299, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0118-9 10.1038/s41 558-018-0118-9] . <div id="Tokarska--2019a"></div> Tokarska, K.B., K. Zickfeld, and J. Rogelj, 2019a: Path Independence of Carbon Budgets When Meeting a Stringent Global Mean Temperature Target After an Overshoot. ''Earth’s Future'' , '''7(12)''' , 1283–1295, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019ef001312 10.102 9/2019ef001312] . <div id="Tokarska--2016"></div> Tokarska, K.B., N.P. Gillett, A.J. Weaver, V.K. Arora, and M. Eby, 2016: The climate response to five trillion tonnes of carbon. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6(9)''' , 851–855, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3036 10.103 8/nclimate3036] . <div id="Tokarska--2018"></div> Tokarska, K.B., N.P. Gillett, V.K. Arora, W.G. Lee, and K. Zickfeld, 2018: The influence of non-CO <sub>2</sub> forcings on cumulative carbon emissions budgets. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13(3)''' , 034039, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaafdd 10.1088/17 48-9326/aaafdd] . <div id="Tokarska--2019b"></div> Tokarska, K.B. et al., 2019b: Recommended temperature metrics for carbon budget estimates, model evaluation and climate policy. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''12(12)''' , 964–971, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0493-5 10.1038/s41 561-019-0493-5] . <div id="Tokarska--2020"></div> Tokarska, K.B. et al., 2020: Uncertainty in carbon budget estimates due to internal climate variability. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''15(10)''' , 104064, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abaf1b 10.1088/17 48-9326/abaf1b] . <div id="Tonitto--2006"></div> Tonitto, C., M.B. David, and L.E. Drinkwater, 2006: Replacing bare fallows with cover crops in fertilizer-intensive cropping systems: A meta-analysis of crop yield and N dynamics. ''Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment'' , '''112(1)''' , 58–72, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.07.003 10.1016/j.ag ee.2005.07.003] . <div id="Toyama--2017"></div> Toyama, K. et al., 2017: Large reemergence of anthropogenic carbon into the ocean’s surface mixed layer sustained by the ocean’s overturning circulation. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''30(21)''' , 8615–8631, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0725.1 10.1175/jc li-d-16-0725.1] . <div id="Trabucco--2008"></div> Trabucco, A., R.J. Zomer, D.A. Bossio, O. van Straaten, and L. Verchot, 2008: Climate change mitigation through afforestation/reforestation: A global analysis of hydrologic impacts with four case studies. ''Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment'' , '''126(1–2)''' , 81–97, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.01.015 10.1016/j.ag ee.2008.01.015] . <div id="Tran--2020"></div> Tran, G.T., A. Oschlies, and D.P. Keller, 2020: Comparative Assessment of Climate Engineering Scenarios in the Presence of Parametric Uncertainty. ''Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems'' , '''12(4)''' , doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001787 10.102 9/2019ms001787] . <div id="Treat--2019"></div> Treat, C.C. et al., 2019: Widespread global peatland establishment and persistence over the last 130,000 y. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''116(11)''' , 4822–4827, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1813305116 10.1073/p nas.1813305116] . <div id="Trimmer--2016"></div> Trimmer, M. et al., 2016: Nitrous oxide as a function of oxygen and archaeal gene abundance in the North Pacific. ''Nature Communications'' , '''7(1)''' , 13451, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13451 10.10 38/ncomms13451] . <div id="Trisos--2018"></div> Trisos, C.H. et al., 2018: Potentially dangerous consequences for biodiversity of solar geoengineering implementation and termination. ''Nature Ecology & Evolution'' , '''2(3)''' , 475–482, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0431-0 10.1038/s41 559-017-0431-0] . <div id="Tubiello--2021"></div> Tubiello, F.N. et al., 2021: Carbon emissions and removals from forests: new estimates, 1990–2020. ''Earth System Science Data'' , '''13(4)''' , 1681–1691, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1681-2021 10.5194/ess d-13-1681-2021] . <div id="Turco--2014"></div> Turco, M., M.-C. Llasat, J. von Hardenberg, and A. Provenzale, 2014: Climate change impacts on wildfires in a Mediterranean environment. ''Climatic Change'' , '''125(3)''' , 369–380, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1183-3 10.1007/s10 584-014-1183-3] . <div id="Turco--2016"></div> Turco, M. et al., 2016: Decreasing Fires in Mediterranean Europe. ''PLOS ONE'' , '''11(3)''' , e0150663, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150663 10.1371/journa l.pone.0150663] . <div id="Turco--2018"></div> Turco, M. et al., 2018: Exacerbated fires in Mediterranean Europe due to anthropogenic warming projected with non-stationary climate–fire models. ''Nature Communications'' , '''9(1)''' , 3821, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06358-z 10.1038/s414 67-018-06358-z] . <div id="Turetsky--2015"></div> Turetsky, M.R. et al., 2015: Global vulnerability of peatlands to fire and carbon loss. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''8(1)''' , 11–14, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2325 10 .1038/ngeo2325] . <div id="Turetsky--2020"></div> Turetsky, M.R. et al., 2020: Carbon release through abrupt permafrost thaw. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''13(2)''' , 138–143, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0526-0 10.1038/s41 561-019-0526-0] . <div id="Turi--2016"></div> Turi, G., Z. Lachkar, N. Gruber, and M. Münnich, 2016: Climatic modulation of recent trends in ocean acidification in the California Current System. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''11(1)''' , 014007, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/1/014007 10.1088/1748-93 26/11/1/014007] . <div id="Turk--2019"></div> Turk, D. et al., 2019: Time of Emergence of Surface Ocean Carbon Dioxide Trends in the North American Coastal Margins in Support of Ocean Acidification Observing System Design. ''Frontiers in Marine Science'' , '''6''' , 91, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00091 10.3389/fm ars.2019.00091] . <div id="Turnbull--2017"></div> Turnbull, J.C. et al., 2017: Sixty years of radiocarbon dioxide measurements at Wellington, New Zealand: 1954–2014. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''17(23)''' , 14771–14784, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-14771-2017 10.5194/acp -17-14771-2017] . <div id="Turner--2017"></div> Turner, A.J., C. Frankenberg, P.O. Wennberg, and D.J. Jacob, 2017: Ambiguity in the causes for decadal trends in atmospheric methane and hydroxyl. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''114(21)''' , 5367–5372, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616020114 10.1073/p nas.1616020114] . <div id="Tyrrell--2002"></div> Tyrrell, T. and M.I. Lucas, 2002: Geochemical evidence of denitrification in the Benguela upwelling system. ''Continental Shelf Research'' , '''22(17)''' , 2497–2511, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4343(02)00077-8 10.1016/s0278-4 343(02)00077-8] . <div id="Ukkola--2016"></div> Ukkola, A.M. et al., 2016: Reduced streamflow in water-stressed climates consistent with CO <sub>2</sub> effects on vegetation. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6(1)''' , 75–78, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2831 10.103 8/nclimate2831] . <div id="Ulfsbo--2018"></div> Ulfsbo, A. et al., 2018: Rapid Changes in Anthropogenic Carbon Storage and Ocean Acidification in the Intermediate Layers of the Eurasian Arctic Ocean: 1996–2015. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''32(9)''' , 1254–1275, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2017gb005738 10.102 9/2017gb005738] . <div id="US EPA--2019"></div> [[#US%20EPA--2019|US EPA, 2019]] : ''Global Non-CO'' <sub>2</sub> ''Greenhouse Gas Emission Projections & Mitigation Potential: 2015–2050'' . EPA-430-R-19-010, United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Office of Atmospheric Programs (6207A), Washington DC, USA, 78 pp., [http://www.epa.gov/global-mitigation-non-co2-greenhouse-gases www.epa.gov/global-mitigation-non-co2-gr eenhouse-gases] . <div id="Valdes--2005"></div> Valdes, P.J., D.J. Beerling, and C.E. Johnson, 2005: The ice age methane budget. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''32(2)''' , L02704, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004gl021004 10.102 9/2004gl021004] . <div id="van der Werf--2017"></div> van der Werf, G.R. et al., 2017: Global fire emissions estimates during 1997–2016. ''Earth System Science Data'' , '''9(2)''' , 697–720, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-697-2017 10.5194/e ssd-9-697-2017] . <div id="van Groenigen--2011"></div> van Groenigen, K.J., C.W. Osenberg, and B.A. Hungate, 2011: Increased soil emissions of potent greenhouse gases under increased atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Nature'' , '''475(7355)''' , 214–216, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10176 10.10 38/nature10176] . <div id="van Groenigen--2017"></div> van Groenigen, K.J. et al., 2017: Faster turnover of new soil carbon inputs under increased atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Global Change Biology'' , '''23(10)''' , 4420–4429, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13752 10. 1111/gcb.13752] . <div id="Varela--2015"></div> Varela, R., I. Álvarez, F. Santos, M. DeCastro, and M. Gómez-Gesteira, 2015: Has upwelling strengthened along worldwide coasts over 1982–2010? ''Scientific Reports'' , '''5''' , 10016, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep10016 10. 1038/srep10016] . <div id="Vargas--2016"></div> Vargas, C.A. et al., 2016: Influences of riverine and upwelling waters on the coastal carbonate system off Central Chile and their ocean acidification implications. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences'' , '''121(6)''' , 1468–1483, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015jg003213 10.100 2/2015jg003213] . <div id="Varney--2020"></div> Varney, R.M. et al., 2020: A spatial emergent constraint on the sensitivity of soil carbon turnover to global warming. ''Nature Communications'' , '''11(1)''' , 5544, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19208-8 10.1038/s414 67-020-19208-8] . <div id="Veldman--2015"></div> Veldman, J.W. et al., 2015: Where tree planting and forest expansion are bad for biodiversity and ecosystem services. ''BioScience'' , '''65(10)''' , 1011–1018, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biv118 10.1093 /biosci/biv118] . <div id="Veraverbeke--2017"></div> Veraverbeke, S. et al., 2017: Lightning as a major driver of recent large fire years in North American boreal forests. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''7(7)''' , 529–534, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3329 10.103 8/nclimate3329] . <div id="Verheijen--2019"></div> Verheijen, F.G.A. et al., 2019: The influence of biochar particle size and concentration on bulk density and maximum water holding capacity of sandy vs sandy loam soil in a column experiment. ''Geoderma'' , '''347''' , 194–202, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.03.044 10.1016/j.geoder ma.2019.03.044] . <div id="Vogel--2018"></div> Vogel, M.M., J. Zscheischler, and S.I. Seneviratne, 2018: Varying soil moisture–atmosphere feedbacks explain divergent temperature extremes and precipitation projections in central Europe. ''Earth System Dynamics'' , '''9(3)''' , 1107–1125, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-1107-2018 10.5194/e sd-9-1107-2018] . <div id="Voigt--2017"></div> Voigt, C. et al., 2017: Increased nitrous oxide emissions from Arctic peatlands after permafrost thaw. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''114(24)''' , 6238–6243, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702902114 10.1073/p nas.1702902114] . <div id="Voigt--2020"></div> Voigt, C. et al., 2020: Nitrous oxide emissions from permafrost-affected soils. ''Nature Reviews Earth & Environment'' , '''1(8)''' , 420–434, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0063-9 10.1038/s43 017-020-0063-9] . <div id="Volodin--2008"></div> Volodin, E.M., 2008: Methane cycle in the INM RAS climate model. ''Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics'' , '''44(2)''' , 153–159, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0001433808020023 10.1134/s00 01433808020023] . <div id="Vonk--2015"></div> Vonk, J.E. et al., 2015: Reviews and syntheses: Effects of permafrost thaw on Arctic aquatic ecosystems. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''12(23)''' , 7129–7167, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7129-2015 10.5194/b g-12-7129-2015] . <div id="Voss--2013"></div> Voss, M. et al., 2013: The marine nitrogen cycle: recent discoveries, uncertainties and the potential relevance of climate change. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'' , '''368(1621)''' , 20130121, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0121 10.1098/ rstb.2013.0121] . <div id="Wakita--2017"></div> Wakita, M., A. Nagano, T. Fujiki, and S. Watanabe, 2017: Slow acidification of the winter mixed layer in the subarctic western North Pacific. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans'' , '''122(8)''' , 6923–6935, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017jc013002 10.100 2/2017jc013002] . <div id="Walker--2015"></div> Walker, A.P. et al., 2015: Predicting long-term carbon sequestration in response to CO <sub>2</sub> enrichment: How and why do current ecosystem models differ? ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''29(4)''' , 476–495, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014gb004995 10.100 2/2014gb004995] . <div id="Walker--2019"></div> Walker, A.P. et al., 2019: Decadal biomass increment in early secondary succession woody ecosystems is increased by CO <sub>2</sub> enrichment. ''Nature Communications'' , '''10(1)''' , 454, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08348-1 10.1038/s414 67-019-08348-1] . <div id="Walker--2021"></div> Walker, A.P. et al., 2021: Integrating the evidence for a terrestrial carbon sink caused by increasing atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> . ''New Phytologist'' , '''229(5)''' , 2413–2445, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.16866 10. 1111/nph.16866] . <div id="Walker--2019"></div> Walker, X.J. et al., 2019: Increasing wildfires threaten historic carbon sink of boreal forest soils. ''Nature'' , '''572(7770)''' , 520–523, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1474-y 10.1038/s41 586-019-1474-y] . <div id="Wallace--2014"></div> Wallace, R.B., H. Baumann, J.S. Grear, R.C. Aller, and C.J. Gobler, 2014: Coastal ocean acidification: The other eutrophication problem. ''Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science'' , '''148(0)''' , 1–13, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.05.027 10.1016/j.ec ss.2014.05.027] . <div id="Walter Anthony--2012"></div> Walter Anthony, K.M., P. Anthony, G. Grosse, and J. Chanton, 2012: Geologic methane seeps along boundaries of Arctic permafrost thaw and melting glaciers. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''5(6)''' , 419–426, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1480 10 .1038/ngeo1480] . <div id="Walter Anthony--2014"></div> Walter Anthony, K.M. et al., 2014: A shift of thermokarst lakes from carbon sources to sinks during the Holocene epoch. ''Nature'' , '''511(7510)''' , 452–456, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13560 10.10 38/nature13560] . <div id="Walter Anthony--2016"></div> Walter Anthony, K.M. et al., 2016: Methane emissions proportional to permafrost carbon thawed in Arctic lakes since the 1950s. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''9(9)''' , 679–682, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2795 10 .1038/ngeo2795] . <div id="Wang--2020"></div> Wang, Q. et al., 2020: Data-driven estimates of global nitrous oxide emissions from croplands. ''National Science Review'' , '''7(2)''' , 441–452, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz087 10.1 093/nsr/nwz087] . <div id="Wang--2019"></div> Wang, S. et al., 2019: A 2-year study on the effect of biochar on methane and nitrous oxide emissions in an intensive rice–wheat cropping system. ''Biochar'' , '''1(2)''' , 177–186, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42773-019-00011-8 10.1007/s427 73-019-00011-8] . <div id="Wang--2014"></div> Wang, W. et al., 2014: Stratospheric ozone depletion from future nitrous oxide increases. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''14(23)''' , 12967–12982, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12967-2014 10.5194/acp -14-12967-2014] . <div id="Wang--2014"></div> Wang, X. et al., 2014: A two-fold increase of carbon cycle sensitivity to tropical temperature variations. ''Nature'' , '''506(7487)''' , 212–215, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12915 10.10 38/nature12915] . <div id="Wang--2019"></div> Wang, X. et al., 2019: The role of chlorine in global tropospheric chemistry. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''19(6)''' , 3981–4003, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3981-2019 10.5194/ac p-19-3981-2019] . <div id="Wang--2017"></div> Wang, Y., I. Hendy, and T.J. Napier, 2017: Climate and Anthropogenic Controls of Coastal Deoxygenation on Interannual to Centennial Timescales. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''44(22)''' , 11528–11536, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gl075443 10.100 2/2017gl075443] . <div id="Wang--2018"></div> Wang, Y. et al., 2018: GOLUM-CNP v1.0: a data-driven modeling of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in major terrestrial biomes. ''Geoscientific Model Development'' , '''11(9)''' , 3903–3928, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3903-2018 10.5194/gm d-11-3903-2018] . <div id="Wanninkhof--2014"></div> Wanninkhof, R., 2014: Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean revisited. ''Limnology and Oceanography: Methods'' , '''12(6)''' , 351–362, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lom.2014.12.351 10.4319/l om.2014.12.351] . <div id="Wanninkhof--2009"></div> Wanninkhof, R., W.E. Asher, D.T. Ho, C. Sweeney, and W.R. McGillis, 2009: Advances in Quantifying Air–Sea Gas Exchange and Environmental Forcing. ''Annual Review of Marine Science'' , '''1(1)''' , 213–244, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163742 10.1146/annurev.marine .010908.163742] . <div id="Wanninkhof--2010"></div> Wanninkhof, R. et al., 2010: Detecting anthropogenic CO <sub>2</sub> changes in the interior Atlantic Ocean between 1989 and 2005. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans'' , '''115(C11)''' , C11028, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010jc006251 10.102 9/2010jc006251] . <div id="Wårlind--2014"></div> Wårlind, D., B. Smith, T. Hickler, and A. Arneth, 2014: Nitrogen feedbacks increase future terrestrial ecosystem carbon uptake in an individual-based dynamic vegetation model. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''11(21)''' , 6131–6146, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6131-2014 10.5194/b g-11-6131-2014] . <div id="Warren--2017"></div> Warren, M., S. Frolking, Z. Dai, and S. Kurnianto, 2017: Impacts of land use, restoration, and climate change on tropical peat carbon stocks in the twenty-first century: implications for climate mitigation. ''Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change'' , '''22(7)''' , 1041–1061, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-016-9712-1 10.1007/s11 027-016-9712-1] . <div id="Warwick--2016"></div> Warwick, N.J. et al., 2016: Using δ <sup>13</sup> C-CH <sub>4</sub> and δ D-CH <sub>4</sub> to constrain Arctic methane emissions. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''16(23)''' , 14891–14908, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14891-2016 10.5194/acp -16-14891-2016] . <div id="Watanabe--2017"></div> Watanabe, M. and M. Kawamiya, 2017: Remote effects of mixed layer development on ocean acidification in the subsurface layers of the North Pacific. ''Journal of Oceanography'' , '''73(6)''' , 771–784, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10872-017-0431-3 10.1007/s10 872-017-0431-3] . <div id="Watson--2020"></div> Watson, A.J. et al., 2020: Revised estimates of ocean-atmosphere CO <sub>2</sub> flux are consistent with ocean carbon inventory. ''Nature Communications'' , '''11(1)''' , 4422, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18203-3 10.1038/s414 67-020-18203-3] . <div id="Webb--2016"></div> Webb, E.E. et al., 2016: Increased wintertime CO <sub>2</sub> loss as a result of sustained tundra warming. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences'' , '''121(2)''' , 249–265, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jg002795 10.100 2/2014jg002795] . <div id="Webb--2019"></div> Webb, J.R. et al., 2019: Widespread nitrous oxide undersaturation in farm waterbodies creates an unexpected greenhouse gas sink. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''116(20)''' , 9814–9819, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820389116 10.1073/p nas.1820389116] . <div id="Weber--2019"></div> Weber, T., N.A. Wiseman, and A. Kock, 2019: Global ocean methane emissions dominated by shallow coastal waters. ''Nature Communications'' , '''10(1)''' , 4584, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12541-7 10.1038/s414 67-019-12541-7] . <div id="Wei--2009"></div> Wei, G., M.T. McCulloch, G. Mortimer, W. Deng, and L. Xie, 2009: Evidence for ocean acidification in the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. ''Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta'' , '''73(8)''' , 2332–2346, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.02.009 10.1016/j.g ca.2009.02.009] . <div id="Wei--2015"></div> Wei, G. et al., 2015: Decadal variability in seawater pH in the West Pacific: Evidence from coral δ 11 B records. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans'' , '''120(11)''' , 7166–7181, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015jc011066 10.100 2/2015jc011066] . <div id="Welch--2019"></div> Welch, B., V. Gauci, and E.J. Sayer, 2019: Tree stem bases are sources of CH <sub>4</sub> and N <sub>2</sub> O in a tropical forest on upland soil during the dry to wet season transition. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''25(1)''' , 361–372, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14498 10. 1111/gcb.14498] . <div id="Welp--2016"></div> Welp, L.R. et al., 2016: Increasing summer net CO <sub>2</sub> uptake in high northern ecosystems inferred from atmospheric inversions and comparisons to remote-sensing NDVI. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''16(14)''' , 9047–9066, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9047-2016 10.5194/ac p-16-9047-2016] . <div id="Wenzel--2014"></div> Wenzel, S., P.M. Cox, V. Eyring, and P. Friedlingstein, 2014: Emergent constraints on climate–carbon cycle feedbacks in the CMIP5 Earth system models. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences'' , '''119(5)''' , 794–807, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013jg002591 10.100 2/2013jg002591] . <div id="Wenzel--2016"></div> Wenzel, S., P.M. Cox, V. Eyring, and P. Friedlingstein, 2016: Projected land photosynthesis constrained by changes in the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Nature'' , '''538(7626)''' , 499–501, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature19772 10.10 38/nature19772] . <div id="Whitney--2007"></div> Whitney, F.A., H.J. Freeland, and M. Robert, 2007: Persistently declining oxygen levels in the interior waters of the eastern subarctic Pacific. ''Progress in Oceanography'' , '''75(2)''' , 179–199, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2007.08.007 10.1016/j.poce an.2007.08.007] . <div id="Wieder--2013"></div> Wieder, W.R., G.B. Bonan, and S.D. Allison, 2013: Global soil carbon projections are improved by modelling microbial processes. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''3(10)''' , 909–912, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1951 10.103 8/nclimate1951] . <div id="Wieder--2015"></div> Wieder, W.R., C.C. Cleveland, W.K. Smith, and K. Todd-Brown, 2015: Future productivity and carbon storage limited by terrestrial nutrient availability. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''8(6)''' , 441–444, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2413 10 .1038/ngeo2413] . <div id="Wieder--2018"></div> Wieder, W.R. et al., 2018: Carbon cycle confidence and uncertainty: Exploring variation among soil biogeochemical models. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''24(4)''' , 1563–1579, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13979 10. 1111/gcb.13979] . <div id="Wieder--2019"></div> Wieder, W.R. et al., 2019: Beyond Static Benchmarking: Using Experimental Manipulations to Evaluate Land Model Assumptions. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''33(10)''' , 1289–1309, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gb006141 10.102 9/2018gb006141] . <div id="Wik--2016"></div> Wik, M., R.K. Varner, K.W. Anthony, S. MacIntyre, and D. Bastviken, 2016: Climate-sensitive northern lakes and ponds are critical components of methane release. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''9(2)''' , 99–105, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2578 10 .1038/ngeo2578] . <div id="Wild--2019"></div> Wild, B. et al., 2019: Rivers across the Siberian Arctic unearth the patterns of carbon release from thawing permafrost. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''116(21)''' , 10280–10285, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1811797116 10.1073/p nas.1811797116] . <div id="Wilhelm--2004"></div> Wilhelm, W.W., J.M.F. Johnson, J.L. Hatfield, W.B. Voorhees, and D.R. Linden, 2004: Crop and Soil Productivity Response to Corn Residue Removal. ''Agronomy Journal'' , '''96(1)''' , 1–17, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.1000 10.2134/a gronj2004.1000] . <div id="Wilkerson--2019"></div> Wilkerson, J. et al., 2019: Permafrost nitrous oxide emissions observed on a landscape scale using the airborne eddy-covariance method. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''19(7)''' , 4257–4268, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4257-2019 10.5194/ac p-19-4257-2019] . <div id="Williams--2015"></div> Williams, N.L. et al., 2015: Quantifying anthropogenic carbon inventory changes in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean. ''Marine Chemistry'' , '''174''' , 147–160, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2015.06.015 10.1016/j.march em.2015.06.015] . <div id="Williams--2017"></div> Williams, N.L. et al., 2017: Calculating surface ocean pCO <sub>2</sub> from biogeochemical Argo floats equipped with pH: An uncertainty analysis. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''31(3)''' , 591–604, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gb005541 10.100 2/2016gb005541] . <div id="Williams--2019"></div> Williams, R.G., A. Katavouta, and P. Goodwin, 2019: Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks Operating in the Climate System. ''Current Climate Change Reports'' , '''5(4)''' , 282–295, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40641-019-00144-9 10.1007/s406 41-019-00144-9] . <div id="Williams--2020"></div> Williams, R.G., P. Ceppi, and A. Katavouta, 2020: Controls of the transient climate response to emissions by physical feedbacks, heat uptake and carbon cycling. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''15(9)''' , 0940c1, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab97c9 10.1088/17 48-9326/ab97c9] . <div id="Williams--2012"></div> Williams, R.G., P. Goodwin, A. Ridgwell, and P.L. Woodworth, 2012: How warming and steric sea level rise relate to cumulative carbon emissions. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''39(19)''' , L19715, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012gl052771 10.102 9/2012gl052771] . <div id="Williams--2016"></div> Williams, R.G., P. Goodwin, V.M. Roussenov, and L. Bopp, 2016: A framework to understand the transient climate response to emissions. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''11(1)''' , 015003, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/1/015003 10.1088/1748-93 26/11/1/015003] . <div id="Williams--2017a"></div> Williams, R.G., V. Roussenov, T.L. Frölicher, and P. Goodwin, 2017a: Drivers of continued surface warming after cessation of carbon emissions. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''44(20)''' , 10633–10642, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gl075080 10.100 2/2017gl075080] . <div id="Williams--2017b"></div> Williams, R.G., V. Roussenov, P. Goodwin, L. Resplandy, and L. Bopp, 2017b: Sensitivity of Global Warming to Carbon Emissions: Effects of Heat and Carbon Uptake in a Suite of Earth System Models. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''30(23)''' , 9343–9363, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0468.1 10.1175/jc li-d-16-0468.1] . <div id="Williams--2020"></div> Williams, S.R.O., M.C. Hannah, R.J. Eckard, W.J. Wales, and P.J. Moate, 2020: Supplementing the diet of dairy cows with fat or tannin reduces methane yield, and additively when fed in combination. ''Animal'' , '''14''' , s464–s472, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1751731120001032 10.1017/s17 51731120001032] . <div id="Williamson--2016"></div> Williamson, P. and R. Bodle, 2016: ''Update on Climate Geoengineering in Relation to the Convention on Biological Diversity: Potential Impacts and Regulatory Framework'' . Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, QC, Canada, 158 pp., [http://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-84-en.pdf www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cb d-ts-84-en.pdf] . <div id="Wilson--2016a"></div> Wilson, D. et al., 2016a: Greenhouse gas emission factors associated with rewetting of organic soils. ''Mires and Peat'' , '''17(4)''' , 1–28, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.19189/map.2016.omb.222 10.19189/ma p.2016.omb.222] . <div id="Wilson--2016b"></div> Wilson, D. et al., 2016b: Multiyear greenhouse gas balances at a rewetted temperate peatland. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''22(12)''' , 4080–4095, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13325 10. 1111/gcb.13325] . <div id="Windham-Myers--2018"></div> Windham-Myers, L., S. Crooks, and T. Troxler (eds.), 2018: ''A Blue Carbon Primer: The State of Coastal Wetland Carbon Science, Practice and Policy'' . CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 507 pp., doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429435362 10.1201 /9780429435362] . <div id="Winguth--2012"></div> Winguth, A.M.E., E. Thomas, and C. Winguth, 2012: Global decline in ocean ventilation, oxygenation, and productivity during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum: Implications for the benthic extinction. ''Geology'' , '''40(3)''' , 263–266, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g32529.1 10 .1130/g32529.1] . <div id="Winiwarter--2018"></div> Winiwarter, W., L. Höglund-Isaksson, Z. Klimont, W. Schöpp, and M. Amann, 2018: Technical opportunities to reduce global anthropogenic emissions of nitrous oxide. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13(1)''' , 014011, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa9ec9 10.1088/17 48-9326/aa9ec9] . <div id="Winkler--2019"></div> Winkler, A.J., R.B. Myneni, G.A. Alexandrov, and V. Brovkin, 2019: Earth system models underestimate carbon fixation by plants in the high latitudes. ''Nature Communications'' , '''10(1)''' , 885, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08633-z 10.1038/s414 67-019-08633-z] . <div id="Winterfeld--2018"></div> Winterfeld, M. et al., 2018: Deglacial mobilization of pre-aged terrestrial carbon from degrading permafrost. ''Nature Communications'' , '''9(1)''' , 3666, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06080-w 10.1038/s414 67-018-06080-w] . <div id="Wolf--2016"></div> Wolf, S. et al., 2016: Warm spring reduced carbon cycle impact of the 2012 US summer drought. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''113(21)''' , 5880–5885, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519620113 10.1073/p nas.1519620113] . <div id="Wolter--1998"></div> Wolter, K. and M.S. Timlin, 1998: Measuring the strength of ENSO events: How does 1997/98 rank? ''Weather'' , '''53(9)''' , 315–324, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1998.tb06408.x 10.1002/j.1477-8696. 1998.tb06408.x] . <div id="Woolf--2010"></div> Woolf, D., J.E. Amonette, F.A. Street-Perrott, J. Lehmann, and S. Joseph, 2010: Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change. ''Nature Communications'' , '''1(1)''' , 56, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1053 10.1 038/ncomms1053] . <div id="Woosley--2016"></div> Woosley, R.J., F.J. Millero, and R. Wanninkhof, 2016: Rapid anthropogenic changes in CO <sub>2</sub> and pH in the Atlantic Ocean: 2003–2014. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''30(1)''' , 70–90, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gb005248 10.100 2/2015gb005248] . <div id="Worden--2017"></div> Worden, J.R. et al., 2017: Reduced biomass burning emissions reconcile conflicting estimates of the post-2006 atmospheric methane budget. ''Nature Communications'' , '''8(1)''' , 2227, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02246-0 10.1038/s414 67-017-02246-0] . <div id="Wu--2018"></div> Wu, H.C. et al., 2018: Surface ocean pH variations since 1689 CE and recent ocean acidification in the tropical South Pacific. ''Nature Communications'' , '''9(1)''' , 2543, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04922-1 10.1038/s414 67-018-04922-1] . <div id="Wu--2018"></div> Wu, J. et al., 2018: Afforestation enhanced soil CH <sub>4</sub> uptake rate in subtropical China: Evidence from carbon stable isotope experiments. ''Soil Biology and Biochemistry'' , '''118''' , 199–206, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.12.017 10.1016/j.soilb io.2017.12.017] . <div id="Wu--2019"></div> Wu, Y., M.P. Hain, M.P. Humphreys, S. Hartman, and T. Tyrrell, 2019: What drives the latitudinal gradient in open-ocean surface dissolved inorganic carbon concentration? ''Biogeosciences'' , '''16(13)''' , 2661–2681, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2661-2019 10.5194/b g-16-2661-2019] . <div id="Xia--2016"></div> Xia, L., A. Robock, S. Tilmes, and R.R. Neely III, 2016: Stratospheric sulfate geoengineering could enhance the terrestrial photosynthesis rate. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''16(3)''' , 1479–1489, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1479-2016 10.5194/ac p-16-1479-2016] . <div id="Xia--2017"></div> Xia, L., P.J. Nowack, S. Tilmes, and A. Robock, 2017: Impacts of stratospheric sulfate geoengineering on tropospheric ozone. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''17(19)''' , 11913–11928, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11913-2017 10.5194/acp -17-11913-2017] . <div id="Xia--2014"></div> Xia, L. et al., 2014: Solar radiation management impacts on agriculture in China: A case study in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP). ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'' , '''119(14)''' , 8695–8711, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013jd020630 10.100 2/2013jd020630] . <div id="Xu--2016"></div> Xu, Z., Y. Jiang, B. Jia, and G. Zhou, 2016: Elevated-CO <sub>2</sub> response of stomata and its dependence on environmental factors. ''Frontiers in Plant Science'' , '''7''' , 1–15, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00657 10.3389/f pls.2016.00657] . <div id="Xu-Ri--2012"></div> Xu-Ri, I.C. Prentice, R. Spahni, and H.S. Niu, 2012: Modelling terrestrial nitrous oxide emissions and implications for climate feedback. ''New Phytologist'' , '''196(2)''' , 472–488, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04269.x 10.1111/j.1469-813 7.2012.04269.x] . <div id="Yamagata--2018"></div> Yamagata, Y. et al., 2018: Estimating water–food–ecosystem trade-offs for the global negative emission scenario (IPCC-RCP2.6). ''Sustainability Science'' , '''13(2)''' , 301–313, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-017-0522-5 10.1007/s11 625-017-0522-5] . <div id="Yamamoto--2012"></div> Yamamoto, A., M. Kawamiya, A. Ishida, Y. Yamanaka, and S. Watanabe, 2012: Impact of rapid sea-ice reduction in the Arctic Ocean on the rate of ocean acidification. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''9(6)''' , 2365–2375, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-2365-2012 10.5194/ bg-9-2365-2012] . <div id="Yamamoto--2019"></div> Yamamoto, A., A. Abe-Ouchi, R. Ohgaito, A. Ito, and A. Oka, 2019: Glacial CO <sub>2</sub> decrease and deep-water deoxygenation by iron fertilization from glaciogenic dust. ''Climate of the Past'' , '''15(3)''' , 981–996, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-981-2019 10.5194/ cp-15-981-2019] . <div id="Yamamoto-Kawai--2009"></div> Yamamoto-Kawai, M., F.A. McLaughlin, E.C. Carmack, S. Nishino, and K. Shimada, 2009: Aragonite undersaturation in the Arctic ocean: effects of ocean acidification and sea ice melt. ''Science'' , '''326(5956)''' , 1098–1100, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1174190 10.1126/s cience.1174190] . <div id="Yamori--2014"></div> Yamori, W., K. Hikosaka, and D.A. Way, 2014: Temperature response of photosynthesis in C <sub>3</sub> , C <sub>4</sub> , and CAM plants: temperature acclimation and temperature adaptation. ''Photosynthesis Research'' , '''119(1)''' , 101–117, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11120-013-9874-6 10.1007/s11 120-013-9874-6] . <div id="Yang--2020"></div> Yang, C.-E. et al., 2020: Assessing terrestrial biogeochemical feedbacks in a strategically geoengineered climate. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''15(10)''' , 104043, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abacf7 10.1088/17 48-9326/abacf7] . <div id="Yang--2016"></div> Yang, H. et al., 2016: Potential negative consequences of geoengineering on crop production: A study of Indian groundnut. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''43(22)''' , 11786–11795, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl071209 10.100 2/2016gl071209] . <div id="Yang--2017"></div> Yang, J.-W., J. Ahn, E.J. Brook, and Y. Ryu, 2017: Atmospheric methane control mechanisms during the early Holocene. ''Climate of the Past'' , '''13(9)''' , 1227–1242, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1227-2017 10.5194/c p-13-1227-2017] . <div id="Yang--2019"></div> Yang, S. et al., 2019: Biochar improved rice yield and mitigated CH <sub>4</sub> and N <sub>2</sub> O emissions from paddy field under controlled irrigation in the Taihu Lake Region of China. ''Atmospheric Environment'' , '''200''' , 69–77, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.12.003 10.1016/j.atmose nv.2018.12.003] . <div id="Yang--2020"></div> Yang, S. et al., 2020: Global reconstruction reduces the uncertainty of oceanic nitrous oxide emissions and reveals a vigorous seasonal cycle. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''117(22)''' , 11954–11960, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1921914117 10.1073/p nas.1921914117] . <div id="Yang--2019"></div> Yang, X. et al., 2019: The Effects of Phosphorus Cycle Dynamics on Carbon Sources and Sinks in the Amazon Region: A Modeling Study Using ELM v1. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences'' , '''124(12)''' , 3686–3698, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019jg005082 10.102 9/2019jg005082] . <div id="Yang--2019"></div> Yang, Y., M.L. Roderick, S. Zhang, T.R. McVicar, and R.J. Donohue, 2019: Hydrologic implications of vegetation response to elevated CO <sub>2</sub> in climate projections. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''9(1)''' , 44–48, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0361-0 10.1038/s41 558-018-0361-0] . <div id="Yao--2018"></div> Yao, W., A. Paytan, and U.G. Wortmann, 2018: Large-scale ocean deoxygenation during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. ''Science'' , '''361(6404)''' , 804–806, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aar8658 10.1126/s cience.aar8658] . <div id="Yao--2020"></div> Yao, Y. et al., 2020: Increased global nitrous oxide emissions from streams and rivers in the Anthropocene. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''10(2)''' , 138–142, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0665-8 10.1038/s41 558-019-0665-8] . <div id="Ye--2020"></div> Ye, L. et al., 2020: Biochar effects on crop yields with and without fertilizer: A meta-analysis of field studies using separate controls. ''Soil Use and Management'' , '''36(1)''' , 2–18, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sum.12546 10. 1111/sum.12546] . <div id="Yeager--2018"></div> Yeager, S.G. et al., 2018: Predicting near-term changes in the Earth system: a large ensemble of initialized decadal prediction simulations using the community Earth system model. ''Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society'' , '''99(9)''' , 1867–1886, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-17-0098.1 10.1175/ba ms-d-17-0098.1] . <div id="Yin--2020"></div> Yin, Y. et al., 2020: Fire decline in dry tropical ecosystems enhances decadal land carbon sink. ''Nature Communications'' , '''11(1)''' , 1900, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15852-2 10.1038/s414 67-020-15852-2] . <div id="Yokohata--2020"></div> Yokohata, T. et al., 2020: Future projection of greenhouse gas emissions due to permafrost degradation using a simple numerical scheme with a global land surface model. ''Progress in Earth and Planetary Science'' , '''7(1)''' , 56, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40645-020-00366-8 10.1186/s406 45-020-00366-8] . <div id="Yoon--2018"></div> Yoon, J.-E. et al., 2018: Reviews and syntheses: Ocean iron fertilization experiments – past, present, and future looking to a future Korean Iron Fertilization Experiment in the Southern Ocean (KIFES) project. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''15(19)''' , 5847–5889, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5847-2018 10.5194/b g-15-5847-2018] . <div id="Yoshida--2013"></div> Yoshida, Y. et al., 2013: Improvement of the retrieval algorithm for GOSAT SWIR XCO <sub>2</sub> and XCH <sub>4</sub> and their validation using TCCON data. ''Atmospheric Measurement Techniques'' , '''6(6)''' , 1533–1547, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1533-2013 10.5194/a mt-6-1533-2013] . <div id="Yu--2010"></div> Yu, J. et al., 2010: Loss of carbon from the Deep Sea since the last glacial maximum. ''Science'' , '''330(6007)''' , 1084–1087, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1193221 10.1126/s cience.1193221] . <div id="Yu--2019"></div> Yu, J. et al., 2019: More efficient North Atlantic carbon pump during the Last Glacial Maximum. ''Nature Communications'' , '''10(1)''' , 1–11, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10028-z 10.1038/s414 67-019-10028-z] . <div id="Yu--2019"></div> Yu, K. et al., 2019: Pervasive decreases in living vegetation carbon turnover time across forest climate zones. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''116(49)''' , 24662–24667, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821387116 10.1073/p nas.1821387116] . <div id="Yu--2017"></div> Yu, L., Y. Huang, W. Zhang, T. Li, and W. Sun, 2017: Methane uptake in global forest and grassland soils from 1981 to 2010. ''Science of The Total Environment'' , '''607–608''' , 1163–1172, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.082 10.1016/j.scitote nv.2017.07.082] . <div id="Yue--2018"></div> Yue, X. and N. Unger, 2018: Fire air pollution reduces global terrestrial productivity. ''Nature Communications'' , '''9(1)''' , 5413, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07921-4 10.1038/s414 67-018-07921-4] . <div id="Zachos--2005"></div> Zachos, J.C. et al., 2005: Rapid Acidification of the Ocean During the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. ''Science'' , '''308(5728)''' , 1611–1615, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1109004 10.1126/s cience.1109004] . <div id="Zaehle--2013"></div> Zaehle, S., 2013: Terrestrial nitrogen–carbon cycle interactions at the global scale. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'' , '''368(1621)''' , 20130125, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0125 10.1098/ rstb.2013.0125] . <div id="Zaehle--2010"></div> Zaehle, S., P. Friedlingstein, and A.D. Friend, 2010: Terrestrial nitrogen feedbacks may accelerate future climate change. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''37(1)''' , L01401, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009gl041345 10.102 9/2009gl041345] . <div id="Zaehle--2015"></div> Zaehle, S., C.D. Jones, B. Houlton, J.-F. Lamarque, and E. Robertson, 2015: Nitrogen Availability Reduces CMIP5 Projections of Twenty-First-Century Land Carbon Uptake. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''28(6)''' , 2494–2511, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00776.1 10.1175/jcl i-d-13-00776.1] . <div id="Zaehle--2014"></div> Zaehle, S. et al., 2014: Evaluation of 11 terrestrial carbon–nitrogen cycle models against observations from two temperate free-air CO <sub>2</sub> Enrichment studies. ''New Phytologist'' , '''202(3)''' , 803–822, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.12697 10. 1111/nph.12697] . <div id="Zamora--2012"></div> Zamora, L.M. et al., 2012: Nitrous oxide dynamics in low oxygen regions of the Pacific: insights from the MEMENTO database. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''9(12)''' , 5007–5022, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5007-2012 10.5194/ bg-9-5007-2012] . <div id="Zeebe--2009"></div> Zeebe, R.E. and D.A. Wolf-Gladrow, 2009: Carbon Dioxide, Dissolved (Ocean). In: ''Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments'' [Gornitz, V. (ed.)]. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 1037–1039, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4411-3_30 10.1007/978-1- 4020-4411-3_30] . <div id="Zeebe--2009"></div> Zeebe, R.E., J.C. Zachos, and G.R. Dickens, 2009: Carbon dioxide forcing alone insufficient to explain Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum warming. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''2(8)''' , 576–580, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo578 1 0.1038/ngeo578] . <div id="Zeebe--2016"></div> Zeebe, R.E., A. Ridgwell, and J.C. Zachos, 2016: Anthropogenic carbon release rate unprecedented during the past 66 million years. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''9(4)''' , 325–329, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2681 10 .1038/ngeo2681] . <div id="Zemp--2017"></div> Zemp, D.C. et al., 2017: Self-amplified Amazon forest loss due to vegetation–atmosphere feedbacks. ''Nature Communications'' , '''8''' , 14681, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14681 10.10 38/ncomms14681] . <div id="Zeng--2014"></div> Zeng, J., Y. Nojiri, P. Landschützer, M. Telszewski, and S. Nakaoka, 2014: A Global Surface Ocean fCO <sub>2</sub> Climatology Based on a Feed-Forward Neural Network. ''Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology'' , '''31(8)''' , 1838–1849, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00137.1 10.1175/jtec h-d-13-00137.1] . <div id="Zeng--2008"></div> Zeng, N. et al., 2008: Dynamical prediction of terrestrial ecosystems and the global carbon cycle: A 25-year hindcast experiment. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'' , '''22(4)''' , GB4015, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008gb003183 10.102 9/2008gb003183] . <div id="Zhang--2020"></div> Zhang, L. et al., 2020: Significant methane ebullition from alpine permafrost rivers on the East Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''13(5)''' , 349–354, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0571-8 10.1038/s41 561-020-0571-8] . <div id="Zhang--2014"></div> Zhang, Q., Y.P. Wang, R.J. Matear, A.J. Pitman, and Y.J. Dai, 2014: Nitrogen and phosphorous limitations significantly reduce future allowable CO <sub>2</sub> emissions. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''41(2)''' , 632–637, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013gl058352 10.100 2/2013gl058352] . <div id="Zhang--2013"></div> Zhang, W. et al., 2013: Tundra shrubification and tree-line advance amplify arctic climate warming: results from an individual-based dynamic vegetation model. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''8(3)''' , 34023, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034023 10.1088/1748-9 326/8/3/034023] . <div id="Zhang--2020"></div> Zhang, X., X. Xu, G. Jia, B. Poulter, and Z. Zhang, 2020: Hiatus of wetland methane emissions associated with recent La Niña episodes in the Asian monsoon region. ''Climate Dynamics'' , '''54(9)''' , 4095–4107, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05219-0 10.1007/s003 82-020-05219-0] . <div id="Zhang--2020"></div> Zhang, Y., M. Yamamoto-Kawai, and W.J. Williams, 2020: Two Decades of Ocean Acidification in the Surface Waters of the Beaufort Gyre, Arctic Ocean: Effects of Sea Ice Melt and Retreat From 1997–2016. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''47(3)''' , e60119, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gl086421 10.102 9/2019gl086421] . <div id="Zhang--2018"></div> Zhang, Y., J. Joiner, S. Hamed Alemohammad, S. Zhou, and P. Gentine, 2018: A global spatially contiguous solar-induced fluorescence (CSIF) dataset using neural networks. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''15(19)''' , 5779–5800, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5779-2018 10.5194/b g-15-5779-2018] . <div id="Zhang--2013"></div> Zhang, Y.G., M. Pagani, Z. Liu, S.M. Bohaty, and R. DeConto, 2013: A 40-million-year history of atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> . ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences'' , '''371(2001)''' , 20130096, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0096 10.1098/ rsta.2013.0096] . <div id="Zhang--2017"></div> Zhang, Z. et al., 2017: Emerging role of wetland methane emissions in driving 21st century climate change. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''114(36)''' , 9647–9652, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618765114 10.1073/p nas.1618765114] . <div id="Zhao--2019"></div> Zhao, Y. et al., 2019: Inter-model comparison of global hydroxyl radical (OH) distributions and their impact on atmospheric methane over the 2000–2016 period. ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' , '''19(21)''' , 13701–13723, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13701-2019 10.5194/acp -19-13701-2019] . <div id="Zhou--2019"></div> Zhou, S. et al., 2019: Land–atmosphere feedbacks exacerbate concurrent soil drought and atmospheric aridity. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''116(38)''' , 18848–18853, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904955116 10.1073/p nas.1904955116] . <div id="Zhou--2014"></div> Zhou, X., E. Thomas, R.E.M. Rickaby, A.M.E. Winguth, and Z. Lu, 2014: I/Ca evidence for upper ocean deoxygenation during the PETM. ''Paleoceanography'' , '''29(10)''' , 964–975, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014pa002702 10.100 2/2014pa002702] . <div id="Zhu--2016"></div> Zhu, Z. et al., 2016: Greening of the Earth and its drivers. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6(8)''' , 791–795, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3004 10.103 8/nclimate3004] . <div id="Zickfeld--2015"></div> Zickfeld, K. and T. Herrington, 2015: The time lag between a carbon dioxide emission and maximum warming increases with the size of the emission. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''10(3)''' , 031001, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/3/031001 10.1088/1748-93 26/10/3/031001] . <div id="Zickfeld--2016"></div> Zickfeld, K., A.H. MacDougall, and H.D. Matthews, 2016: On the proportionality between global temperature change and cumulative CO <sub>2</sub> emissions during periods of net negative CO <sub>2</sub> emissions. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''11(5)''' , 055006, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/5/055006 10.1088/1748-93 26/11/5/055006] . <div id="Zickfeld--2009"></div> Zickfeld, K., M. Eby, H.D. Matthews, and A.J. Weaver, 2009: Setting cumulative emissions targets to reduce the risk of dangerous climate change. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''106(38)''' , 16129–16134, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805800106 10.1073/p nas.0805800106] . <div id="Zickfeld--2021"></div> Zickfeld, K., D. Azevedo, S. Mathesius, and H.D. Matthews, 2021: Asymmetry in the climate–carbon cycle response to positive and negative CO <sub>2</sub> emissions. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''11(7)''' , 613–617, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01061-2 10.1038/s415 58-021-01061-2] . <div id="Zickfeld--2013"></div> Zickfeld, K. et al., 2013: Long-term climate change commitment and reversibility: An EMIC intercomparison. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''26(16)''' , 5782–5809, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00584.1 10.1175/jcl i-d-12-00584.1] . <div id="Zubkova--2019"></div> Zubkova, M., L. Boschetti, J.T. Abatzoglou, and L. Giglio, 2019: Changes in Fire Activity in Africa from 2002 to 2016 and Their Potential Drivers. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''46(13)''' , 7643–7653, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gl083469 10.102 9/2019gl083469] .
Summary:
Please note that all contributions to ClimateKG may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here.
You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see
ClimateKG:Copyrights
for details).
Do not submit copyrighted work without permission!
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)
Search
Search
Editing
IPCC:AR6/WGI/Chapter-5
(section)
Add languages
Add topic