Editing IPCC:AR6/SROCC/Chapter-3 (section)

== References ==

<ol>
<li><span id="fn:r1">CCAMLR, 2017c: Map of the CAMLR Convention Area. 2017, http://www.ccamlr.org/node/86816 [Available at: http://www.ccamlr.org/node/86816 ; Access Date: 05 December, 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2">PAME, 2013: Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) of the Arctic area. Revision of the Arctic LME map. . PAME Secretariat, Akureyri, Iceland.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r3">Notz, D. and J. Stroeve, 2016: Observed Arctic sea-ice loss directly follows anthropogenic CO2 emission. Science, 354 (6313), 747-750, doi:10.1126/science.aag2345.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r4">Richter-Menge, J., J. E. Overland, J. T. Mathis and E. E. Osborne, 2017: Arctic Report Card 2017. [Available at: http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card%5D .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r5">Fyfe, J. C. et al., 2013: One hundred years of Arctic surface temperature variation due to anthropogenic influence. Scientific Reports, 3, 2645, doi:10.1038/srep02645</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r6">Najafi, M. R., F. W. Zwiers and N. P. Gillett, 2015: Attribution of Arctic temperature change to greenhouse-gas and aerosol influences. Nature Climate Change, 5 (3), 246-249, doi:10.1038/nclimate2524.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r7">Overland, J. et al., 2018a: The urgency of Arctic change. Polar Science, doi:10.1016/j.polar.2018.11.008.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r8">Serreze, M. C., A. P. Barrett and J. Stroeve, 2012: Recent changes in tropospheric water vapor over the Arctic as assessed from radiosondes and atmospheric reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 117 (D10), n/a-n/a, doi:10.1029/2011jd017421.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r9">Pithan, F. and T. Mauritsen, 2014: Arctic amplification dominated by temperature feedbacks in contemporary climate models. Nature Geoscience, 7, 181, doi:10.1038/ngeo2071.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r10">Goosse, H. et al., 2018: Quantifying climate feedbacks in polar regions. Nature Communications, 9 (1), 1919, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04173-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r11">Stuecker, M. F. et al., 2018: Polar amplification dominated by local forcing and feedbacks. Nature Climate Change, 8 (12), 1076–1081 doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0339-y.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r12">Overland, J. E. et al., 2018b: Surface air temperature. [in Arctic Report Card 2018] [Available at: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2018/ArtMID/7878/ArticleID/783/Surface-Air-Temperature%5D .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r13">Overland, J. et al., 2018a: The urgency of Arctic change. Polar Science, doi:10.1016/j.polar.2018.11.008.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r14">Overland, J. E. and M. Y. Wang, 2016: Recent Extreme Arctic Temperatures are due to a Split Polar Vortex. Journal of Climate, 29 (15), 5609-5616, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0320.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r15">Kim, B.-M. et al., 2017: Major cause of unprecedented Arctic warming in January 2016: Critical role of an Atlantic windstorm. Scientific Reports, 7, 40051, doi:10.1038/srep40051.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r16">Overland, J. et al., 2018a: The urgency of Arctic change. Polar Science, doi:10.1016/j.polar.2018.11.008.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r17">AMAP, 2017d: Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA). Arctic Council Secretariat, Oslo, Norway, xiv + 269 pp [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/download/2987/inline ; Access Date: 10 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r18">Walsh, J. E., F. Fetterer, J. Scott Stewart and W. L. Chapman, 2017: A database for depicting Arctic sea ice variations back to 1850. Geographical Review, 107 (1), 89-107, doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2016.12195.x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r19">Nicolas, J. P. and D. H. Bromwich, 2014: New reconstruction of antarctic near-surface temperatures: Multidecadal trends and reliability of global reanalyses. Journal of Climate, 27 (21), 8070-8093, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00733.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r20">Jones, J. M. et al., 2016: Assessing recent trends in high-latitude Southern Hemisphere surface climate. Nature Climate Change, 6, 917, doi:10.1038/nclimate3103.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r21">Turner, J. et al., 2016: Absence of 21st century warming on Antarctic Peninsula consistent with natural variability. Nature, 535 (7612), 411-415, doi:10.1038/nature18645.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r22">Collins, M. et al., 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Long-term climate change: Projections, commitments and irreversibility, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, USA.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r23">Abram, N. J. et al., 2014: Evolution of the Southern Annular Mode during the past millennium. Nature Climate Change, 4 (7), 564-569, doi:10.1038/nclimate2235.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r24">Dätwyler, C. et al., 2017: Teleconnection stationarity, variability and trends of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) during the last millennium. Climate Dynamics, 51 (5-6), 2321-2339, doi:10.1007/s00382-017-4015-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r25">Schneider, D. P., C. Deser and T. Fan, 2015: Comparing the Impacts of Tropical SST Variability and Polar Stratospheric Ozone Loss on the Southern Ocean Westerly Winds. Journal of Climate, 28 (23), 9350-9372, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-15-0090.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r26">Waugh, D. W., C. I. Garfinkel and L. M. Polvani, 2015: Drivers of the Recent Tropical Expansion in the Southern Hemisphere: Changing SSTs or Ozone Depletion? Journal of Climate, 28 (16), 6581-6586, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-15-0138.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r27">Karpechko, A. et al., 2018: Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2018 [Cagnazzo, C. and L. Polvani (eds.)]. Stratospheric Ozone and Climate, Chapter 5, World Meteorological Organization, G. S., Geneva, Switzerland [Available at: https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/ozone/2018/report/Chapter5_2018OzoneAssessment.pdf%5D .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r28">Li, X., D. M. Holland, E. P. Gerber and C. Yoo, 2014: Impacts of the north and tropical Atlantic Ocean on the Antarctic Peninsula and sea ice. Nature, 505, 538, doi:10.1038/nature12945.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r29">Turner, J. et al., 2016: Absence of 21st century warming on Antarctic Peninsula consistent with natural variability. Nature, 535 (7612), 411-415, doi:10.1038/nature18645.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r30">Clem, K. R., J. A. Renwick and J. McGregor, 2017: Relationship between eastern tropical Pacific cooling and recent trends in the Southern Hemisphere zonal-mean circulation. Climate Dynamics, 49 (1-2), 113-129, doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3329-7.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r31">Smith, A. J. et al., 2017a: Beluga whale summer habitat associations in the Nelson River estuary, western Hudson Bay, Canada. Plos One, 12 (8), e0181045, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181045.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r32">Li, X., D. M. Holland, E. P. Gerber and C. Yoo, 2015a: Rossby Waves Mediate Impacts of Tropical Oceans on West Antarctic Atmospheric Circulation in Austral Winter. Journal of Climate, 28 (20), 8151-8164, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-15-0113.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r33">Raphael, M. N. et al., 2016: The Amundsen Sea Low Variability, Change, and Impact on Antarctic Climate. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 97 (1), 111-121, doi:10.1175/bams-d-14-00018.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r34">Turner, D. R., I.-M. Hassellöv, E. Ytreberg and A. Rutgersson, 2017a: Shipping and the environment: Smokestack emissions, scrubbers and unregulated oceanic consequences. Elem Sci Anth, 5, 45, doi: [https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.167 http://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.167] .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r35">Evtushevsky, O. M., A. V. Grytsai and G. P. Milinevsky, 2018: Decadal changes in the central tropical Pacific teleconnection to the Southern Hemisphere extratropics. Climate Dynamics, 52 (7-8), 4027-4055, doi:10.1007/s00382-018-4354-5.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r36">Yuan, X., M. R. Kaplan and M. A. Cane, 2018: The Interconnected Global Climate System—A Review of Tropical–Polar Teleconnections. Journal of Climate, 31 (15), 5765-5792, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0637.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r37">Schneider, D. P., C. Deser and T. Fan, 2015: Comparing the Impacts of Tropical SST Variability and Polar Stratospheric Ozone Loss on the Southern Ocean Westerly Winds. Journal of Climate, 28 (23), 9350-9372, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-15-0090.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r38">Clem, K. R., J. A. Renwick and J. McGregor, 2017: Relationship between eastern tropical Pacific cooling and recent trends in the Southern Hemisphere zonal-mean circulation. Climate Dynamics, 49 (1-2), 113-129, doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3329-7.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r39">Rayner, N. A., 2003: Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (D14), 4407, doi:10.1029/2002jd002670.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r40">Reynolds, R. W. et al., 2002: An Improved In Situ and Satellite SST Analysis for Climate. Journal of Climate, 15 (13), 1609-1625, doi:10.1175/1520-0442.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r41">Barber, D. et al., 2017: Arctic Sea Ice. In: Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA). Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo, 103-136.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r42">Comiso, J. C., W. N. Meier and R. Gersten, 2017b: Variability and trends in the Arctic Sea ice cover: Results from different techniques. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122 (8), 6883-6900, doi:10.1002/2017jc012768.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r43">Stroeve, J. and D. Notz, 2018: Changing state of Arctic sea ice across all seasons. Environmental Research Letters, 13 (10), 103001, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aade56.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r44">Onarheim, I. H., T. Eldevik, L. H. Smedsrud and J. C. Stroeve, 2018: Seasonal and regional manifestation of Arctic sea ice loss. Journal of Climate, 31 (12), 4917-4932, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0427.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r45">Onarheim, I. H., T. Eldevik, L. H. Smedsrud and J. C. Stroeve, 2018: Seasonal and regional manifestation of Arctic sea ice loss. Journal of Climate, 31 (12), 4917-4932, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0427.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r46">Onarheim, I. H. and M. Årthun, 2017: Toward an ice-free Barents Sea. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (16), 8387-8395, doi:10.1002/2017GL074304.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r47">Walsh, J. E., F. Fetterer, J. Scott Stewart and W. L. Chapman, 2017: A database for depicting Arctic sea ice variations back to 1850. Geographical Review, 107 (1), 89-107, doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2016.12195.x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r48">Polyak, L. et al., 2010: History of sea ice in the Arctic. Quaternary Science Reviews, 29 (15-16), 1757-1778, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.02.010.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r49">Kinnard, C. et al., 2011: Reconstructed changes in Arctic sea ice over the past 1,450 years. Nature, 479 (7374), 509-12, doi:10.1038/nature10581.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r50">Halfar, J. et al., 2013: Arctic sea-ice decline archived by multicentury annual-resolution record from crustose coralline algal proxy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 110 (49), 19737-41, doi:10.1073/pnas.1313775110.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r51">Kay, J. E., M. M. Holland and A. Jahn, 2011: Inter-annual to multi-decadal Arctic sea ice extent trends in a warming world. Geophysical Research Letters, 38 (15), L15708, doi:10.1029/2011gl048008.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r52">Notz, D. and J. Marotzke, 2012: Observations reveal external driver for Arctic sea-ice retreat. Geophysical Research Letters, 39 (8), L08502, doi:10.1029/2012gl051094.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r53">Perovich, D. K. and C. Polashenski, 2012: Albedo evolution of seasonal Arctic sea ice. Geophysical Research Letters, 39 (8), L08501, doi:10.1029/2012gl051432.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r54">Serreze, M. C., J. Stroeve, A. P. Barrett and L. N. Boisvert, 2016: Summer atmospheric circulation anomalies over the Arctic Ocean and their influences on September sea ice extent: A cautionary tale. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121 (19), 11,463-11,485, doi:10.1002/2016jd025161.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r55">Haine, T. W. N. and T. Martin, 2017: The Arctic-Subarctic sea ice system is entering a seasonal regime: Implications for future Arctic amplification. Sci Rep, 7 (1), 4618, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-04573-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r56">Boisvert, L. N., A. A. Petty and J. C. Stroeve, 2016: The Impact of the Extreme Winter 2015/16 Arctic Cyclone on the Barents–Kara Seas. Monthly Weather Review, 144 (11), 4279-4287, doi:10.1175/mwr-d-16-0234.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r57">Cullather, R. I. et al., 2016: Analysis of the warmest Arctic winter, 2015-2016. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (20), 10,808-10,816, doi:10.1002/2016gl071228.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r58">Kapsch, M.-L., R. G. Graversen, M. Tjernström and R. Bintanja, 2016: The Effect of Downwelling Longwave and Shortwave Radiation on Arctic Summer Sea Ice. Journal of Climate, 29 (3), 1143-1159, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-15-0238.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r59">Mortin, J. et al., 2016: Melt onset over Arctic sea ice controlled by atmospheric moisture transport. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (12), 6636-6642, doi:10.1002/2016gl069330.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r60">Graham, R. M. et al., 2017: Increasing frequency and duration of Arctic winter warming events. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (13), 6974-6983, doi:10.1002/2017gl073395.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r61">Hegyi, B. M. and P. C. Taylor, 2018: The Unprecedented 2016–2017 Arctic Sea Ice Growth Season: The Crucial Role of Atmospheric Rivers and Longwave Fluxes. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (10), 5204-5212, doi:10.1029/2017gl076717.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r62">Kapsch, M.-L., R. G. Graversen and M. Tjernström, 2013: Springtime atmospheric energy transport and the control of Arctic summer sea-ice extent. Nature Climate Change, 3, 744, doi:10.1038/nclimate1884.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r63">Pithan, F. and T. Mauritsen, 2014: Arctic amplification dominated by temperature feedbacks in contemporary climate models. Nature Geoscience, 7, 181, doi:10.1038/ngeo2071.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r64">Hegyi, B. M. and Y. Deng, 2016: Dynamical and Thermodynamical Impacts of High- and Low-Frequency Atmospheric Eddies on the Initial Melt of Arctic Sea Ice. Journal of Climate, 30 (3), 865-883, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-15-0366.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r65">Morrison, A. L. et al., 2018: Isolating the Liquid Cloud Response to Recent Arctic Sea Ice Variability Using Spaceborne Lidar Observations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123 (1), 473-490, doi:10.1002/2017jd027248.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r66">Serreze, M. C., A. P. Barrett and J. Stroeve, 2012: Recent changes in tropospheric water vapor over the Arctic as assessed from radiosondes and atmospheric reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 117 (D10), n/a-n/a, doi:10.1029/2011jd017421.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r67">Taylor, P., B. Hegyi, R. Boeke and L. Boisvert, 2018: On the Increasing Importance of Air-Sea Exchanges in a Thawing Arctic: A Review. Atmosphere, 9 (2), doi:10.3390/atmos9020041.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r68">Serreze, M. C., J. Stroeve, A. P. Barrett and L. N. Boisvert, 2016: Summer atmospheric circulation anomalies over the Arctic Ocean and their influences on September sea ice extent: A cautionary tale. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121 (19), 11,463-11,485, doi:10.1002/2016jd025161.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r69">Ding, Q. et al., 2017: Influence of high-latitude atmospheric circulation changes on summertime Arctic sea ice. Nature Climate Change, 7, 289, doi:10.1038/nclimate3241</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r70">Meehl, G. A. et al., 2018: Tropical Decadal Variability and the Rate of Arctic Sea Ice Decrease. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (20), 11,326-11,333, doi:10.1029/2018gl079989.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r71">Flanner, M. G. et al., 2011: Radiative forcing and albedo feedback from the Northern Hemisphere cryosphere between 1979 and 2008. Nature Geoscience, 4 (3), 151-155, doi:10.1038/ngeo1062.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r72">Pistone, K., I. Eisenman and V. Ramanathan, 2014: Observational determination of albedo decrease caused by vanishing Arctic sea ice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111 (9), 3322-3326.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r73">Sturm, M. and R. A. Massom, 2016: Snow in the sea ice system: friend or foe? In: Sea Ice [Thomas, D. N. (ed.)]. Wiley-Blackwell, 652.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r74">Armour, K. C. et al., 2011: The reversibility of sea ice loss in a state-of-the-art climate model. Geophysical Research Letters, 38 (16), L16705, doi:10.1029/2011gl048739.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r75">Ludescher, J., N. Yuan and A. Bunde, 2018: Detecting the statistical significance of the trends in the Antarctic sea ice extent: an indication for a turning point. Climate Dynamics, 53 (1-2), 237-244, doi:10.1007/s00382-018-4579-3.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r76">Comiso, J. C. et al., 2017a: Positive Trend in the Antarctic Sea Ice Cover and Associated Changes in Surface Temperature. Journal of Climate, 30 (6), 2251-2267, doi:10.1175/Jcli-D-16-0408.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r77">Turner, J. et al., 2017b: Unprecedented springtime retreat of Antarctic sea ice in 2016. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (13), 6868-6875, doi:10.1002/2017gl073656.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r78">Kusahara, K. et al., 2018: An ocean-sea ice model study of the unprecedented Antarctic sea ice minimum in 2016. Environmental Research Letters, 13 (8), 084020, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aad624.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r79">Meehl, G. A. et al., 2019: Sustained ocean changes contributed to sudden Antarctic sea ice retreat in late 2016. Nat Commun, 10 (1), 14, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07865-9.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r80">Wang, G. et al., 2019: Compounding tropical and stratospheric forcing of the record low Antarctic sea-ice in 2016. Nat Commun, 10 (1), 13, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07689-7.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r81">Holland, P. R., 2014: The seasonality of Antarctic sea ice trends. Geophysical Research Letters, 41, 4230-4237, doi:10.1002/2014GL060172.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r82">Holland, P. R., 2014: The seasonality of Antarctic sea ice trends. Geophysical Research Letters, 41, 4230-4237, doi:10.1002/2014GL060172.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r83">Matear, R. J., T. J. O’Kane, J. S. Risbey and M. Chamberlain, 2015: Sources of heterogeneous variability and trends in Antarctic sea-ice. Nature Communications, 6, 8656, doi:10.1038/Ncomms9656.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r84">Hobbs, W. R. et al., 2016b: A review of recent changes in Southern Ocean sea ice, their drivers and forcings. Global and Planetary Change, 143, 228-250, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.06.008.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r85">Holland, P. R. and R. Kwok, 2012: Wind-driven trends in Antarctic sea-ice drift. Nature Geoscience, 5 (12), 872-875, doi:Doi 10.1038/Ngeo1627.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r86">Haumann, F. A., D. Notz and H. Schmidt, 2014: Anthropogenic influence on recent circulation-driven Antarctic sea ice changes. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (23), 8429-8437, doi:10.1002/2014gl061659.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r87">Holland, P. R. and R. Kwok, 2012: Wind-driven trends in Antarctic sea-ice drift. Nature Geoscience, 5 (12), 872-875, doi:Doi 10.1038/Ngeo1627.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r88">Kusahara, K. et al., 2017: Roles of wind stress and thermodynamic forcing in recent trends in Antarctic sea ice and Southern Ocean SST: An ocean-sea ice model study. Global and Planetary Change, 158, 103-118, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.09.012.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r89">Coggins, J. H. J. and A. J. McDonald, 2015: The influence of the Amundsen Sea Low on the winds in the Ross Sea and surroundings: Insights from a synoptic climatology. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 120 (6), 2167-2189, doi:10.1002/2014JD022830.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r90">Meehl, G. A. et al., 2016: Antarctic sea-ice expansion between 2000 and 2014 driven by tropical Pacific decadal climate variability. Nature Geoscience, 9 (8), 590–595, doi:10.1038/Ngeo2751.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r91">Purich, A. et al., 2016b: Tropical Pacific SST Drivers of Recent Antarctic Sea Ice Trends. Journal of Climate, 29 (24), 8931-8948, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0440.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r92">Fogt, R. L. and E. A. Zbacnik, 2014: Sensitivity of the Amundsen Sea Low to Stratospheric Ozone Depletion. Journal of Climate, 27 (24), 9383-9400, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00657.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r93">England, M. R. et al., 2016: Robust response of the Amundsen Sea Low to stratospheric ozone depletion. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (15), 8207-8213, doi:10.1002/2016gl070055.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r94">Landrum, L. L., M. M. Holland, M. N. Raphael and L. M. Polvani, 2017: Stratospheric Ozone Depletion: An Unlikely Driver of the Regional Trends in Antarctic Sea Ice in Austral Fall in the Late Twentieth Century. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (21), 11062-11070, doi:10.1002/2017gl075618.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r95">Armour, K. C. et al., 2016: Southern Ocean warming delayed by circumpolar upwelling and equatorward transport. Nature Geoscience, 9 (7), 549, doi:10.1038/Ngeo2731.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r96">Goosse, H. et al., 2018: Quantifying climate feedbacks in polar regions. Nature Communications, 9 (1), 1919, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04173-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r97">Meehl, G. A. et al., 2019: Sustained ocean changes contributed to sudden Antarctic sea ice retreat in late 2016. Nat Commun, 10 (1), 14, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07865-9.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r98">Murphy, E. J., A. Clarke, N. J. Abram and J. Turner, 2014: Variability of sea-ice in the northern Weddell Sea during the 20th century. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119 (7), 4549-4572, doi:10.1002/2013jc009511.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r99">Abram, N. J., E. W. Wolff and M. A. J. Curran, 2013b: A review of sea ice proxy information from polar ice cores. Quaternary Science Reviews, 79, 168-183, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.011.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r100">Edinburgh, T. and J. J. Day, 2016: Estimating the extent of Antarctic summer sea ice during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. The Cryosphere, 10 (6), 2721-2730, doi:10.5194/tc-10-2721-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r101">Gallaher, D. W., G. G. Campbell and W. N. Meier, 2014: Anomalous Variability in Antarctic Sea Ice Extents During the 1960s With the Use of Nimbus Data. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 7, 881-887, doi:10.1109/jstars.2013.2264391.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r102">Gagné, M. È., N. P. Gillett and J. C. Fyfe, 2015: Observed and simulated changes in Antarctic sea ice extent over the past 50 years. Geophysical Research Letters, 42 (1), 90-95, doi:10.1002/2014gl062231.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r103">Hobbs, W., M. Curran, N. Abram and E. R. Thomas, 2016a: Century-scale perspectives on observed and simulated Southern Ocean sea ice trends from proxy reconstructions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121 (10), 7804-7818, doi:10.1002/2016jc012111.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r104">Stroeve, J. and D. Notz, 2018: Changing state of Arctic sea ice across all seasons. Environmental Research Letters, 13 (10), 103001, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aade56.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r105">Laxon, S. W. et al., 2013: CryoSat-2 estimates of Arctic sea ice thickness and volume. Geophysical Research Letters, 40 (4), 732-737, doi:10.1002/grl.50193.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r106">Kwok, R., 2018: Arctic sea ice thickness, volume, and multiyear ice coverage: losses and coupled variability (1958–2018). Environmental Research Letters, 13 (10), 105005, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aae3ec.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r107">Chevallier, M. et al., 2017: Intercomparison of the Arctic sea ice cover in global ocean–sea ice reanalyses from the ORA-IP project. Climate Dynamics, 49 (3), 1107-1136, doi:10.1007/s00382-016-2985-y.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r108">Renner, A. H. H. et al., 2014: Evidence of Arctic sea ice thinning from direct observations. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (14), 5029-5036, doi:10.1002/2014gl060369.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r109">Haas, C. et al., 2017: Ice and Snow Thickness Variability and Change in the High Arctic Ocean Observed by In Situ Measurements. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (20), 10,462-10,469, doi:10.1002/2017gl075434.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r110">Lindsay, R. and A. Schweiger, 2015: Arctic sea ice thickness loss determined using subsurface, aircraft, and satellite observations. The Cryosphere, 9 (1), 269-283, doi:10.5194/tc-9-269-2015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r111">Lindsay, R. and A. Schweiger, 2015: Arctic sea ice thickness loss determined using subsurface, aircraft, and satellite observations. The Cryosphere, 9 (1), 269-283, doi:10.5194/tc-9-269-2015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r112">Schweiger, A. J., K. R. Wood and J. Zhang, 2019: Arctic sea ice volume variability over 1901–2010: A model-based reconstruction. Journal of Climate, 32 (15), 4731-4752, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-19-0008.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r113">Kaleschke, L. et al., 2016: SMOS sea ice product: Operational application and validation in the Barents Sea marginal ice zone. Remote Sensing of Environment, 180, 264-273, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2016.03.009.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r114">Ricker, R. et al., 2017: A weekly Arctic sea-ice thickness data record from merged CryoSat-2 and SMOS satellite data. The Cryosphere, 11 (4), 1607-1623, doi:10.5194/tc-11-1607-2017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r115">Nicolaus, M., C. Katlein, J. Maslanik and S. Hendricks, 2012: Changes in Arctic sea ice result in increasing light transmittance and absorption. Geophysical Research Letters, 39 (24), L24501, doi:10.1029/2012gl053738.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r116">Zhang, J., R. Lindsay, A. Schweiger and M. Steele, 2013: The impact of an intense summer cyclone on 2012 Arctic sea ice retreat. Geophysical Research Letters, 40 (4), 720-726, doi:10.1002/grl.50190.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r117">Thompson, A. F. and A. C. Naveira Garabato, 2014: Equilibration of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current by Standing Meanders. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 44 (7), 1811-1828, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-13-0163.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r118">Worby, A. P. et al., 2008: Thickness distribution of Antarctic sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 113 (C5), C05s92, doi:10.1029/2007jc004254.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r119">Massonnet, F. et al., 2013: A model reconstruction of the Antarctic sea ice thickness and volume changes over 1980-2008 using data assimilation. Ocean Modelling, 64, 67-75, doi:DOI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.01.003.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r120">Holland, P. R., 2014: The seasonality of Antarctic sea ice trends. Geophysical Research Letters, 41, 4230-4237, doi:10.1002/2014GL060172.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r121">Paul, S. et al., 2018: Empirical parametrization of Envisat freeboard retrieval of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice based on CryoSat-2: progress in the ESA Climate Change Initiative. The Cryosphere, 12 (7), 2437-2460, doi:10.5194/tc-12-2437-2018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r122">Stroeve, J. and D. Notz, 2018: Changing state of Arctic sea ice across all seasons. Environmental Research Letters, 13 (10), 103001, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aade56.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r123">Stroeve, J. C. et al., 2012b: The Arctic’s rapidly shrinking sea ice cover: a research synthesis. Climatic Change, 110 (3), 1005-1027, doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0101-1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r124">Serreze, M. C., J. Stroeve, A. P. Barrett and L. N. Boisvert, 2016: Summer atmospheric circulation anomalies over the Arctic Ocean and their influences on September sea ice extent: A cautionary tale. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121 (19), 11,463-11,485, doi:10.1002/2016jd025161.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r125">Perovich, D. K. and C. Polashenski, 2012: Albedo evolution of seasonal Arctic sea ice. Geophysical Research Letters, 39 (8), L08501, doi:10.1029/2012gl051432.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r126">Stroeve, J. C. et al., 2014b: Changes in Arctic melt season and implications for sea ice loss. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (4), 1216-1225, doi:10.1002/2013gl058951.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r127">Liu, J., M. Song, M. H. Radley and Y. Hu, 2015a: Revisiting the potential of melt pond fraction as a predictor for the seasonal Arctic sea ice extent minimum. Environmental Research Letters, 10 (5), 054017, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/5/054017/meta.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r128">Laidler, G. J. et al., 2010: Mapping Sea-Ice Knowledge, Use, and Change in Nunavut, Canada (Cape Dorset, Igloolik, Pangnirtung). SIKU: Knowing Our Ice, Documenting Inuit Sea-Ice Knowledge and Use, Springer, Dordrecht.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r129">Eisner, W. R., K. M. Hinkel, C. J. Cuomo and R. A. Beck, 2013: Environmental, cultural, and social change in Arctic Alaska as observed by Iñupiat elders over their lifetimes: a GIS synthesis. Polar Geography, 36 (3), 221-231, doi:10.1080/1088937x.2012.724463.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r130">Fall, J. A. et al., 2013: Continuity and change in subsistence harvests in five Bering Sea communities: Akutan, Emmonak, Savoonga, St. Paul, and Togiak. Deep-Sea Research Part II, 94, 274-291, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.03.010.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r131">Ignatowski, J. and J. Rosales, 2013: Identifying the exposure of two subsistence villages in Alaska to climate change using traditional ecological knowledge. Climatic Change, 121 (2), 285-299, doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0883-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r132">Stammerjohn, S., R. Massom, D. Rind and D. Martinson, 2012: Regions of rapid sea ice change: An inter‐hemispheric seasonal comparison. Geophysical Research Letters, 39 (6), L06501, doi:10.1029/2012GL050874.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r133">Dewey, S. et al., 2018: Arctic Ice‐Ocean Coupling and Gyre Equilibration Observed With Remote Sensing. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (3), 1499-1508, doi:10.1002/2017gl076229.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r134">Meneghello, G. et al., 2018: The Ice-Ocean Governor: Ice-Ocean Stress Feedback Limits Beaufort Gyre Spin-Up. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (20), 11,293-11,299, doi:10.1029/2018gl080171.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r135">Vihma, T., P. Tisler and P. Uotila, 2012: Atmospheric forcing on the drift of Arctic sea ice in 1989–2009. Geophysical Research Letters, 39 (2), doi:10.1029/2011gl050118.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r136">Rampal, P., J. Weiss and D. Marsan, 2009: Positive trend in the mean speed and deformation rate of Arctic sea ice, 1979–2007. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 114 (C5), C05013, doi:10.1029/2008jc005066.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r137">Krumpen, T. et al., 2019: Arctic warming interrupts the Transpolar Drift and affects long-range transport of sea ice and ice-rafted matter. Sci Rep, 9 (1), 5459, doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41456-y.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r138">Spreen, G., R. Kwok and D. Menemenlis, 2011: Trends in Arctic sea ice drift and role of wind forcing: 1992–2009. Geophysical Research Letters, 38 (19), L19501, doi:10.1029/2011gl048970.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r139">Olason, E. and D. Notz, 2014: Drivers of variability in Arctic sea-ice drift speed. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119 (9), 5755-5775, doi:10.1002/2014jc009897.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r140">Kwok, R., G. Spreen and S. Pang, 2013: Arctic sea ice circulation and drift speed: Decadal trends and ocean currents. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118 (5), 2408-2425, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20191.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r141">Krumpen, T. et al., 2016: Recent summer sea ice thickness surveys in Fram Strait and associated ice volume fluxes. The Cryosphere, 10 (2), 523-534, doi:10.5194/tc-10-523-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r142">Smedsrud, L. H. et al., 2017: Fram Strait sea ice export variability and September Arctic sea ice extent over the last 80 years. The Cryosphere, 11 (1), 65-79, doi:10.5194/tc-11-65-2017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r143">Zamani, B., T. Krumpen, L. H. Smedsrud and R. Gerdes, 2019: Fram Strait sea ice export affected by thinning: comparing high-resolution simulations and observations. Climate Dynamics, 53 (5-6), 3257-3270, doi:10.1007/s00382-019-04699-z.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r144">Ricker, R., F. Girard-Ardhuin, T. Krumpen and C. Lique, 2018: Satellite-derived sea ice export and its impact on Arctic ice mass balance. The Cryosphere, 12 (9), 3017-3032, doi:10.5194/tc-12-3017-2018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r145">Itkin, P. et al., 2017: Thin ice and storms: Sea ice deformation from buoy arrays deployed during N-ICE2015. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122 (6), 4661-4674, doi:10.1002/2016jc012403.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r146">Holland, P. R. and R. Kwok, 2012: Wind-driven trends in Antarctic sea-ice drift. Nature Geoscience, 5 (12), 872-875, doi:Doi 10.1038/Ngeo1627.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r147">Haumann, F. A. et al., 2016: Sea-ice transport driving Southern Ocean salinity and its recent trends. Nature, 537 (7618), 89-92, doi:10.1038/nature19101.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r148">Gerland, S. et al., 2008: Decrease of sea ice thickness at Hopen, Barents Sea, during 1966–2007. Geophysical Research Letters, 35 (6), doi:10.1029/2007gl032716.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r149">Polyak, L. et al., 2010: History of sea ice in the Arctic. Quaternary Science Reviews, 29 (15-16), 1757-1778, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.02.010.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r150">Howell, S. E. L. et al., 2016: Landfast ice thickness in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago from observations and models. The Cryosphere, 10 (4), 1463-1475, doi:10.5194/tc-10-1463-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r151">Yu, Y. et al., 2013: Interannual Variability of Arctic Landfast Ice between 1976 and 2007. Journal of Climate, 27 (1), 227-243, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-13-00178.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r152">Yu, Y. et al., 2013: Interannual Variability of Arctic Landfast Ice between 1976 and 2007. Journal of Climate, 27 (1), 227-243, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-13-00178.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r153">Mahoney, A. R., H. Eicken, A. G. Gaylord and R. Gens, 2014: Landfast sea ice extent in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas: The annual cycle and decadal variability. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 103 (Supplement C), 41-56, doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2014.03.003.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r154">Pope, S., L. Copland and B. Alt, 2017: Recent changes in sea ice plugs along the northern Canadian Arctic Archipelago. In: Arctic Ice Shelves and Ice Islands [Copland, L. and D. Mueller (eds.)]. Springer Nature, Dordrecht, 317-342.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r155">Gall, A. E., T. C. Morgan, R. H. Day and K. J. Kuletz, 2017: Ecological shift from piscivorous to planktivorous seabirds in the Chukchi Sea, 1975-2012. Polar Biology, 40 (1), 61-78, doi:10.1007/s00300-016-1924-z.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r156">Yu, Y. et al., 2013: Interannual Variability of Arctic Landfast Ice between 1976 and 2007. Journal of Climate, 27 (1), 227-243, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-13-00178.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r157">Howell, S. E. L. et al., 2013: Recent changes in the exchange of sea ice between the Arctic Ocean and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118 (7), 3595-3607, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20265.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r158">Eisner, W. R., K. M. Hinkel, C. J. Cuomo and R. A. Beck, 2013: Environmental, cultural, and social change in Arctic Alaska as observed by Iñupiat elders over their lifetimes: a GIS synthesis. Polar Geography, 36 (3), 221-231, doi:10.1080/1088937x.2012.724463.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r159">Fall, J. A. et al., 2013: Continuity and change in subsistence harvests in five Bering Sea communities: Akutan, Emmonak, Savoonga, St. Paul, and Togiak. Deep-Sea Research Part II, 94, 274-291, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.03.010.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r160">Huntington, H. P., L. T. Quakenbush and M. Nelson, 2017: Evaluating the Effects of Climate Change on Indigenous Marine Mammal Hunting in Northern and Western Alaska Using Traditional Knowledge. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4, 319, doi:10.3389/fmars.2017.00319.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r161">Laidler, G. J. et al., 2010: Mapping Sea-Ice Knowledge, Use, and Change in Nunavut, Canada (Cape Dorset, Igloolik, Pangnirtung). SIKU: Knowing Our Ice, Documenting Inuit Sea-Ice Knowledge and Use, Springer, Dordrecht.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r162">Inuit Circumpolar Council, 2014: The Sea Ice Never Stops. Circumpolar Inuit Reflections on Sea Ice Use and Shipping in Inuit Nunaat. (ICC), I. C. C., Canada [Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/11374/1478%5D .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r163">Rosales, J. and L. J. Chapman, 2015: Perceptions of Obvious and Disruptive Climate Change: Community-Based Risk Assessment for Two Native Villages in Alaska. Climate, 3 (4), 812-832, doi:10.3390/cli3040812.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r164">Gearheard, S. F. et al., 2013: The meaning of ice: People and sea ice in three Arctic communities. International Polar Institute, Montreal.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r165">Stammerjohn, S. and T. Maksym, 2016: Gaining (and losing) Antarctic sea ice: variability, trends and mechanisms. In: Sea Ice. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd, 261-289.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r166">Fraser, A. D. et al., 2011: East Antarctic Landfast Sea Ice Distribution and Variability, 2000–08. Journal of Climate, 25 (4), 1137-1156, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-10-05032.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r167">Sturm, M. and R. A. Massom, 2016: Snow in the sea ice system: friend or foe? In: Sea Ice [Thomas, D. N. (ed.)]. Wiley-Blackwell, 652.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r168">Mundy, C. J., J. K. Ehn, D. G. Barber and C. Michel, 2007: Influence of snow cover and algae on the spectral dependence of transmitted irradiance through Arctic landfast first-year sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 112 (C3), C03007, doi:10.1029/2006jc003683.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r169">Maksym, T. and T. Markus, 2008: Antarctic sea ice thickness and snow-to-ice conversion from atmospheric reanalysis and passive microwave snow depth. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 113 (C2), C02S12, doi:10.1029/2006jc004085.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r170">Merkouriadi, I. et al., 2017: Critical Role of Snow on Sea Ice Growth in the Atlantic Sector of the Arctic Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (20), 10,479-10,485, doi:10.1002/2017gl075494.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r171">Olsen, L. M. et al., 2017: The seeding of ice algal blooms in Arctic pack ice: The multiyear ice seed repository hypothesis. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 122 (7), 1529-1548, doi:10.1002/2016jg003668.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r172">Granskog, M. A., I. Fer, A. Rinke and H. Steen, 2018: Atmosphere-Ice-Ocean-Ecosystem Processes in a Thinner Arctic Sea Ice Regime: The Norwegian Young Sea ICE (N-ICE2015) Expedition. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 123 (3), 1586-1594, doi:10.1002/2017jc013328.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r173">Webster, M. et al., 2018: Snow in the changing sea-ice systems. Nature Climate Change, 8 (11), 946-953, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0286-7.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r174">Webster, M. A. et al., 2014: Interdecadal changes in snow depth on Arctic sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119 (8), 5395-5406, doi:10.1002/2014jc009985.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r175">Warren, S. G. et al., 1999: Snow Depth on Arctic Sea Ice. Journal of Climate, 12 (6), 1814-1829, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012&lt;1814:sdoasi&gt;2.0.co;2.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r176">Stroeve, J. and D. Notz, 2018: Changing state of Arctic sea ice across all seasons. Environmental Research Letters, 13 (10), 103001, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aade56.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r177">Webster, M. A. et al., 2014: Interdecadal changes in snow depth on Arctic sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119 (8), 5395-5406, doi:10.1002/2014jc009985.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r178">Kurtz, N. T. and S. L. Farrell, 2011: Large-scale surveys of snow depth on Arctic sea ice from Operation IceBridge. Geophysical Research Letters, 38 (20), L20505, doi:10.1029/2011gl049216.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r179">Webster, M. A. et al., 2014: Interdecadal changes in snow depth on Arctic sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119 (8), 5395-5406, doi:10.1002/2014jc009985.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r180">Boisvert, L. N. et al., 2018: Intercomparison of Precipitation Estimates over the Arctic Ocean and Its Peripheral Seas from Reanalyses. Journal of Climate, 31 (20), 8441-8462, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-18-0125.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r181">Haas, C. et al., 2017: Ice and Snow Thickness Variability and Change in the High Arctic Ocean Observed by In Situ Measurements. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (20), 10,462-10,469, doi:10.1002/2017gl075434.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r182">Rösel, A. et al., 2018: Thin Sea Ice, Thick Snow, and Widespread Negative Freeboard Observed During N-ICE2015 North of Svalbard. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 123 (2), 1156-1176, doi:10.1002/2017jc012865.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r183">Kern, S. and B. Ozsoy-Çiçek, 2016: Satellite Remote Sensing of Snow Depth on Antarctic Sea Ice: An Inter-Comparison of Two Empirical Approaches. Remote Sensing, 8 (6), 450, doi:10.3390/rs8060450.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r184">Kwok, R. and T. Maksym, 2014: Snow depth of the Weddell and Bellingshausen sea ice covers from IceBridge surveys in 2010 and 2011: An examination. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119 (7), 4141-4167, doi:10.1002/2014jc009943.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r185">Massom, R. A. et al., 2001: Snow on Antarctic sea ice. Reviews of Geophysics, 39 (3), 413-445, doi:10.1029/2000rg000085.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r186">Worby, A. P. et al., 2008: Thickness distribution of Antarctic sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 113 (C5), C05s92, doi:10.1029/2007jc004254.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r187">Jung, T. et al., 2015: Polar Lower-Latitude Linkages and Their Role in Weather and Climate Prediction. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 96 (11), Es197-Es200, doi:10.1175/Bams-D-15-00121.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r188">Routson, C. C. et al., 2019: Mid-latitude net precipitation decreased with Arctic warming during the Holocene. Nature, 568 (7750), 83-87, doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1060-3.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r189">National Research Council, 2014: Linkages Between Arctic Warming and Mid-Latitude Weather Patterns: Summary of a Workshop. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 85 pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r190">Barnes, E. A. and L. M. Polvani, 2015: CMIP5 Projections of Arctic Amplification, of the North American/North Atlantic Circulation, and of Their Relationship. Journal of Climate, 28 (13), 5254-5271, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-14-00589.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r191">Francis, D., C. Eayrs, J. Cuesta and D. Holland, 2019: Polar Cyclones at the Origin of the Reoccurrence of the Maud Rise Polynya in Austral Winter 2017. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 124 (10), 5251-5267, doi:10.1029/2019jd030618.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r192">Grotjahn, R. et al., 2016: North American extreme temperature events and related large scale meteorological patterns: a review of statistical methods, dynamics, modeling, and trends. Climate Dynamics, 46 (3-4), 1151-1184, doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2638-6.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r193">Messori, G., R. Caballero and M. Gaetani, 2016: On cold spells in North America and storminess in western Europe. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (12), 6620-6628, doi:10.1002/2016gl069392.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r194">Overland, J. et al., 2018a: The urgency of Arctic change. Polar Science, doi:10.1016/j.polar.2018.11.008.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r195">Overland, J. E. et al., 2018b: Surface air temperature. [in Arctic Report Card 2018] [Available at: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2018/ArtMID/7878/ArticleID/783/Surface-Air-Temperature%5D .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r196">Kim, B. M. et al., 2014: Weakening of the stratospheric polar vortex by Arctic sea-ice loss. Nat Commun, 5, 4646, doi:10.1038/ncomms5646.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r197">Kretschmer, M., D. Coumou, J. F. Donges and J. Runge, 2016: Using Causal Effect Networks to Analyze Different Arctic Drivers of Midlatitude Winter Circulation. Journal of Climate, 29 (11), 4069-4081, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-15-0654.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r198">Kug, J. S. et al., 2015: Two distinct influences of Arctic warming on cold winters over North America and East Asia. Nature Geoscience, 8 (10), 759, doi:10.1038/ngeo2517.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r199">Ballinger, T. J. et al., 2018: Greenland coastal air temperatures linked to Baffin Bay and Greenland Sea ice conditions during autumn through regional blocking patterns. Climate Dynamics, 50 (1), 83-100, doi:10.1007/s00382-017-3583-3.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r200">Overland, J. et al., 2018a: The urgency of Arctic change. Polar Science, doi:10.1016/j.polar.2018.11.008.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r201">Cohen, J., K. Pfeiffer and J. A. Francis, 2018: Warm Arctic episodes linked with increased frequency of extreme winter weather in the United States. Nature Communications, 9 (1), 869, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-02992-9.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r202">Screen, J. A., T. J. Bracegirdle and I. Simmonds, 2018: Polar Climate Change as Manifest in Atmospheric Circulation. Curr Clim Change Rep, 4 (4), 383-395, doi:10.1007/s40641-018-0111-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r203">Ayarzaguena, B. and J. A. Screen, 2016: Future Arctic sea ice loss reduces severity of cold air outbreaks in midlatitudes. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (6), 2801-2809, doi:10.1002/2016gl068092.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r204">Trenary, L., T. DelSole, M. K. Tippett and B. Doty, 2016: Extreme eastern U.S. winter of 2015 not symptomatic of climate change [in “Explaining Extreme Events of 2015 from a Climate Perspective”]. . 97, S31-S35, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0156.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r205">Honda, M., J. Inoue and S. Yamane, 2009: Influence of low Arctic sea‐ice minima on anomalously cold Eurasian winters. Geophysical Research Letters, 36 (8), L08707, doi:10.1029/2008gl037079.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r206">Chen, H. W., F. Zhang and R. B. Alley, 2016a: The Robustness of Midlatitude Weather Pattern Changes due to Arctic Sea Ice Loss. Journal of Climate, 29 (21), 7831-7849, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0167.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r207">McKenna, C. M. et al., 2018: Arctic Sea Ice Loss in Different Regions Leads to Contrasting Northern Hemisphere Impacts. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (2), 945-954, doi:10.1002/2017gl076433.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r208">Cohen, J. L. et al., 2012: Arctic warming, increasing snow cover and widespread boreal winter cooling. Environmental Research Letters, 7 (1), 014007, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/014007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r209">Nakamura, T. et al., 2016: The stratospheric pathway for Arctic impacts on midlatitude climate. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (7), 3494-3501, doi:10.1002/2016gl068330.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r210">Zhang, P. et al., 2018b: A stratospheric pathway linking a colder Siberia to Barents-Kara Sea sea ice loss. Sci Adv, 4 (7), eaat6025, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat6025.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r211">Screen, J. A., T. J. Bracegirdle and I. Simmonds, 2018: Polar Climate Change as Manifest in Atmospheric Circulation. Curr Clim Change Rep, 4 (4), 383-395, doi:10.1007/s40641-018-0111-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r212">Kidston, J., A. S. Taschetto, D. W. J. Thompson and M. H. England, 2011: The influence of Southern Hemisphere sea-ice extent on the latitude of the mid-latitude jet stream. Geophysical Research Letters, 38, 5, doi:10.1029/2011gl048056.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r213">Raphael, M. N., W. Hobbs and I. Wainer, 2011: The effect of Antarctic sea ice on the Southern Hemisphere atmosphere during the southern summer. Climate Dynamics, 36 (7-8), 1403-1417, doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0892-1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r214">Bader, J. et al., 2013: Atmospheric winter response to a projected future Antarctic sea-ice reduction: a dynamical analysis. Climate Dynamics, 40 (11), 2707-2718, doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1507-9.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r215">Smith, D. M. et al., 2017b: Atmospheric Response to Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice: The Importance of Ocean–Atmosphere Coupling and the Background State. Journal of Climate, 30 (12), 4547-4565, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0564.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r216">England, M., L. Polvani and L. Sun, 2018: Contrasting the Antarctic and Arctic Atmospheric Responses to Projected Sea Ice Loss in the Late Twenty-First Century. Journal of Climate, 31 (16), 6353-6370, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0666.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r217">England, M., L. Polvani and L. Sun, 2018: Contrasting the Antarctic and Arctic Atmospheric Responses to Projected Sea Ice Loss in the Late Twenty-First Century. Journal of Climate, 31 (16), 6353-6370, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0666.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r218">Steele, M. and S. Dickinson, 2016: The phenology of Arctic Ocean surface warming. J Geophys Res Oceans, 121 (9), 6847-6861, doi:10.1002/2016JC012089.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r219">Timmermans, M.-L., C. Ladd and K. Wood, 2017: Sea surface temperature [NOAA (ed.)]. Arctic Report Card, NOAA, https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2017/ArtMID/7798/ArticleID/698/Sea-Surface-Temperature ).</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r220">Perovich, D. K., 2016: Sea ice and sunlight. In: Sea Ice [Thomas, D. N. (ed.)]. Wiley Online Library, 110-137.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r221">Pistone, K., I. Eisenman and V. Ramanathan, 2014: Observational determination of albedo decrease caused by vanishing Arctic sea ice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111 (9), 3322-3326.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r222">Timmermans, M. L., 2015: The impact of stored solar heat on Arctic sea ice growth. Geophysical Research Letters, 42 (15), 6399-6406, doi:10.1002/2015GL064541.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r223">Ivanov, V. et al., 2016: Arctic Ocean heat impact on regional ice decay: A suggested positive feedback. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 46 (5), 1437-1456, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-15-0144.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r224">Polyakov, I. V. et al., 2017: Greater role for Atlantic inflows on sea-ice loss in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. Science, 356 (6335), 285-291, doi:10.1126/science.aai8204</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r225">Arthun, M. et al., 2012: Quantifying the Influence of Atlantic Heat on Barents Sea Ice Variability and Retreat. Journal of Climate, 25 (13), 4736-4743, doi:10.1175/Jcli-D-11-00466.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r226">Lind, S., R. B. Ingvaldsen and T. Furevik, 2018: Arctic warming hotspot in the northern Barents Sea linked to declining sea-ice import. Nature Climate Change, 8 (7), 634–639, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0205-y.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r227">Polyakov, I. V. et al., 2017: Greater role for Atlantic inflows on sea-ice loss in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. Science, 356 (6335), 285-291, doi:10.1126/science.aai8204</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r228">Timmermans, M. L. et al., 2014: Mechanisms of Pacific summer water variability in the Arctic’s Central Canada basin. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119 (11), 7523-7548, doi:10.1002/2014JC010273.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r229">Timmermans, M.-L., J. Toole and R. Krishfield, 2018: Warming of the interior Arctic Ocean linked to sea ice losses at the basin margins. Science Advances, 4 (8), doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat6773.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r230">Woodgate, R. A., 2018: Increases in the Pacific inflow to the Arctic from 1990 to 2015, and insights into seasonal trends and driving mechanisms from year-round Bering Strait mooring data. Progress in Oceanography, 160, 124-154, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2017.12.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r231">Woodgate, R. A., 2018: Increases in the Pacific inflow to the Arctic from 1990 to 2015, and insights into seasonal trends and driving mechanisms from year-round Bering Strait mooring data. Progress in Oceanography, 160, 124-154, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2017.12.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r232">Frölicher, T. L. et al., 2015: Dominance of the Southern Ocean in anthropogenic carbon and heat uptake in CMIP5 models. Journal of Climate, 28 (2), 862-886, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00117.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r233">Shi, J.-R., S.-P. Xie and L. D. Talley, 2018: Evolving Relative Importance of the Southern Ocean and North Atlantic in Anthropogenic Ocean Heat Uptake. Journal of Climate, 31 (18), 7459-7479, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-18-0170.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r234">Frölicher, T. L. et al., 2015: Dominance of the Southern Ocean in anthropogenic carbon and heat uptake in CMIP5 models. Journal of Climate, 28 (2), 862-886, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00117.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r235">Armour, K. C. et al., 2016: Southern Ocean warming delayed by circumpolar upwelling and equatorward transport. Nature Geoscience, 9 (7), 549, doi:10.1038/Ngeo2731.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r236">Shi, J.-R., S.-P. Xie and L. D. Talley, 2018: Evolving Relative Importance of the Southern Ocean and North Atlantic in Anthropogenic Ocean Heat Uptake. Journal of Climate, 31 (18), 7459-7479, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-18-0170.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r237">Swart, N. C., S. T. Gille, J. C. Fyfe and N. P. Gillett, 2018: Recent Southern Ocean warming and freshening driven by greenhouse gas emissions and ozone depletion. Nature Geoscience, 11 (11), 836-841, doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0226-1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r238">Irving, D. B., S. Wijffels and J. A. Church, 2019: Anthropogenic Aerosols, Greenhouse Gases, and the Uptake, transport, and Storage of Excess Heat in the Climate System. Geophysical Research Letters, 46 (9), 4894-4903, doi:10.1029/2019gl082015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r239">Armour, K. C. et al., 2016: Southern Ocean warming delayed by circumpolar upwelling and equatorward transport. Nature Geoscience, 9 (7), 549, doi:10.1038/Ngeo2731.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r240">Armour, K. C. et al., 2016: Southern Ocean warming delayed by circumpolar upwelling and equatorward transport. Nature Geoscience, 9 (7), 549, doi:10.1038/Ngeo2731.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r241">Swart, N. C., S. T. Gille, J. C. Fyfe and N. P. Gillett, 2018: Recent Southern Ocean warming and freshening driven by greenhouse gas emissions and ozone depletion. Nature Geoscience, 11 (11), 836-841, doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0226-1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r242">Desbruyeres, D., E. L. McDonagh, B. A. King and V. Thierry, 2017: Global and Full-Depth Ocean Temperature Trends during the Early Twenty-First Century from Argo and Repeat Hydrography. Journal of Climate, 30 (6), 1985-1997, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0396.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r243">Gao, L., S. R. Rintoul and W. Yu, 2018: Recent wind-driven change in Subantarctic Mode Water and its impact on ocean heat storage. Nature Climate Change, 8 (1), 58, doi:10.1038/s41558-017-0022-8.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r244">Schmidtko, S., K. J. Heywood, A. F. Thompson and S. Aoki, 2014: Multidecadal warming of Antarctic waters. Science, 346 (6214), 1227-1231.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r245">Spence, P. et al., 2014: Rapid subsurface warming and circulation changes of Antarctic coastal waters by poleward shifting winds. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (13), 4601-4610, doi:10.1002/2014gl060613.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r246">Jenkins, A. et al., 2018: West Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat in the Amundsen Sea driven by decadal oceanic variability. Nature Geoscience, 11 (10), 733-738, doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0207-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r247">Roemmich, D. et al., 2015: Unabated planetary warming and its ocean structure since 2006. Nature Climate Change, 5 (3), 240, doi:10.1038/nclimate2513.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r248">Frölicher, T. L. et al., 2015: Dominance of the Southern Ocean in anthropogenic carbon and heat uptake in CMIP5 models. Journal of Climate, 28 (2), 862-886, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00117.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r249">Talley, L. D. et al., 2016: Changes in Ocean Heat, Carbon Content, and Ventilation: A Review of the First Decade of GO-SHIP Global Repeat Hydrography. Ann Rev Mar Sci, 8, 185-215, doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-052915-100829.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r250">Desbruyeres, D., E. L. McDonagh, B. A. King and V. Thierry, 2017: Global and Full-Depth Ocean Temperature Trends during the Early Twenty-First Century from Argo and Repeat Hydrography. Journal of Climate, 30 (6), 1985-1997, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0396.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r251">Purkey, S. G. and G. C. Johnson, 2013: Antarctic Bottom Water warming and freshening: Contributions to sea level rise, ocean freshwater budgets, and global heat gain. Journal of Climate, 26 (16), 6105-6122, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00834.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r252">Purkey, S. G. and G. C. Johnson, 2012: Global Contraction of Antarctic Bottom Water between the 1980s and 2000s*. Journal of Climate, 25 (17), 5830-5844, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-11-00612.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r253">Desbruyeres, D., E. L. McDonagh, B. A. King and V. Thierry, 2017: Global and Full-Depth Ocean Temperature Trends during the Early Twenty-First Century from Argo and Repeat Hydrography. Journal of Climate, 30 (6), 1985-1997, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0396.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r254">Purkey, S. G. and G. C. Johnson, 2013: Antarctic Bottom Water warming and freshening: Contributions to sea level rise, ocean freshwater budgets, and global heat gain. Journal of Climate, 26 (16), 6105-6122, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00834.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r255">Purkey, S. G. and G. C. Johnson, 2013: Antarctic Bottom Water warming and freshening: Contributions to sea level rise, ocean freshwater budgets, and global heat gain. Journal of Climate, 26 (16), 6105-6122, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00834.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r256">Meneghello, G., J. Marshall, S. T. Cole and M.-L. Timmermans, 2017: Observational Inferences of Lateral Eddy Diffusivity in the Halocline of the Beaufort Gyre. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (24), 12,331-12,338, doi:10.1002/2017gl075126.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r257">Purkey, S. G. and G. C. Johnson, 2013: Antarctic Bottom Water warming and freshening: Contributions to sea level rise, ocean freshwater budgets, and global heat gain. Journal of Climate, 26 (16), 6105-6122, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00834.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r258">Rabe, B. et al., 2014: Arctic Ocean basin liquid freshwater storage trend 1992–2012. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (3), 961-968, doi:10.1002/2013GL058121.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r259">Haine, T. W. N. et al., 2015: Arctic freshwater export: Status, mechanisms, and prospects. Global and Planetary Change, 125 (Supplement C), 13-35, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.11.013.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r260">Carmack, E. C. et al., 2016: Freshwater and its role in the Arctic Marine System: Sources, disposition, storage, export, and physical and biogeochemical consequences in the Arctic and global oceans. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 121 (3), 675-717, doi:10.1002/2015JG003140.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r261">Krishfield, R. A. et al., 2014: Deterioration of perennial sea ice in the Beaufort Gyre from 2003 to 2012 and its impact on the oceanic freshwater cycle. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119 (2), 1271-1305, doi:10.1002/2013JC008999.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r262">Proshutinsky, A. et al., 2015: Arctic circulation regimes. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 373 (2052), 20140160, doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0160.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r263">Armitage, T. W. et al., 2016: Arctic sea surface height variability and change from satellite radar altimetry and GRACE, 2003–2014. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121 (6), 4303-4322, doi:10.1002/2015JC011579.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r264">Lind, S., R. B. Ingvaldsen and T. Furevik, 2018: Arctic warming hotspot in the northern Barents Sea linked to declining sea-ice import. Nature Climate Change, 8 (7), 634–639, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0205-y.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r265">Woodgate, R. A., 2018: Increases in the Pacific inflow to the Arctic from 1990 to 2015, and insights into seasonal trends and driving mechanisms from year-round Bering Strait mooring data. Progress in Oceanography, 160, 124-154, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2017.12.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r266">Swart, N. C., S. T. Gille, J. C. Fyfe and N. P. Gillett, 2018: Recent Southern Ocean warming and freshening driven by greenhouse gas emissions and ozone depletion. Nature Geoscience, 11 (11), 836-841, doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0226-1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r267">Skliris, N. et al., 2014: Salinity changes in the World Ocean since 1950 in relation to changing surface freshwater fluxes. Climate Dynamics, 43 (3-4), 709-736, doi:10.1007/s00382-014-2131-7.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r268">Skliris, N. et al., 2014: Salinity changes in the World Ocean since 1950 in relation to changing surface freshwater fluxes. Climate Dynamics, 43 (3-4), 709-736, doi:10.1007/s00382-014-2131-7.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r269">Schmidtko, S., K. J. Heywood, A. F. Thompson and S. Aoki, 2014: Multidecadal warming of Antarctic waters. Science, 346 (6214), 1227-1231.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r270">Pauling, A. G., C. M. Bitz, I. J. Smith and P. J. Langhorne, 2016: The Response of the Southern Ocean and Antarctic Sea Ice to Freshwater from Ice Shelves in an Earth System Model. Journal of Climate, 29 (5), 1655-1672, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-15-0501.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r271">Skliris, N. et al., 2014: Salinity changes in the World Ocean since 1950 in relation to changing surface freshwater fluxes. Climate Dynamics, 43 (3-4), 709-736, doi:10.1007/s00382-014-2131-7.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r272">Haumann, F. A. et al., 2016: Sea-ice transport driving Southern Ocean salinity and its recent trends. Nature, 537 (7618), 89-92, doi:10.1038/nature19101.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r273">Abernathey, R. P. et al., 2016: Water-mass transformation by sea ice in the upper branch of the Southern Ocean overturning. Nature Geoscience, 9, 596, doi:10.1038/ngeo2749.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r274">Pellichero, V., J.-B. Sallée, C. C. Chapman and S. M. Downes, 2018: The southern ocean meridional overturning in the sea-ice sector is driven by freshwater fluxes. Nature Communications, 9 (1), 1789, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04101-2.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r275">Swart, N. C., S. T. Gille, J. C. Fyfe and N. P. Gillett, 2018: Recent Southern Ocean warming and freshening driven by greenhouse gas emissions and ozone depletion. Nature Geoscience, 11 (11), 836-841, doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0226-1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r276">Bellerby, R. et al., 2018: Arctic Ocean acidification: an update. AMAP Assessment 2018 Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), AMAP, Tromsø, Norway., vi+187pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r277">Robbins, L. L. et al., 2013: Baseline Monitoring of the Western Arctic Ocean Estimates 20% of Canadian Basin Surface Waters Are Undersaturated with Respect to Aragonite. Plos One, 8 (9), 15, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073796.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r278">Qi, D. et al., 2017: Increase in acidifying water in the western Arctic Ocean. Nature Climate Change, 7 (3), 195, doi:10.1038/nclimate3228.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r279">Semiletov, I. et al., 2016: Acidification of East Siberian Arctic Shelf waters through addition of freshwater and terrestrial carbon (vol 9, pg 361, 2016). Nature Geoscience, 9 (9), 1, doi:10.1038/ngeo2799.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r280">Anderson, L. G. et al., 2017a: Export of calcium carbonate corrosive waters from the East Siberian Sea. Biogeosciences, 14 (7), 1811-1823, doi:10.5194/bg-14-1811-2017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r281">Tank, S. E. et al., 2012: A land-to-ocean perspective on the magnitude, source and implication of DIC flux from major Arctic rivers to the Arctic Ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 26 (4), GB4018, doi:10.1029/2011gb004192.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r282">Azetsu-Scott, K., M. Starr, Z. Mei and M. Granskog, 2014: Low calcium carbonate saturation state in an Arctic inland sea having large and varying fluvial inputs: The Hudson Bay system. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 119 (9), 6210-6220, doi:10.1002/2014jc009948.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r283">Ericson, Y. et al., 2014: Increasing carbon inventory of the intermediate layers of the Arctic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 119 (4), 2312-2326, doi:10.1002/2013jc009514.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r284">MacGilchrist, G. A. et al., 2014: The Arctic Ocean carbon sink. Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers, 86, 39-55, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2014.01.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r285">Yamamoto-Kawai, M., T. Mifune, T. Kikuchi and S. Nishino, 2016: Seasonal variation of CaCO3 saturation state in bottom water of a biological hotspot in the Chukchi Sea, Arctic Ocean. Biogeosciences, 13 (22), 6155-6169, doi:10.5194/bg-13-6155-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r286">Rysgaard, S. et al., 2013: Ikaite crystal distribution in winter sea ice and implications for CO2 system dynamics. Cryosphere, 7 (2), 707-718, doi:10.5194/tc-7-707-2013.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r287">Bates, N. R. et al., 2014: Sea-ice melt CO2-carbonate chemistry in the western Arctic Ocean: meltwater contributions to air-sea CO2 gas exchange, mixed-layer properties and rates of net community production under sea ice. Biogeosciences, 11 (23), 6769-6789, doi:10.5194/bg-11-6769-2014.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r288">Geilfus, N. X. et al., 2016: Estimates of ikaite export from sea ice to the underlying seawater in a sea ice-seawater mesocosm. Cryosphere, 10 (5), 2173-2189, doi:10.5194/tc-10-2173-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r289">Francis, D., C. Eayrs, J. Cuesta and D. Holland, 2019: Polar Cyclones at the Origin of the Reoccurrence of the Maud Rise Polynya in Austral Winter 2017. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 124 (10), 5251-5267, doi:10.1029/2019jd030618.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r290">Azetsu-Scott, K., M. Starr, Z. Mei and M. Granskog, 2014: Low calcium carbonate saturation state in an Arctic inland sea having large and varying fluvial inputs: The Hudson Bay system. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 119 (9), 6210-6220, doi:10.1002/2014jc009948.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r291">Yamamoto-Kawai, M., T. Mifune, T. Kikuchi and S. Nishino, 2016: Seasonal variation of CaCO3 saturation state in bottom water of a biological hotspot in the Chukchi Sea, Arctic Ocean. Biogeosciences, 13 (22), 6155-6169, doi:10.5194/bg-13-6155-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r292">Krause-Jensen, D. et al., 2016: Long photoperiods sustain high pH in Arctic kelp forests. Science Advances, 2 (12), 8, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501938.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r293">McNeil, B. I. and R. J. Matear, 2013: The non-steady state oceanic CO2 signal: its importance, magnitude and a novel way to detect it. Biogeosciences, 10 (4), 2219-2228, doi:10.5194/bg-10-2219-2013.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r294">Landa, C. S. et al., 2014: Recruitment, distribution boundary and habitat temperature of an arcto-boreal gadoid in a climatically changing environment: a case study on Northeast Arctic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Fisheries Oceanography, 23 (6), 506-520, doi:10.1111/fog.12085.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r295">Landschützer, P. et al., 2015: The reinvigoration of the Southern Ocean carbon sink. Science, 349 (6253), 1221-1224, doi:10.1126/science.aab2620</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r296">Gregor, L., S. Kok and P. M. S. Monteiro, 2017: Empirical methods for the estimation of Southern Ocean CO2: support vector and random forest regression. Biogeosciences, 14 (23), 5551-5569, doi:10.1002/2016GB005541.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r297">Ritter, R. et al., 2017: Observation-Based Trends of the Southern Ocean Carbon Sink. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (24), 12,339-12,348, doi:papers2://publication/doi/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00137.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r298">Keppler, L. and P. Landschutzer, 2019: Regional Wind Variability Modulates the Southern Ocean Carbon Sink. Sci Rep, 9 (1), 7384, doi:10.1038/s41598-019-43826-y.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r299">Landschützer, P. et al., 2015: The reinvigoration of the Southern Ocean carbon sink. Science, 349 (6253), 1221-1224, doi:10.1126/science.aab2620</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r300">Landschützer, P. et al., 2015: The reinvigoration of the Southern Ocean carbon sink. Science, 349 (6253), 1221-1224, doi:10.1126/science.aab2620</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r301">Munro, D. R. et al., 2015: Recent evidence for a strengthening CO2 sink in the Southern Ocean from carbonate system measurements in the Drake Passage (2002-2015). Geophysical Research Letters, 42 (18), 7623-7630, doi:10.1002/2015GL065194.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r302">Williams, N. L. et al., 2017: Calculating surface ocean pCO2 from biogeochemical Argo floats equipped with pH: An uncertainty analysis. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 31 (3), 591-604, doi:10.1002/2016GB005541.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r303">Keppler, L. and P. Landschutzer, 2019: Regional Wind Variability Modulates the Southern Ocean Carbon Sink. Sci Rep, 9 (1), 7384, doi:10.1038/s41598-019-43826-y.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r304">Landschützer, P. et al., 2015: The reinvigoration of the Southern Ocean carbon sink. Science, 349 (6253), 1221-1224, doi:10.1126/science.aab2620</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r305">Gregor, L., S. Kok and P. M. S. Monteiro, 2017: Empirical methods for the estimation of Southern Ocean CO2: support vector and random forest regression. Biogeosciences, 14 (23), 5551-5569, doi:10.1002/2016GB005541.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r306">Keppler, L. and P. Landschutzer, 2019: Regional Wind Variability Modulates the Southern Ocean Carbon Sink. Sci Rep, 9 (1), 7384, doi:10.1038/s41598-019-43826-y.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r307">Ritter, R. et al., 2017: Observation-Based Trends of the Southern Ocean Carbon Sink. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (24), 12,339-12,348, doi:papers2://publication/doi/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00137.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r308">Fay, A. R. et al., 2018: Utilizing the Drake Passage Time-series to understand variability and change in subpolar Southern Ocean pCO2. Biogeosciences, 15 (12), 3841-3855, doi:10.5194/bg-15-3841-2018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r309">Gruber, N., P. Landschutzer and N. S. Lovenduski, 2019b: The Variable Southern Ocean Carbon Sink. Ann Rev Mar Sci, 11, 159-186, doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063407.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r310">Williams, N. L. et al., 2017: Calculating surface ocean pCO2 from biogeochemical Argo floats equipped with pH: An uncertainty analysis. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 31 (3), 591-604, doi:10.1002/2016GB005541.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r311">Gray, A. R. et al., 2018: Autonomous Biogeochemical Floats Detect Significant Carbon Dioxide Outgassing in the High-Latitude Southern Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (17), 9049-9057, doi:10.1029/2018gl078013.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r312">DeVries, T., M. Holzer and F. Primeau, 2017: Recent increase in oceanic carbon uptake driven by weaker upper-ocean overturning. Nature, 542 (7640), 215, doi:10.1038/nature21068.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r313">Tanhua, T. et al., 2017: Temporal changes in ventilation and the carbonate system in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Research Part II, 138, 26-38, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.10.004.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r314">Swart, N. C., J. C. Fyfe, O. A. Saenko and M. Eby, 2014: Wind-driven changes in the ocean carbon sink. Biogeosciences, 11 (21), 6107-6117, doi:10.5194/bg-11-6107-2014.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r315">Swart, N. C., J. C. Fyfe, N. Gillett and G. J. Marshall, 2015a: Comparing Trends in the Southern Annular Mode and Surface Westerly Jet. Journal of Climate, 28 (22), 8840-8859, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00716.s1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r316">Tanhua, T. et al., 2017: Temporal changes in ventilation and the carbonate system in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Research Part II, 138, 26-38, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.10.004.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r317">Gruber, N. et al., 2019a: The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2 from 1994 to 2007. Science, 363 (6432), 1193-1199, doi:10.1126/science.aau5153.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r318">Swart, N. C., J. C. Fyfe, O. A. Saenko and M. Eby, 2014: Wind-driven changes in the ocean carbon sink. Biogeosciences, 11 (21), 6107-6117, doi:10.5194/bg-11-6107-2014.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r319">Lange, B. A. et al., 2017: Pan-Arctic sea ice-algal chl a biomass and suitable habitat are largely underestimated for multiyear ice. Glob Chang Biol, 23 (11), 4581-4597, doi:10.1111/gcb.13742.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r320">Freeman, N. M. and N. S. Lovenduski, 2015: Decreased calcification in the Southern Ocean over the satellite record. Nature Geoscience, 42 (6), 1834-1840, doi:papers2://publication/uuid/E879F895-C356-42B6-B1DE-7E33D4676735.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r321">McNeil, B. I. and T. P. Sasse, 2016: Future ocean hypercapnia driven by anthropogenic amplification of the natural CO2 cycle. Nature, 529 (7586), 383-6, doi:10.1038/nature16156.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r322">Conrad, C. J. and N. S. Lovenduski, 2015: Climate-Driven Variability in the Southern Ocean Carbonate System. Journal of Climate, 28 (13), 5335-5350, doi:papers2://publication/doi/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00481.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r323">Armitage, T. W. et al., 2017: Arctic Ocean surface geostrophic circulation 2003–2014. The Cryosphere, 11 (4), 1767, doi:10.5194/tc-11-1767-2017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r324">Armitage, T. W. et al., 2017: Arctic Ocean surface geostrophic circulation 2003–2014. The Cryosphere, 11 (4), 1767, doi:10.5194/tc-11-1767-2017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r325">Woodgate, R. A., 2018: Increases in the Pacific inflow to the Arctic from 1990 to 2015, and insights into seasonal trends and driving mechanisms from year-round Bering Strait mooring data. Progress in Oceanography, 160, 124-154, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2017.12.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r326">Meneghello, G., J. Marshall, S. T. Cole and M.-L. Timmermans, 2017: Observational Inferences of Lateral Eddy Diffusivity in the Halocline of the Beaufort Gyre. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (24), 12,331-12,338, doi:10.1002/2017gl075126.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r327">Zhao, M. et al., 2014: Characterizing the eddy field in the Arctic Ocean halocline. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119 (12), 8800-8817.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r328">Zhao, M. et al., 2016: Evolution of the eddy field in the Arctic Ocean’s Canada Basin, 2005–2015. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (15), 8106-8114, doi:10.1002/2016GL069671.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r329">Armitage, T. W. et al., 2017: Arctic Ocean surface geostrophic circulation 2003–2014. The Cryosphere, 11 (4), 1767, doi:10.5194/tc-11-1767-2017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r330">Regan, H. C., C. Lique and T. W. K. Armitage, 2019: The Beaufort Gyre Extent, Shape, and Location Between 2003 and 2014 From Satellite Observations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124 (2), 844-862, doi:10.1029/2018jc014379.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r331">Donohue, K. et al., 2016: Mean Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport measured in Drake Passage. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (22).</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r332">Swart, N. C., J. C. Fyfe, N. Gillett and G. J. Marshall, 2015a: Comparing Trends in the Southern Annular Mode and Surface Westerly Jet. Journal of Climate, 28 (22), 8840-8859, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00716.s1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r333">Chidichimo, M. P., K. A. Donohue, D. R. Watts and K. L. Tracey, 2014: Baroclinic transport time series of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current measured in Drake Passage. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 44 (7), 1829-1853, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-13-071.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r334">Koenig, L. S., C. Miège, R. R. Forster and L. Brucker, 2014: Initial in situ measurements of perennial meltwater storage in the Greenland firn aquifer. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (1), 81-85, doi:10.1002/2013GL058083.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r335">Donohue, K. et al., 2016: Mean Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport measured in Drake Passage. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (22).</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r336">McCave, I. N. et al., 2013: Minimal change in Antarctic Circumpolar Current flow speed between the last glacial and Holocene. Nature Geoscience, 7, 113, doi:10.1038/ngeo2037.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r337">Munday, D. R., H. L. Johnson and D. P. Marshall, 2013: Eddy Saturation of Equilibrated Circumpolar Currents. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 43 (3), 507-532, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-12-095.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r338">Hogg, A. M. et al., 2015: Recent trends in the Southern Ocean eddy field. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 120 (1), 257-267, doi:10.1002/2014JC010470.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r339">Patara, L., C. W. Böning and A. Biastoch, 2016: Variability and trends in Southern Ocean eddy activity in 1/12 ocean model simulations. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (9), 4517-4523, doi:10.1002/2016GL069026.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r340">Thompson, A. F. and A. C. Naveira Garabato, 2014: Equilibration of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current by Standing Meanders. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 44 (7), 1811-1828, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-13-0163.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r341">Meijers, A. J. S. et al., 2019: The role of ocean dynamics in king penguin range estimation. Nature Climate Change, 9 (2), 120-121, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0388-2.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r342">Swart, N. C., J. C. Fyfe, N. Gillett and G. J. Marshall, 2015a: Comparing Trends in the Southern Annular Mode and Surface Westerly Jet. Journal of Climate, 28 (22), 8840-8859, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00716.s1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r343">Gille, S. T., 2014: Meridional displacement of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 372 (2019), 20130273, doi:10.1098/rsta.2013.0273.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r344">Chapman, C. C., 2017: New perspectives on frontal variability in the Southern Ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 47 (5), 1151-1168, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-16-0222.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r345">Chambers, D. P., 2018: Using kinetic energy measurements from altimetry to detect shifts in the positions of fronts in the Southern Ocean. Ocean Science, 14 (1), 105, doi:10.5194/os-14-105-2018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r346">Chapman, C. C., 2014: Southern Ocean jets and how to find them: Improving and comparing common jet detection methods. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119 (7), 4318-4339, doi:10.1002/2014JC009810.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r347">Gille, S. T., 2014: Meridional displacement of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 372 (2019), 20130273, doi:10.1098/rsta.2013.0273.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r348">Gille, S. T., 2014: Meridional displacement of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 372 (2019), 20130273, doi:10.1098/rsta.2013.0273.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r349">Waugh, D. W., 2014: Changes in the ventilation of the southern oceans. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 372 (2019), 20130269, doi:10.1126/science.1225411</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r350">Waugh, D. W., 2014: Changes in the ventilation of the southern oceans. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 372 (2019), 20130269, doi:10.1126/science.1225411</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r351">Ting, Y.-H. and M. Holzer, 2017: Decadal changes in Southern Ocean ventilation inferred from deconvolutions of repeat hydrographies. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (11), 5655-5664, doi:10.1002/2017gl073788.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r352">DeVries, T., M. Holzer and F. Primeau, 2017: Recent increase in oceanic carbon uptake driven by weaker upper-ocean overturning. Nature, 542 (7640), 215, doi:10.1038/nature21068.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r353">Purkey, S. G. and G. C. Johnson, 2013: Antarctic Bottom Water warming and freshening: Contributions to sea level rise, ocean freshwater budgets, and global heat gain. Journal of Climate, 26 (16), 6105-6122, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00834.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r354">Desbruyeres, D., E. L. McDonagh, B. A. King and V. Thierry, 2017: Global and Full-Depth Ocean Temperature Trends during the Early Twenty-First Century from Argo and Repeat Hydrography. Journal of Climate, 30 (6), 1985-1997, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0396.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r355">Azaneu, M., R. Kerr, M. M. Mata and C. A. Garcia, 2013: Trends in the deep Southern Ocean (1958–2010): Implications for Antarctic Bottom Water properties and volume export. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118 (9), 4213-4227.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r356">Bracegirdle, T. J. et al., 2013: Assessment of surface winds over the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Ocean sectors of the Southern Ocean in CMIP5 models: historical bias, forcing response, and state dependence. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118 (2), 547-562, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50153.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r357">Downes, S. M. and A. M. Hogg, 2013: Southern Ocean circulation and eddy compensation in CMIP5 models. Journal of Climate, 26 (18), 7198-7220, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00504.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r358">Morrison, A. K. and A. McC. Hogg, 2013: On the Relationship between Southern Ocean Overturning and ACC Transport. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 43 (1), 140-148, doi:10.1175/jpo-d-12-057.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r359">Munday, D. R., H. L. Johnson and D. P. Marshall, 2013: Eddy Saturation of Equilibrated Circumpolar Currents. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 43 (3), 507-532, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-12-095.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r360">Abernathey, R. and D. Ferreira, 2015: Southern Ocean isopycnal mixing and ventilation changes driven by winds. Geophysical Research Letters, 42 (23), 10,357-10,365, doi:10.1002/2015gl066238.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r361">Meijers, A. J. S. et al., 2012: Representation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the CMIP5 climate models and future changes under warming scenarios. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 117 (C12), 19pp, doi:10.1029/2012JC008412.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r362">Downes, S. M. and A. M. Hogg, 2013: Southern Ocean circulation and eddy compensation in CMIP5 models. Journal of Climate, 26 (18), 7198-7220, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00504.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r363">Sallée, J.-B. et al., 2013a: Assessment of Southern Ocean mixed-layer depths in CMIP5 models: Historical bias and forcing response. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118 (4), 1845-1862, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20157.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r364">Bracegirdle, T. J. et al., 2013: Assessment of surface winds over the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Ocean sectors of the Southern Ocean in CMIP5 models: historical bias, forcing response, and state dependence. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118 (2), 547-562, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50153.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r365">Russell, J. L. et al., 2018: Metrics for the Evaluation of the Southern Ocean in Coupled Climate Models and Earth System Models. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 123 (5), 3120-3143, doi:10.1002/2017JC013461.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r366">Sallée, J.-B. et al., 2013b: Assessment of Southern Ocean water mass circulation and characteristics in CMIP5 models: Historical bias and forcing response. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118 (4), 1830-1844, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20135.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r367">Downes, S. M. and A. M. Hogg, 2013: Southern Ocean circulation and eddy compensation in CMIP5 models. Journal of Climate, 26 (18), 7198-7220, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00504.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r368">Gent, P. R., 2016: Effects of Southern Hemisphere wind changes on the meridional overturning circulation in ocean models. Annual Review of Marine Science, 8, 79-94, doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-122414-033929.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r369">Downes, S., P. Spence and A. Hogg, 2018: Understanding variability of the Southern Ocean overturning circulation in CORE-II models. Ocean Modelling, 123, 98-109, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2018.01.005.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r370">Heuzé, C., K. J. Heywood, D. P. Stevens and J. K. Ridley, 2015: Changes in global ocean bottom properties and volume transports in CMIP5 models under climate change scenarios. Journal of Climate, 28 (8), 2917-2944, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00381.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r371">Bronselaer, B. et al., 2018: Change in future climate due to Antarctic meltwater. Nature, 564 (7734), 53-58, doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0712-z.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r372">Masson-Delmotte, V. et al., 2012: Greenland climate change: from the past to the future. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 3 (5), 427-449, doi:10.1002/wcc.186.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r373">Stroeve, J. C. et al., 2012a: Trends in Arctic sea ice extent from CMIP5, CMIP3 and observations. Geophysical Research Letters, 39 (16), L16502, doi:10.1029/2012gl052676.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r374">Stroeve, J., A. Barrett, M. Serreze and A. Schweiger, 2014a: Using records from submarine, aircraft and satellites to evaluate climate model simulations of Arctic sea ice thickness. The Cryosphere, 8 (5), 1839-1854, doi:10.5194/tc-8-1839-2014.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r375">Stroeve, J. and D. Notz, 2015: Insights on past and future sea-ice evolution from combining observations and models. Global and Planetary Change, 135 (Supplement C), 119-132, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.10.011.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r376">Jahn, A. et al., 2012: Late-Twentieth-Century Simulation of Arctic Sea Ice and Ocean Properties in the CCSM4. Journal of Climate, 25 (5), 1431-1452, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-11-00201.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r377">Stroeve, J., A. Barrett, M. Serreze and A. Schweiger, 2014a: Using records from submarine, aircraft and satellites to evaluate climate model simulations of Arctic sea ice thickness. The Cryosphere, 8 (5), 1839-1854, doi:10.5194/tc-8-1839-2014.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r378">Tandon, N. F. et al., 2018: Reassessing Sea Ice Drift and Its Relationship to Long-Term Arctic Sea Ice Loss in Coupled Climate Models. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 123 (6), 4338-4359, doi:10.1029/2017jc013697.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r379">Notz, D. and J. Stroeve, 2016: Observed Arctic sea-ice loss directly follows anthropogenic CO2 emission. Science, 354 (6313), 747-750, doi:10.1126/science.aag2345.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r380">Gagné, M.-È. et al., 2017: Aerosol-driven increase in Arctic sea ice over the middle of the twentieth century. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (14), 7338-7346, doi:10.1002/2016gl071941.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r381">Niederdrenk, A. L. and D. Notz, 2018: Arctic Sea Ice in a 1.5°C Warmer World. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (4), 1963-1971, doi:10.1002/2017gl076159.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r382">Rosenblum, E. and I. Eisenman, 2017: Sea Ice Trends in Climate Models Only Accurate in Runs with Biased Global Warming. Journal of Climate, 30 (16), 6265-6278, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0455.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r383">Swart, N. C. et al., 2015b: Influence of internal variability on Arctic sea-ice trends. Nature Climate Change, 5, 86, doi:10.1038/nclimate2483.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r384">Ding, Q. et al., 2018: Fingerprints of internal drivers of Arctic sea ice loss in observations and model simulations. Nature Geoscience, 12 (1), 28-33, doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0256-8.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r385">Notz, D. and J. Stroeve, 2016: Observed Arctic sea-ice loss directly follows anthropogenic CO2 emission. Science, 354 (6313), 747-750, doi:10.1126/science.aag2345.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r386">Masson-Delmotte, V. et al., 2012: Greenland climate change: from the past to the future. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 3 (5), 427-449, doi:10.1002/wcc.186.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r387">Stroeve, J. C. et al., 2012a: Trends in Arctic sea ice extent from CMIP5, CMIP3 and observations. Geophysical Research Letters, 39 (16), L16502, doi:10.1029/2012gl052676.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r388">Overland, J. E. and M. Y. Wang, 2013: When will the summer Arctic be nearly sea ice free? Geophysical Research Letters, 40 (10), 2097-2101, doi:10.1002/grl.50316.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r389">Notz, D., 2015: How well must climate models agree with observations? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 373 (2052), 20140164, doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0164.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r390">Swart, N. C. et al., 2015b: Influence of internal variability on Arctic sea-ice trends. Nature Climate Change, 5, 86, doi:10.1038/nclimate2483.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r391">Screen, J. A. and C. Deser, 2019: Pacific Ocean Variability Influences the Time of Emergence of a Seasonally Ice‐Free Arctic Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 46 (4), 2222-2231, doi:10.1029/2018gl081393.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r392">Stroeve, J. C. et al., 2012a: Trends in Arctic sea ice extent from CMIP5, CMIP3 and observations. Geophysical Research Letters, 39 (16), L16502, doi:10.1029/2012gl052676.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r393">Liu, J., M. Song, R. M. Horton and Y. Hu, 2013: Reducing spread in climate model projections of a September ice-free Arctic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110 (31), 12571-12576, doi:10.1073/pnas.1219716110.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r394">Rampal, P., J. Weiss, C. Dubois and J.-M. Campin, 2011: IPCC climate models do not capture Arctic sea ice drift acceleration: Consequences in terms of projected sea ice thinning and decline. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 116 (C8), C00D07, doi:10.1029/2011JC007110.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r395">Tandon, N. F. et al., 2018: Reassessing Sea Ice Drift and Its Relationship to Long-Term Arctic Sea Ice Loss in Coupled Climate Models. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 123 (6), 4338-4359, doi:10.1029/2017jc013697.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r396">Massonnet, F. et al., 2018: Arctic sea-ice change tied to its mean state through thermodynamic processes. Nature Climate Change, 8 (7), 599-603, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0204-z.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r397">Notz, D., 2015: How well must climate models agree with observations? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 373 (2052), 20140164, doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0164.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r398">Jahn, A., 2018: Reduced probability of ice-free summers for 1.5 °C compared to 2 °C warming. Nature Climate Change, 8 (5), 409-413, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0127-8.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r399">Notz, D. and J. Stroeve, 2016: Observed Arctic sea-ice loss directly follows anthropogenic CO2 emission. Science, 354 (6313), 747-750, doi:10.1126/science.aag2345.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r400">Sanderson, B. M. et al., 2017: Community climate simulations to assess avoided impacts in 1.5 and 2  °C futures. Earth Syst. Dynam., 8 (3), 827-847, doi:10.5194/esd-8-827-2017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r401">Jahn, A., 2018: Reduced probability of ice-free summers for 1.5 °C compared to 2 °C warming. Nature Climate Change, 8 (5), 409-413, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0127-8.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r402">Sigmond, M., J. C. Fyfe and N. C. Swart, 2018: Ice-free Arctic projections under the Paris Agreement. Nature Climate Change, 8 (5), 404–408, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0124-y.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r403">Mahlstein, I. and R. Knutti, 2012: September Arctic sea ice predicted to disappear near 2°C global warming above present. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 117 (D6), D06104, doi:10.1029/2011jd016709.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r404">Jahn, A., J. E. Kay, M. M. Holland and D. M. Hall, 2016: How predictable is the timing of a summer ice-free Arctic? Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (17), 9113-9120, doi:10.1002/2016gl070067.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r405">Notz, D. and J. Stroeve, 2016: Observed Arctic sea-ice loss directly follows anthropogenic CO2 emission. Science, 354 (6313), 747-750, doi:10.1126/science.aag2345.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r406">Armour, K. C. et al., 2011: The reversibility of sea ice loss in a state-of-the-art climate model. Geophysical Research Letters, 38 (16), L16705, doi:10.1029/2011gl048739.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r407">Ridley, J. K., J. A. Lowe and H. T. Hewitt, 2012: How reversible is sea ice loss? The Cryosphere, 6 (1), 193-198, doi:10.5194/tc-6-193-2012.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r408">Li, C., D. Notz, S. Tietsche and J. Marotzke, 2013: The Transient versus the Equilibrium Response of Sea Ice to Global Warming. Journal of Climate, 26 (15), 5624-5636, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-12-00492.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r409">Turner, J. et al., 2013: An Initial Assessment of Antarctic Sea Ice Extent in the CMIP5 Models. Journal of Climate, 26 (5), 1473-1484, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-12-00068.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r410">Shu, Q., Z. Song and F. Qiao, 2015: Assessment of sea ice simulations in the CMIP5 models. Cryosphere, 9 (1), 399-409, doi:10.5194/tc-9-399-2015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r411">Zunz, V., H. Goosse and F. Massonnet, 2013: How does internal variability influence the ability of CMIP5 models to reproduce the recent trend in Southern Ocean sea ice extent? The Cryosphere, 7 (2), 451-468, doi:10.5194/tc-7-451-2013.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r412">Polvani, L. M. and K. L. Smith, 2013: Can natural variability explain observed Antarctic sea ice trends? New modeling evidence from CMIP5. Geophysical Research Letters, 40 (12), 3195-3199, doi:10.1002/grl.50578.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r413">Zunz, V., H. Goosse and F. Massonnet, 2013: How does internal variability influence the ability of CMIP5 models to reproduce the recent trend in Southern Ocean sea ice extent? The Cryosphere, 7 (2), 451-468, doi:10.5194/tc-7-451-2013.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r414">Rosenblum, E. and I. Eisenman, 2017: Sea Ice Trends in Climate Models Only Accurate in Runs with Biased Global Warming. Journal of Climate, 30 (16), 6265-6278, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0455.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r415">Hobbs, W. R., N. L. Bindoff and M. N. Raphael, 2015: New Perspectives on Observed and Simulated Antarctic Sea Ice Extent Trends Using Optimal Fingerprinting Techniques. Journal of Climate, 28 (4), 1543-1560, doi:10.1175/Jcli-D-14-00367.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r416">Hobbs, W. R., N. L. Bindoff and M. N. Raphael, 2015: New Perspectives on Observed and Simulated Antarctic Sea Ice Extent Trends Using Optimal Fingerprinting Techniques. Journal of Climate, 28 (4), 1543-1560, doi:10.1175/Jcli-D-14-00367.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r417">Ivanov, V. et al., 2016: Arctic Ocean heat impact on regional ice decay: A suggested positive feedback. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 46 (5), 1437-1456, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-15-0144.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r418">Sallée, J.-B. et al., 2013a: Assessment of Southern Ocean mixed-layer depths in CMIP5 models: Historical bias and forcing response. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118 (4), 1845-1862, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20157.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r419">Bintanja, R., G. J. Van Oldenborgh and C. A. Katsman, 2015: The effect of increased fresh water from Antarctic ice shelves on future trends in Antarctic sea ice. Annals of Glaciology, 56 (69), 120-126, doi:10.3189/2015AoG69A001.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r420">Schneider, D. P., C. Deser and T. Fan, 2015: Comparing the Impacts of Tropical SST Variability and Polar Stratospheric Ozone Loss on the Southern Ocean Westerly Winds. Journal of Climate, 28 (23), 9350-9372, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-15-0090.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r421">Hyder, P. et al., 2018: Critical Southern Ocean climate model biases traced to atmospheric model cloud errors. Nat Commun, 9 (1), 3625, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05634-2.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r422">Purich, A., W. J. Cai, M. H. England and T. Cowan, 2016a: Evidence for link between modelled trends in Antarctic sea ice and underestimated westerly wind changes. Nature Communications, 7, 10409, doi:10.1038/ncomms10409.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r423">Purich, A. et al., 2016b: Tropical Pacific SST Drivers of Recent Antarctic Sea Ice Trends. Journal of Climate, 29 (24), 8931-8948, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0440.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r424">Schroeter, S., W. Hobbs and N. L. Bindoff, 2017: Interactions between Antarctic sea ice and large-scale atmospheric modes in CMIP5 models. Cryosphere, 11 (2), 789-803, doi:10.5194/tc-11-789-2017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r425">Purich, A. et al., 2018: Impacts of Broad-Scale Surface Freshening of the Southern Ocean in a Coupled Climate Model. Journal of Climate, 31 (7), 2613-2632, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0092.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r426">Zhang, L., T. L. Delworth, W. Cooke and X. Yang, 2018a: Natural variability of Southern Ocean convection as a driver of observed climate trends. Nature Climate Change, 9 (1), 59-65, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0350-3.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r427">Bracegirdle, T. J., D. B. Stephenson, J. Turner and T. Phillips, 2015: The importance of sea ice area biases in 21st century multimodel projections of Antarctic temperature and precipitation. Geophysical Research Letters, 42 (24), 10832-10839, doi:10.1002/2015gl067055.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r428">Bracegirdle, T. J., P. Hyder and C. R. Holmes, 2018: CMIP5 Diversity in Southern Westerly Jet Projections Related to Historical Sea Ice Area: Strong Link to Strengthening and Weak Link to Shift. Journal of Climate, 31 (1), 195-211, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0320.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r429">England, M., L. Polvani and L. Sun, 2018: Contrasting the Antarctic and Arctic Atmospheric Responses to Projected Sea Ice Loss in the Late Twenty-First Century. Journal of Climate, 31 (16), 6353-6370, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0666.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r430">Damm, E. et al., 2018: The Transpolar Drift conveys methane from the Siberian Shelf to the central Arctic Ocean. Sci Rep, 8 (1), 4515, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22801-z.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r431">Barber, D. G. et al., 2012: Consequences of change and variability in sea ice on marine ecosystem and biogeochemical processes during the 2007–2008 Canadian International Polar Year program. Climatic Change, 115 (1), 135-159, doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0482-9.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r432">Damm, E. et al., 2018: The Transpolar Drift conveys methane from the Siberian Shelf to the central Arctic Ocean. Sci Rep, 8 (1), 4515, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22801-z.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r433">Bauch, D. et al., 2012: Impact of Siberian coastal polynyas on shelf-derived Arctic Ocean halocline waters. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 117 (C9), doi:10.1029/2011JC007282.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r434">Janout, M. et al., 2015: Episodic warming of near-bottom waters under the Arctic sea ice on the central Laptev Sea shelf. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (1), 264-272, doi:10.1002/2015GL066565.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r435">Bauch, D. et al., 2012: Impact of Siberian coastal polynyas on shelf-derived Arctic Ocean halocline waters. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 117 (C9), doi:10.1029/2011JC007282.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r436">Barnes, E. A. and L. M. Polvani, 2015: CMIP5 Projections of Arctic Amplification, of the North American/North Atlantic Circulation, and of Their Relationship. Journal of Climate, 28 (13), 5254-5271, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-14-00589.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r437">Onarheim, I. H., T. Eldevik, L. H. Smedsrud and J. C. Stroeve, 2018: Seasonal and regional manifestation of Arctic sea ice loss. Journal of Climate, 31 (12), 4917-4932, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0427.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r438">Krumpen, T. et al., 2019: Arctic warming interrupts the Transpolar Drift and affects long-range transport of sea ice and ice-rafted matter. Sci Rep, 9 (1), 5459, doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41456-y.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r439">Damm, E. et al., 2018: The Transpolar Drift conveys methane from the Siberian Shelf to the central Arctic Ocean. Sci Rep, 8 (1), 4515, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22801-z.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r440">Stirling, I., 1997: The importance of polynyas, ice edges, and leads to marine mammals and birds. Journal of Marine Systems, 10 (1), 9-21, doi:10.1016/S0924-7963(96)00054-1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r441">Arrigo, K. R. and G. L. van Dijken, 2004: Annual cycles of sea ice and phytoplankton in Cape Bathurst polynya, southeastern Beaufort Sea, Canadian Arctic. Geophysical Research Letters, 31 (8), doi:10.1029/2003gl018978.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r442">Karnovsky, N. J., K. A. Hobson, Z. W. Brown and G. L. Hunt, 2009: Distribution and diet of Ivory Gulls ( Pagophila eburnea ) in the North Water Polynya. Arctic, 62, 65-74, doi:10.14430/arctic113</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r443">Asselin, N. C. et al., 2011: Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) habitat selection in the eastern Beaufort Sea in spring, 1975–1979. Polar Biology, 34 (12), 1973-1988, doi:10.1007/s00300-011-0990-5.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r444">Barber, D. G. et al., 2012: Consequences of change and variability in sea ice on marine ecosystem and biogeochemical processes during the 2007–2008 Canadian International Polar Year program. Climatic Change, 115 (1), 135-159, doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0482-9.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r445">Nihashi, S. and K. I. Ohshima, 2015: Circumpolar mapping of Antarctic coastal polynyas and landfast sea ice: relationship and variability. Journal of Climate, 28, 3650-3670, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00369.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r446">Tamura, T., K. I. Ohshima, A. D. Fraser and G. D. Williams, 2016: Sea ice production variability in Antarctic coastal polynyas. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121 (5), 2967-2979, doi:10.1002/2015jc011537.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r447">Jacobs, S. S., 2004: Bottom water production and its links with the thermohaline circulation. Antarctic Science, 16 (4), 427-437, doi:10.1017/S095410200400224x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r448">Nicholls, K. W., L. Boehme, M. Biuw and M. A. Fedak, 2008: Wintertime ocean conditions over the southern Weddell Sea continental shelf, Antarctica. Geophysical Research Letters, 35 (21), L21605, doi:10.1029/2008gl035742.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r449">Orsi, A. H. and C. L. Wiederwohl, 2009: A recount of Ross Sea waters. Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography, 56 (13-14), 778-795, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.10.033.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r450">Ohshima, K. I. et al., 2013: Antarctic Bottom Water production by intense sea-ice formation in the Cape Darnley polynya. Nature Geoscience, 6, 235, doi:10.1038/ngeo1738.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r451">Drucker, R., S. Martin and R. Kwok, 2011: Sea ice production and export from coastal polynyas in the Weddell and Ross Seas. Geophysical Research Letters, 38, L17502, doi:10.1029/2011gl048668.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r452">Nihashi, S. and K. I. Ohshima, 2015: Circumpolar mapping of Antarctic coastal polynyas and landfast sea ice: relationship and variability. Journal of Climate, 28, 3650-3670, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00369.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r453">Tamura, T., K. I. Ohshima, A. D. Fraser and G. D. Williams, 2016: Sea ice production variability in Antarctic coastal polynyas. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121 (5), 2967-2979, doi:10.1002/2015jc011537.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r454">Ainley, D. G. et al., 2015: Trophic cascades in the western Ross Sea, Antarctica: revisited. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 534, 1-16, doi:10.3354/meps11394.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r455">Arrigo, K. R. and G. L. van Dijken, 2015: Continued increases in Arctic Ocean primary production. Progress in Oceanography, 136, 60-70, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.05.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r456">Park, J. et al., 2017: Light availability rather than Fe controls the magnitude of massive phytoplankton bloom in the Amundsen Sea polynyas, Antarctica. Limnology and Oceanography, 62 (5), 2260-2276, doi:10.1002/lno.10565.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r457">Gerringa, L. J. A. et al., 2015: Sources of iron in the Ross Sea Polynya in early summer. Marine Chemistry, 177, 447-459, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2015.06.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r458">Arrigo, K. R. and G. L. van Dijken, 2015: Continued increases in Arctic Ocean primary production. Progress in Oceanography, 136, 60-70, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.05.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r459">McGillicuddy, D. J. et al., 2015: Iron supply and demand in an Antarctic shelf ecosystem. Geophysical Research Letters, 42 (19), 8088-8097, doi:10.1002/2015gl065727.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r460">Hatta, M. et al., 2017: The relative roles of modified circumpolar deep water and benthic sources in supplying iron to the recurrent phytoplankton blooms above Pennell and Mawson Banks, Ross Sea, Antarctica. Journal of Marine Systems, 166, 61-72, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.07.009.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r461">Cape, M., R., M. Vernet, M. Kahru and G. Spreen, 2013: Polynya dynamics drive primary production in the Larsen A and B embayments following ice shelf collapse. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119 (1), 572-594, doi:10.1002/2013jc009441.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r462">Fogwill, C. J. et al., 2016: Brief communication: Impacts of a developing polynya off Commonwealth Bay, East Antarctica, triggered by grounding of iceberg B09B. The Cryosphere, 10 (6), 2603-2609, doi:10.5194/tc-10-2603-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r463">Shadwick, E. H., B. Tilbrook and K. I. Currie, 2017: Late‐summer biogeochemistry in the Mertz Polynya: East Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122 (9), 7380-7394, doi:10.1002/2017jc013015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r464">Raymond, B. et al., 2014: Important marine habitat off east Antarctica revealed by two decades of multi‐species predator tracking. Ecography, 38 (2), 121-129, doi:10.1111/ecog.01021.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r465">Malpress, V. et al., 2017: Bio-physical characterisation of polynyas as a key foraging habitat for juvenile male southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica. Plos One, 12 (9), e0184536, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184536.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r466">Shadwick, E. H., B. Tilbrook and K. I. Currie, 2017: Late‐summer biogeochemistry in the Mertz Polynya: East Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122 (9), 7380-7394, doi:10.1002/2017jc013015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r467">Lee, S. et al., 2017b: Evidence of minimal carbon sequestration in the productive Amundsen Sea polynya. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (15), 7892-7899, doi:10.1002/2017gl074646.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r468">Gerringa, L. J. A. et al., 2015: Sources of iron in the Ross Sea Polynya in early summer. Marine Chemistry, 177, 447-459, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2015.06.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r469">Rickard, G. and E. Behrens, 2016: CMIP5 Earth System Models with biogeochemistry: a Ross Sea assessment. Antarctic Science, 28 (5), 327-346, doi:10.1017/s0954102016000122.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r470">Kaufman, D. E. et al., 2017: Climate change impacts on southern Ross Sea phytoplankton composition, productivity, and export. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122 (3), 2339-2359, doi:10.1002/2016jc012514.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r471">Arrigo, K. R. and G. L. van Dijken, 2015: Continued increases in Arctic Ocean primary production. Progress in Oceanography, 136, 60-70, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.05.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r472">Carsey, F. D., 1980: Microwave Observation of the Weddell Polynya. Monthly Weather Review, 108 (12), 2032-2044, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r473">Campbell, E. C. et al., 2019: Antarctic offshore polynyas linked to Southern Hemisphere climate anomalies. Nature, in press, doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1294-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r474">Jena, B., M. Ravichandran and J. Turner, 2019: Recent Reoccurrence of Large Open-Ocean Polynya on the Maud Rise Seamount. Geophysical Research Letters, 46 (8), 4320-4329, doi:10.1029/2018gl081482.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r475">Holland, D. M., 2001: Explaining the Weddell Polynya – a large ocean eddy shed at Maud Rise. Science, 292 (5522), 1697-1700, doi:10.1126/science.1059322.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r476">Campbell, E. C. et al., 2019: Antarctic offshore polynyas linked to Southern Hemisphere climate anomalies. Nature, in press, doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1294-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r477">Francis, D., C. Eayrs, J. Cuesta and D. Holland, 2019: Polar Cyclones at the Origin of the Reoccurrence of the Maud Rise Polynya in Austral Winter 2017. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 124 (10), 5251-5267, doi:10.1029/2019jd030618.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r478">Wilson, E. A., S. C. Riser, E. C. Campbell and A. P. S. Wong, 2019: Winter Upper-Ocean Stability and Ice–Ocean Feedbacks in the Sea Ice–Covered Southern Ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 49 (4), 1099-1117, doi:10.1175/jpo-d-18-0184.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r479">Campbell, E. C. et al., 2019: Antarctic offshore polynyas linked to Southern Hemisphere climate anomalies. Nature, in press, doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1294-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r480">Smedsrud, L. H., 2005: Warming of the deep water in the Weddell Sea along the Greenwich meridian: 1977-2001. Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers, 52 (2), 241-258, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2004.10.004.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r481">Bernardello, R. et al., 2014: Impact of Weddell Sea deep convection on natural and anthropogenic carbon in a climate model. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (20), 7262-7269, doi:10.1002/2014gl061313.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r482">Reintges, A., T. Martin, M. Latif and N. S. Keenlyside, 2017: Uncertainty in twenty-first century projections of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in CMIP3 and CMIP5 models. Climate Dynamics, 49 (5-6), 1495-1511, doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3180-x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r483">Reintges, A., T. Martin, M. Latif and N. S. Keenlyside, 2017: Uncertainty in twenty-first century projections of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in CMIP3 and CMIP5 models. Climate Dynamics, 49 (5-6), 1495-1511, doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3180-x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r484">Ding, Y. N. et al., 2016: Seasonal heat and freshwater cycles in the Arctic Ocean in CMIP5 coupled models. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 121 (4), 2043-2057, doi:10.1002/2015jc011124.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r485">Koenig, L. S., C. Miège, R. R. Forster and L. Brucker, 2014: Initial in situ measurements of perennial meltwater storage in the Greenland firn aquifer. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (1), 81-85, doi:10.1002/2013GL058083.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r486">Koenig, L. S., C. Miège, R. R. Forster and L. Brucker, 2014: Initial in situ measurements of perennial meltwater storage in the Greenland firn aquifer. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (1), 81-85, doi:10.1002/2013GL058083.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r487">Årthun, M., T. Eldevik and L. H. Smedsrud, 2019: The role of Atlantic heat transport in future Arctic winter sea ice loss. Journal of Climate, 32 (11), 3327-3341, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-18-0750.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r488">Onarheim, I. H. and M. Årthun, 2017: Toward an ice-free Barents Sea. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (16), 8387-8395, doi:10.1002/2017GL074304.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r489">Smedsrud, L. H. et al., 2013: The Role of the Barents Sea in the Arctic Climate System. Reviews of Geophysics, 51 (3), 415-449, doi:10.1002/rog.20017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r490">Koenig, L. S., C. Miège, R. R. Forster and L. Brucker, 2014: Initial in situ measurements of perennial meltwater storage in the Greenland firn aquifer. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (1), 81-85, doi:10.1002/2013GL058083.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r491">Haine, T. W. N. et al., 2015: Arctic freshwater export: Status, mechanisms, and prospects. Global and Planetary Change, 125 (Supplement C), 13-35, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.11.013.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r492">Nummelin, A., M. Ilicak, C. Li and L. H. Smedsrud, 2016: Consequences of future increased Arctic runoff on Arctic Ocean stratification, circulation, and sea ice cover. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121 (1), 617-637, doi:10.1002/2015JC011156.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r493">Ilicak, M. et al., 2016: An assessment of the Arctic Ocean in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations. Part III: Hydrography and fluxes. Ocean Modelling, 100, 141-161, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2016.02.004.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r494">Sallée, J.-B. et al., 2013a: Assessment of Southern Ocean mixed-layer depths in CMIP5 models: Historical bias and forcing response. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118 (4), 1845-1862, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20157.</span></li>
<li><div id="fn:r495"></div>

<li><span id="fn:r496">Heuzé, C., K. J. Heywood, D. P. Stevens and J. K. Ridley, 2015: Changes in global ocean bottom properties and volume transports in CMIP5 models under climate change scenarios. Journal of Climate, 28 (8), 2917-2944, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00381.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r497">Sallée, J.-B. et al., 2013b: Assessment of Southern Ocean water mass circulation and characteristics in CMIP5 models: Historical bias and forcing response. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118 (4), 1830-1844, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20135.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r498">Sallée, J.-B. et al., 2013a: Assessment of Southern Ocean mixed-layer depths in CMIP5 models: Historical bias and forcing response. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118 (4), 1845-1862, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20157.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r499">Sallée, J.-B. et al., 2013a: Assessment of Southern Ocean mixed-layer depths in CMIP5 models: Historical bias and forcing response. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118 (4), 1845-1862, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20157.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r500">Wang, C. et al., 2014: A global perspective on CMIP5 climate model biases. Nature Climate Change, 4 (3), 201, doi:10.1038/nclimate2118.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r501">Orr, J. C. et al., 2005: Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature, 437 (7059), 681-6, doi:10.1038/nature04095.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r502">Hauri, C., T. Friedrich and A. Timmermann, 2015: Abrupt onset and prolongation of aragonite undersaturation events in the Southern Ocean. Nature Climate Change, 6 (2), 172-176, doi:10.1038/nclimate2844.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r503">Sasse, T. P., B. I. McNeil, R. J. Matear and A. Lenton, 2015: Quantifying the influence of CO2 seasonality on future aragonite undersaturation onset. Biogeosciences, 12 (20), 6017-6031, doi:10.5194/bg-12-6017-2015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r504">Popova, E. E. et al., 2014: Regional variability of acidification in the Arctic: a sea of contrasts. Biogeosciences, 11 (2), 293-308, doi:10.5194/bg-11-293-2014.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r505">Steiner, N. S. et al., 2014: Future ocean acidification in the Canada Basin and surrounding Arctic Ocean from CMIP5 earth system models. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 119 (1), 332-347, doi:10.1002/2013jc009069.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r506">Skogen, M. D. et al., 2014: Modelling ocean acidification in the Nordic and Barents Seas in present and future climate. Journal of Marine Systems, 131, 10-20, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2013.10.005.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r507">Wallhead, P. J. et al., 2017: Bottom Water Acidification and Warming on the Western Eurasian Arctic Shelves: Dynamical Downscaling Projections. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122 (10), 8126-8144, doi:10.1002/2017jc013231.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r508">Kessler, A. and J. Tjiputra, 2016: The Southern Ocean as a constraint to reduce uncertainty in future ocean carbon sinks. Earth System Dynamics, 7 (2), 295-312, doi:papers2://publication/doi/10.5194/esd-7-295-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r509">Hauck, J. and C. Volker, 2015: Rising atmospheric CO2 leads to large impact of biology on Southern Ocean CO2 uptake via changes of the Revelle factor. Geophys Res Lett, 42 (5), 1459-1464, doi:10.1002/2015GL063070.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r510">Mongwe, N. P., M. Vichi and P. M. S. Monteiro, 2018: The seasonal cycle of pCO2 and CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean: diagnosing anomalies in CMIP5 Earth system models. Biogeosciences, 15 (9), 2851-2872, doi:10.5194/bg-15-2851-2018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r511">Sasse, T. P., B. I. McNeil, R. J. Matear and A. Lenton, 2015: Quantifying the influence of CO2 seasonality on future aragonite undersaturation onset. Biogeosciences, 12 (20), 6017-6031, doi:10.5194/bg-12-6017-2015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r512">McNeil, B. I. and T. P. Sasse, 2016: Future ocean hypercapnia driven by anthropogenic amplification of the natural CO2 cycle. Nature, 529 (7586), 383-6, doi:10.1038/nature16156.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r513">Hauck, J. and C. Volker, 2015: Rising atmospheric CO2 leads to large impact of biology on Southern Ocean CO2 uptake via changes of the Revelle factor. Geophys Res Lett, 42 (5), 1459-1464, doi:10.1002/2015GL063070.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r514">McNeil, B. I. and T. P. Sasse, 2016: Future ocean hypercapnia driven by anthropogenic amplification of the natural CO2 cycle. Nature, 529 (7586), 383-6, doi:10.1038/nature16156.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r515">Landschützer, P. et al., 2018: Strengthening seasonal marine CO2 variations due to increasing atmospheric CO2. Nature Climate Change, 8 (2), 146-150, doi:10.1038/s41558-017-0057-x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r516">McNeil, B. I. and T. P. Sasse, 2016: Future ocean hypercapnia driven by anthropogenic amplification of the natural CO2 cycle. Nature, 529 (7586), 383-6, doi:10.1038/nature16156.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r517">Kwiatkowski, L. and J. C. Orr, 2018: Diverging seasonal extremes for ocean acidification during the twenty-first century. Nature Climate Change, 8 (2), 141-145, doi:10.1038/s41558-017-0054-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r518">Frainer, A. et al., 2017: Climate-driven changes in functional biogeography of Arctic marine fish communities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 114 (46), 12202-12207, doi:10.1073/pnas.1706080114.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r519">Kaartvedt, S. and J. Titelman, 2018: Planktivorous fish in a future Arctic Ocean of changing ice and unchanged photoperiod. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 75 (7), 2312-2318, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsx248.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r520">Moore, S. E., P. J. Stabeno, J. M. Grebmeier and S. R. Okkonen, 2018: The Arctic Marine Pulses Model: linking annual oceanographic processes to contiguous ecological domains in the Pacific Arctic. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 152, 8-21, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.10.011.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r521">Frederiksen, M., 2017: Synthesis: Status and trends of Arctic marine biodiversity and monitoring. In: CAFF State of the Arctic Marine Biodiversity Report. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna International Secretariat Akureyri, Iceland, 175-195.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r522">Moore, S. E. and P. J. Stabeno, 2015: Synthesis of Arctic Research (SOAR) in marine ecosystems of the Pacific Arctic. Progress in Oceanography, 136, 1-11, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.05.017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r523">Stasko, A. D. et al., 2018: Benthic-pelagic trophic coupling in an Arctic marine food web along vertical water mass and organic matter gradients. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 594, 1-19, doi:10.3354/meps12582.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r524">Luckman, A. et al., 2014: Surface melt and ponding on Larsen C Ice Shelf and the impact of föhn winds. Antarctic Science, 26 (06), 625-635, doi:10.1017/S0954102014000339.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r525">Howes, E., F. Joos, M. Eakin and J.-P. Gattuso, 2015: An updated synthesis of the observed and projected impacts of climate change on the chemical, physical and biological processes in the oceans. Frontiers in Marine Science, 2 (36), doi:10.3389/fmars.2015.00036.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r526">Falkenberg, J. et al., 2018: AMAP Assessment 2018: Arctic Ocean Acidification. Biological responses to ocean acidification, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Tromsø, Norway, 187 [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/AMAP-Assessment-2018-Arctic-Ocean-Acidification/1659%5D .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r527">Moore, S. E., P. J. Stabeno, J. M. Grebmeier and S. R. Okkonen, 2018: The Arctic Marine Pulses Model: linking annual oceanographic processes to contiguous ecological domains in the Pacific Arctic. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 152, 8-21, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.10.011.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r528">Arrigo, K. R. and G. L. van Dijken, 2011: Secular trends in Arctic Ocean net primary production. J. Geophys. Res., 116 (C9), C09011, doi:10.1029/2011jc007151.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r529">Bélanger, S., M. Babin and J.-É. Tremblay, 2013: Increasing cloudiness in Arctic damps the increase in phytoplankton primary production due to sea ice receding. Biogeosciences, 10 (6), 4087, doi:10.5194/bg-10-4087-2013.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r530">Arrigo, K. R. and G. L. van Dijken, 2015: Continued increases in Arctic Ocean primary production. Progress in Oceanography, 136, 60-70, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.05.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r531">Kahru, M., Z. Lee, B. G. Mitchell and C. D. Nevison, 2016: Effects of sea ice cover on satellite-detected primary production in the Arctic Ocean. Biology Letters, 12 (11), doi:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0223.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r532">Stanley, R. H. R., Z. O. Sandwith and W. J. Williams, 2015: Rates of summertime biological productivity in the Beaufort Gyre: A comparison between the low and record-low ice conditions of August 2011 and 2012. Journal of Marine Systems, 147 (Supplement C), 29-44, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.04.006.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r533">Vancoppenolle, M. et al., 2013: Future arctic ocean primary productivity from CMIP5 simulations: Uncertain outcome, but consistent mechanisms. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 27 (3), 605-619, doi:10.1002/gbc.20055.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r534">Jin, M. et al., 2016: Ecosystem model intercomparison of under-ice and total primary production in the Arctic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121 (1), 934-948, doi:10.1002/2015JC011183.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r535">Kahru, M., V. Brotas, M. Manzano-Sarabia and B. G. Mitchell, 2011: Are phytoplankton blooms occurring earlier in the Arctic? Global Change Biology, 17 (4), 1733-1739, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02312.x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r536">Fujiwara, A. et al., 2016: Influence of timing of sea ice retreat on phytoplankton size during marginal ice zone bloom period on the Chukchi and Bering shelves. Biogeosciences, 13 (1115-131), doi:10.5194/bg-13-115-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r537">Ardyna, M. et al., 2017: Shelf-basin gradients shape ecological phytoplankton niches and community composition in the coastal Arctic Ocean (Beaufort Sea). Limnology and Oceanography, 62 (5), 2113-2132, doi:10.1002/lno.10554.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r538">Arrigo, K. R. et al., 2012: Massive phytoplankton blooms under sea ice. Science, 336, 1408, doi:10.1126/science.1215065.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r539">Arrigo, K. R. et al., 2014: Phytoplankton blooms beneath the sea ice in the Chukchi sea. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 105 (Supplement C), 1-16, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.03.018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r540">Zhang, J. et al., 2015: The influence of sea ice and snow cover and nutrient availability on the formation of massive under-ice phytoplankton blooms in the Chukchi Sea. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 118 (Part A), 122-135, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.02.008.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r541">Jin, M. et al., 2016: Ecosystem model intercomparison of under-ice and total primary production in the Arctic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121 (1), 934-948, doi:10.1002/2015JC011183.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r542">Horvat, C. et al., 2017: The frequency and extent of sub-ice phytoplankton blooms in the Arctic Ocean. Science Advances, 3 (3), e1601191, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601191.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r543">Fernández-Méndez, M. et al., 2018: Algal Hot Spots in a Changing Arctic Ocean: Sea-Ice Ridges and the Snow-Ice Interface. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5 (75), doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00075.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r544">Assmy, P. et al., 2017: Leads in Arctic pack ice enable early phytoplankton blooms below snow-covered sea ice. Scientific Reports, 7, 40850, doi:10.1038/srep40850.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r545">Wang, Q. et al., 2016a: Sea ice leads in the Arctic Ocean: Model assessment, interannual variability and trends. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (13), 7019-7027, doi:10.1002/2016GL068696.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r546">Lange, B. A. et al., 2017: Pan-Arctic sea ice-algal chl a biomass and suitable habitat are largely underestimated for multiyear ice. Glob Chang Biol, 23 (11), 4581-4597, doi:10.1111/gcb.13742.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r547">Williams, W. J. and E. C. Carmack, 2015: The ‘interior’ shelves of the Arctic Ocean: Physical oceanographic setting, climatology and effects of sea-ice retreat on cross-shelf exchange. Progress in Oceanography, 139, 24-41, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.07.008.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r548">Schulze, L. M. and R. S. Pickart, 2012: Seasonal variation of upwelling in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea: Impact of sea ice cover. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 117 (C6), C06022, doi:10.1029/2012JC007985.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r549">Williams, W. J. and E. C. Carmack, 2015: The ‘interior’ shelves of the Arctic Ocean: Physical oceanographic setting, climatology and effects of sea-ice retreat on cross-shelf exchange. Progress in Oceanography, 139, 24-41, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.07.008.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r550">Capotondi, A. et al., 2012: Enhanced upper ocean stratification with climate change in the CMIP3 models. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 117 (C4), C04031, doi:10.1029/2011JC007409.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r551">Nummelin, A., M. Ilicak, C. Li and L. H. Smedsrud, 2016: Consequences of future increased Arctic runoff on Arctic Ocean stratification, circulation, and sea ice cover. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121 (1), 617-637, doi:10.1002/2015JC011156.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r552">Ardyna, M. et al., 2017: Shelf-basin gradients shape ecological phytoplankton niches and community composition in the coastal Arctic Ocean (Beaufort Sea). Limnology and Oceanography, 62 (5), 2113-2132, doi:10.1002/lno.10554.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r553">Yun, M. S. et al., 2015: Regional productivity of phytoplankton in the Western Arctic Ocean during summer in 2010. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 120 (Supplement C), 61-71, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.11.023.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r554">Song, H. J. et al., 2016: In-situ measured primary productivity of ice algae in Arctic sea ice floes using a new incubation method. Ocean Science Journal, 51 (3), 387-396, doi:10.1007/s12601-016-0035-7.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r555">Fernández-Méndez, M. et al., 2015: Photosynthetic production in the central Arctic Ocean during the record sea-ice minimum in 2012. Biogeosciences, 12 (11), 3525-3549, doi:10.5194/bg-12-3525-2015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r556">Boetius, A. et al., 2013: Export of Algal Biomass from the Melting Arctic Sea Ice. Science, 339 (6126), 1430-1432, doi:10.1126/science.1231346.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r557">Lalande, C. et al., 2014: Variability in under-ice export fluxes of biogenic matter in the Arctic Ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 28 (5), 571-583, doi:10.1002/2013GB004735.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r558">Mäkelä, A., U. Witte and P. Archambault, 2017: Ice algae versus phytoplankton: resource utilization by Arctic deep sea macroinfauna revealed through isotope labelling experiments. Marine Ecology Progressive Series, 572, 1-18, doi:10.3354/meps12157.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r559">Randelhoff, A. and J. D. Guthrie, 2016: Regional patterns in current and future export production in the central Arctic Ocean quantified from nitrate fluxes. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (16), 8600-8608, doi:10.1002/2016GL070252.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r560">Hoppe, C. J. M. et al., 2018: Compensation of ocean acidification effects in Arctic phytoplankton assemblages. Nature Climate Change, 8 (6), 529-533, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0142-9.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r561">Wang, S. W. et al., 2015: Importance of sympagic production to Bering Sea zooplankton as revealed from fatty acid-carbon stable isotope analyses. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 518, 31-50, doi:10.3354/meps11076.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r562">Kohlbach, D. et al., 2016: The importance of ice algae-produced carbon in the central Arctic Ocean ecosystem: Food web relationships revealed by lipid and stable isotope analyses. Limnology and Oceanography, 61 (6), 2027-2044, doi:10.1002/lno.10351.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r563">Sigler, M. F. et al., 2017: Late summer zoogeography of the northern Bering and Chukchi seas. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 135 (Supplement C), 168-189, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.03.005.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r564">Kimmel, D. G., L. B. Eisner, M. T. Wilson and J. T. Duffy-Anderson, 2018: Copepod dynamics across warm and cold periods in the eastern Bering Sea: Implications for walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) and the Oscillating Control Hypothesis. Fisheries Oceanography, 27 (2), 143-158, doi:10.1111/fog.12241.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r565">Ershova, E. A., R. R. Hopcroft and K. N. Kosobokova, 2015: Inter-annual variability of summer mesozooplankton communities of the western Chukchi Sea: 2004–2012. Polar Biology, 38 (9), 1461-1481, doi:10.1007/s00300-015-1709-9.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r566">Smoot, C. A. and R. R. Hopcroft, 2017: Depth-stratified community structure of Beaufort Sea slope zooplankton and its relations to water masses. Journal of Plankton Research, 39 (1), 79-91, doi:10.1093/plankt/fbw087.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r567">Hunt, B. P. V. et al., 2014: Zooplankton community structure and dynamics in the Arctic Canada Basin during a period of intense environmental change (2004–2009). Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119 (4), 2518-2538, doi:10.1002/2013JC009156.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r568">Rutzen, I. and R. R. Hopcroft, 2018: Abundance, biomass and community structure of epipelagic zooplankton in the Canada Basin. Journal of Plankton Research, 40 (4), 486-499, doi:10.1093/plankt/fby028.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r569">Kvile, K. O. et al., 2018: Pushing the limit: Resilience of an Arctic copepod to environmental fluctuations. Glob Chang Biol, 24 (11), 5426-5439, doi:10.1111/gcb.14419.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r570">Arctic Council, 2015a: Arctic Marine Tourism Project (AMTP): best practices guidelines. Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME), Iceland, 17 pp [Available at: https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/bitstream/handle/11374/414/AMTP%20Best%20Practice%20Guidelines.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y ; Access Date: 10 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r571">Dalpadado, P. et al., 2016: Distribution and abundance of euphausiids and pelagic amphipods in Kongsfjorden, Isfjorden and Rijpfjorden (Svalbard) and changes in their relative importance as key prey in a warming marine ecosystem. Polar Biology, 39 (10), 1765-1784, doi:10.1007/s00300-015-1874-x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r572">Renaud, P. E. et al., 2018: Pelagic food-webs in a changing Arctic: a trait-based perspective suggests a mode of resilience. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 75 (6), 1871-1881, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsy063.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r573">Bailey, A. et al., 2017: Early life stages of the Arctic copepod Calanus glacialis are unaffected by increased seawater pCO2. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 74 (4), 996-1004, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsw066.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r574">Thor, P. et al., 2018: Contrasting physiological responses to future ocean acidification among Arctic copepod populations. Glob Chang Biol, 24 (1), e365-e377, doi:10.1111/gcb.13870.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r575">Mann, M. E. et al., 2017: Influence of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Planetary Wave Resonance and Extreme Weather Events. Scientific Reports, 7 (1), 45242, doi:10.1038/srep45242.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r576">Peck, V. L. et al., 2016: Outer organic layer and internal repair mechanism protects pteropod Limacina helicina from ocean acidification. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 127, 41-52, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.12.005.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r577">Peck, M. and J. K. Pinnegar, 2018: Chapter 5: Climate change impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptations: North Atlantic and Atlantic Arctic marine fisheries. In: Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture: synthesis of current knowledge, adaptation and mitigation options. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 627. [Barange, M., T. Bahri, M. C. M. Beveridge, K. L. Cochrane, S. Funge-Smith and F. Poulain (eds.)], Rome.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r578">Lischka, S. and U. Riebesell, 2016: Metabolic response of Arctic pteropods to ocean acidification and warming during the polar night/twilight phase in Kongsfjord (Spitsbergen). Polar Biology, 40 (6), 1211-1227, doi:10.1007/s00300-016-2044-5.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r579">Link, H., D. Piepenburg and P. Archambault, 2013: Are Hotspots Always Hotspots? The Relationship between Diversity, Resource and Ecosystem Functions in the Arctic. Plos One, 8 (9), e74077, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074077.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r580">Birchenough, S. N. R. et al., 2015: Climate change and marine benthos: a review of existing research and future directions in the North Atlantic. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 6 (2), 203-223, doi:10.1002/wcc.330.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r581">Johannesen, E. et al., 2017: Large-scale patterns in community structure of benthos and fish in the Barents Sea. Polar Biology, 40 (2), 237-246, doi:10.1007/s00300-016-1946-6.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r582">Kortsch, S. et al., 2012: Climate-driven regime shifts in Arctic marine benthos. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109 (35), 14052-14057, doi:10.1073/pnas.1207509109.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r583">Kortsch, S. et al., 2015: Climate change alters the structure of arctic marine food webs due to poleward shifts of boreal generalists. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282 (1814), 20151546, doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1546.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r584">Grebmeier, J. M. and L. W. Cooper, 2016: The Saint Lawrence Island Polynya: A 25-Year Evaluation of an Analogue for Climate Change in Polar Regions. In: Aquatic Microbial Ecology and Biogeochemistry: A Dual Perspective [Glibert, P. M. and T. M. Kana (eds.)]. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 171-183.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r585">Grebmeier, J. M. et al., 2015: Ecosystem characteristics and processes facilitating persistent macrobenthic biomass hotspots and associated benthivory in the Pacific Arctic. Progress in Oceanography, 136 (Supplement C), 92-114, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.05.006.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r586">Wassmann, P. and T. M. Lenton, 2012: Arctic Tipping Points in an Earth System Perspective. AMBIO, 41 (1), 1-9, doi:10.1007/s13280-011-0230-9.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r587">Kortsch, S. et al., 2012: Climate-driven regime shifts in Arctic marine benthos. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109 (35), 14052-14057, doi:10.1073/pnas.1207509109.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r588">Paar, M. et al., 2016: Temporal shift in biomass and production of macrozoobenthos in the macroalgal belt at Hansneset, Kongsfjorden, after 15 years. Polar Biology, 39 (11), 2065-2076, doi:10.1007/s00300-015-1760-6.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r589">Burgos, J., B. Ernst, D. Armstrong and J. Orensanz, 2013: Fluctuations in Range and Abundance of Snow Crab (Chionoecetes Opilio) from the Eastern Bering Sea: What Role for Pacific Cod (Gadus Macrocephalus) Predation? Bulletin of Marine Science, 89 (1), 57-81, doi:10.5343/bms.2011.1137.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r590">Long, W. C., S. B. Van Sant and J. A. Haaga, 2015: Habitat, predation, growth, and coexistence: Could interactions between juvenile red and blue king crabs limit blue king crab productivity? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 464, 58-67, doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2014.12.011.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r591">Ryer, C. H. et al., 2016: Temperature-Dependent Growth of Early Juvenile Southern Tanner CrabChionoecetes bairdi: Implications for Cold Pool Effects and Climate Change in the Southeastern Bering Sea. Journal of Shellfish Research, 35 (1), 259-267, doi:10.2983/035.035.0128.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r592">Mullowney, D. R. J., E. G. Dawe, E. B. Colbourne and G. A. Rose, 2014: A review of factors contributing to the decline of Newfoundland and Labrador snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio). Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 24 (2), 639-657, doi:10.1007/s11160-014-9349-7.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r593">Zisserson, B. and A. Cook, 2017: Impact of bottom water temperature change on the southernmost snow crab fishery in the Atlantic Ocean. Fisheries Research, 195 (Supplement C), 12-18, doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2017.06.009.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r594">Hansen, H. S. B., 2016: Three major challenges in managing non-native sedentary Barents Sea snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio). Marine Policy, 71, 38-43, doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2016.05.013.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r595">Lorentzen, G. et al., 2018: Current Status of the Red King Crab (Paralithodes camtchaticus) and Snow Crab (Chionoecetes opilio) Industries in Norway. Reviews in Fisheries Science &amp; Aquaculture, 26 (1), 42-54, doi:10.1080/23308249.2017.1335284.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r596">Long, W. C. et al., 2017: Survival, growth, and morphology of blue king crabs: effect of ocean acidification decreases with exposure time. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 74 (4), 1033-1041, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsw197.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r597">Swiney, K. M., W. C. Long and R. J. Foy, 2017: Decreased pH and increased temperatures affect young-of-the-year red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus). ICES Journal of Marine Science, 74 (4), 1191-1200, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsw251.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r598">Long, W. C., P. Pruisner, K. M. Swiney and R. Foy, 2019: Effects of ocean acidification on the respiration and feeding of juvenile red and blue king crabs. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 76 (5), 1335–1343, doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz090 .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r599">Mathis, J. T. et al., 2015: Ocean acidification risk assessment for Alaska’s fishery sector. Progress in Oceanography, 136, 71-91, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2014.07.001.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r600">Punt, A. E. et al., 2016: Effects of long-term exposure to ocean acidification conditions on future southern Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) fisheries management. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil, 73 (3), 849-864, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsv205.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r601">Wassmann, P. et al., 2015: The contiguous domains of Arctic Ocean advection: Trails of life and death. Progress in Oceanography, 139, 42-65, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.06.011.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r602">Dalpadado, P. et al., 2016: Distribution and abundance of euphausiids and pelagic amphipods in Kongsfjorden, Isfjorden and Rijpfjorden (Svalbard) and changes in their relative importance as key prey in a warming marine ecosystem. Polar Biology, 39 (10), 1765-1784, doi:10.1007/s00300-015-1874-x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r603">Hunt, G. L. et al., 2016: Advection in polar and sub-polar environments: Impacts on high latitude marine ecosystems. Progress in Oceanography, 149, 40-81, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2016.10.004.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r604">Kjesbu, O. S. et al., 2014: Synergies between climate and management for Atlantic cod fisheries at high latitudes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111 (9), 3478-3483, doi:10.1073/pnas.1316342111.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r605">Christiansen, J. S., 2017: No future for Euro-Arctic ocean fishes? Marine Ecology Progress Series, 575, 217-227, doi:10.3354/meps12192.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r606">Nahrgang, J. et al., 2014: Gender Specific Reproductive Strategies of an Arctic Key Species (Boreogadus saida) and Implications of Climate Change. Plos One, 9 (5), e98452, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098452.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r607">Fossheim, M. et al., 2015: Recent warming leads to a rapid borealization of fish communities in the Arctic. Nature Climate Change, 5, 673, doi:10.1038/nclimate2647.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r608">Frainer, A. et al., 2017: Climate-driven changes in functional biogeography of Arctic marine fish communities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 114 (46), 12202-12207, doi:10.1073/pnas.1706080114.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r609">Reist, J. D., C. D. Sawatzky and L. Johnson, 2016: The Arctic ‘Great’ Lakes of Canada and their fish faunas — An overview in the context of Arctic change. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 42 (2), 173-192, doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2015.10.008.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r610">Jensen, A. J., B. Finstad and P. Fiske, 2018: Evidence for the linkage of survival of anadromous Arctic char and brown trout during winter to marine growth during the previous summer. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 75 (5), 663-672, doi:10.1139/cjfas-2017-0077.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r611">Chernova, N. V., 2011: Distribution patterns and chorological analysis of fish fauna of the Arctic Region. Journal of Ichthyology, 51 (10), 825-924, doi:10.1134/S0032945211100043.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r612">Lynghammar, A. et al., 2013: Species richness and distribution of chondrichthyan fishes in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas. Biodiversity, 14 (1), 57-66, doi:10.1080/14888386.2012.706198.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r613">Laurel, B. J., L. A. Copeman, M. Spencer and P. Iseri, 2017: Temperature-dependent growth as a function of size and age in juvenile Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida). ICES Journal of Marine Science, 74 (6), 1614-1621, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsx028.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r614">Alabia, I. D. et al., 2018: Distribution shifts of marine taxa in the Pacific Arctic under contemporary climate changes. Diversity and Distributions, 24 (11), 1583-1597, doi:10.1111/ddi.12788.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r615">Logerwell, E., K. Rand, S. Danielson and L. Sousa, 2018: Environmental drivers of benthic fish distribution in and around Barrow Canyon in the northeastern Chukchi Sea and western Beaufort Sea. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 152, 170-181, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.04.012.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r616">Landa, C. S. et al., 2014: Recruitment, distribution boundary and habitat temperature of an arcto-boreal gadoid in a climatically changing environment: a case study on Northeast Arctic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Fisheries Oceanography, 23 (6), 506-520, doi:10.1111/fog.12085.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r617">Mueter, F. J., J. Weems, E. V. Farley and M. F. Sigler, 2017: Arctic Ecosystem Integrated Survey (Arctic Eis): Marine ecosystem dynamics in the rapidly changing Pacific Arctic Gateway. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 135 (Supplement C), 1-6, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.11.005.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r618">Joli, N. et al., 2018: Need for focus on microbial species following ice melt and changing freshwater regimes in a Janus Arctic Gateway. Scientific Reports, 8 (1), 9405, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-27705-6.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r619">Hop, H. and H. Gjøsæter, 2013: Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and capelin (Mallotus villosus) as key species in marine food webs of the Arctic and the Barents Sea. Marine Biology Research, 9 (9), 878-894, doi:10.1080/17451000.2013.775458.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r620">Christiansen, J. S., 2017: No future for Euro-Arctic ocean fishes? Marine Ecology Progress Series, 575, 217-227, doi:10.3354/meps12192.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r621">Hermann, A. J. et al., 2016: Projected future biophysical states of the Bering Sea. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 134 (Supplement C), 30-47, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.11.001.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r622">Holsman, K. K. et al., 2016: A comparison of fisheries biological reference points estimated from temperature-specific multi-species and single-species climate-enhanced stock assessment models. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 134 (Supplement C), 360-378, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.08.001.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r623">Ianelli, J., K. K. Holsman, A. E. Punt and K. Aydin, 2016: Multi-model inference for incorporating trophic and climate uncertainty into stock assessments. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 134 (Supplement C), 379-389, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.04.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r624">Hermann, A. J. et al., 2019: Projected biophysical conditions of the Bering Sea to 2100 under multiple emission scenarios. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 76 (5), 1280–1304, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsz043.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r625">Hermann, A. J. et al., 2019: Projected biophysical conditions of the Bering Sea to 2100 under multiple emission scenarios. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 76 (5), 1280–1304, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsz043.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r626">Sigler, M. F. et al., 2017: Late summer zoogeography of the northern Bering and Chukchi seas. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 135 (Supplement C), 168-189, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.03.005.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r627">Kimmel, D. G., L. B. Eisner, M. T. Wilson and J. T. Duffy-Anderson, 2018: Copepod dynamics across warm and cold periods in the eastern Bering Sea: Implications for walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) and the Oscillating Control Hypothesis. Fisheries Oceanography, 27 (2), 143-158, doi:10.1111/fog.12241.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r628">Hedger, R. D. et al., 2013: Predicting climate change effects on subarctic-Arctic populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 70 (2), 159-168, doi:10.1139/cjfas-2012-0205.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r629">Stiasny, M. H. et al., 2016: Ocean Acidification Effects on Atlantic Cod Larval Survival and Recruitment to the Fished Population. Plos One, 11 (8), e0155448, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155448.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r630">Koenigstein, S. et al., 2018: Forecasting future recruitment success for Atlantic cod in the warming and acidifying Barents Sea. Glob Chang Biol, 24 (1), 526-535, doi:10.1111/gcb.13848.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r631">Gilg, O. et al., 2012: Climate change and the ecology and evolution of Arctic vertebrates. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1249 (1), 166-190, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06412.x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r632">Laidre, K. L. et al., 2015: Arctic marine mammal population status, sea ice habitat loss, and conservation recommendations for the 21st century. Conservation Biology, 29 (3), 724-737, doi:10.1111/cobi.12474.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r633">Gall, A. E., T. C. Morgan, R. H. Day and K. J. Kuletz, 2017: Ecological shift from piscivorous to planktivorous seabirds in the Chukchi Sea, 1975-2012. Polar Biology, 40 (1), 61-78, doi:10.1007/s00300-016-1924-z.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r634">Descamps, S. et al., 2017: Circumpolar dynamics of a marine top-predator track ocean warming rates. Global Change Biology, 23 (9), 3770-3780, doi:10.1111/gcb.13715.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r635">Post, E. et al., 2013: Ecological Consequences of Sea-Ice Decline. Science, 341 (6145), 519-524, doi:10.1126/science.1235225.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r636">Hamilton, C. D. et al., 2019: Contrasting changes in space use induced by climate change in two Arctic marine mammal species. Biol Lett, 15 (3), 20180834, doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0834.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r637">Kovacs, K. M. et al., 2012: Global threats to pinnipeds. Marine Mammal Science, 28 (2), 414-436, doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2011.00479.x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r638">Hamilton, C. D., C. Lydersen, R. A. Ims and K. M. Kovacs, 2015: Predictions replaced by facts: a keystone species’ behavioural responses to declining arctic sea-ice. Biology Letters, 11 (11), doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0803.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r639">deHart, P. A. P. and C. M. Picco, 2015: Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope analyses of bowhead whale baleen as biochemical recorders of migration and arctic environmental change. Polar Science, 9 (2), 235-248, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2015.03.002 .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r640">Hamilton, C. D. et al., 2017: An Arctic predator–prey system in flux: climate change impacts on coastal space use by polar bears and ringed seals. Journal of Animal Ecology, 86 (5), 1054-1064, doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12685.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r641">Hunt, G. L. et al., 2018: Timing of sea-ice retreat affects the distribution of seabirds and their prey in the southeastern Bering Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 593, 209-230, doi:10.3354/meps12383.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r642">Kovacs, K. M., P. Lemons, J. G. MacCracken and C. Lydersen, 2016: Walruses in a time of climate change. Arctic Report Card: Update for 2015 [Available at: https://www.arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card%5D .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r643">Bajzak, C. E., M. O. Hammill, G. B. Stenson and S. Prinsenberg, 2011: Drifting away: implications of changes in ice conditions for a pack-ice-breeding phocid, the harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 89 (11), 1050-1062, doi:10.1139/z11-081.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r644">Øigård, T. A. et al., 2013: Functional relationship between harp seal body condition and available prey in the Barents Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 484, 287-301, doi:10.3354/meps10272.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r645">Johnston, D. W., M. T. Bowers, A. S. Friedlaender and D. M. Lavigne, 2012c: The Effects of Climate Change on Harp Seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus). Plos One, 7 (1), e29158, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029158.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r646">Soulen, B. K., K. Cammen, T. F. Schultz and D. W. Johnston, 2013: Factors Affecting Harp Seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) Strandings in the Northwest Atlantic. Plos One, 8 (7), e68779, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068779.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r647">Stenson, G. B. and M. O. Hammill, 2014: Can ice breeding seals adapt to habitat loss in a time of climate change? ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71 (7), 1977-1986, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu074.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r648">Asselin, N. C. et al., 2011: Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) habitat selection in the eastern Beaufort Sea in spring, 1975–1979. Polar Biology, 34 (12), 1973-1988, doi:10.1007/s00300-011-0990-5.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r649">Øigård, T. A., T. Haug and K. T. Nilssen, 2014: Current status of hooded seals in the Greenland Sea. Victims of climate change and predation? Biological Conservation, 172, 29-36, doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.02.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r650">Choy, E. S., B. Rosenberg, J. D. Roth and L. L. Loseto, 2017: Inter-annual variation in environmental factors affect the prey and body condition of beluga whales in the eastern Beaufort Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 579, 213-225, doi:10.3354/meps12256.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r651">Hamilton, C. D., C. Lydersen, R. A. Ims and K. M. Kovacs, 2015: Predictions replaced by facts: a keystone species’ behavioural responses to declining arctic sea-ice. Biology Letters, 11 (11), doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0803.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r652">Lowther, A. D., A. Fisk, K. M. Kovacs and C. Lydersen, 2017: Interdecadal changes in the marine food web along the west Spitsbergen coast detected in the stable isotope composition of ringed seal (Pusa hispida) whiskers. Polar Biology, 40 (10), 2027-2033, doi:10.1007/s00300-017-2122-3.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r653">Lydersen, C. et al., 2017: Novel terrestrial haul-out behaviour by ringed seals (Pusa hispida) in Svalbard, in association with harbour seals (Phoca vitulina). Polar Research, 36 (1), 1374124, doi:10.1080/17518369.2017.1374124.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r654">Brower, A. A. et al., 2017: Gray whale distribution relative to benthic invertebrate biomass and abundance: Northeastern Chukchi Sea 2009–2012. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 144, 156-174, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.12.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r655">Udevitz, M. S. et al., 2017: Forecasting consequences of changing sea ice availability for Pacific walruses. Ecosphere, 8 (11), e02014, doi:10.1002/ecs2.2014.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r656">Szpak, P., M. Buckley, C. M. Darwent and M. P. Richards, 2018: Long‐term ecological changes in marine mammals driven by recent warming in northwestern Alaska. Global Change Biology, 24 (1), 490-503, doi:10.1111/gcb.13880.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r657">Andersen, M., A. E. Derocher, Ø. Wiig and J. Aars, 2012: Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) maternity den distribution in Svalbard, Norway. Polar Biology, 35 (4), 499-508, doi:10.1007/s00300-011-1094-y.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r658">Hamilton, C. D. et al., 2017: An Arctic predator–prey system in flux: climate change impacts on coastal space use by polar bears and ringed seals. Journal of Animal Ecology, 86 (5), 1054-1064, doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12685.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r659">Escajeda, E. et al., 2018: Identifying shifts in maternity den phenology and habitat characteristics of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in Baffin Bay and Kane Basin. Polar Biology, 41 (1), 87-100, doi:10.1007/s00300-017-2172-6.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r660">Durner, G. M. et al., 2017: Increased Arctic sea ice drift alters adult female polar bear movements and energetics. Global Change Biology, 23 (9), 3460-3473, doi:10.1111/gcb.13746.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r661">Pilfold, N., W. et al., 2017: Migratory response of polar bears to sea ice loss: to swim or not to swim. Ecography, 40 (1), 189-199, doi:10.1111/ecog.02109.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r662">Lone, K. et al., 2018: Aquatic behaviour of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in an increasingly ice-free Arctic. Scientific Reports, 8 (1), 9677, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-27947-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r663">Lunn, N. J. et al., 2016: Demography of an apex predator at the edge of its range: impacts of changing sea ice on polar bears in Hudson Bay. Ecological Applications, 26 (5), 1302-1320, doi:doi:10.1890/15-1256.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r664">McCall, A. G., N. W. Pilfold, A. E. Derocher and N. J. Lunn, 2016: Seasonal habitat selection by adult female polar bears in western Hudson Bay. Population Ecology, 58 (3), 407-419, doi:10.1007/s10144-016-0549-y.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r665">Voorhees, H., R. Sparks, H. P. Huntington and K. D. Rode, 2014: Traditional Knowledge about Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) in Northwestern Alaska. Arctic, 67 (4), 523-536.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r666">Aars, J. et al., 2017: The number and distribution of polar bears in the western Barents Sea. Polar Research, 36 (1), 1374125, doi:10.1080/17518369.2017.1374125.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r667">Galicia, M. P. et al., 2016: Dietary habits of polar bears in Foxe Basin, Canada: possible evidence of a trophic regime shift mediated by a new top predator. Ecology and Evolution, 6 (16), 6005-6018, doi:10.1002/ece3.2173.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r668">Stapleton, S., E. Peacock and D. Garshelis, 2016: Aerial surveys suggest long‐term stability in the seasonally ice‐free Foxe Basin (Nunavut) polar bear population. Marine Mammal Science, 32 (1), 181-201, doi:10.1111/mms.12251.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r669">Øigård, T. A., T. Haug and K. T. Nilssen, 2014: Current status of hooded seals in the Greenland Sea. Victims of climate change and predation? Biological Conservation, 172, 29-36, doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.02.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r670">Breed, G. A. et al., 2017: Sustained disruption of narwhal habitat use and behavior in the presence of Arctic killer whales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114 (10), 2628-2633, doi:10.1073/pnas.1611707114.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r671">Smith, A. J. et al., 2017a: Beluga whale summer habitat associations in the Nelson River estuary, western Hudson Bay, Canada. Plos One, 12 (8), e0181045, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181045.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r672">Dorresteijn, I. et al., 2012: Climate affects food availability to planktivorous least auklets Aethia pusilla through physical processes in the southeastern Bering Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 454, 207-220, doi:10.3354/meps09372.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r673">Divoky, G. J., P. M. Lukacs and M. L. Druckenmiller, 2015: Effects of recent decreases in arctic sea ice on an ice-associated marine bird. Progress in Oceanography, 136, 151-161, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.05.010.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r674">Vihtakari, M. et al., 2018: Black-legged kittiwakes as messengers of Atlantification in the Arctic. Scientific Reports, 8 (1), 1178, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-19118-8.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r675">Gaston, A. J., P. A. Smith and J. F. Provencher, 2012: Discontinuous change in ice cover in Hudson Bay in the 1990s and some consequences for marine birds and their prey. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69 (7), 1218-1225, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fss040.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r676">Provencher, J. F., A. J. Gaston, P. D. O’Hara and H. G. Gilchrist, 2012: Seabird diet indicates changing Arctic marine communities in eastern Canada. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 454, 171-182, doi:10.3354/meps09299.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r677">Gaston, A. J. and K. H. Elliott, 2014: Seabird diet changes in northern Hudson Bay, 1981-2013, reflect the availability of schooling prey. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 513, 211-223, doi:10.3354/meps10945.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r678">Gall, A. E., T. C. Morgan, R. H. Day and K. J. Kuletz, 2017: Ecological shift from piscivorous to planktivorous seabirds in the Chukchi Sea, 1975-2012. Polar Biology, 40 (1), 61-78, doi:10.1007/s00300-016-1924-z.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r679">Dorresteijn, I. et al., 2012: Climate affects food availability to planktivorous least auklets Aethia pusilla through physical processes in the southeastern Bering Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 454, 207-220, doi:10.3354/meps09372.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r680">Kokubun, N. et al., 2018: Inter-annual climate variability affects foraging behavior and nutritional state of thick-billed murres breeding in the southeastern Bering Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 593, 195-208, doi:10.3354/meps12365.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r681">Renner, M. et al., 2016: Timing of ice retreat alters seabird abundances and distributions in the southeast Bering Sea. Biology Letters, 12 (9), 20160276, doi:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0276.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r682">Hunt, G. L. et al., 2018: Timing of sea-ice retreat affects the distribution of seabirds and their prey in the southeastern Bering Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 593, 209-230, doi:10.3354/meps12383.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r683">Schmidt, K. and A. Atkinson, 2016: Feeding and Food Processing in Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba Dana). In: Biology and Ecology of Antarctic Krill [Siegel, V. (ed.)]. Springer, New York, 175-224.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r684">Trathan, P. N. and S. L. Hill, 2016: The Importance of Krill Predation in the Southern Ocean. In: Biology and Ecology of Antarctic Krill [Siegel, V. (ed.)]. Springer, 321-350.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r685">Larsen, J. N. et al., 2014: Polar regions. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change [Barros, V. R., C. B. Field, D. J. Dokken, M. D. Mastrandrea, K. J. Mach, T. E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K. L. Ebi, Y. O. Estrada, R. C. Genova, B. Girma, E. S. Kissel, A. N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P. R. Mastrandrea and L. L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1567-1612.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r686">Siegel, V., Eds., 2016: Biology and Ecology of Antarctic Krill. Springer, 1-458 pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r687">McCormack, S. A. et al., 2017: Simplification of complex ecological networks – species aggregation in Antarctic food web models. In: MODSIM2017, 22nd International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, [Syme, G., D. Hatton MacDonald, E. Fulton and J. Piantadosi (eds.)], Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 264-270.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r688">Constable, A. J. et al., 2014: Climate change and Southern Ocean ecosystems I: how changes in physical habitats directly affect marine biota. Global Change Biology, 20 (10), 3004-3025, doi:10.1111/gcb.12623.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r689">Gutt, J. et al., 2015: The Southern Ocean ecosystem under multiple climate change stresses–an integrated circumpolar assessment. Glob Chang Biol, 21 (4), 1434-53, doi:10.1111/gcb.12794.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r690">Constable, A. J. et al., 2016: Developing priority variables (“ecosystem Essential Ocean Variables” — eEOVs) for observing dynamics and change in Southern Ocean ecosystems. Journal of Marine Systems, 161, 26-41, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.05.003.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r691">Hunt, G. L. et al., 2016: Advection in polar and sub-polar environments: Impacts on high latitude marine ecosystems. Progress in Oceanography, 149, 40-81, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2016.10.004.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r692">Gutt, J. et al., 2018: Cross-disciplinarity in the advance of Antarctic ecosystem research. Mar Genomics, 37, 1-17, doi:10.1016/j.margen.2017.09.006.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r693">Constable, A. J. et al., 2014: Climate change and Southern Ocean ecosystems I: how changes in physical habitats directly affect marine biota. Global Change Biology, 20 (10), 3004-3025, doi:10.1111/gcb.12623.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r694">Constable, A. J. et al., 2014: Climate change and Southern Ocean ecosystems I: how changes in physical habitats directly affect marine biota. Global Change Biology, 20 (10), 3004-3025, doi:10.1111/gcb.12623.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r695">Gutt, J. et al., 2015: The Southern Ocean ecosystem under multiple climate change stresses–an integrated circumpolar assessment. Glob Chang Biol, 21 (4), 1434-53, doi:10.1111/gcb.12794.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r696">Constable, A. J. et al., 2016: Developing priority variables (“ecosystem Essential Ocean Variables” — eEOVs) for observing dynamics and change in Southern Ocean ecosystems. Journal of Marine Systems, 161, 26-41, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.05.003.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r697">Cavanagh, R. D. et al., 2017: A Synergistic Approach for Evaluating Climate Model Output for Ecological Applications. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4, 1-12, doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00308 .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r698">Behrenfeld, M. J. et al., 2016: Annual boom–bust cycles of polar phytoplankton biomass revealed by space-based lidar. Nature Geoscience, 10, 118, doi:10.1038/ngeo2861.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r699">Arrigo, K. R., G. L. van Dijken and S. Bushinsky, 2008: Primary production in the Southern Ocean, 1997–2006. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 113 (C8), doi:10.1029/2007JC004551.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r700">Venables, H. J., A. Clarke and M. P. Meredith, 2013: Wintertime controls on summer stratification and productivity at the western Antarctic Peninsula. Limnology and Oceanography, 58 (3), 1035-1047, doi:10.4319/lo.2013.58.3.1035.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r701">Schofield, O. et al., 2018: Changes in the upper ocean mixed layer and phytoplankton productivity along the West Antarctic Peninsula. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci, 376 (2122), doi:10.1098/rsta.2017.0173.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r702">Kim, H. et al., 2018: Inter-decadal variability of phytoplankton biomass along the coastal West Antarctic Peninsula. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci, 376 (2122), 1-21, doi:10.1098/rsta.2017.0174.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r703">Schofield, O. et al., 2018: Changes in the upper ocean mixed layer and phytoplankton productivity along the West Antarctic Peninsula. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci, 376 (2122), doi:10.1098/rsta.2017.0173.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r704">Schofield, O. et al., 2018: Changes in the upper ocean mixed layer and phytoplankton productivity along the West Antarctic Peninsula. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci, 376 (2122), doi:10.1098/rsta.2017.0173.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r705">Arrigo, K. R. et al., 2017a: Early Spring Phytoplankton Dynamics in the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 122 (12), 9350-9369, doi:10.1002/2017jc013281.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r706">Hancock, A. M. et al., 2017: Ocean acidification changes the structure of an Antarctic coastal protistan community. Biogeosciences Discussions, 2017, 1-32, doi:10.5194/bg-2017-224.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r707">Deppeler, S. et al., 2018: Ocean acidification of a coastal Antarctic marine microbial community reveals a critical threshold for CO2 tolerance in phytoplankton productivity. Biogeosciences, 15 (1), 209-231, doi:10.5194/bg-15-209-2018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r708">Westwood, K. J. et al., 2018: Ocean acidification impacts primary and bacterial production in Antarctic coastal waters during austral summer. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 498, 46-60, doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2017.11.003.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r709">McMinn, A., 2017: Reviews and syntheses: Ice acidification, the effects of ocean acidification on sea ice microbial communities. Biogeosciences, 14 (17), 3927-3935, doi:10.5194/bg-14-3927-2017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r710">Leung, S., A. Cabré and I. Marinov, 2015: A latitudinally banded phytoplankton response to 21st century climate change in the Southern Ocean across the CMIP5 model suite. Biogeosciences, 12 (19), 5715-5734, doi:10.5194/bg-12-5715-2015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r711">Leung, S., A. Cabré and I. Marinov, 2015: A latitudinally banded phytoplankton response to 21st century climate change in the Southern Ocean across the CMIP5 model suite. Biogeosciences, 12 (19), 5715-5734, doi:10.5194/bg-12-5715-2015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r712">Hutchins, D. A. and P. W. Boyd, 2016: Marine phytoplankton and the changing ocean iron cycle. Nature Climate Change, 6 (12), 1072, doi:10.1038/nclimate3147.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r713">Tarling, G. A., P. Ward and S. E. Thorpe, 2018: Spatial distributions of Southern Ocean mesozooplankton communities have been resilient to long-term surface warming. Glob Chang Biol, 24 (1), 132-142, doi:10.1111/gcb.13834.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r714">Steinberg, D. K. et al., 2015: Long-term (1993–2013) changes in macrozooplankton off the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 101, 54-70, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2015.02.009.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r715">Manno, C., V. L. Peck and G. A. Tarling, 2016: Pteropod eggs released at high pCO2 lack resilience to ocean acidification. Sci Rep, 6, 25752, doi:10.1038/srep25752.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r716">Barnes, D. K. A., 2017: Polar zoobenthos blue carbon storage increases with sea ice losses, because across-shelf growth gains from longer algal blooms outweigh ice scour mortality in the shallows. Glob Chang Biol, 23 (12), 5083-5091, doi:10.1111/gcb.13772.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r717">Jansen, J. et al., 2017: Abundance and richness of key Antarctic seafloor fauna correlates with modelled food availability. Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution, 1-13, doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0392-3.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r718">Clark, G. F. et al., 2015: Vulnerability of Antarctic shallow invertebrate-dominated ecosystems. Austral Ecology, 40 (4), 482-491, doi:10.1111/aec.12237.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r719">Clark, G. F. et al., 2017: The Roles of Sea-Ice, Light and Sedimentation in Structuring Shallow Antarctic Benthic Communities. Plos One, 12 (1), e0168391, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168391.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r720">Griffiths, H. J., A. J. S. Meijers and T. J. Bracegirdle, 2017a: More losers than winners in a century of future Southern Ocean seafloor warming. Nature Climate Change, 7 (10), 749-754, doi:10.1038/nclimate3377.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r721">Pörtner, H.-O. et al., 2014: Ocean systems [Field, C. B., V. R. Barros, D. J. Dokken, K. J. Mach, M. D. Mastrandrea, T. E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K. L. Ebi, Y. O. Estrada, R. C. Genova, B. Girma, E. S. Kissel, A. N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P. R. Mastrandrea and L. L. White (eds.)]. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Press, C. U., Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 411-484.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r722">Mintenbeck, K., 2017: Impacts of Climate Change on the Southern Ocean. In: Climate Change Impacts on Fisheries and Aquaculture [Phillips, B. F. and M. Pérez‐Ramírez (eds.)]. John Wiley &amp; Sons New Jersey, 663-701.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r723">Mueller, I. A. et al., 2012: Exposure to critical thermal maxima increases oxidative stress in hearts of white- but not red-blooded Antarctic notothenioid fishes. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 215 (20), 3655, doi:10.1242/jeb.071811.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r724">Beers, J. M. and N. Jayasundara, 2015: Antarctic notothenioid fish: what are the future consequences of ‘losses’ and ‘gains’ acquired during long-term evolution at cold and stable temperatures? J Exp Biol, 218 (Pt 12), 1834-45, doi:10.1242/jeb.116129.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r725">Atkinson, A., V. Siegel, E. Pakhomov and P. Rothery, 2004: Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean. Nature, 432 (7013), 100-103, doi:10.1038/nature0299.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r726">Larsen, J. N. et al., 2014: Polar regions. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change [Barros, V. R., C. B. Field, D. J. Dokken, M. D. Mastrandrea, K. J. Mach, T. E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K. L. Ebi, Y. O. Estrada, R. C. Genova, B. Girma, E. S. Kissel, A. N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P. R. Mastrandrea and L. L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1567-1612.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r727">Fielding, S. et al., 2014: Interannual variability in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) density at South Georgia, Southern Ocean: 1997–2013. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71 (9), 2578-2588, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu104.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r728">Kinzey, D., G. M. Watters and C. S. Reiss, 2015: Selectivity and two biomass measures in an age-based assessment of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). Fisheries Research, 168, 72-84, doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2015.03.023.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r729">Steinberg, D. K. et al., 2015: Long-term (1993–2013) changes in macrozooplankton off the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 101, 54-70, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2015.02.009.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r730">Cox, M. J. et al., 2018: No evidence for a decline in the density of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba Dana, 1850, in the Southwest Atlantic sector between 1976 and 2016. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 38 (6), 656-661, doi:10.1093/jcbiol/ruy072.</span></li>
<li><div id="fn:r731"></div>

<li><span id="fn:r732">Fielding, S. et al., 2014: Interannual variability in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) density at South Georgia, Southern Ocean: 1997–2013. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71 (9), 2578-2588, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu104.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r733">Kinzey, D., G. M. Watters and C. S. Reiss, 2015: Selectivity and two biomass measures in an age-based assessment of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). Fisheries Research, 168, 72-84, doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2015.03.023.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r734">Steinberg, D. K. et al., 2015: Long-term (1993–2013) changes in macrozooplankton off the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 101, 54-70, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2015.02.009.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r735">Cox, M. J. et al., 2018: No evidence for a decline in the density of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba Dana, 1850, in the Southwest Atlantic sector between 1976 and 2016. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 38 (6), 656-661, doi:10.1093/jcbiol/ruy072.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r736">Atkinson, A. et al., 2019: Krill (Euphausia superba) distribution contracts southward during rapid regional warming. Nature Climate Change, 9 (2), 142-147, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0370-z.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r737">Cox, M. J. et al., 2018: No evidence for a decline in the density of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba Dana, 1850, in the Southwest Atlantic sector between 1976 and 2016. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 38 (6), 656-661, doi:10.1093/jcbiol/ruy072.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r738">Atkinson, A. et al., 2019: Krill (Euphausia superba) distribution contracts southward during rapid regional warming. Nature Climate Change, 9 (2), 142-147, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0370-z.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r739">Melbourne-Thomas, J. et al., 2016: Under ice habitats for Antarctic krill larvae: Could less mean more under climate warming? Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (19), 10,322-10,327, doi:10.1002/2016gl070846.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r740">Piñones, A. and A. V. Fedorov, 2016: Projected changes of Antarctic krill habitat by the end of the 21st century. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (16), 8580-8589, doi:10.1002/2016gl069656.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r741">Meyer, B. et al., 2017: The winter pack-ice zone provides a sheltered but food-poor habitat for larval Antarctic krill. Nat Ecol Evol, 1 (12), 1853-1861, doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0368-3.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r742">Murphy, E. J. et al., 2017: Restricted regions of enhanced growth of Antarctic krill in the circumpolar Southern Ocean. Sci Rep, 7 (1), 6963, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-07205-9.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r743">Klein, E. S. et al., 2018: Impacts of rising sea temperature on krill increase risks for predators in the Scotia Sea. Plos One, 13 (1), e0191011, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191011.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r744">Hill, S. L., T. Phillips and A. Atkinson, 2013: Potential Climate Change Effects on the Habitat of Antarctic Krill in the Weddell Quadrant of the Southern Ocean. Plos One, 8 (8), e72246, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072246.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r745">Piñones, A. and A. V. Fedorov, 2016: Projected changes of Antarctic krill habitat by the end of the 21st century. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (16), 8580-8589, doi:10.1002/2016gl069656.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r746">Kawaguchi, S. et al., 2013: Risk maps for Antarctic krill under projected Southern Ocean acidification. Nature Climate Change, 3, 843, doi:10.1038/nclimate1937.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r747">Piñones, A. and A. V. Fedorov, 2016: Projected changes of Antarctic krill habitat by the end of the 21st century. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (16), 8580-8589, doi:10.1002/2016gl069656.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r748">Klein, E. S. et al., 2018: Impacts of rising sea temperature on krill increase risks for predators in the Scotia Sea. Plos One, 13 (1), e0191011, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191011.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r749">Suprenand, P. M. and C. H. Ainsworth, 2017: Trophodynamic effects of climate change-induced alterations to primary production along the western Antarctic Peninsula. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 569, 37-54, doi:10.3354/meps12100.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r750">Mintenbeck, K. et al., 2012: Impact of Climate Change on Fishes in Complex Antarctic Ecosystems. Advances in Ecological Research, Vol 46: Global Change in Multispecies Systems, Pt 1, 46, 351-426, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-396992-7.00006-X.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r751">Young, E. F. et al., 2018: Stepping stones to isolation: Impacts of a changing climate on the connectivity of fragmented fish populations. Evol Appl, 11 (6), 978-994, doi:10.1111/eva.12613.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r752">Mintenbeck, K. et al., 2012: Impact of Climate Change on Fishes in Complex Antarctic Ecosystems. Advances in Ecological Research, Vol 46: Global Change in Multispecies Systems, Pt 1, 46, 351-426, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-396992-7.00006-X.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r753">Vacchi, M. et al., 2012: A nursery area for the Antarctic silverfish Pleuragramma antarcticum at Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea): first estimate of distribution and abundance of eggs and larvae under the seasonal sea-ice. Polar Biology, 35 (10), 1573-1585, doi:10.1007/s00300-012-1199-y.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r754">Park, H. et al., 2015: Quantification of Warming Climate-Induced Changes in Terrestrial Arctic River Ice Thickness and Phenology. Journal of Climate, 29 (5), 1733-1754, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-15-0569.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r755">Mintenbeck, K., 2017: Impacts of Climate Change on the Southern Ocean. In: Climate Change Impacts on Fisheries and Aquaculture [Phillips, B. F. and M. Pérez‐Ramírez (eds.)]. John Wiley &amp; Sons New Jersey, 663-701.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r756">Freer, J. J. et al., 2018: Predicting ecological responses in a changing ocean: the effects of future climate uncertainty. Mar Biol, 165 (1), 7, doi:10.1007/s00227-017-3239-1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r757">Belchier, M. and M. A. Collins, 2008: Recruitment and body size in relation to temperature in juvenile Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) at South Georgia. Marine Biology, 155 (5), 493, doi:10.1007/s00227-008-1047-3.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r758">Mintenbeck, K., 2017: Impacts of Climate Change on the Southern Ocean. In: Climate Change Impacts on Fisheries and Aquaculture [Phillips, B. F. and M. Pérez‐Ramírez (eds.)]. John Wiley &amp; Sons New Jersey, 663-701.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r759">Bost, C. A. et al., 2009: The importance of oceanographic fronts to marine birds and mammals of the southern oceans. Journal of Marine Systems, 78 (3), 363-376, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.11.022.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r760">Gutt, J. et al., 2015: The Southern Ocean ecosystem under multiple climate change stresses–an integrated circumpolar assessment. Glob Chang Biol, 21 (4), 1434-53, doi:10.1111/gcb.12794.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r761">Constable, A. J. et al., 2016: Developing priority variables (“ecosystem Essential Ocean Variables” — eEOVs) for observing dynamics and change in Southern Ocean ecosystems. Journal of Marine Systems, 161, 26-41, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.05.003.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r762">Hunt, G. L. et al., 2016: Advection in polar and sub-polar environments: Impacts on high latitude marine ecosystems. Progress in Oceanography, 149, 40-81, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2016.10.004.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r763">Gutt, J. et al., 2018: Cross-disciplinarity in the advance of Antarctic ecosystem research. Mar Genomics, 37, 1-17, doi:10.1016/j.margen.2017.09.006.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r764">Dugger, K. M. et al., 2014: AdÃ©lie penguins coping with environmental change: results from a natural experiment at the edge of their breeding range. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 2, 1-12, doi:10.3389/fevo.2014.00068.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r765">Young, A. M., P. E. Higuera, P. A. Duffy and F. S. Hu, 2017: Climatic thresholds shape northern high-latitude fire regimes and imply vulnerability to future climate change. Ecography, 40 (5), 606-617, doi:10.1111/ecog.02205.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r766">Abrahms, B. et al., 2018: Climate mediates the success of migration strategies in a marine predator. Ecol Lett, 21 (1), 63-71, doi:10.1111/ele.12871.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r767">Descamps, S. et al., 2015: Demographic effects of extreme weather events: snow storms, breeding success, and population growth rate in a long-lived Antarctic seabird. Ecology and Evolution, 5 (2), 314-325, doi:10.1002/ece3.1357.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r768">Jenouvrier, S., C. Péron and H. Weimerskirch, 2015: Extreme climate events and individual heterogeneity shape life-history traits and population dynamics. Ecological Monographs, 85 (4), 605-624, doi:10.1890/14-1834.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r769">Sydeman, W. J., E. Poloczanska, T. E. Reed and S. A. Thompson, 2015: Climate change and marine vertebrates. Science, 350 (6262), 772-777, doi:10.1126/science.aac9874.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r770">Abadi, F., C. Barbraud and O. Gimenez, 2017: Integrated population modeling reveals the impact of climate on the survival of juvenile emperor penguins. Global Change Biology, 23 (3), 1353-1359, doi:10.1111/gcb.13538.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r771">Bjorndal, K. A. et al., 2017: Ecological regime shift drives declining growth rates of sea turtles throughout the West Atlantic. Global Change Biology, 23 (11), 4556-4568, doi:10.1111/gcb.13712.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r772">Fluhr, J. et al., 2017: Weakening of the subpolar gyre as a key driver of North Atlantic seabird demography: a case study with Brunnich’s guillemots in Svalbard. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 563, 1-11, doi:10.3354/meps11982.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r773">Hinke, J. T. et al., 2017a: Identifying Risk: Concurrent Overlap of the Antarctic Krill Fishery with Krill-Dependent Predators in the Scotia Sea. Plos One, 12 (1), e0170132, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170132.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r774">Hinke, J. T., S. G. Trivelpiece and W. Z. Trivelpiece, 2017b: Variable vital rates and the risk of population declines in Adelie penguins from the Antarctic Peninsula region. Ecosphere, 8 (1), 1-13, doi:10.1002/ecs2.1666.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r775">Pardo, D., S. Jenouvrier, H. Weimerskirch and C. Barbraud, 2017: Effect of extreme sea surface temperature events on the demography of an age-structured albatross population. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 372 (1723), 1-10, doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0143.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r776">Bost, C. A. et al., 2015: Large-scale climatic anomalies affect marine predator foraging behaviour and demography. Nat Commun, 6, 8220, doi:10.1038/ncomms9220.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r777">Kavanaugh, M. T. et al., 2015: Effect of continental shelf canyons on phytoplankton biomass and community composition along the western Antarctic Peninsula. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 524, 11-26, doi:10.3354/meps11189.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r778">Hindell, M. A. et al., 2016: Circumpolar habitat use in the southern elephant seal: implications for foraging success and population trajectories. Ecosphere, 7 (5), e01213, doi:10.1002/ecs2.1213.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r779">Santora, J. A. et al., 2017: Impacts of ocean climate variability on biodiversity of pelagic forage species in an upwelling ecosystem. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 580, 205-220, doi:10.3354/meps12278.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r780">Braithwaite, J. E., J. J. Meeuwig and M. R. Hipsey, 2015a: Optimal migration energetics of humpback whales and the implications of disturbance. Conserv Physiol, 3 (1), doi:10.1093/conphys/cov001.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r781">Whitehead, A. L. et al., 2015: Factors driving Adélie penguin chick size, mass and condition at colonies of different sizes in the Southern Ross Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 523, 199-213, doi:10.3354/meps11130.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r782">Seyboth, E. et al., 2016: Southern Right Whale (Eubalaena australis) Reproductive Success is Influenced by Krill (Euphausia superba) Density and Climate. Sci Rep, 6, 28205, doi:10.1038/srep28205.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r783">Hinke, J. T., S. G. Trivelpiece and W. Z. Trivelpiece, 2017b: Variable vital rates and the risk of population declines in Adelie penguins from the Antarctic Peninsula region. Ecosphere, 8 (1), 1-13, doi:10.1002/ecs2.1666.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r784">Lynch, H. J., R. Naveen and P. Casanovas, 2013: Antarctic Site Inventory breeding bird survey data, 1994–2013. Ecology, 94 (11), 2653-2653.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r785">Dunn, M. J. et al., 2016: Population Size and Decadal Trends of Three Penguin Species Nesting at Signy Island, South Orkney Islands. Plos One, 11 (10), e0164025, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164025.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r786">Hinke, J. T. et al., 2017a: Identifying Risk: Concurrent Overlap of the Antarctic Krill Fishery with Krill-Dependent Predators in the Scotia Sea. Plos One, 12 (1), e0170132, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170132.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r787">Trivelpiece, W. Z. et al., 2011: Variability in krill biomass links harvesting and climate warming to penguin population changes in Antarctica. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 108 (18), 7625-8, doi:10.1073/pnas.1016560108.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r788">LaRue, M. A. et al., 2013: Climate change winners: receding ice fields facilitate colony expansion and altered dynamics in an Adelie penguin metapopulation. Plos One, 8 (4), e60568, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060568.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r789">Jenouvrier, S. et al., 2014: Projected continent-wide declines of the emperor penguin under climate change. Nature Climate Change, 4 (8), 715-718, doi:10.1038/nclimate2280.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r790">Bost, C. A. et al., 2015: Large-scale climatic anomalies affect marine predator foraging behaviour and demography. Nat Commun, 6, 8220, doi:10.1038/ncomms9220.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r791">Southwell, C. et al., 2015: Spatially Extensive Standardized Surveys Reveal Widespread, Multi-Decadal Increase in East Antarctic Adelie Penguin Populations. Plos One, 10 (10), 18, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139877.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r792">Young, I., K. Gropp, A. Fazil and B. A. Smith, 2015: Knowledge synthesis to support risk assessment of climate change impacts on food and water safety: A case study of the effects of water temperature and salinity on Vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw oysters and harvest waters. Food Research International, 68, 86-93, doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2014.06.035.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r793">Cimino, M. A., H. J. Lynch, V. S. Saba and M. J. Oliver, 2016: Projected asymmetric response of Adelie penguins to Antarctic climate change. Sci Rep, 6, 28785, doi:10.1038/srep28785.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r794">Young, A. M., P. E. Higuera, P. A. Duffy and F. S. Hu, 2017: Climatic thresholds shape northern high-latitude fire regimes and imply vulnerability to future climate change. Ecography, 40 (5), 606-617, doi:10.1111/ecog.02205.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r795">Ancel, A. et al., 2017: Looking for new emperor penguin colonies? Filling the gaps. Global Ecology and Conservation, 9, 171-179, doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2017.01.003.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r796">Kooyman, G. L. and P. J. Ponganis, 2017: Rise and fall of Ross Sea emperor penguin colony populations: 2000 to 2012. Antarctic Science, 29 (3), 201-208, doi:10.1017/S0954102016000559.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r797">Descamps, S. et al., 2015: Demographic effects of extreme weather events: snow storms, breeding success, and population growth rate in a long-lived Antarctic seabird. Ecology and Evolution, 5 (2), 314-325, doi:10.1002/ece3.1357.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r798">Jenouvrier, S., C. Péron and H. Weimerskirch, 2015: Extreme climate events and individual heterogeneity shape life-history traits and population dynamics. Ecological Monographs, 85 (4), 605-624, doi:10.1890/14-1834.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r799">Pardo, D., S. Jenouvrier, H. Weimerskirch and C. Barbraud, 2017: Effect of extreme sea surface temperature events on the demography of an age-structured albatross population. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 372 (1723), 1-10, doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0143.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r800">Weimerskirch, H., M. Louzao, S. de Grissac and K. Delord, 2012: Changes in wind pattern alter albatross distribution and life-history traits. Science, 335 (6065), 211-4, doi:10.1126/science.1210270.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r801">Jenouvrier, S. et al., 2018: Climate change and functional traits affect population dynamics of a long-lived seabird. Journal of Animal Ecology, 87 (4), 906-920, doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12827.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r802">Krüger, L. et al., 2018: Projected distributions of Southern Ocean albatrosses, petrels and fisheries as a consequence of climatic change. Ecography, 41 (1), 195-208, doi:10.1111/ecog.02590.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r803">Lyver, P. O. et al., 2014: Trends in the Breeding Population of Adelie Penguins in the Ross Sea, 1981-2012: A Coincidence of Climate and Resource Extraction Effects. Plos One, 9 (3), 10, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091188.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r804">Bost, C. A. et al., 2015: Large-scale climatic anomalies affect marine predator foraging behaviour and demography. Nat Commun, 6, 8220, doi:10.1038/ncomms9220.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r805">Jenouvrier, S., C. Péron and H. Weimerskirch, 2015: Extreme climate events and individual heterogeneity shape life-history traits and population dynamics. Ecological Monographs, 85 (4), 605-624, doi:10.1890/14-1834.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r806">Whitehead, A. L. et al., 2015: Factors driving Adélie penguin chick size, mass and condition at colonies of different sizes in the Southern Ross Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 523, 199-213, doi:10.3354/meps11130.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r807">Cimino, M. A., H. J. Lynch, V. S. Saba and M. J. Oliver, 2016: Projected asymmetric response of Adelie penguins to Antarctic climate change. Sci Rep, 6, 28785, doi:10.1038/srep28785.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r808">Hinke, J. T. et al., 2017a: Identifying Risk: Concurrent Overlap of the Antarctic Krill Fishery with Krill-Dependent Predators in the Scotia Sea. Plos One, 12 (1), e0170132, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170132.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r809">Pardo, D., S. Jenouvrier, H. Weimerskirch and C. Barbraud, 2017: Effect of extreme sea surface temperature events on the demography of an age-structured albatross population. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 372 (1723), 1-10, doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0143.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r810">Kavanaugh, M. T. et al., 2015: Effect of continental shelf canyons on phytoplankton biomass and community composition along the western Antarctic Peninsula. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 524, 11-26, doi:10.3354/meps11189.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r811">Hindell, M. A. et al., 2016: Circumpolar habitat use in the southern elephant seal: implications for foraging success and population trajectories. Ecosphere, 7 (5), e01213, doi:10.1002/ecs2.1213.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r812">Gurarie, E. et al., 2017: Distribution, density and abundance of Antarctic ice seals off Queen Maud Land and the eastern Weddell Sea. Polar Biology, 40 (5), 1149-1165, doi:10.1007/s00300-016-2029-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r813">Santora, J. A. et al., 2017: Impacts of ocean climate variability on biodiversity of pelagic forage species in an upwelling ecosystem. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 580, 205-220, doi:10.3354/meps12278.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r814">Hindell, M. A. et al., 2016: Circumpolar habitat use in the southern elephant seal: implications for foraging success and population trajectories. Ecosphere, 7 (5), e01213, doi:10.1002/ecs2.1213.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r815">Southwell, C. et al., 2012: A review of data on abundance, trends in abundance, habitat utilisation and diet for Southern Ocean ice-breeding seals. CCAMLR Science, 19, 1-49.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r816">Bester, M. N., H. Bornemann and T. McIntyre, 2017: Sea Ice, Third Edition [Thomas, D. N. (ed.)]. Antarctic marine mammals and sea ice, John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r817">Gurarie, E. et al., 2017: Distribution, density and abundance of Antarctic ice seals off Queen Maud Land and the eastern Weddell Sea. Polar Biology, 40 (5), 1149-1165, doi:10.1007/s00300-016-2029-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r818">Braithwaite, J. E., J. J. Meeuwig and M. R. Hipsey, 2015a: Optimal migration energetics of humpback whales and the implications of disturbance. Conserv Physiol, 3 (1), doi:10.1093/conphys/cov001.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r819">Braithwaite, J. E. et al., 2015b: From sea ice to blubber: linking whale condition to krill abundance using historical whaling records. Polar Biology, 38 (8), 1195-1202, doi:10.1007/s00300-015-1685-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r820">Seyboth, E. et al., 2016: Southern Right Whale (Eubalaena australis) Reproductive Success is Influenced by Krill (Euphausia superba) Density and Climate. Sci Rep, 6, 28205, doi:10.1038/srep28205.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r821">Tulloch, V. J. D. et al., 2019: Future recovery of baleen whales is imperiled by climate change. Glob Chang Biol, doi:10.1111/gcb.14573.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r822">Tulloch, V. J. D. et al., 2019: Future recovery of baleen whales is imperiled by climate change. Glob Chang Biol, doi:10.1111/gcb.14573.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r823">Murphy, E. J., A. Clarke, N. J. Abram and J. Turner, 2014: Variability of sea-ice in the northern Weddell Sea during the 20th century. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119 (7), 4549-4572, doi:10.1002/2013jc009511.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r824">Constable, A. J. et al., 2016: Developing priority variables (“ecosystem Essential Ocean Variables” — eEOVs) for observing dynamics and change in Southern Ocean ecosystems. Journal of Marine Systems, 161, 26-41, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.05.003.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r825">Constable, A., J. Melbourne-Thomas, R. Trebilco and A. J. Press, 2017: ACE CRC Position Analysis: Managing change in Southern Ocean ecosystems. Centre, A. C. E. C. R., Hobart, 1-40 [Available at: http://acecrc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/2017-ACECRC-Position-Analysis-Southern-Ocean-Ecosystems.pdf ; Access Date: 05 December 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r826">McCormack, S. A. et al., 2017: Simplification of complex ecological networks – species aggregation in Antarctic food web models. In: MODSIM2017, 22nd International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, [Syme, G., D. Hatton MacDonald, E. Fulton and J. Piantadosi (eds.)], Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 264-270.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r827">Klein, E. S. et al., 2018: Impacts of rising sea temperature on krill increase risks for predators in the Scotia Sea. Plos One, 13 (1), e0191011, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191011.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r828">Constable, A. J. et al., 2016: Developing priority variables (“ecosystem Essential Ocean Variables” — eEOVs) for observing dynamics and change in Southern Ocean ecosystems. Journal of Marine Systems, 161, 26-41, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.05.003.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r829">Constable, A., J. Melbourne-Thomas, R. Trebilco and A. J. Press, 2017: ACE CRC Position Analysis: Managing change in Southern Ocean ecosystems. Centre, A. C. E. C. R., Hobart, 1-40 [Available at: http://acecrc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/2017-ACECRC-Position-Analysis-Southern-Ocean-Ecosystems.pdf ; Access Date: 05 December 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r830">Larsen, J. N. et al., 2014: Polar regions. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change [Barros, V. R., C. B. Field, D. J. Dokken, M. D. Mastrandrea, K. J. Mach, T. E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K. L. Ebi, Y. O. Estrada, R. C. Genova, B. Girma, E. S. Kissel, A. N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P. R. Mastrandrea and L. L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1567-1612.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r831">Leung, S., A. Cabré and I. Marinov, 2015: A latitudinally banded phytoplankton response to 21st century climate change in the Southern Ocean across the CMIP5 model suite. Biogeosciences, 12 (19), 5715-5734, doi:10.5194/bg-12-5715-2015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r832">Atkinson, A. et al., 2019: Krill (Euphausia superba) distribution contracts southward during rapid regional warming. Nature Climate Change, 9 (2), 142-147, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0370-z.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r833">Griffiths, H. J., A. J. S. Meijers and T. J. Bracegirdle, 2017a: More losers than winners in a century of future Southern Ocean seafloor warming. Nature Climate Change, 7 (10), 749-754, doi:10.1038/nclimate3377.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r834">Klein, E. S. et al., 2018: Impacts of rising sea temperature on krill increase risks for predators in the Scotia Sea. Plos One, 13 (1), e0191011, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191011.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r835">Holsman, K. et al., 2018: Chapter 6: Climate change impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptations: North Pacific and Pacific Arctic marine fisheries. In: Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture: synthesis of current knowledge, adaptation and mitigation options. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 627. [Barange, M., T. Bahri, M. C. M. Beveridge, K. L. Cochrane, S. Funge-Smith and F. Poulain (eds.)], Rome.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r836">Peck, M. and J. K. Pinnegar, 2018: Chapter 5: Climate change impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptations: North Atlantic and Atlantic Arctic marine fisheries. In: Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture: synthesis of current knowledge, adaptation and mitigation options. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 627. [Barange, M., T. Bahri, M. C. M. Beveridge, K. L. Cochrane, S. Funge-Smith and F. Poulain (eds.)], Rome.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r837">Reist, J., 2018: Fisheries. In: Marine Fisheries of Arctic Canada [Coad, B. W. and J. Reist (eds.)]. Canadian Museum of Nature and University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 618p.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r838">Barrett, J. H. et al., 2011: Interpreting the expansion of sea fishing in medieval Europe using stable isotope analysis of archaeological cod bones. Journal of Archaeological Science, 38 (7), 1516-1524, doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.02.017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r839">Eide, A., 2017: Climate change, fisheries management and fishing aptitude affecting spatial and temporal distributions of the Barents Sea cod fishery. AMBIO, 46 (Suppl 3), 387-399, doi:10.1007/s13280-017-0955-1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r840">Lam, V. W. Y., W. W. L. Cheung and U. R. Sumaila, 2016: Marine capture fisheries in the Arctic: winners or losers under climate change and ocean acidification? Fish and Fisheries, 17 (2), 335-357, doi:10.1111/faf.12106.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r841">Eide, A., 2017: Climate change, fisheries management and fishing aptitude affecting spatial and temporal distributions of the Barents Sea cod fishery. AMBIO, 46 (Suppl 3), 387-399, doi:10.1007/s13280-017-0955-1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r842">Haug, T. et al., 2017: Future harvest of living resources in the Arctic Ocean north of the Nordic and Barents Seas: A review of possibilities and constraints. Fisheries Research, 188, 38-57, doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2016.12.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r843">Peck, M. and J. K. Pinnegar, 2018: Chapter 5: Climate change impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptations: North Atlantic and Atlantic Arctic marine fisheries. In: Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture: synthesis of current knowledge, adaptation and mitigation options. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 627. [Barange, M., T. Bahri, M. C. M. Beveridge, K. L. Cochrane, S. Funge-Smith and F. Poulain (eds.)], Rome.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r844">Holsman, K. et al., 2018: Chapter 6: Climate change impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptations: North Pacific and Pacific Arctic marine fisheries. In: Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture: synthesis of current knowledge, adaptation and mitigation options. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 627. [Barange, M., T. Bahri, M. C. M. Beveridge, K. L. Cochrane, S. Funge-Smith and F. Poulain (eds.)], Rome.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r845">Groeneveld, R. A. et al., 2018: Defining scenarios of future vectors of change in marine life and associated economic sectors. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 201, 164-171, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2015.10.020.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r846">Haynie, A. C. and L. Pfeiffer, 2012: Why economics matters for understanding the effects of climate change on fisheries. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69 (7), 1160-1167, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fss021.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r847">Ward, E. J. et al., 2017: Effects of increased specialization on revenue of Alaskan salmon fishers over four decades. Journal of Applied Ecology, 55 (3), 1082-1091, doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13058.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r848">CCAMLR, 2017b: Krill Fishery Report 2016. Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Hobart, Tasmania. [Available at: https://www.ccamlr.org/en/document/publications/krill-fishery-report-2016 ; Access Date: 05 December, 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r849">CCAMLR, 2017a: Fishery Reports 2016. Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Hobart, Tasmania [Available at: https://www.ccamlr.org/en/publications/fishery-reports-2016 ; Access Date: 05 December, 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r850">CCAMLR, 2016b: The value of marine resources harvested in the CCAMLR Convention Area – an assessment of GVP. Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources [Available at: https://www.ccamlr.org/en/ccamlr-xxxv/10 ; Access Date: 05 December, 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r851">Hinke, J. T. et al., 2017a: Identifying Risk: Concurrent Overlap of the Antarctic Krill Fishery with Krill-Dependent Predators in the Scotia Sea. Plos One, 12 (1), e0170132, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170132.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r852">Nicol, S. and J. Foster, 2016: The Fishery for Antarctic Krill: Its Current Status and Management Regime. In: Biology and Ecology of Antarctic Krill [Siegel, V. (ed.)]. Springer, New York, 387-421.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r853">Kawaguchi, S., S. Nicol and A. J. Press, 2009: Direct effects of climate change on the Antarctic krill fishery. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 16 (5), 424-427, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2400.2009.00686.x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r854">Nicol, S. and J. Foster, 2016: The Fishery for Antarctic Krill: Its Current Status and Management Regime. In: Biology and Ecology of Antarctic Krill [Siegel, V. (ed.)]. Springer, New York, 387-421.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r855">Mintenbeck, K., 2017: Impacts of Climate Change on the Southern Ocean. In: Climate Change Impacts on Fisheries and Aquaculture [Phillips, B. F. and M. Pérez‐Ramírez (eds.)]. John Wiley &amp; Sons New Jersey, 663-701.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r856">Dawson, J., M. E. Johnston and E. J. Stewart, 2014: Governance of Arctic expedition cruise ships in a time of rapid environmental and economic change. Ocean and Coastal Management, 89, 88–99, doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.12.005.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r857">Johnston, M., J. Dawson, E. De Souza and E. J. Stewart, 2017: Management challenges for the fastest growing marine shipping sector in Arctic Canada: pleasure crafts. Polar Record, 53 (1), 67-78, doi:10.1017/s0032247416000565.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r858">Johnston, M., J. Dawson, E. De Souza and E. J. Stewart, 2017: Management challenges for the fastest growing marine shipping sector in Arctic Canada: pleasure crafts. Polar Record, 53 (1), 67-78, doi:10.1017/s0032247416000565.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r859">Lasserre, F. and P.-L. Têtu, 2015: The cruise tourism industry in the Canadian Arctic: analysis of activities and perceptions of cruise ship operators. Polar Record, 51 (1), 24-38, doi:10.1017/s0032247413000508.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r860">Johnston, M., J. Dawson, E. De Souza and E. J. Stewart, 2017: Management challenges for the fastest growing marine shipping sector in Arctic Canada: pleasure crafts. Polar Record, 53 (1), 67-78, doi:10.1017/s0032247416000565.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r861">Dawson, J. et al., 2018: Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Ship Traffic in the Canadian Arctic from 1990 to 2015. Arctic, 71 (7), 15-26, doi:10.14430/arctic4698.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r862">ATCM, 2018: IAATO Overview of Antarctic Tourism: 2017-18 Season and Preliminary Estimates for 2018-19 Season. ATCM, Buenos Aires [Available at: https://iaato.org/documents/10157/2398215/IAATO+overview/bc34db24-e1dc-4eab-997a-4401836b7033%5D .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r863">Pertierra, L. R., K. A. Hughes, G. C. Vega and M. A. Olalla-Tarraga, 2017: High Resolution Spatial Mapping of Human Footprint across Antarctica and Its Implications for the Strategic Conservation of Avifauna. Plos One, 12 (1), e0168280, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168280.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r864">Johnston, M., J. Dawson, E. De Souza and E. J. Stewart, 2017: Management challenges for the fastest growing marine shipping sector in Arctic Canada: pleasure crafts. Polar Record, 53 (1), 67-78, doi:10.1017/s0032247416000565.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r865">Dawson, J. et al., 2018: Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Ship Traffic in the Canadian Arctic from 1990 to 2015. Arctic, 71 (7), 15-26, doi:10.14430/arctic4698.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r866">Johnston, M., J. Dawson, E. De Souza and E. J. Stewart, 2017: Management challenges for the fastest growing marine shipping sector in Arctic Canada: pleasure crafts. Polar Record, 53 (1), 67-78, doi:10.1017/s0032247416000565.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r867">Lamers, M. A. J., E. Eijgelaar and B. Amelung, 2013: Last chance tourism in Antarctica Cruising for change? . In: Last chance tourism: Adapting tourism opportunities in a changing world [Lemelin, R. H., J. Dawson and E. J. Stewart (eds.)]. Routledge, London, 24-41.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r868">Johnston, A., M. E. Johnston, J. Dawson and E. J. Stewart, 2012a: Challenges of changes in Arctic cruise tourism: perspectives of federal government stakeholders. Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, 43 (3), 335–347.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r869">Johnston, A. et al., 2012b: Perspectives of decision makers and regulators on climate change and adaptation in expedition cruise ship tourism in Nunavut. Northern Review, 35, 69-85.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r870">Stewart, E. J. et al., 2013: Local-level responses to sea ice change and cruise tourism in Arctic Canada’s Northwest Passage. Polar Geography, 36 (1-2), 142-162, doi:10.1080/1088937x.2012.705352.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r871">Dawson, J., M. E. Johnston and E. J. Stewart, 2014: Governance of Arctic expedition cruise ships in a time of rapid environmental and economic change. Ocean and Coastal Management, 89, 88–99, doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.12.005.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r872">Lasserre, F. and P.-L. Têtu, 2015: The cruise tourism industry in the Canadian Arctic: analysis of activities and perceptions of cruise ship operators. Polar Record, 51 (1), 24-38, doi:10.1017/s0032247413000508.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r873">Stewart, E., J. Dawson and M. Johnston, 2015: Risks and opportunities associated with change in the cruise tourism sector: community perspectives from Arctic Canada. The Polar Journal, 5 (2), 403-427, doi:10.1080/2154896x.2015.1082283.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r874">Stewart, E. J. et al., 2013: Local-level responses to sea ice change and cruise tourism in Arctic Canada’s Northwest Passage. Polar Geography, 36 (1-2), 142-162, doi:10.1080/1088937x.2012.705352.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r875">Stewart, E., J. Dawson and M. Johnston, 2015: Risks and opportunities associated with change in the cruise tourism sector: community perspectives from Arctic Canada. The Polar Journal, 5 (2), 403-427, doi:10.1080/2154896x.2015.1082283.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r876">Chown, S. L. et al., 2012: Continent-wide risk assessment for the establishment of nonindigenous species in Antarctica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109 (13), 4938, doi:10.1073/pnas.1119787109.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r877">Huiskes, A. H. L. et al., 2014: Aliens in Antarctica: Assessing transfer of plant propagules by human visitors to reduce invasion risk. Biological Conservation, 171, 278-284, doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.01.038.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r878">Hughes, K. A., L. R. Pertierra, M. A. Molina-Montenegro and P. Convey, 2015: Biological invasions in terrestrial Antarctica: what is the current status and can we respond? Biodiversity and Conservation, 24 (5), 1031-1055, doi:10.1007/s10531-015-0896-6.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r879">Duffy, G. A. et al., 2017: Barriers to globally invasive species are weakening across the Antarctic. Diversity and Distributions, 23 (9), 982-996, doi:10.1111/ddi.12593.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r880">Lee, J. R. et al., 2017a: Climate change drives expansion of Antarctic ice-free habitat. Nature, 547 (7661), 49, doi:10.1038/nature22996.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r881">Pertierra, L. R., K. A. Hughes, G. C. Vega and M. A. Olalla-Tarraga, 2017: High Resolution Spatial Mapping of Human Footprint across Antarctica and Its Implications for the Strategic Conservation of Avifauna. Plos One, 12 (1), e0168280, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168280.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r882">Dawson, J., M. E. Johnston and E. J. Stewart, 2014: Governance of Arctic expedition cruise ships in a time of rapid environmental and economic change. Ocean and Coastal Management, 89, 88–99, doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.12.005.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r883">Pashkevich, A., J. Dawson and E. J. Stewart, 2015: Governance of expedition cruise ship tourism in the Arctic: A comparison of the Canadian and Russian Arctic. Tourism in Marine Environments, 10 (3/4), 225-240, doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.12.005.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r884">Pizzolato, L. et al., 2016: The influence of declining sea ice on shipping activity in the Canadian Arctic. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (23), 12,146-12,154, doi:10.1002/2016gl071489.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r885">Johnston, M., J. Dawson, E. De Souza and E. J. Stewart, 2017: Management challenges for the fastest growing marine shipping sector in Arctic Canada: pleasure crafts. Polar Record, 53 (1), 67-78, doi:10.1017/s0032247416000565.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r886">Johnston, M., J. Dawson, E. De Souza and E. J. Stewart, 2017: Management challenges for the fastest growing marine shipping sector in Arctic Canada: pleasure crafts. Polar Record, 53 (1), 67-78, doi:10.1017/s0032247416000565.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r887">Pizzolato, L. et al., 2014: Changing sea ice conditions and marine transportation activity in Canadian Arctic waters between 1990 and 2012. Climatic Change, 123 (2), 161-173, doi:10.1007/s10584-013-1038-3.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r888">Eguíluz, V. M., J. Fernández-Gracia, X. Irigoien and C. M. Duarte, 2016: A quantitative assessment of Arctic shipping in 2010–2014. Scientific Reports, 6, 30682, doi:10.1038/srep30682.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r889">Pizzolato, L. et al., 2016: The influence of declining sea ice on shipping activity in the Canadian Arctic. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (23), 12,146-12,154, doi:10.1002/2016gl071489.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r890">Dawson, J. et al., 2018: Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Ship Traffic in the Canadian Arctic from 1990 to 2015. Arctic, 71 (7), 15-26, doi:10.14430/arctic4698.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r891">Lasserre, F. and S. Pelletier, 2011: Polar super seaways? Maritime transport in the Arctic: an analysis of shipowners’ intentions. Journal of Transport Geography, 19 (6), 1465-1473, doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.08.006.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r892">Têtu, P.-L., J.-F. Pelletier and F. Lasserre, 2015: The mining industry in Canada north of the 55th parallel: a maritime traffic generator? Polar Geography, 38 (2), 107-122, doi:10.1080/1088937x.2015.1028576.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r893">Johnston, M., J. Dawson, E. De Souza and E. J. Stewart, 2017: Management challenges for the fastest growing marine shipping sector in Arctic Canada: pleasure crafts. Polar Record, 53 (1), 67-78, doi:10.1017/s0032247416000565.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r894">Halliday, W. D. et al., 2017: Potential impacts of shipping noise on marine mammals in the western Canadian Arctic. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 123 (1), 73-82, doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.027.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r895">Marelle, L. et al., 2016: Air quality and radiative impacts of Arctic shipping emissions in the summertime in northern Norway: from the local to the regional scale. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16 (4), 2359-2379, doi:10.5194/acp-16-2359-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r896">Huntington, H. P. et al., 2015: Vessels, risks, and rules: Planning for safe shipping in Bering Strait. Marine Policy, 51, 119-127, doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2014.07.027.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r897">Olsen, J., N. A. Carter, J. Dawson and W. Coetzee, 2019: Community perspectives on the environmental impacts of Arctic shipping: Case studies from Russia, Norway and Canada. Cogent Social Sciences, 5 (1), 1609189, doi:10.1080/23311886.2019.1609189.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r898">Stephenson, S. R., L. C. Smith and J. A. Agnew, 2011: Divergent long-term trajectories of human access to the Arctic. Nature Climate Change, 1, 156, doi:10.1038/nclimate1120.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r899">Stephenson, S. R., L. C. Smith, L. W. Brigham and J. A. Agnew, 2013: Projected 21st-century changes to Arctic marine access. Climatic Change, 118 (3), 885-899, doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0685-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r900">Barnes, E. A. and L. M. Polvani, 2015: CMIP5 Projections of Arctic Amplification, of the North American/North Atlantic Circulation, and of Their Relationship. Journal of Climate, 28 (13), 5254-5271, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-14-00589.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r901">Melia, N., K. Haines and E. Hawkins, 2016: Sea ice decline and 21st century trans‐Arctic shipping routes. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (18), 9720-9728, doi:10.1002/2016gl069315.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r902">Zhang, Y., Q. Meng and S. H. Ng, 2016: Shipping efficiency comparison between Northern Sea Route and the conventional Asia-Europe shipping route via Suez Canal. Journal of Transport Geography, 57, 241-249, doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.09.008.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r903">Milaković, A.-S. et al., 2018: Current status and future operational models for transit shipping along the Northern Sea Route. Marine Policy, 94, 53-60, doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2018.04.027.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r904">Aksenov, Y. et al., 2017: On the future navigability of Arctic sea routes: High-resolution projections of the Arctic Ocean and sea ice. Marine Policy, 75, 300-317, doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2015.12.027.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r905">Stephenson, S. R., L. C. Smith, L. W. Brigham and J. A. Agnew, 2013: Projected 21st-century changes to Arctic marine access. Climatic Change, 118 (3), 885-899, doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0685-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r906">Johnston, M., J. Dawson, E. De Souza and E. J. Stewart, 2017: Management challenges for the fastest growing marine shipping sector in Arctic Canada: pleasure crafts. Polar Record, 53 (1), 67-78, doi:10.1017/s0032247416000565.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r907">Andrews, J., D. Babb and D. G. Barber, 2018: Climate change and sea ice: Shipping in Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, and Foxe Basin (1980-2016). Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene, 6 (1), p.19, doi: [https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.281 http://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.281] .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r908">Arctic Council, 2015a: Arctic Marine Tourism Project (AMTP): best practices guidelines. Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME), Iceland, 17 pp [Available at: https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/bitstream/handle/11374/414/AMTP%20Best%20Practice%20Guidelines.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y ; Access Date: 10 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r909">Halliday, W. D. et al., 2017: Potential impacts of shipping noise on marine mammals in the western Canadian Arctic. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 123 (1), 73-82, doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.027.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r910">Hauser, D. D. W., K. L. Laidre and H. L. Stern, 2018: Vulnerability of Arctic marine mammals to vessel traffic in the increasingly ice-free Northwest Passage and Northern Sea Route. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115 (29), 7617, doi:10.1073/pnas.1803543115.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r911">Arctic Council, 2017: Expert Group on Black Carbon and Methane: Summary of progress and recommendations. Expert Group on Black Carbon and Methane (EGBCM), 49pp [Available at: https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/handle/11374/1936 ; Access Date: 28 March 2019].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r912">Sand, M., T. K. Berntsen, Ø. Seland and J. E. Kristjánsson, 2013: Arctic surface temperature change to emissions of black carbon within Arctic or midlatitudes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118 (14), 7788-7798, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50613.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r913">Turner, D. R., I.-M. Hassellöv, E. Ytreberg and A. Rutgersson, 2017a: Shipping and the environment: Smokestack emissions, scrubbers and unregulated oceanic consequences. Elem Sci Anth, 5, 45, doi: [https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.167 http://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.167] .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r914">Chown, S. L., 2017: Antarctic environmental challenges in a global context. In: The Handbook on the Politics of Antarctica [Dodds, K. and A. Hemmings (eds.)]. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, 523-539.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r915">Martín‐Español, A. et al., 2016: Spatial and temporal Antarctic Ice Sheet mass trends, glacio‐isostatic adjustment, and surface processes from a joint inversion of satellite altimeter, gravity, and GPS data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 121 (2), 182-200, doi:10.1002/2015JF003550.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r916">Zwally, H. J. et al., 2017: Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses. Journal of Glaciology, 61 (230), 1019-1036, doi:10.3189/2015JoG15J071.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r917">Bamber, J. L., R. M. Westaway, B. Marzeion and B. Wouters, 2018: The land ice contribution to sea level during the satellite era. Environmental Research Letters, 13 (6), 063008, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac2f0/meta.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r918">Gardner, A. S. et al., 2018: Increased West Antarctic and unchanged East Antarctic ice discharge over the last 7 years. The Cryosphere, 12 (2), 521-547, doi:10.5194/tc-12-521-2018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r919">Rignot, E. et al., 2019: Four decades of Antarctic Ice Sheet mass balance from 1979-2017. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 116 (4), 1095-1103, doi:10.1073/pnas.1812883116.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r920">IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T. F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P. M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp [Available at: http://www.climatechange2013.org/report/full-report/%5D .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r921">Mémin, A. et al., 2015: Interannual variation of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from a combined analysis of satellite gravimetry and altimetry data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 422, 150-156, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.03.045.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r922">Bamber, J. L., R. M. Westaway, B. Marzeion and B. Wouters, 2018: The land ice contribution to sea level during the satellite era. Environmental Research Letters, 13 (6), 063008, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac2f0/meta.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r923">Bamber, J. L., R. M. Westaway, B. Marzeion and B. Wouters, 2018: The land ice contribution to sea level during the satellite era. Environmental Research Letters, 13 (6), 063008, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac2f0/meta.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r924">Bamber, J. L., R. M. Westaway, B. Marzeion and B. Wouters, 2018: The land ice contribution to sea level during the satellite era. Environmental Research Letters, 13 (6), 063008, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac2f0/meta.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r925">Bamber, J. L., R. M. Westaway, B. Marzeion and B. Wouters, 2018: The land ice contribution to sea level during the satellite era. Environmental Research Letters, 13 (6), 063008, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac2f0/meta.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r926">Bamber, J. L., R. M. Westaway, B. Marzeion and B. Wouters, 2018: The land ice contribution to sea level during the satellite era. Environmental Research Letters, 13 (6), 063008, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac2f0/meta.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r927">Bamber, J. L., R. M. Westaway, B. Marzeion and B. Wouters, 2018: The land ice contribution to sea level during the satellite era. Environmental Research Letters, 13 (6), 063008, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac2f0/meta.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r928">Bamber, J. L., R. M. Westaway, B. Marzeion and B. Wouters, 2018: The land ice contribution to sea level during the satellite era. Environmental Research Letters, 13 (6), 063008, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac2f0/meta.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r929">King, M. D. et al., 2018: Seasonal to decadal variability in ice discharge from the Greenland Ice Sheet. The Cryosphere, 12 (12), 3813-3825, doi:10.5194/tc-12-3813-2018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r930">Mouginot, J., E. Rignot and B. Scheuchl, 2014: Sustained increase in ice discharge from the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica, from 1973 to 2013. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (5), 1576-1584, doi:10.1002/2013gl059069.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r931">Martín‐Español, A. et al., 2016: Spatial and temporal Antarctic Ice Sheet mass trends, glacio‐isostatic adjustment, and surface processes from a joint inversion of satellite altimeter, gravity, and GPS data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 121 (2), 182-200, doi:10.1002/2015JF003550.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r932">Gardner, A. S. et al., 2018: Increased West Antarctic and unchanged East Antarctic ice discharge over the last 7 years. The Cryosphere, 12 (2), 521-547, doi:10.5194/tc-12-521-2018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r933">Helm, V., A. Humbert and H. Miller, 2014: Elevation and elevation change of Greenland and Antarctica derived from CryoSat-2. The Cryosphere, 8 (4), 1539-1559, doi:10.5194/tc-8-1539-2014.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r934">McMillan, M. et al., 2014b: Increased ice losses from Antarctica detected by CryoSat-2. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (11), 3899-3905, doi:10.1002/2014gl060111.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r935">Wouters, B. et al., 2015: Dynamic thinning of glaciers on the Southern Antarctic Peninsula. Science, 348 (6237), 899-903, doi:10.1126/science.aaa5727.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r936">Hogg, A. E. et al., 2017: Increased ice flow in Western Palmer Land linked to ocean melting. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (9), 4159-4167, doi:10.1002/2016GL072110.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r937">Seehaus, T. et al., 2015: Changes in ice dynamics, elevation and mass discharge of Dinsmoor–Bombardier–Edgeworth glacier system, Antarctic Peninsula. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 427, 125-135, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.06.047.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r938">Wuite, J. et al., 2015: Evolution of surface velocities and ice discharge of Larsen B outlet glaciers from 1995 to 2013. The Cryosphere, 9 (3), 957-969, doi:10.5194/tc-9-957-2015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r939">Rott, H. et al., 2018: Changing pattern of ice flow and mass balance for glaciers discharging into the Larsen A and B embayments, Antarctic Peninsula, 2011 to 2016. The Cryosphere, 12 (4), 1273-1291, doi:10.5194/tc-12-1273-2018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r940">Cook, A. J., D. G. Vaughan, A. J. Luckman and T. Murray, 2014: A new Antarctic Peninsula glacier basin inventory and observed area changes since the 1940s. Antarctic Science, 26 (6), 614-624, doi:10.1017/S0954102014000200.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r941">Fieber, K. D. et al., 2018: Rigorous 3D change determination in Antarctic Peninsula glaciers from stereo WorldView-2 and archival aerial imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 205, 18-31, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2017.10.042.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r942">Velicogna, I., T. C. Sutterley and M. R. Van Den Broeke, 2014: Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (22), 8130-8137, doi:10.1002/2014GL061052.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r943">Martin-Español, A., J. L. Bamber and A. Zammit-Mangion, 2017: Constraining the mass balance of East Antarctica. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (9), 4168-4175, doi:10.1002/2017GL072937.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r944">Bamber, J. L., R. M. Westaway, B. Marzeion and B. Wouters, 2018: The land ice contribution to sea level during the satellite era. Environmental Research Letters, 13 (6), 063008, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac2f0/meta.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r945">Zwally, H. J. et al., 2017: Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses. Journal of Glaciology, 61 (230), 1019-1036, doi:10.3189/2015JoG15J071.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r946">Rignot, E. et al., 2019: Four decades of Antarctic Ice Sheet mass balance from 1979-2017. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 116 (4), 1095-1103, doi:10.1073/pnas.1812883116.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r947">Velicogna, I., T. C. Sutterley and M. R. Van Den Broeke, 2014: Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (22), 8130-8137, doi:10.1002/2014GL061052.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r948">Zwally, H. J. et al., 2017: Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses. Journal of Glaciology, 61 (230), 1019-1036, doi:10.3189/2015JoG15J071.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r949">Rignot, E. et al., 2019: Four decades of Antarctic Ice Sheet mass balance from 1979-2017. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 116 (4), 1095-1103, doi:10.1073/pnas.1812883116.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r950">Aitken, A. R. A. et al., 2016: Repeated large-scale retreat and advance of Totten Glacier indicated by inland bed erosion. Nature, 533, 385, doi:10.1038/nature17447.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r951">Martín‐Español, A. et al., 2016: Spatial and temporal Antarctic Ice Sheet mass trends, glacio‐isostatic adjustment, and surface processes from a joint inversion of satellite altimeter, gravity, and GPS data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 121 (2), 182-200, doi:10.1002/2015JF003550.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r952">Sutterley, T. C. et al., 2014: Mass loss of the Amundsen Sea Embayment of West Antarctica from four independent techniques. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (23), 8421-8428, doi:10.1002/2014GL061940.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r953">Mouginot, J., E. Rignot and B. Scheuchl, 2014: Sustained increase in ice discharge from the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica, from 1973 to 2013. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (5), 1576-1584, doi:10.1002/2013gl059069.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r954">Mouginot, J., E. Rignot and B. Scheuchl, 2014: Sustained increase in ice discharge from the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica, from 1973 to 2013. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (5), 1576-1584, doi:10.1002/2013gl059069.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r955">Konrad, H. et al., 2017: Uneven onset and pace of ice-dynamical imbalance in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (2), 910-918, doi:10.1002/2016GL070733.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r956">Smith, J. A. et al., 2017c: Sub-ice-shelf sediments record history of twentieth-century retreat of Pine Island Glacier. Nature, 541, 77, doi:10.1038/nature20136.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r957">Gardner, A. S. et al., 2018: Increased West Antarctic and unchanged East Antarctic ice discharge over the last 7 years. The Cryosphere, 12 (2), 521-547, doi:10.5194/tc-12-521-2018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r958">Chuter, S. J., A. Martín-Español, B. Wouters and J. L. Bamber, 2017: Mass balance reassessment of glaciers draining into the Abbot and Getz Ice Shelves of West Antarctica. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (14), 7328-7337, doi:10.1002/2017GL073087.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r959">Depoorter, M. A. et al., 2013: Calving fluxes and basal melt rates of Antarctic ice shelves. Nature, 502, 89, doi:10.1038/nature12567.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r960">Rignot, E. et al., 2014: Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica, from 1992 to 2011. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (10), 3502-3509, doi:10.1002/2014gl060140.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r961">Fürst, J. J. et al., 2016: The safety band of Antarctic ice shelves. Nature Climate Change, 6, 479, doi:10.1038/nclimate2912.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r962">Reese, R., G. H. Gudmundsson, A. Levermann and R. Winkelmann, 2018: The far reach of ice-shelf thinning in Antarctica. Nature Climate Change, 8 (1), 53-57, doi:10.1038/s41558-017-0020-x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r963">Paolo, F. S., H. A. Fricker and L. Padman, 2015: Volume loss from Antarctic ice shelves is accelerating. Science, 348 (6232), 327-331, doi:10.1126/science.aaa0940.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r964">Wouters, B. et al., 2015: Dynamic thinning of glaciers on the Southern Antarctic Peninsula. Science, 348 (6237), 899-903, doi:10.1126/science.aaa5727.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r965">Hogg, A. E. et al., 2017: Increased ice flow in Western Palmer Land linked to ocean melting. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (9), 4159-4167, doi:10.1002/2016GL072110.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r966">Martin-Español, A., J. L. Bamber and A. Zammit-Mangion, 2017: Constraining the mass balance of East Antarctica. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (9), 4168-4175, doi:10.1002/2017GL072937.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r967">Rignot, E. et al., 2014: Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica, from 1992 to 2011. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (10), 3502-3509, doi:10.1002/2014gl060140.</span></li>
<li><div id="fn:r968"></div>

<li><div id="fn:r969"></div>

<li><span id="fn:r970">Konrad, H. et al., 2018: Net retreat of Antarctic glacier grounding line. Nature Geosciences, 11, 258-262, doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0082-z.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r971">Roberts, J. et al., 2018: Ocean forced variability of Totten Glacier mass loss. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 461 (1), 175-186, doi:10.1144/sp461.6.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r972">Rignot, E. et al., 2019: Four decades of Antarctic Ice Sheet mass balance from 1979-2017. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 116 (4), 1095-1103, doi:10.1073/pnas.1812883116.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r973">Seehaus, T. et al., 2015: Changes in ice dynamics, elevation and mass discharge of Dinsmoor–Bombardier–Edgeworth glacier system, Antarctic Peninsula. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 427, 125-135, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.06.047.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r974">Wuite, J. et al., 2015: Evolution of surface velocities and ice discharge of Larsen B outlet glaciers from 1995 to 2013. The Cryosphere, 9 (3), 957-969, doi:10.5194/tc-9-957-2015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r975">Friedl, P. et al., 2018: Recent dynamic changes on Fleming Glacier after the disintegration of Wordie Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula. The Cryosphere, 12 (4), 1347-1365, doi:10.5194/tc-12-1347-2018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r976">Rott, H. et al., 2018: Changing pattern of ice flow and mass balance for glaciers discharging into the Larsen A and B embayments, Antarctic Peninsula, 2011 to 2016. The Cryosphere, 12 (4), 1273-1291, doi:10.5194/tc-12-1273-2018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r977">Dutrieux, P. et al., 2014: Strong Sensitivity of Pine Island Ice-Shelf Melting to Climatic Variability. Science, 343 (6167), 174-178, doi:10.1126/science.1244341.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r978">Paolo, F. S., H. A. Fricker and L. Padman, 2015: Volume loss from Antarctic ice shelves is accelerating. Science, 348 (6232), 327-331, doi:10.1126/science.aaa0940.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r979">Christianson, K. et al., 2016: Sensitivity of Pine Island Glacier to observed ocean forcing. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (20), 10817-10825, doi:10.1002/2016gl070500.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r980">Jenkins, A. et al., 2018: West Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat in the Amundsen Sea driven by decadal oceanic variability. Nature Geoscience, 11 (10), 733-738, doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0207-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r981">Favier, L. et al., 2014: Retreat of Pine Island Glacier controlled by marine ice-sheet instability. Nature Climate Change, 4 (2), 117-121, doi:10.1038/Nclimate2094.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r982">Joughin, I., B. E. Smith and B. Medley, 2014: Marine Ice Sheet Collapse Potentially Under Way for the Thwaites Glacier Basin, West Antarctica. Science, 344 (6185), 735-738, doi:10.1126/science.1249055.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r983">Mouginot, J., E. Rignot and B. Scheuchl, 2014: Sustained increase in ice discharge from the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica, from 1973 to 2013. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (5), 1576-1584, doi:10.1002/2013gl059069.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r984">Rignot, E. et al., 2014: Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica, from 1992 to 2011. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (10), 3502-3509, doi:10.1002/2014gl060140.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r985">Christianson, K. et al., 2016: Sensitivity of Pine Island Glacier to observed ocean forcing. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (20), 10817-10825, doi:10.1002/2016gl070500.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r986">Thomas, C. D. and P. K. Gillingham, 2015: The performance of protected areas for biodiversity under climate change. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 115 (3), 718-730, doi:10.1111/bij.12510.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r987">Goodwin, B. P. et al., 2016: Accumulation variability in the Antarctic Peninsula: The role of large-scale atmospheric oscillations and their interactions. Journal of Climate, 29 (7), 2579-2596, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0354.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r988">Medley, B. and E. R. Thomas, 2018: Increased snowfall over the Antarctic Ice Sheet mitigated twentieth-century sea-level rise. Nature Climate Change, 9 (1), 34-39, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0356-x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r989">Medley, B. and E. R. Thomas, 2018: Increased snowfall over the Antarctic Ice Sheet mitigated twentieth-century sea-level rise. Nature Climate Change, 9 (1), 34-39, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0356-x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r990">Thomas, E. R. et al., 2017b: Review of regional Antarctic snow accumulation over the past 1000 years. Climate of the Past Discussions, 1-42, doi:10.5194/cp-2017-18.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r991">Thomas, E. R. et al., 2017a: Regional Antarctic snow accumulation over the past 1000 years. Climate of the Past, 13 (11), 1491-1513, doi:10.5194/cp-13-1491-2017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r992">Frezzotti, M. et al., 2013: A synthesis of the Antarctic surface mass balance during the last 800 yr. Cryosphere, 7 (1), 303-319, doi:10.5194/tc-7-303-2013.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r993">IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T. F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P. M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp [Available at: http://www.climatechange2013.org/report/full-report/%5D .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r994">Siegert, M. J., 2017: A 60-year international hystory of Antarctic subglacial lake exploration. In: Exploration of subsurface Antarctica: Uncovering past changes and modern processes [Siegert, M. J., S. S. R. Jamieson and D. A. White (eds.)]. Geological Society, London, 461, 7-21.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r995">Pattyn, F., 2010: Antarctic subglacial conditions inferred from a hybrid ice sheet/ice stream model. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 295, 451-461, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.04.025.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r996">Bell, R. E., 2008: The role of subglacial water in ice-sheet mass balance. Nature Geoscience, 1, 297, doi:10.1038/ngeo186.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r997">Popov, S. V. and V. N. Masolov, 2007: Forty-seven new subglacial lakes in the 0-110*E sector of East Antarctica. J. Glaciol., 53 (181), 289-297, doi:10.3189/172756507782202856.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r998">Lipenkov, V., A. A. Ekaykin, E. V. Polyakova and D. Raynaud, 2016: Characterization of subglacial Lake Vostok as seen from physical and isotope properties of accreted ice. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 374 (2059), 20140303, doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0303.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r999">Siegert, M. J., 2017: A 60-year international hystory of Antarctic subglacial lake exploration. In: Exploration of subsurface Antarctica: Uncovering past changes and modern processes [Siegert, M. J., S. S. R. Jamieson and D. A. White (eds.)]. Geological Society, London, 461, 7-21.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1000">Fricker, H. A., T. Scambos, R. Bindschadler and L. Padman, 2007: An active subglacial water system in West Antarctica mapped from space. Science, 315 (5818), 1544-1548, doi:10.1126/science.1136897</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1001">Siegert, M. J., A. M. Le Brocq and A. J. Payne, 2007: Hydrological connections between Antarctic subglacial lakes, the flow of water beneath the East Antarctic ice sheet and implications for sedimentary processes. In: Glacial sedimentary processes and products [Hambrey, M. J., P. Christoffersen, N. F. Glasser and B. Hubbard (eds.)]. International Association of Sedimentologists, 3-22.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1002">Carter, S. P. and H. A. Fricker, 2012: The supply of subglacial meltwater to the grounding line of the Siple Coast, West Antarctica. Ann. Glaciol., 53, 267-280, doi:10.3189/2012AoG60A119.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1003">Horgan, H. J. et al., 2013: Estuaries beneath ice sheets. Geology, 41 (11), 1159-1162, doi:10.1130/G34654.1.</span></li>
<li><div id="fn:r1004"></div>

<li><span id="fn:r1005">Flament, T., E. Berthier and F. Rémy, 2014: Cascading water underneath Wilkes Land, East Antarctic ice sheet, observed using altimetry and digital elevation models. The Cryosphere, 8 (2), 673-687, doi:10.5194/tc-8-673-2014.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1006">Siegel, V., Eds., 2016: Biology and Ecology of Antarctic Krill. Springer, 1-458 pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1007">Fricker, H. A., M. R. Siegfried, S. P. Carter and T. A. Scambos, 2016: A decade of progress in observing and modelling Antarctic subglacial water systems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 374 (2059), 20140294, doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0294.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1008">Shepherd, A. et al., 2012: A reconciled estimate of ice-sheet mass balance. Science, 338 (6111), 1183-9, doi:10.1126/science.1228102.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1009">Schrama, E. J. O., B. Wouters and R. Rietbroek, 2014: A mascon approach to assess ice sheet and glacier mass balances and their uncertainties from GRACE data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 119 (7), 6048-6066, doi:10.1002/2013jb010923.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1010">Velicogna, I., T. C. Sutterley and M. R. Van Den Broeke, 2014: Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (22), 8130-8137, doi:10.1002/2014GL061052.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1011">van den Broeke, M. R. et al., 2016: On the recent contribution of the Greenland ice sheet to sea level change. The Cryosphere, 10 (5), 1933-1946, doi:10.5194/tc-10-1933-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1012">Bamber, J. L., R. M. Westaway, B. Marzeion and B. Wouters, 2018: The land ice contribution to sea level during the satellite era. Environmental Research Letters, 13 (6), 063008, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac2f0/meta.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1013">King, M. D. et al., 2018: Seasonal to decadal variability in ice discharge from the Greenland Ice Sheet. The Cryosphere, 12 (12), 3813-3825, doi:10.5194/tc-12-3813-2018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1014">Sandberg Sørensen, L. et al., 2018: 25 years of elevation changes of the Greenland Ice Sheet from ERS, Envisat, and CryoSat-2 radar altimetry. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 495, 234-241, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.05.015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1015">WCRP, 2018: Global sea-level budget 1993–present. Earth System Science Data, 10 (3), 1551-1590, doi:10.5194/essd-10-1551-2018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1016">Bamber, J. L., R. M. Westaway, B. Marzeion and B. Wouters, 2018: The land ice contribution to sea level during the satellite era. Environmental Research Letters, 13 (6), 063008, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac2f0/meta.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1017">WCRP, 2018: Global sea-level budget 1993–present. Earth System Science Data, 10 (3), 1551-1590, doi:10.5194/essd-10-1551-2018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1018">Kjeldsen, K. K. et al., 2015: Spatial and temporal distribution of mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet since AD 1900. Nature, 528, 396, doi:10.1038/nature16183.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1019">Andersen, M. L. et al., 2015: Basin-scale partitioning of Greenland ice sheet mass balance components (2007–2011). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 409, 89-95, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.10.015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1020">Fettweis, X. et al., 2017: Reconstructions of the 1900–2015 Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance using the regional climate MAR model. The Cryosphere, 11 (2), 1015-1033, doi:10.5194/tc-11-1015-2017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1021">van den Broeke, M. et al., 2017: Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Mass Loss: Recent Developments in Observation and Modeling. Current Climate Change Reports, 3 (4), 345-356, doi:10.1007/s40641-017-0084-8.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1022">King, M. D. et al., 2018: Seasonal to decadal variability in ice discharge from the Greenland Ice Sheet. The Cryosphere, 12 (12), 3813-3825, doi:10.5194/tc-12-3813-2018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1023">Enderlin, E. M. et al., 2014: An improved mass budget for the Greenland ice sheet. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (3), doi:10.1002/2013GL059010.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1024">Hanna, E. et al., 2013: Ice-sheet mass balance and climate change. Nature, 498 (7452), 51-59, doi:10.1038/nature12238.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1025">Khan, S. A. et al., 2015: Greenland ice sheet mass balance: a review. Reports on Progress in Physics, 046801, 1-26, doi:10.1088/0034-4885/78/4/046801.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1026">Colgan, W. et al., 2015: Greenland high-elevation mass balance: inference and implication of reference period (1961–90) imbalance. Annals of Glaciology, 56 (70), 105-117, doi:10.3189/2015AoG70A967.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1027">Mernild, S. H. et al., 2015: Greenland precipitation trends in a long-term instrumental climate context (1890-2012): Evaluation of coastal and ice core records. International Journal of Climatology, 35 (2), 303-320, doi:10.1002/joc.3986.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1028">Orsi, A. J. et al., 2017: The recent warming trend in North Greenland. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (12), 6235-6243, doi:10.1002/2016gl072212.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1029">McGrath, D. et al., 2013: Recent warming at Summit, Greenland: Global context and implications. Geophysical Research Letters, 40 (10), 2091-2096, doi:10.1002/grl.50456.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1030">Hall, D. K. et al., 2013: Variability in the surface temperature and melt extent of the Greenland ice sheet from MODIS. Geophysical Research Letters, 40 (10), 2114-2120, doi:10.1002/grl.50240.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1031">Vinther, B. M. et al., 2009: Holocene thinning of the Greenland ice sheet. Nature, 461 (7262), 385-8, doi:10.1038/nature08355.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1032">Masson-Delmotte, V. et al., 2012: Greenland climate change: from the past to the future. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 3 (5), 427-449, doi:10.1002/wcc.186.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1033">Lecavalier, B. S. et al., 2017: High Arctic Holocene temperature record from the Agassiz ice cap and Greenland ice sheet evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 114 (23), 5952-5957, doi:10.1073/pnas.1616287114.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1034">Mernild, S. H., T. L. Mote and G. E. Liston, 2017: Greenland ice sheet surface melt extent and trends: 1960–2010. Journal of Glaciology, 57 (204), 621-628, doi:10.3189/002214311797409712.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1035">Trusel, L. D. et al., 2018: Nonlinear rise in Greenland runoff in response to post-industrial Arctic warming. Nature, 564 (7734), 104-108, doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0752-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1036">Graeter, K. A. et al., 2018: Ice Core Records of West Greenland Melt and Climate Forcing. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (7), 3164-3172, doi:10.1002/2017gl076641.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1037">Trusel, L. D. et al., 2018: Nonlinear rise in Greenland runoff in response to post-industrial Arctic warming. Nature, 564 (7734), 104-108, doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0752-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1038">Hanna, E. et al., 2014: Atmospheric and oceanic climate forcing of the exceptional Greenland ice sheet surface melt in summer 2012. International Journal of Climatology, 34 (4), 1022-1037, doi:10.1002/joc.3743.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1039">Fettweis, X. et al., 2013: Brief communication Important role of the mid-tropospheric atmospheric circulation in the recent surface melt increase over the Greenland ice sheet. Cryosphere, 7 (1), 241-248, doi:10.5194/tc-7-241-2013.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1040">Tedstone, A. J. et al., 2015: Decadal slowdown of a land-terminating sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet despite warming. Nature, 526, 692, doi:10.1038/nature15722.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1041">van den Broeke, M. R. et al., 2016: On the recent contribution of the Greenland ice sheet to sea level change. The Cryosphere, 10 (5), 1933-1946, doi:10.5194/tc-10-1933-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1042">Fettweis, X. et al., 2017: Reconstructions of the 1900–2015 Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance using the regional climate MAR model. The Cryosphere, 11 (2), 1015-1033, doi:10.5194/tc-11-1015-2017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1043">Trusel, L. D. et al., 2018: Nonlinear rise in Greenland runoff in response to post-industrial Arctic warming. Nature, 564 (7734), 104-108, doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0752-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1044">Ahlstrom, A. P. et al., 2017: Abrupt shift in the observed runoff from the southwestern Greenland ice sheet. Sci Adv, 3 (12), e1701169, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1701169.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1045">Steger, C. R. et al., 2017: Firn Meltwater Retention on the Greenland Ice Sheet: A Model Comparison. Frontiers in Earth Science, 5, doi:10.3389/feart.2017.00003.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1046">Humphrey, N. F., J. T. Harper and W. T. Pfeffer, 2012: Thermal tracking of meltwater retention in Greenland’s accumulation area. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 117 (1), 1-11, doi:10.1029/2011JF002083.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1047">Forster, R. R. et al., 2013: Extensive liquid meltwater storage in firn within the Greenland ice sheet. Nature Geoscience, 7 (2), 95-98, doi:10.1038/ngeo2043.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1048">Munneke, P. K. et al., 2014: Explaining the presence of perennial liquid water bodies in the firn of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (2), 476-483, doi:10.1002/2013gl058389.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1049">Poinar, K. et al., 2017: Drainage of Southeast Greenland Firn Aquifer Water through Crevasses to the Bed. Frontiers in Earth Science, 5, 1-15, doi:10.3389/feart.2017.00005.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1050">Miège, C. et al., 2016: Spatial extent and temporal variability of Greenland firn aquifers detected by ground and airborne radars. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 121 (12), 2381-2398, doi:10.1002/2016JF003869.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1051">Steger, C. R. et al., 2017: Firn Meltwater Retention on the Greenland Ice Sheet: A Model Comparison. Frontiers in Earth Science, 5, doi:10.3389/feart.2017.00003.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1052">Noël, B. et al., 2017: A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland’s glaciers and ice caps. Nature Communications, 8, 14730, doi:10.1038/ncomms14730.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1053">Koenig, L. S., C. Miège, R. R. Forster and L. Brucker, 2014: Initial in situ measurements of perennial meltwater storage in the Greenland firn aquifer. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (1), 81-85, doi:10.1002/2013GL058083.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1054">van den Broeke, M. R. et al., 2016: On the recent contribution of the Greenland ice sheet to sea level change. The Cryosphere, 10 (5), 1933-1946, doi:10.5194/tc-10-1933-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1055">Steger, C. R. et al., 2017: Firn Meltwater Retention on the Greenland Ice Sheet: A Model Comparison. Frontiers in Earth Science, 5, doi:10.3389/feart.2017.00003.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1056">Polashenski, C. et al., 2014: Observations of pronounced Greenland ice sheet firn warming and implications for runoff production. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (12), 4238-4246, doi:10.1002/2014GL059806.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1057">Poinar, K. et al., 2017: Drainage of Southeast Greenland Firn Aquifer Water through Crevasses to the Bed. Frontiers in Earth Science, 5, 1-15, doi:10.3389/feart.2017.00005.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1058">Charalampidis, C. et al., 2016: Thermal tracing of retained meltwater in the lower accumulation area of the Southwestern Greenland ice sheet. Annals of Glaciology, 57 (72), 1-10, doi:10.1017/aog.2016.2.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1059">Ryan, J. C. et al., 2019: Greenland Ice Sheet surface melt amplified by snowline migration and bare ice exposure. Sci Adv, 5 (3), eaav3738, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav3738.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1060">Steger, C. R. et al., 2017: Firn Meltwater Retention on the Greenland Ice Sheet: A Model Comparison. Frontiers in Earth Science, 5, doi:10.3389/feart.2017.00003.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1061">Ryan, J. C. et al., 2019: Greenland Ice Sheet surface melt amplified by snowline migration and bare ice exposure. Sci Adv, 5 (3), eaav3738, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav3738.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1062">Enderlin, E. M. et al., 2014: An improved mass budget for the Greenland ice sheet. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (3), doi:10.1002/2013GL059010.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1063">van den Broeke, M. R. et al., 2016: On the recent contribution of the Greenland ice sheet to sea level change. The Cryosphere, 10 (5), 1933-1946, doi:10.5194/tc-10-1933-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1064">King, M. D. et al., 2018: Seasonal to decadal variability in ice discharge from the Greenland Ice Sheet. The Cryosphere, 12 (12), 3813-3825, doi:10.5194/tc-12-3813-2018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1065">King, M. D. et al., 2018: Seasonal to decadal variability in ice discharge from the Greenland Ice Sheet. The Cryosphere, 12 (12), 3813-3825, doi:10.5194/tc-12-3813-2018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1066">Enderlin, E. M. et al., 2014: An improved mass budget for the Greenland ice sheet. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (3), doi:10.1002/2013GL059010.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1067">Enderlin, E. M. et al., 2014: An improved mass budget for the Greenland ice sheet. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (3), doi:10.1002/2013GL059010.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1068">Tedstone, A. J. et al., 2015: Decadal slowdown of a land-terminating sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet despite warming. Nature, 526, 692, doi:10.1038/nature15722.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1069">Stevens, L. A. et al., 2016: Greenland Ice Sheet flow response to runoff variability. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (21), 11,295-11,303, doi:10.1002/2016GL070414.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1070">Nienow, P. W., A. J. Sole, D. A. Slater and T. R. Cowton, 2017: Recent Advances in Our Understanding of the Role of Meltwater in the Greenland Ice Sheet System. Current Climate Change Reports, 3 (4), 330-344, doi:10.1007/s40641-017-0083-9.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1071">Khazendar, A. et al., 2013: Observed thinning of Totten Glacier is linked to coastal polynya variability. Nature Communications, 4, 2857, doi:10.1038/ncomms3857.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1072">Pollard, D., R. M. DeConto and R. B. Alley, 2015: Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 412, 112-121, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.035.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1073">Cook, A. J. et al., 2016: Ocean forcing of glacier retreat in the western Antarctic Peninsula. Science, 353 (6296), 283, doi:10.1126/science.aae0017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1074">Rintoul, S. R. et al., 2016: Ocean heat drives rapid basal melt of the Totten Ice Shelf. Science Advances, 2 (12), doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601610.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1075">Walker, C. C. and A. S. Gardner, 2017: Rapid drawdown of Antarctica’s Wordie Ice Shelf glaciers in response to ENSO/Southern Annular Mode-driven warming in the Southern Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 476, 100-110, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2017.08.005.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1076">Adusumilli, S. et al., 2018: Variable Basal Melt Rates of Antarctic Peninsula Ice Shelves, 1994–2016. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (9), 4086-4095, doi:10.1002/2017GL076652.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1077">Dow, C. F. et al., 2018a: Basal channels drive active surface hydrology and transverse ice shelf fracture. Sci Adv, 4 (6), eaao7212, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aao7212.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1078">Minchew, B. M. et al., 2018: Modeling the dynamic response of outlet glaciers to observed ice-shelf thinning in the Bellingshausen Sea Sector, West Antarctica. Journal of Glaciology, 64 (244), 333-342, doi:10.1017/jog.2018.24.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1079">Roberts, J. et al., 2018: Ocean forced variability of Totten Glacier mass loss. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 461 (1), 175-186, doi:10.1144/sp461.6.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1080">Jacobs, S. S., A. Jenkins, C. F. Giulivi and P. Dutrieux, 2011: Stronger ocean circulation and increased melting under Pine Island Glacier ice shelf. Nature Geoscience, 4 (8), 519, doi:10.1038/ngeo1188.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1081">Pritchard, H. D. et al., 2012: Antarctic ice-sheet loss driven by basal melting of ice shelves. Nature, 484 (7395), 502, doi:10.1038/nature10968.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1082">Depoorter, M. A. et al., 2013: Calving fluxes and basal melt rates of Antarctic ice shelves. Nature, 502, 89, doi:10.1038/nature12567.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1083">Rignot, E., S. Jacobs, J. Mouginot and B. Scheuchl, 2013: Ice-shelf melting around Antarctica. Science, 341 (6143), 266-70, doi:10.1126/science.1235798.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1084">Dutrieux, P. et al., 2014: Strong Sensitivity of Pine Island Ice-Shelf Melting to Climatic Variability. Science, 343 (6167), 174-178, doi:10.1126/science.1244341.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1085">Paolo, F. S., H. A. Fricker and L. Padman, 2015: Volume loss from Antarctic ice shelves is accelerating. Science, 348 (6232), 327-331, doi:10.1126/science.aaa0940.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1086">Wouters, B. et al., 2015: Dynamic thinning of glaciers on the Southern Antarctic Peninsula. Science, 348 (6237), 899-903, doi:10.1126/science.aaa5727.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1087">Christianson, K. et al., 2016: Sensitivity of Pine Island Glacier to observed ocean forcing. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (20), 10817-10825, doi:10.1002/2016gl070500.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1088">Cook, A. J. et al., 2016: Ocean forcing of glacier retreat in the western Antarctic Peninsula. Science, 353 (6296), 283, doi:10.1126/science.aae0017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1089">Jenkins, A. et al., 2018: West Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat in the Amundsen Sea driven by decadal oceanic variability. Nature Geoscience, 11 (10), 733-738, doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0207-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1090">Roberts, J. et al., 2018: Ocean forced variability of Totten Glacier mass loss. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 461 (1), 175-186, doi:10.1144/sp461.6.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1091">Walker, D. P. et al., 2013: Oceanographic observations at the shelf break of the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118 (6), 2906-2918, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20212.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1092">Dutrieux, P. et al., 2014: Strong Sensitivity of Pine Island Ice-Shelf Melting to Climatic Variability. Science, 343 (6167), 174-178, doi:10.1126/science.1244341.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1093">Kimura, S. et al., 2017: Oceanographic Controls on the Variability of Ice‐Shelf Basal Melting and Circulation of Glacial Meltwater in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122 (12), 10131-10155, doi:10.1002/2017JC012926.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1094">Webber, B. G. M. et al., 2017: Mechanisms driving variability in the ocean forcing of Pine Island Glacier. Nature Communications, 8, 14507, doi:10.1038/ncomms14507.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1095">Uotila, P., T. Vihma and M. Tsukernik, 2013: Close interactions between the Antarctic cyclone budget and large-scale atmospheric circulation. Geophysical Research Letters, 40 (12), 3237-3241, doi:10.1002/grl.50560.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1096">Li, X., D. M. Holland, E. P. Gerber and C. Yoo, 2014: Impacts of the north and tropical Atlantic Ocean on the Antarctic Peninsula and sea ice. Nature, 505, 538, doi:10.1038/nature12945.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1097">Turner, J. et al., 2016: Absence of 21st century warming on Antarctic Peninsula consistent with natural variability. Nature, 535 (7612), 411-415, doi:10.1038/nature18645.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1098">Smith, J. A. et al., 2017c: Sub-ice-shelf sediments record history of twentieth-century retreat of Pine Island Glacier. Nature, 541, 77, doi:10.1038/nature20136.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1099">Jenkins, A. et al., 2018: West Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat in the Amundsen Sea driven by decadal oceanic variability. Nature Geoscience, 11 (10), 733-738, doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0207-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1100">Paolo, F. S. et al., 2018: Response of Pacific-sector Antarctic ice shelves to the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Nature Geoscience, 11 (2), 121-126, doi:10.1038/s41561-017-0033-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1101">Greene, C. A. et al., 2017: Wind causes Totten Ice Shelf melt and acceleration. Sci Adv, 3 (11), e1701681, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1701681.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1102">Andresen, C. S. et al., 2012: Rapid response of Helheim Glacier in Greenland to climate variability over the past century. Nature Geoscience, 5 (1), 37-41, doi:10.1038/ngeo1349.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1103">Cheng, L. et al., 2017: Improved estimates of ocean heat content from 1960 to 2015. Science Advances, 3 (3), doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601545</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1104">Häkkinen, S., P. B. Rhines and D. L. Worthen, 2013: Northern North Atlantic sea surface height and ocean heat content variability. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118 (7), 3670-3678, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20268.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1105">Straneo, F. et al., 2017: Characteristics of ocean waters reaching Greenland’s glaciers. Annals of Glaciology, 53 (60), 202-210, doi:10.3189/2012AoG60A059.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1106">Straneo, F. et al., 2013: Challenges to understanding the dynamic response of Greenland’s marine terminating glaciers to oc eanic and atmospheric forcing. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 94 (8), 1131-1144, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00100.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1107">Xu, Y. et al., 2013b: Subaqueous melting of Store Glacier, west Greenland from three-dimensional, high-resolution numerical modeling and ocean observations. Geophysical Research Letters, 40 (17), 4648-4653, doi:10.1002/grl.50825.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1108">Bendtsen, J., J. Mortensen, K. Lennert and S. Rysgaard, 2015: Heat sources for glacial ice melt in a west Greenland tidewater outlet glacier fjord: The role of subglacial freshwater discharge. Geophysical Research Letters, 42 (10), 4089-4095, doi:10.1002/2015GL063846.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1109">Murray, T. et al., 2015: Extensive retreat of Greenland tidewater glaciers, 2000-2010. Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research, 47 (3), 427-447, doi:10.1657/Aaar0014-049.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1110">Cowton, T. et al., 2016: Controls on the transport of oceanic heat to Kangerdlugssuaq Glacier, East Greenland. Journal of Glaciology, 62 (236), 1167-1180, doi:10.1017/jog.2016.117.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1111">Miles, V. V., M. W. Miles and O. M. Johannessen, 2016: Satellite archives reveal abrupt changes in behavior of Helheim Glacier, southeast Greenland. Journal of Glaciology, 62 (231), 137-146, doi:10.1017/jog.2016.24.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1112">Rignot, E., M. Koppes and I. Velicogna, 2010: Rapid submarine melting of the calving faces of West Greenland glaciers. Nature Geoscience, 3 (3), 187-191, doi:10.1038/Ngeo765.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1113">Todd, J. and P. Christoffersen, 2014: Are seasonal calving dynamics forced by buttressing from ice melange or undercutting by melting? Outcomes from full-Stokes simulations of Store Glacier, West Greenland. Cryosphere, 8 (6), 2353-2365, doi:10.5194/tc-8-2353-2014.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1114">Benn, D. I. et al., 2017: Melt-under-cutting and buoyancy-driven calving from tidewater glaciers: new insights from discrete element and continuum model simulations. Journal of Glaciology, 63 (240), 691-702, doi:10.1017/jog.2017.41.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1115">Enderlin, E. M. et al., 2014: An improved mass budget for the Greenland ice sheet. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (3), doi:10.1002/2013GL059010.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1116">Gladish, C. V., D. M. Holland and C. M. Lee, 2015: Oceanic Boundary Conditions for Jakobshavn Glacier. Part I: Variability and Renewal of Ilulissat Icefjord Waters, 2001–14*. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 45 (2003), 33-63, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-14-0045.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1117">Slater, D. A. et al., 2015: Effect of near-terminus subglacial hydrology on tidewater glacier submarine melt rates. Geophysical Research Letters, 42 (8), 2861-2868, doi:10.1002/2014GL062494.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1118">Morlighem, M. et al., 2016: Modeling of Store Gletscher’s calving dynamics, West Greenland, in response to ocean thermal forcing. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (6), 2659-2666, doi:10.1002/2016gl067695.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1119">Rathmann, N. M. et al., 2017: Highly temporally resolved response to seasonal surface melt of the Zachariae and 79N outlet glaciers in northeast Greenland. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (19), 9805-9814, doi:10.1002/2017gl074368.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1120">Moon, T., I. Joughin, B. Smith and I. Howat, 2012: 21st-Century Evolution of Greenland Outlet Glacier Velocities. Science, 336 (6081), 576, doi:10.1126/science.1219985.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1121">Carr, J. R., C. R. Stokes and A. Vieli, 2013: Recent progress in understanding marine-terminating Arctic outlet glacier response to climatic and oceanic forcing. Progress in Physical Geography, 37 (4), 436-467, doi:10.1177/0309133313483163.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1122">Straneo, F., G. S. Hamilton, L. A. Stearns and D. A. Sutherland, 2016: Connecting the Greenland Ice Sheet and the ocean: A case study of Helheim Glacier and Semilik Fjord. Oceanography, 29 (4), 34-45, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2016.97.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1123">Cowton, T. R. et al., 2018: Linear response of east Greenland’s tidewater glaciers to ocean/atmosphere warming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115 (31), 7907, doi:10.1073/pnas.1801769115.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1124">Arblaster, J. M. et al., 2014: Stratospheric ozone changes and climate, Chapter 4 in Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion.[World Meteorological Organization, G. S. (ed.)], Geneva, iv + 57 pp; Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project – Report No. 55.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1125">Swart, N. C., J. C. Fyfe, N. Gillett and G. J. Marshall, 2015a: Comparing Trends in the Southern Annular Mode and Surface Westerly Jet. Journal of Climate, 28 (22), 8840-8859, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00716.s1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1126">Abram, N. J. et al., 2014: Evolution of the Southern Annular Mode during the past millennium. Nature Climate Change, 4 (7), 564-569, doi:10.1038/nclimate2235.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1127">Dätwyler, C. et al., 2017: Teleconnection stationarity, variability and trends of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) during the last millennium. Climate Dynamics, 51 (5-6), 2321-2339, doi:10.1007/s00382-017-4015-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1128">Marshall, G. J., D. W. J. Thompson and M. R. Van den Broeke, 2017: The signature of Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation patterns in Antarctic precipitation. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (22), 11580-11589, doi:10.1002/2017GL075998.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1129">Raphael, M. N. et al., 2016: The Amundsen Sea Low Variability, Change, and Impact on Antarctic Climate. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 97 (1), 111-121, doi:10.1175/bams-d-14-00018.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1130">Steig, E. J. et al., 2013: Recent climate and ice-sheet changes in West Antarctica compared with the past 2,000 years. Nature Geoscience, 6 (5), 372-375, doi:10.1038/ngeo1778.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1131">Abram, N. J. et al., 2013a: Acceleration of snow melt in an Antarctic Peninsula ice core during the twentieth century. Nature Geoscience, 6 (5), 404-411, doi:10.1038/ngeo1787.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1132">Mulvaney, R. et al., 2012a: Recent Antarctic Peninsula warming relative to Holocene climate and ice-shelf history. Nature, 489 (7414), 141-4, doi:10.1038/nature11391.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1133">Stenni, B. et al., 2017: Antarctic climate variability on regional and continental scales over the last 2000 years. Climate of the Past, 13 (11), 1609-1634, doi:10.5194/cp-13-1609-2017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1134">Cape, M. R. et al., 2015: Foehn winds link climate-driven warming to ice shelf evolution in Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 120 (21), 11037-11057, doi:10.1002/2015jd023465.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1135">Grosvenor, D. P., J. C. King, T. W. Choularton and T. Lachlan-Cope, 2014: Downslope föhn winds over the antarctic peninsula and their effect on the larsen ice shelves. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 14 (18), 9481-9509, doi:10.5194/acp-14-9481-2014.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1136">Luckman, A. et al., 2014: Surface melt and ponding on Larsen C Ice Shelf and the impact of föhn winds. Antarctic Science, 26 (06), 625-635, doi:10.1017/S0954102014000339.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1137">Elvidge, A. D. et al., 2015: Foehn jets over the Larsen C Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 141 (688), 698-713, doi:10.1002/qj.2382.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1138">Domack, E. et al., 2005: Stability of the Larsen B ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula during the Holocene epoch. Nature, 436, 681, doi:10.1038/nature03908.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1139">Fettweis, X. et al., 2013: Brief communication Important role of the mid-tropospheric atmospheric circulation in the recent surface melt increase over the Greenland ice sheet. Cryosphere, 7 (1), 241-248, doi:10.5194/tc-7-241-2013.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1140">Tedesco, M. et al., 2013: Evidence and analysis of 2012 Greenland records from spaceborne observations, a regional climate model and reanalysis data. The Cryosphere, 7 (2), 615-630, doi:10.5194/tc-7-615-2013.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1141">Ding, Q. et al., 2014: Tropical forcing of the recent rapid Arctic warming in northeastern Canada and Greenland. Nature, 509 (7499), 209-12, doi:10.1038/nature13260.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1142">Tedesco, M. et al., 2016b: Arctic cut-off high drives the poleward shift of a new Greenland melting record. Nat Commun, 7, 11723, doi:10.1038/ncomms11723.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1143">Ding, Q. et al., 2017: Influence of high-latitude atmospheric circulation changes on summertime Arctic sea ice. Nature Climate Change, 7, 289, doi:10.1038/nclimate3241</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1144">Hofer, S., A. J. Tedstone, X. Fettweis and J. L. Bamber, 2017: Decreasing cloud cover drives the recent mass loss on the Greenland Ice Sheet. Sci Adv, 3 (6), e1700584, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700584.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1145">Hanna, E., T. E. Cropper, R. J. Hall and J. Cappelen, 2016: Greenland Blocking Index 1851–2015: a regional climate change signal. International Journal of Climatology, 36 (15), 4847-4861, doi:10.1002/joc.4673.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1146">Fettweis, X. et al., 2013: Brief communication Important role of the mid-tropospheric atmospheric circulation in the recent surface melt increase over the Greenland ice sheet. Cryosphere, 7 (1), 241-248, doi:10.5194/tc-7-241-2013.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1147">Tedesco, M. et al., 2013: Evidence and analysis of 2012 Greenland records from spaceborne observations, a regional climate model and reanalysis data. The Cryosphere, 7 (2), 615-630, doi:10.5194/tc-7-615-2013.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1148">Mioduszewski, J. R. et al., 2016: Atmospheric drivers of Greenland surface melt revealed by self‐organizing maps. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121 (10), 5095-5114, doi:10.1002/2015JD024550.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1149">Tedesco, M. et al., 2013: Evidence and analysis of 2012 Greenland records from spaceborne observations, a regional climate model and reanalysis data. The Cryosphere, 7 (2), 615-630, doi:10.5194/tc-7-615-2013.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1150">Box, J. E. et al., 2012: Greenland ice sheet albedo feedback: thermodynamics and atmospheric drivers. The Cryosphere, 6 (4), 821-839, doi:10.5194/tc-6-821-2012.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1151">Charalampidis, C. et al., 2015: Changing surface–atmosphere energy exchange and refreezing capacity of the lower accumulation area, West Greenland. The Cryosphere, 9 (6), 2163-2181, doi:10.5194/tc-9-2163-2015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1152">Tedesco, M. et al., 2016a: The darkening of the Greenland ice sheet: trends, drivers, and projections (1981–2100). The Cryosphere, 10 (2), 477-496, doi:10.5194/tc-10-477-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1153">Stibal, M. et al., 2017: Algae Drive Enhanced Darkening of Bare Ice on the Greenland Ice Sheet. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (22), 11,463-11,471, doi:10.1002/2017GL075958.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1154">Ryan, J. C. et al., 2018: Dark zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet controlled by distributed biologically-active impurities. Nature Communications, 9 (1), 1065, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03353-2.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1155">Hofer, S., A. J. Tedstone, X. Fettweis and J. L. Bamber, 2017: Decreasing cloud cover drives the recent mass loss on the Greenland Ice Sheet. Sci Adv, 3 (6), e1700584, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700584.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1156">Nghiem, S. V. et al., 2012: The extreme melt across the Greenland ice sheet in 2012. Geophysical Research Letters, 39 (20), 6-11, doi:10.1029/2012GL053611.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1157">Tedesco, M. et al., 2013: Evidence and analysis of 2012 Greenland records from spaceborne observations, a regional climate model and reanalysis data. The Cryosphere, 7 (2), 615-630, doi:10.5194/tc-7-615-2013.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1158">Hanna, E. et al., 2014: Atmospheric and oceanic climate forcing of the exceptional Greenland ice sheet surface melt in summer 2012. International Journal of Climatology, 34 (4), 1022-1037, doi:10.1002/joc.3743.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1159">Hanna, E., T. E. Cropper, R. J. Hall and J. Cappelen, 2016: Greenland Blocking Index 1851–2015: a regional climate change signal. International Journal of Climatology, 36 (15), 4847-4861, doi:10.1002/joc.4673.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1160">McLeod, J. T. and T. L. Mote, 2016: Linking interannual variability in extreme Greenland blocking episodes to the recent increase in summer melting across the Greenland ice sheet. International Journal of Climatology, 36 (3), 1484-1499, doi:10.1002/joc.4440.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1161">Waugh, D. W., C. I. Garfinkel and L. M. Polvani, 2015: Drivers of the Recent Tropical Expansion in the Southern Hemisphere: Changing SSTs or Ozone Depletion? Journal of Climate, 28 (16), 6581-6586, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-15-0138.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1162">England, M. R. et al., 2016: Robust response of the Amundsen Sea Low to stratospheric ozone depletion. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (15), 8207-8213, doi:10.1002/2016gl070055.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1163">Li, F. et al., 2016a: Impacts of Interactive Stratospheric Chemistry on Antarctic and Southern Ocean Climate Change in the Goddard Earth Observing System, Version 5 (GEOS-5). Journal of Climate, 29 (9), 3199-3218, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-15-0572.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1164">Zhang, L., T. L. Delworth, W. Cooke and X. Yang, 2018a: Natural variability of Southern Ocean convection as a driver of observed climate trends. Nature Climate Change, 9 (1), 59-65, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0350-3.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1165">Schneider, D. P., C. Deser and T. Fan, 2015: Comparing the Impacts of Tropical SST Variability and Polar Stratospheric Ozone Loss on the Southern Ocean Westerly Winds. Journal of Climate, 28 (23), 9350-9372, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-15-0090.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1166">England, M. R. et al., 2016: Robust response of the Amundsen Sea Low to stratospheric ozone depletion. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (15), 8207-8213, doi:10.1002/2016gl070055.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1167">Raphael, M. N. et al., 2016: The Amundsen Sea Low Variability, Change, and Impact on Antarctic Climate. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 97 (1), 111-121, doi:10.1175/bams-d-14-00018.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1168">Clem, K. R., J. A. Renwick and J. McGregor, 2017: Relationship between eastern tropical Pacific cooling and recent trends in the Southern Hemisphere zonal-mean circulation. Climate Dynamics, 49 (1-2), 113-129, doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3329-7.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1169">Steig, E. J., Q. Ding, D. S. Battisti and A. Jenkins, 2017: Tropical forcing of Circumpolar Deep Water Inflow and outlet glacier thinning in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica. Annals of Glaciology, 53 (60), 19-28, doi:10.3189/2012AoG60A110.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1170">Paolo, F. S. et al., 2018: Response of Pacific-sector Antarctic ice shelves to the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Nature Geoscience, 11 (2), 121-126, doi:10.1038/s41561-017-0033-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1171">Li, X., D. M. Holland, E. P. Gerber and C. Yoo, 2014: Impacts of the north and tropical Atlantic Ocean on the Antarctic Peninsula and sea ice. Nature, 505, 538, doi:10.1038/nature12945.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1172">Goosse, H. and V. Zunz, 2014: Decadal trends in the Antarctic sea ice extent ultimately controlled by ice-ocean feedback. The Cryosphere, 8, 453-470, doi:10.5194/tc-8-435-2014.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1173">Shindell, D. T., 2004: Southern Hemisphere climate response to ozone changes and greenhouse gas increases. Geophysical Research Letters, 31 (18), doi:10.1029/2004gl020724.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1174">Arblaster, J. M. and G. A. Meehl, 2006: Contributions of External Forcings to Southern Annular Mode Trends. Journal of Climate, 19 (12), 2896-2905, doi:10.1175/jcli3774.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1175">Marshall, G. J., A. Orr, N. P. M. van Lipzig and J. C. King, 2006: The Impact of a Changing Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode on Antarctic Peninsula Summer Temperatures. Journal of Climate, 19 (20), 5388-5404, doi:10.1175/jcli3844.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1176">Abram, N. J. et al., 2014: Evolution of the Southern Annular Mode during the past millennium. Nature Climate Change, 4 (7), 564-569, doi:10.1038/nclimate2235.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1177">Mulvaney, R. et al., 2012a: Recent Antarctic Peninsula warming relative to Holocene climate and ice-shelf history. Nature, 489 (7414), 141-4, doi:10.1038/nature11391.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1178">Turner, J. et al., 2016: Absence of 21st century warming on Antarctic Peninsula consistent with natural variability. Nature, 535 (7612), 411-415, doi:10.1038/nature18645.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1179">Smith, A. J. et al., 2017a: Beluga whale summer habitat associations in the Nelson River estuary, western Hudson Bay, Canada. Plos One, 12 (8), e0181045, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181045.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1180">Jenkins, A. et al., 2018: West Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat in the Amundsen Sea driven by decadal oceanic variability. Nature Geoscience, 11 (10), 733-738, doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0207-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1181">Francis, J. A. and S. J. Vavrus, 2015: Evidence for a wavier jet stream in response to rapid Arctic warming. Environmental Research Letters, 10 (1), 014005, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/1/014005.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1182">Mann, M. E. et al., 2017: Influence of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Planetary Wave Resonance and Extreme Weather Events. Scientific Reports, 7 (1), 45242, doi:10.1038/srep45242.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1183">Screen, J. A. and I. Simmonds, 2010: The central role of diminishing sea ice in recent Arctic temperature amplification. Nature, 464 (7293), 1334-7, doi:10.1038/nature09051.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1184">Ahlstrom, A. P. et al., 2017: Abrupt shift in the observed runoff from the southwestern Greenland ice sheet. Sci Adv, 3 (12), e1701169, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1701169.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1185">Graeter, K. A. et al., 2018: Ice Core Records of West Greenland Melt and Climate Forcing. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (7), 3164-3172, doi:10.1002/2017gl076641.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1186">Trusel, L. D. et al., 2018: Nonlinear rise in Greenland runoff in response to post-industrial Arctic warming. Nature, 564 (7734), 104-108, doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0752-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1187">Bolch, T. et al., 2013: Mass loss of Greenland’s glaciers and ice caps 2003–2008 revealed from ICESat laser altimetry data. Geophysical Research Letters, 40 (5), 875-881, doi:10.1002/grl.50270.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1188">Fisher, D. et al., 2012: Recent melt rates of Canadian arctic ice caps are the highest in four millennia. Global and Planetary Change, 84-85, 3-7, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.06.005.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1189">Zdanowicz, C. et al., 2012: Summer melt rates on Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island: Past and recent trends and implications for regional climate. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 117 (F2), doi:10.1029/2011JF002248.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1190">Gilbert, A. et al., 2017: The projected demise of Barnes Ice Cap: Evidence of an unusually warm 21st century Arctic. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (6), 2810-2816, doi:10.1002/2016gl072394.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1191">Zekollari, H., B. S. Lecavalier and P. Huybrechts, 2017: Holocene evolution of Hans Tausen Iskappe (Greenland) and implications for the palaeoclimatic evolution of the high Arctic. Quaternary Science Reviews, 168, 182-193, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.05.010.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1192">Lecavalier, B. S. et al., 2017: High Arctic Holocene temperature record from the Agassiz ice cap and Greenland ice sheet evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 114 (23), 5952-5957, doi:10.1073/pnas.1616287114.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1193">Solomina, O. N. et al., 2015: Holocene glacier fluctuations. Quaternary Science Reviews, 111, 9-34, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.11.018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1194">Box, J. E. et al., 2018: Global sea-level contribution from Arctic land ice: 1971–2017. Environmental Research Letters, 13 (12), 125012, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aaf2ed.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1195">Bjørk, A. A. et al., 2018: Changes in Greenland’s peripheral glaciers linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation. Nature Climate Change, 8 (1), 48-52, doi:10.1038/s41558-017-0029-1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1196">Gardner, A. S. et al., 2013: A reconciled estimate of glacier contributions to sea level rise: 2003 to 2009. Science, 340 (6134), 852-857, doi:10.1126/science.1234532.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1197">Millan, R., J. Mouginot and E. Rignot, 2017: Mass budget of the glaciers and ice caps of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, Canada, from 1991 to 2015. Environmental Research Letters, 12 (2), 024016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1198">Bezeau, P., M. Sharp and G. Gascon, 2014: Variability in summer anticyclonic circulation over the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and west Greenland in the late 20th/early 21st centuries and its effect on glacier mass balance. International Journal of Climatology, 35 (4), 540-557, doi:10.1002/joc.4000.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1199">McLeod, J. T. and T. L. Mote, 2016: Linking interannual variability in extreme Greenland blocking episodes to the recent increase in summer melting across the Greenland ice sheet. International Journal of Climatology, 36 (3), 1484-1499, doi:10.1002/joc.4440.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1200">Zemp, M. et al., 2019: Global glacier mass changes and their contributions to sea-level rise from 1961 to 2016. Nature, 568 (7752), 382-386, doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1071-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1201">Zemp, M. et al., 2019: Global glacier mass changes and their contributions to sea-level rise from 1961 to 2016. Nature, 568 (7752), 382-386, doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1071-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1202">Gardner, A. S. et al., 2013: A reconciled estimate of glacier contributions to sea level rise: 2003 to 2009. Science, 340 (6134), 852-857, doi:10.1126/science.1234532.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1203">Belleflamme, A., X. Fettweis and M. Erpicum, 2015: Recent summer Arctic atmospheric circulation anomalies in a historical perspective. The Cryosphere, 9 (1), 53-64, doi:10.5194/tc-9-53-2015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1204">Box, J. E. et al., 2012: Greenland ice sheet albedo feedback: thermodynamics and atmospheric drivers. The Cryosphere, 6 (4), 821-839, doi:10.5194/tc-6-821-2012.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1205">Möller, M. and R. Möller, 2017: Modeling glacier-surface albedo across Svalbard for the 1979–2015 period: The HiRSvaC500-α data set. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 9 (1), 404-422, doi:10.1002/2016MS000752.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1206">Zdanowicz, C. et al., 2012: Summer melt rates on Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island: Past and recent trends and implications for regional climate. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 117 (F2), doi:10.1029/2011JF002248.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1207">Gascon, G. et al., 2013a: Changes in accumulation-area firn stratigraphy and meltwater flow during a period of climate warming: Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 118 (4), 2380-2391, doi:10.1002/2013JF002838.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1208">Gascon, G., M. Sharp and A. Bush, 2013b: Changes in melt season characteristics on Devon Ice Cap, Canada, and their association with the Arctic atmospheric circulation. Annals of Glaciology, 54 (63), 101-110, doi:10.3189/2013AoG63A601.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1209">Noël, B. et al., 2017: A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland’s glaciers and ice caps. Nature Communications, 8, 14730, doi:10.1038/ncomms14730.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1210">Noël, B. et al., 2018: Six Decades of Glacial Mass Loss in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 123 (6), 1430-1449, doi:10.1029/2017jf004304.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1211">Strozzi, T. et al., 2017: Circum-Arctic Changes in the Flow of Glaciers and Ice Caps from Satellite SAR Data between the 1990s and 2017. Remote Sensing, 9 (9), 947, doi:10.3390/rs9090947.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1212">Carr, J. R. et al., 2017: Basal topographic controls on rapid retreat of Humboldt Glacier, northern Greenland. Journal of Glaciology, 61 (225), 137-150, doi:10.3189/2015JoG14J128.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1213">Dunse, T. et al., 2015: Glacier-surge mechanisms promoted by a hydro-thermodynamic feedback to summer melt. The Cryosphere, 9 (1), 197-215, doi:10.5194/tc-9-197-2015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1214">Dunse, T. et al., 2015: Glacier-surge mechanisms promoted by a hydro-thermodynamic feedback to summer melt. The Cryosphere, 9 (1), 197-215, doi:10.5194/tc-9-197-2015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1215">Sevestre, H. et al., 2018: Tidewater Glacier Surges Initiated at the Terminus. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 123 (5), 1035-1051, doi:10.1029/2017JF004358.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1216">Williams, P. et al., 2018: Community-based observing networks and systems in the Arctic: Human perceptions of environmental change and instrument-derived data. Regional Environmental Change, 18 (2), 547-559, doi:10.1007/s10113-017-1220-7.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1217">McMillan, M. et al., 2014a: Rapid dynamic activation of a marine-based Arctic ice cap. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (24), 8902-8909, doi:10.1002/2014GL062255.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1218">Luckman, A. et al., 2015: Calving rates at tidewater glaciers vary strongly with ocean temperature. Nature Communications, 6, 8566, doi:10.1038/ncomms9566.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1219">Vallot, D. et al., 2018: Effects of undercutting and sliding on calving: a global approach applied to Kronebreen, Svalbard. The Cryosphere, 12 (2), 609-625, doi:10.5194/tc-12-609-2018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1220">Williams, W. J. and E. C. Carmack, 2015: The ‘interior’ shelves of the Arctic Ocean: Physical oceanographic setting, climatology and effects of sea-ice retreat on cross-shelf exchange. Progress in Oceanography, 139, 24-41, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.07.008.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1221">Copland, L. and D. Mueller, 2017: Arctic Ice Shelves and Ice Islands. Springer Polar Sciences, Springer, Dordrecht.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1222">Hodgson, D. A. et al., 2014: Terrestrial and submarine evidence for the extent and timing of the Last Glacial Maximum and the onset of deglaciation on the maritime-Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands. Quaternary Science Reviews, 100, 137-158, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.12.001.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1223">Zemp, M. et al., 2019: Global glacier mass changes and their contributions to sea-level rise from 1961 to 2016. Nature, 568 (7752), 382-386, doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1071-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1224">Navarro, F. J., U. Y. Jonsell, M. I. Corcuera and A. Martín-Español, 2017: Decelerated mass loss of Hurd and Johnsons Glaciers, Livingston Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Journal of Glaciology, 59 (213), 115-128, doi:10.3189/2013JoG12J144.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1225">Oliva, M. et al., 2017: Recent regional climate cooling on the Antarctic Peninsula and associated impacts on the cryosphere. Sci Total Environ, 580, 210-223, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.030.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1226">Oliva, M. et al., 2017: Recent regional climate cooling on the Antarctic Peninsula and associated impacts on the cryosphere. Sci Total Environ, 580, 210-223, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.030.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1227">Verfaillie, D. et al., 2015: Recent glacier decline in the Kerguelen Islands (49°S, 69°E) derived from modeling, field observations, and satellite data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 120 (3), 637-654, doi:10.1002/2014JF003329.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1228">Favier, V. et al., 2016: Atmospheric drying as the main driver of dramatic glacier wastage in the southern Indian Ocean. Scientific Reports, 6, 32396, doi:10.1038/srep32396.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1229">Straneo, F. and C. Cenedese, 2015: The Dynamics of Greenland’s Glacial Fjords and Their Role in Climate. Ann Rev Mar Sci, 7, 89-112, doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135133.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1230">Sejr, M. K. et al., 2017: Evidence of local and regional freshening of Northeast Greenland coastal waters. Sci Rep, 7 (1), 13183, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10610-9.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1231">Depoorter, M. A. et al., 2013: Calving fluxes and basal melt rates of Antarctic ice shelves. Nature, 502, 89, doi:10.1038/nature12567.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1232">Rignot, E. et al., 2014: Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica, from 1992 to 2011. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (10), 3502-3509, doi:10.1002/2014gl060140.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1233">Paolo, F. S., H. A. Fricker and L. Padman, 2015: Volume loss from Antarctic ice shelves is accelerating. Science, 348 (6232), 327-331, doi:10.1126/science.aaa0940.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1234">Abernathey, R. P. et al., 2016: Water-mass transformation by sea ice in the upper branch of the Southern Ocean overturning. Nature Geoscience, 9, 596, doi:10.1038/ngeo2749.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1235">Haumann, F. A. et al., 2016: Sea-ice transport driving Southern Ocean salinity and its recent trends. Nature, 537 (7618), 89-92, doi:10.1038/nature19101.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1236">Purkey, S. G. and G. C. Johnson, 2013: Antarctic Bottom Water warming and freshening: Contributions to sea level rise, ocean freshwater budgets, and global heat gain. Journal of Climate, 26 (16), 6105-6122, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00834.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1237">Meneghello, G., J. Marshall, S. T. Cole and M.-L. Timmermans, 2017: Observational Inferences of Lateral Eddy Diffusivity in the Halocline of the Beaufort Gyre. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (24), 12,331-12,338, doi:10.1002/2017gl075126.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1238">Meijers, A. et al., 2016: Wind‐driven export of Weddell Sea slope water. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121 (10), 7530-7546, doi:10.1002/2016JC011757.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1239">Bintanja, R. et al., 2013: Important role for ocean warming and increased ice-shelf melt in Antarctic sea-ice expansion. Nature Geoscience, 6 (5), 376-379, doi:10.1038/Ngeo1767.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1240">Bronselaer, B. et al., 2018: Change in future climate due to Antarctic meltwater. Nature, 564 (7734), 53-58, doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0712-z.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1241">Purich, A. et al., 2018: Impacts of Broad-Scale Surface Freshening of the Southern Ocean in a Coupled Climate Model. Journal of Climate, 31 (7), 2613-2632, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0092.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1242">Swart, N. C. and J. C. Fyfe, 2013: The influence of recent Antarctic ice sheet retreat on simulated sea ice area trends. Geophysical Research Letters, 40, 4328-4332, doi:10.1002/grl.50820.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1243">Pauling, A. G., I. J. Smith, P. J. Langhorne and C. M. Bitz, 2017: Time-dependent freshwater input from ice shelves: Impacts on Antarctic sea ice and the Southern Ocean in an Earth System Model. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (20), 10454-10461, doi:10.1002/2017GL075017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1244">Jourdain, N. C. et al., 2017: Ocean circulation and sea-ice thinning induced by melting ice shelves in the Amundsen Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122 (3), 2550-2573, doi:10.1002/2016JC012509.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1245">Merino, N. et al., 2018: Impact of increasing antarctic glacial freshwater release on regional sea-ice cover in the Southern Ocean. Ocean Modelling, 121, 76-89, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.11.009.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1246">Silvano, A. et al., 2018: Freshening by glacial meltwater enhances melting of ice shelves and reduces formation of Antarctic Bottom Water. Sci Adv, 4 (4), eaap9467, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aap9467.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1247">Shadwick, E. H. et al., 2013: Glacier tongue calving reduced dense water formation and enhanced carbon uptake. Geophysical Research Letters, 40 (5), 904-909, doi:10.1002/grl.50178.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1248">Wadham, J. L. et al., 2013: The potential role of the Antarctic Ice Sheet in global biogeochemical cycles. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 104 (1), 55-67, doi:10.1017/S1755691013000108.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1249">Hood, E. et al., 2015: Storage and release of organic carbon from glaciers and ice sheets. Nature Geosci, 8 (2), 91-96, doi:10.1038/ngeo2331.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1250">Herraiz-Borreguero, L. et al., 2016: Large flux of iron from the Amery Ice Shelf marine ice to Prydz Bay, East Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121 (8), 6009-6020, doi:10.1002/2016jc011687.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1251">Meire, L. et al., 2016b: Spring bloom dynamics in a subarctic fjord influenced by tidewater outlet glaciers (Godthabsfjord, SW Greenland). Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences, 121 (6), 1581-1592, doi:10.1002/2015jg003240.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1252">Cape, M. R. et al., 2018: Nutrient release to oceans from buoyancy-driven upwelling at Greenland tidewater glaciers. Nature Geoscience, 12 (1), 34-39, doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0268-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1253">Hopwood, M. J. et al., 2018: Non-linear response of summertime marine productivity to increased meltwater discharge around Greenland. Nat Commun, 9 (1), 3256, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05488-8.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1254">Kanna, N. et al., 2018: Upwelling of Macronutrients and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon by a Subglacial Freshwater Driven Plume in Bowdoin Fjord, Northwestern Greenland. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 123 (5), 1666-1682, doi:10.1029/2017JG004248.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1255">Gerringa, L. J. A. et al., 2012: Iron from melting glaciers fuels the phytoplankton blooms in Amundsen Sea (Southern Ocean): Iron biogeochemistry. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 71-76, 16-31, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.03.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1256">Death, R. et al., 2014: Antarctic ice sheet fertilises the Southern Ocean. Biogeosciences, 11 (10), 2635-2643, doi:10.5194/bg-11-2635-2014.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1257">Duprat, L. P. A. M., G. R. Bigg and D. J. Wilton, 2016: Enhanced Southern Ocean marine productivity due to fertilization by giant icebergs. Nature Geoscience, 9, 219, doi:10.1038/ngeo2633.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1258">Arrigo, K. R. et al., 2017b: Melting glaciers stimulate large summer phytoplankton blooms in southwest Greenland waters. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (12), 6278-6285, doi:10.1002/2017gl073583.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1259">AMAP, 2015: AMAP Assessment 2015: Temporal Trends in Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, vi+71pp [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/amap-assessment-2015-temporal-trends-in-persistent-organic-pollutants-in-the-arctic/1521 ; Access Date: 25 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1260">Bhatia, M. P. et al., 2013: Erratum: Greenland meltwater as a significant and potentially bioavailable source of iron to the ocean. Nature Geoscience, 6 (6), 503-503, doi:10.1038/ngeo1833.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1261">Hawkings, J. R. et al., 2014: Ice sheets as a significant source of highly reactive nanoparticulate iron to the oceans. Nat Commun, 5, 3929, doi:10.1038/ncomms4929.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1262">Meire, L. et al., 2016a: High export of dissolved silica from the Greenland Ice Sheet. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (17), 9173-9182, doi:10.1002/2016GL070191.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1263">Hawkings, J. R. et al., 2017: Ice sheets as a missing source of silica to the polar oceans. Nat Commun, 8, 14198, doi:10.1038/ncomms14198.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1264">Hawkings, J. et al., 2016: The Greenland Ice Sheet as a hot spot of phosphorus weathering and export in the Arctic. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 30 (2), 191-210, doi:10.1002/2015GB005237.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1265">Wadham, J. L. et al., 2016: Sources, cycling and export of nitrogen on the Greenland Ice Sheet. Biogeosciences, 13 (22), 6339-6352, doi:10.5194/bg-13-6339-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1266">Meire, L. et al., 2016a: High export of dissolved silica from the Greenland Ice Sheet. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (17), 9173-9182, doi:10.1002/2016GL070191.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1267">Hopwood, M. J. et al., 2018: Non-linear response of summertime marine productivity to increased meltwater discharge around Greenland. Nat Commun, 9 (1), 3256, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05488-8.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1268">Arrigo, K. R. et al., 2017b: Melting glaciers stimulate large summer phytoplankton blooms in southwest Greenland waters. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (12), 6278-6285, doi:10.1002/2017gl073583.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1269">Meire, L. et al., 2016b: Spring bloom dynamics in a subarctic fjord influenced by tidewater outlet glaciers (Godthabsfjord, SW Greenland). Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences, 121 (6), 1581-1592, doi:10.1002/2015jg003240.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1270">Meire, L. et al., 2017: Marine-terminating glaciers sustain high productivity in Greenland fjords. Glob Chang Biol, 23 (12), 5344-5357, doi:10.1111/gcb.13801.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1271">Cape, M. R. et al., 2018: Nutrient release to oceans from buoyancy-driven upwelling at Greenland tidewater glaciers. Nature Geoscience, 12 (1), 34-39, doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0268-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1272">Hopwood, M. J. et al., 2018: Non-linear response of summertime marine productivity to increased meltwater discharge around Greenland. Nat Commun, 9 (1), 3256, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05488-8.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1273">Kanna, N. et al., 2018: Upwelling of Macronutrients and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon by a Subglacial Freshwater Driven Plume in Bowdoin Fjord, Northwestern Greenland. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 123 (5), 1666-1682, doi:10.1029/2017JG004248.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1274">Juul-Pedersen, T. et al., 2015: Seasonal and interannual phytoplankton production in a sub-Arctic tidewater outlet glacier fjord, SW Greenland. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 524, 27-38, doi:10.3354/meps11174.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1275">Cape, M. R. et al., 2018: Nutrient release to oceans from buoyancy-driven upwelling at Greenland tidewater glaciers. Nature Geoscience, 12 (1), 34-39, doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0268-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1276">Kanna, N. et al., 2018: Upwelling of Macronutrients and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon by a Subglacial Freshwater Driven Plume in Bowdoin Fjord, Northwestern Greenland. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 123 (5), 1666-1682, doi:10.1029/2017JG004248.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1277">Gerringa, L. J. A. et al., 2012: Iron from melting glaciers fuels the phytoplankton blooms in Amundsen Sea (Southern Ocean): Iron biogeochemistry. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 71-76, 16-31, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.03.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1278">Shadwick, E. H. et al., 2013: Glacier tongue calving reduced dense water formation and enhanced carbon uptake. Geophysical Research Letters, 40 (5), 904-909, doi:10.1002/grl.50178.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1279">Herraiz-Borreguero, L. et al., 2016: Large flux of iron from the Amery Ice Shelf marine ice to Prydz Bay, East Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121 (8), 6009-6020, doi:10.1002/2016jc011687.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1280">Death, R. et al., 2014: Antarctic ice sheet fertilises the Southern Ocean. Biogeosciences, 11 (10), 2635-2643, doi:10.5194/bg-11-2635-2014.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1281">Duprat, L. P. A. M., G. R. Bigg and D. J. Wilton, 2016: Enhanced Southern Ocean marine productivity due to fertilization by giant icebergs. Nature Geoscience, 9, 219, doi:10.1038/ngeo2633.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1282">Wu, C. et al., 2017: Present-day and future contribution of climate and fires to vegetation composition in the boreal forest of China. Ecosphere, 8 (8), e01917, doi:10.1002/ecs2.1917.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1283">Hawkings, J. et al., 2016: The Greenland Ice Sheet as a hot spot of phosphorus weathering and export in the Arctic. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 30 (2), 191-210, doi:10.1002/2015GB005237.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1284">Hawkings, J. et al., 2016: The Greenland Ice Sheet as a hot spot of phosphorus weathering and export in the Arctic. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 30 (2), 191-210, doi:10.1002/2015GB005237.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1285">Cook, A. J. et al., 2016: Ocean forcing of glacier retreat in the western Antarctic Peninsula. Science, 353 (6296), 283, doi:10.1126/science.aae0017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1286">Monien, D. et al., 2017: Meltwater as a source of potentially bioavailable iron to Antarctica waters. Antarctic Science, 29 (3), 277-291, doi:10.1017/S095410201600064X.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1287">Wehrmann, L. M. et al., 2014: Iron and manganese speciation and cycling in glacially influenced high-latitude fjord sediments (West Spitsbergen, Svalbard): Evidence for a benthic recycling-transport mechanism. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 141, 628-655, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2014.06.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1288">Meire, L. et al., 2017: Marine-terminating glaciers sustain high productivity in Greenland fjords. Glob Chang Biol, 23 (12), 5344-5357, doi:10.1111/gcb.13801.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1289">Morlighem, M. et al., 2017: BedMachine v3: Complete Bed Topography and Ocean Bathymetry Mapping of Greenland From Multibeam Echo Sounding Combined With Mass Conservation. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (21), 11,051-11,061, doi:10.1002/2017GL074954.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1290">Meire, L. et al., 2017: Marine-terminating glaciers sustain high productivity in Greenland fjords. Glob Chang Biol, 23 (12), 5344-5357, doi:10.1111/gcb.13801.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1291">Hopwood, M. J. et al., 2018: Non-linear response of summertime marine productivity to increased meltwater discharge around Greenland. Nat Commun, 9 (1), 3256, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05488-8.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1292">Meire, L. et al., 2017: Marine-terminating glaciers sustain high productivity in Greenland fjords. Glob Chang Biol, 23 (12), 5344-5357, doi:10.1111/gcb.13801.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1293">Milner, A. M. et al., 2017: Glacier shrinkage driving global changes in downstream systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114 (37), 9770-9778.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1294">Bourgeois, S. et al., 2016: Glacier inputs influence organic matter composition and prokaryotic distribution in a high Arctic fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard). Journal of Marine Systems, 164, 112-127, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.08.009.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1295">Meire, L. et al., 2017: Marine-terminating glaciers sustain high productivity in Greenland fjords. Glob Chang Biol, 23 (12), 5344-5357, doi:10.1111/gcb.13801.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1296">Wehrmann, L. M. et al., 2013: The evolution of early diagenetic signals in Bering Sea subseafloor sediments in response to varying organic carbon deposition over the last 4.3Ma. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 109, 175-196, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2013.01.025.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1297">Smith, R. W. et al., 2015: High rates of organic carbon burial in fjord sediments globally. Nature Geosci, 8 (6), 450-453, doi:10.1038/ngeo2421.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1298">Lydersen, C. et al., 2014: The importance of tidewater glaciers for marine mammals and seabirds in Svalbard, Norway. Journal of Marine Systems, 129, 452-471, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2013.09.006.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1299">Meire, L. et al., 2017: Marine-terminating glaciers sustain high productivity in Greenland fjords. Glob Chang Biol, 23 (12), 5344-5357, doi:10.1111/gcb.13801.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1300">Laidre, K. L. et al., 2016: Use of glacial fronts by narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in West Greenland. Biol Lett, 12 (10), doi:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0457.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1301">Lydersen, C. et al., 2014: The importance of tidewater glaciers for marine mammals and seabirds in Svalbard, Norway. Journal of Marine Systems, 129, 452-471, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2013.09.006.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1302">Gutt, J. et al., 2011: Biodiversity change after climate-induced ice-shelf collapse in the Antarctic. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 58 (1), 74-83, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.024.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1303">Fillinger, L., D. Janussen, T. Lundälv and C. Richter, 2013: Rapid Glass Sponge Expansion after Climate-Induced Antarctic Ice Shelf Collapse. Current Biology, 23 (14), 1330-1334, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.051.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1304">Trathan, P. N., S. M. Grant, V. Siegel and K. H. Kock, 2013: Precautionary spatial protection to facilitate the scientific study of habitats and communities under ice shelves in the context of recent, rapid, regional climate change. CCAMLR Science, 20, 139-151.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1305">Hauquier, F., L. Ballesteros-Redondo, J. Gutt and A. Vanreusel, 2016: Community dynamics of nematodes after Larsen ice-shelf collapse in the eastern Antarctic Peninsula. Ecol Evol, 6 (1), 305-17, doi:10.1002/ece3.1869.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1306">Ingels, J., R. B. Aronson and C. R. Smith, 2018: The scientific response to Antarctic ice-shelf loss. Nature Climate Change, 8 (10), 848-851, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0290-y.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1307">Gutt, J. et al., 2011: Biodiversity change after climate-induced ice-shelf collapse in the Antarctic. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 58 (1), 74-83, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.024.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1308">Fillinger, L., D. Janussen, T. Lundälv and C. Richter, 2013: Rapid Glass Sponge Expansion after Climate-Induced Antarctic Ice Shelf Collapse. Current Biology, 23 (14), 1330-1334, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.051.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1309">Trathan, P. N., S. M. Grant, V. Siegel and K. H. Kock, 2013: Precautionary spatial protection to facilitate the scientific study of habitats and communities under ice shelves in the context of recent, rapid, regional climate change. CCAMLR Science, 20, 139-151.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1310">Hauquier, F., L. Ballesteros-Redondo, J. Gutt and A. Vanreusel, 2016: Community dynamics of nematodes after Larsen ice-shelf collapse in the eastern Antarctic Peninsula. Ecol Evol, 6 (1), 305-17, doi:10.1002/ece3.1869.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1311">Trathan, P. N., S. M. Grant, V. Siegel and K. H. Kock, 2013: Precautionary spatial protection to facilitate the scientific study of habitats and communities under ice shelves in the context of recent, rapid, regional climate change. CCAMLR Science, 20, 139-151.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1312">Barnes, D. K. A. et al., 2018: Icebergs, sea ice, blue carbon and Antarctic climate feedbacks. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci, 376 (2122), doi:10.1098/rsta.2017.0176.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1313">Trathan, P. N., S. M. Grant, V. Siegel and K. H. Kock, 2013: Precautionary spatial protection to facilitate the scientific study of habitats and communities under ice shelves in the context of recent, rapid, regional climate change. CCAMLR Science, 20, 139-151.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1314">Grange, L. J. and C. R. Smith, 2013: Megafaunal communities in rapidly warming fjords along the West Antarctic Peninsula: hotspots of abundance and beta diversity. Plos One, 8 (12), e77917, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077917.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1315">Moon, H. W., W. M. R. W. Hussin, H. C. Kim and I. Y. Ahn, 2015: The impacts of climate change on Antarctic nearshore mega-epifaunal benthic assemblages in a glacial fjord on King George Island: Responses and implications. Ecological Indicators, 57, 280-292, doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.04.031.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1316">Sahade, R. et al., 2015: Climate change and glacier retreat drive shifts in an Antarctic benthic ecosystem. Science Advances, 1, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500050</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1317">Fürst, J. J. et al., 2016: The safety band of Antarctic ice shelves. Nature Climate Change, 6, 479, doi:10.1038/nclimate2912.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1318">Khazendar, A. et al., 2016: Rapid submarine ice melting in the grounding zones of ice shelves in West Antarctica. Nature Communications, 7, 13243, doi:10.1038/ncomms13243.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1319">Macayeal, D. R. and O. V. Sergienko, 2013: The flexural dynamics of melting ice shelves. Annals of Glaciology, 54 (63), 1-10, doi:10.3189/2013AoG63A256.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1320">Bell, R. E. et al., 2017: Antarctic ice shelf potentially stabilized by export of meltwater in surface river. Nature, 544 (7650), 344–348, doi:10.1038/nature22048.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1321">Konrad, H. et al., 2018: Net retreat of Antarctic glacier grounding line. Nature Geosciences, 11, 258-262, doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0082-z.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1322">Gomez, N., D. Pollard and D. Holland, 2015: Sea-level feedback lowers projections of future Antarctic Ice-Sheet mass loss. Nature Communications, 6, 8798, doi:10.1038/ncomms9798.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1323">Barletta, V. R. et al., 2018: Observed rapid bedrock uplift in Amundsen Sea Embayment promotes ice-sheet stability. Science, 360 (6395), 1335-1339, doi:10.1126/science.aao1447.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1324">Li, X. et al., 2015b: Grounding line retreat of Totten Glacier, East Antarctica, 1996 to 2013. Geophysical Research Letters, 42 (19), 8049-8056, doi:10.1002/2015GL065701.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1325">Aitken, A. R. A. et al., 2016: Repeated large-scale retreat and advance of Totten Glacier indicated by inland bed erosion. Nature, 533, 385, doi:10.1038/nature17447.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1326">Roberts, J. et al., 2018: Ocean forced variability of Totten Glacier mass loss. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 461 (1), 175-186, doi:10.1144/sp461.6.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1327">Parizek, B. R. et al., 2019: Ice-cliff failure via retrogressive slumping. Geology, 47 (5), 449-452, doi:10.1130/g45880.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1328">Pollard, D., R. M. DeConto and R. B. Alley, 2015: Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 412, 112-121, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.035.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1329">DeConto, R. M. and D. Pollard, 2016: Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise. Nature, 531 (7596), 591-597, doi:10.1038/nature17145.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1330">Edwards, T. L. et al., 2019: Revisiting Antarctic ice loss due to marine ice-cliff instability. Nature, 566 (7742), 58-64, doi:10.1038/s41586-019-0901-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1331">Golledge, N. R. et al., 2014: Antarctic contribution to meltwater pulse 1A from reduced Southern Ocean overturning. Nature Communications, 5 (5107), 1-10, doi:10.1038/ncomms6107.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1332">Weber, M. E. et al., 2014: Millennial-scale variability in Antarctic ice-sheet discharge during the last deglaciation. Nature, 510, 134, doi:10.1038/nature13397.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1333">Small, D. et al., 2019: Antarctic ice sheet palaeo-thinning rates from vertical transects of cosmogenic exposure ages. Quaternary Science Reviews, 206, 65-80, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.024.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1334">Jones, R. S. et al., 2015b: Rapid Holocene thinning of an East Antarctic outlet glacier driven by marine ice sheet instability. Nature Communications, 6, 8910, doi:10.1038/ncomms9910.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1335">Wise, M. G., J. A. Dowdeswell, M. Jakobsson and R. D. Larter, 2017: Evidence of marine ice-cliff instability in Pine Island Bay from iceberg-keel plough marks. Nature, 550 (7677), 506-510, doi:10.1038/nature24458.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1336">King, M. D. et al., 2018: Seasonal to decadal variability in ice discharge from the Greenland Ice Sheet. The Cryosphere, 12 (12), 3813-3825, doi:10.5194/tc-12-3813-2018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1337">Barletta, V. R. et al., 2018: Observed rapid bedrock uplift in Amundsen Sea Embayment promotes ice-sheet stability. Science, 360 (6395), 1335-1339, doi:10.1126/science.aao1447.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1338">Golledge, N. R. et al., 2014: Antarctic contribution to meltwater pulse 1A from reduced Southern Ocean overturning. Nature Communications, 5 (5107), 1-10, doi:10.1038/ncomms6107.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1339">Hillenbrand, C.-D. et al., 2017: West Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by Holocene warm water incursions. Nature, 547, 43, doi:10.1038/nature22995.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1340">Jones, R. S. et al., 2015b: Rapid Holocene thinning of an East Antarctic outlet glacier driven by marine ice sheet instability. Nature Communications, 6, 8910, doi:10.1038/ncomms9910.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1341">Wise, M. G., J. A. Dowdeswell, M. Jakobsson and R. D. Larter, 2017: Evidence of marine ice-cliff instability in Pine Island Bay from iceberg-keel plough marks. Nature, 550 (7677), 506-510, doi:10.1038/nature24458.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1342">Pattyn, F., 2018: The paradigm shift in Antarctic ice sheet modelling. Nature Communications, 9 (2728), 1-3, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05003-z.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1343">Pollard, D., R. M. DeConto and R. B. Alley, 2015: Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 412, 112-121, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.035.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1344">DeConto, R. M. and D. Pollard, 2016: Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise. Nature, 531 (7596), 591-597, doi:10.1038/nature17145.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1345">Aitken, A. R. A. et al., 2016: Repeated large-scale retreat and advance of Totten Glacier indicated by inland bed erosion. Nature, 533, 385, doi:10.1038/nature17447.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1346">Morlighem, M. et al., 2017: BedMachine v3: Complete Bed Topography and Ocean Bathymetry Mapping of Greenland From Multibeam Echo Sounding Combined With Mass Conservation. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (21), 11,051-11,061, doi:10.1002/2017GL074954.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1347">Mouginot, J. et al., 2015: Fast retreat of Zachariæ Isstrøm, northeast Greenland. Science, 350 (6266), 1357-1361, doi:10.1126/science.aac7111.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1348">Schaefer, J. M. et al., 2016: Greenland was nearly ice-free for extended periods during the Pleistocene. Nature, 540 (7632), 252-255, doi:10.1038/nature20146.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1349">Parizek, B. R. et al., 2019: Ice-cliff failure via retrogressive slumping. Geology, 47 (5), 449-452, doi:10.1130/g45880.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1350">Estilow, T. W., A. H. Young and D. A. Robinson, 2015: A long-term Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent data record for climate studies and monitoring. Earth System Science Data, 7, 137-142, doi:10.5194/essd-7-137-2015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1351">Mudryk, L., P. Kushner, C. Derksen and C. Thackeray, 2017: Snow cover response to temperature in observational and climate model ensembles. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (2), 919-926, doi:doi:10.1002/2016GL071789.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1352">Bulygina, O. N., P. Y. Groisman, V. N. Razuvaev and N. N. Korshunova, 2011: Changes in snow cover characteristics over Northern Eurasia since 1966. Environmental Research Letters, 6 (4), 045204, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045204.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1353">Brower, A. A. et al., 2017: Gray whale distribution relative to benthic invertebrate biomass and abundance: Northeastern Chukchi Sea 2009–2012. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 144, 156-174, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.12.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1354">Wang, L., C. Derksen and R. Brown, 2013: Recent changes in pan-Arctic melt onset from satellite passive microwave measurements. Geophysical Research Letters, 40, 522–528, doi:10.1002/grl.50098.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1355">Estilow, T. W., A. H. Young and D. A. Robinson, 2015: A long-term Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent data record for climate studies and monitoring. Earth System Science Data, 7, 137-142, doi:10.5194/essd-7-137-2015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1356">Anttila, K. et al., 2018: The role of climate and land use in the changes in surface albedo prior to snow melt and the timing of melt season of seasonal snow in northern land areas of 40°N–80°N during 1982–2015. Remote Sensing, 10 (10), 1619, doi:10.3390/rs10101619.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1357">Liston, G. and C. Hiemstra, 2011: The changing cryosphere: pan-Arctic snow trends (1979–2009). Journal of Climate, 24, 5691-5712, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-11-00081.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1358">Brower, A. A. et al., 2017: Gray whale distribution relative to benthic invertebrate biomass and abundance: Northeastern Chukchi Sea 2009–2012. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 144, 156-174, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.12.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1359">Hernández-Henríquez, M., S. Déry and C. Derksen, 2015: Polar amplification and elevation-dependence in trends of Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent. Environmental Research Letters, 10, 044010, doi:doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/4/044010.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1360">Brown, R. and C. Derksen, 2013: Is Eurasian October snow cover extent increasing? Environmental Research Letters, 8, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024006.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1361">Mudryk, L., P. Kushner, C. Derksen and C. Thackeray, 2017: Snow cover response to temperature in observational and climate model ensembles. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (2), 919-926, doi:doi:10.1002/2016GL071789.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1362">Bulygina, O. N., P. Y. Groisman, V. N. Razuvaev and N. N. Korshunova, 2011: Changes in snow cover characteristics over Northern Eurasia since 1966. Environmental Research Letters, 6 (4), 045204, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045204.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1363">Osokin, N. I. and A. V. Sosnovsky, 2014: Spatial and temporal variability of depth and density of the snow cover in Russia. Ice and Snow, 4, 72-80, doi:10.15356/2076-6734-2014-4-72-80.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1364">Vincent et al., 2015: Observed trends in Canada’s climate and influence of low-frequency variability modes. Journal of Climate, 28, 4545-4560, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-14-00697.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1365">Brower, A. A. et al., 2017: Gray whale distribution relative to benthic invertebrate biomass and abundance: Northeastern Chukchi Sea 2009–2012. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 144, 156-174, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.12.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1366">Brower, A. A. et al., 2017: Gray whale distribution relative to benthic invertebrate biomass and abundance: Northeastern Chukchi Sea 2009–2012. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 144, 156-174, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.12.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1367">Brower, A. A. et al., 2017: Gray whale distribution relative to benthic invertebrate biomass and abundance: Northeastern Chukchi Sea 2009–2012. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 144, 156-174, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.12.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1368">Liston, G. and C. Hiemstra, 2011: The changing cryosphere: pan-Arctic snow trends (1979–2009). Journal of Climate, 24, 5691-5712, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-11-00081.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1369">Park, H., H. Yabuki and T. Ohata, 2012: Analysis of satellite and model datasets for variability and trends in Arctic snow extent and depth, 1948–2006. Polar Science, 6, 23-37, doi:10.1016/j.polar.2011.11.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1370">Brower, A. A. et al., 2017: Gray whale distribution relative to benthic invertebrate biomass and abundance: Northeastern Chukchi Sea 2009–2012. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 144, 156-174, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.12.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1371">Cowtan, K. and R. G. Way, 2014: Coverage bias in the HadCRUT4 temperature series and its impact on recent temperature trends. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 140 (683), 1935-1944, doi:10.1002/qj.2297.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1372">Hawkins, E. and R. Sutton, 2012: Time of emergence of climate signals. Geophysical Research Letters, 39 (1), doi:10.1029/2011gl050087.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1373">Fyfe, J. C. et al., 2013: One hundred years of Arctic surface temperature variation due to anthropogenic influence. Scientific Reports, 3, 2645, doi:10.1038/srep02645</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1374">Brutel-Vuilmet, C., M. Ménégoz and G. Krinner, 2013: An analysis of present and future seasonal Northern Hemisphere land snow cover simulated by CMIP5 coupled climate models. The Cryosphere, 7 (1), 67-80, doi:10.5194/tc-7-67-2013.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1375">Thackeray, C. W. and C. G. Fletcher, 2016: Snow albedo feedback: Current knowledge, importance, outstanding issues and future directions. Progress in Physical Geography, 40 (3), 392-408, doi:10.1177/0309133315620999.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1376">Mudryk, L., P. Kushner, C. Derksen and C. Thackeray, 2017: Snow cover response to temperature in observational and climate model ensembles. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (2), 919-926, doi:doi:10.1002/2016GL071789.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1377">Brown, R. and C. Derksen, 2013: Is Eurasian October snow cover extent increasing? Environmental Research Letters, 8, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024006.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1378">Brower, A. A. et al., 2017: Gray whale distribution relative to benthic invertebrate biomass and abundance: Northeastern Chukchi Sea 2009–2012. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 144, 156-174, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.12.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1379">Derksen, C. and R. Brown, 2012: Spring snow cover extent reductions in the 2008–2012 period exceeding climate model projections. Geophysical Research Letters, 39 (19), L19504, doi:10.1029/2012gl053387.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1380">Brown, R. and C. Derksen, 2013: Is Eurasian October snow cover extent increasing? Environmental Research Letters, 8, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024006.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1381">Bullard, J. E. et al., 2016: High-latitude dust in the Earth system. Reviews of Geophysics, 54 (2), 447-485, doi:10.1002/2016rg000518.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1382">Skiles, S. M. et al., 2018: Radiative forcing by light-absorbing particles in snow. Nature Climate Change, 8 (11), 964-971, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0296-5.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1383">Boy, M. et al., 2019: Interactions between the atmosphere, cryosphere, and ecosystems at northern high latitudes. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19 (3), 2015-2061, doi:10.5194/acp-19-2015-2019.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1384">Lindsay, R., M. Wensnahan, A. Schweiger and J. Zhang, 2014: Evaluation of Seven Different Atmospheric Reanalysis Products in the Arctic. Journal of Climate, 27 (7), 2588-2606, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-13-00014.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1385">Sturm, M. and S. Stuefer, 2013: Wind-blown flux rates derived from drifts at arctic snow fences. Journal of Glaciology, 59 (213), 21-34, doi:10.3189/2013JoG12J110.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1386">AMAP, 2017d: Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA). Arctic Council Secretariat, Oslo, Norway, xiv + 269 pp [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/download/2987/inline ; Access Date: 10 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1387">Biskaborn, B. K. et al., 2019: Permafrost is warming at a global scale. Nat Commun, 10 (1), 264, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08240-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1388">Shiklomanov, N. I., D. A. Streletskiy and F. E. Nelson, 2012: Northern Hemisphere component of the global Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) program. In: 10th International Conference on Permafrost, Salekhard, Russia, 377-382.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1389">Mekonnen, A., J. A. Renwick and A. Sánchez-Lugo, 2016: Regional climates [in “State of the Climate in 2015”]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 97 (8), S173–S226.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1390">AMAP, 2017d: Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA). Arctic Council Secretariat, Oslo, Norway, xiv + 269 pp [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/download/2987/inline ; Access Date: 10 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1391">Streletskiy, D. A. et al., 2017: Thaw Subsidence in Undisturbed Tundra Landscapes, Barrow, Alaska, 1962-2015. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 28 (3), 566-572, doi:10.1002/ppp.1918.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1392">Bockheim, J. et al., 2013: Climate warming and permafrost dynamics in the Antarctic Peninsula region. Global and Planetary Change, 100, 215-223, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.10.018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1393">Lawrence, D. M. et al., 2011: The CCSM4 Land Simulation, 1850–2005: Assessment of Surface Climate and New Capabilities. Journal of Climate, 25 (7), 2240-2260, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-11-00103.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1394">Kylling, A., C. D. Groot Zwaaftink and A. Stohl, 2018: Mineral Dust Instantaneous Radiative Forcing in the Arctic. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (9), 4290-4298, doi:10.1029/2018gl077346.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1395">Flanner, M. G., C. S. Zender, J. T. Randerson and P. J. Rasch, 2007: Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112 (D11), D11202, doi:10.1029/2006jd008003.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1396">Lin, G. et al., 2014: Radiative forcing of organic aerosol in the atmosphere and on snow: Effects of SOA and brown carbon. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 119 (12), 7453-7476, doi:10.1002/2013jd021186.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1397">Yang, D., 2014: Double Fence Intercomparison Reference (DFIR) vs. Bush Gauge for “true” snowfall measurement. Journal of Hydrology, 509 (Supplement C), 94-100, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.08.052.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1398">Kononova, N. K., 2012: The influence of atmospheric circulation on the formation of snow cover on the north eastern Siberia. Ice and Snow, 1, 38/53, doi:10.15356/2076-6734-2012-1-38-53.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1399">Vincent et al., 2015: Observed trends in Canada’s climate and influence of low-frequency variability modes. Journal of Climate, 28, 4545-4560, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-14-00697.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1400">Lique, C. et al., 2016: Modeling the Arctic freshwater system and its integration in the global system: Lessons learned and future challenges. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 121 (3), 540-566, doi:10.1002/2015jg003120.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1401">Vihma, T. et al., 2016: The atmospheric role in the Arctic water cycle: A review on processes, past and future changes, and their impacts. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 121 (3), 586-620, doi:10.1002/2015jg003132.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1402">Gruber, S., 2012: Derivation and analysis of a high-resolution estimate of global permafrost zonation. The Cryosphere, 6 (1), 221-233, doi:10.5194/tc-6-221-2012.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1403">Noetzli, J. et al., 2017: Permafrost thermal state [Blunden, J. and D. S. Arndt (eds.)]. State of the Climate in 2017, 99, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., Si–S332.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1404">Biskaborn, B. K. et al., 2019: Permafrost is warming at a global scale. Nat Commun, 10 (1), 264, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08240-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1405">Kanevskiy, M. et al., 2013: Ground ice in the upper permafrost of the Beaufort Sea coast of Alaska. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 85, 56-70, doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.08.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1406">Raynolds, M. K. et al., 2014: Cumulative geoecological effects of 62 years of infrastructure and climate change in ice-rich permafrost landscapes, Prudhoe Bay Oilfield, Alaska. Global Change Biology, 20 (4), 1211-1224, doi:10.1111/gcb.12500.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1407">Kanevskiy, M. et al., 2013: Ground ice in the upper permafrost of the Beaufort Sea coast of Alaska. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 85, 56-70, doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.08.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1408">Schirrmeister, L. et al., 2011: Fossil organic matter characteristics in permafrost deposits of the northeast Siberian Arctic. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 116 (G2), G00M02, doi:10.1029/2011jg001647.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1409">Straneo, F. et al., 2017: Characteristics of ocean waters reaching Greenland’s glaciers. Annals of Glaciology, 53 (60), 202-210, doi:10.3189/2012AoG60A059.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1410">Zhang, T. et al., 2008: Statistics and characteristics of permafrost and ground-ice distribution in the Northern Hemisphere. Polar Geography, 31 (1-2), 47-68, doi:10.1080/10889370802175895.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1411">Mudryk, L., P. Kushner, C. Derksen and C. Thackeray, 2017: Snow cover response to temperature in observational and climate model ensembles. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (2), 919-926, doi:doi:10.1002/2016GL071789.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1412">Romanovsky, V. et al., 2017: Changing permafrost and its impacts. In: Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA). Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, 65-102.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1413">Holmes, R. M. et al., 2018: River Discharge [Jeffries, M. O., J. Richter-Menge and J. E. Overland (eds.)]. Arctic Report Card, Update for 2018 [Available at: https://www.arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2018/ArtMID/7878/ArticleID/786/River-Discharge%5D .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1414">Schuur, E. A. G. et al., 2015: Climate change and the permafrost carbon feedback. Nature, 520 (7546), 171-179, doi:10.1038/nature14338.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1415">Schuster, P. F. et al., 2018: Permafrost Stores a Globally Significant Amount of Mercury. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (3), 1463-1471, doi:10.1002/2017GL075571.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1416">Tarnocai, C. et al., 2009: Soil organic carbon pools in the northern circumpolar permafrost region. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 23, GB2023, doi:10.1029/2008gb003327.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1417">Hugelius, G. et al., 2014: Estimated stocks of circumpolar permafrost carbon with quantified uncertainty ranges and identified data gaps. Biogeosciences, 11 (23), 6573-6593, doi:10.5194/bg-11-6573-2014.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1418">Jobbágy, E. G. and R. B. Jackson, 2000: The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation. Ecological Applications, 10 (2), 423-436, doi:10.1890/1051-0761.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1419">Schuur, E. A. G. et al., 2015: Climate change and the permafrost carbon feedback. Nature, 520 (7546), 171-179, doi:10.1038/nature14338.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1420">Straneo, F. et al., 2013: Challenges to understanding the dynamic response of Greenland’s marine terminating glaciers to oc eanic and atmospheric forcing. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 94 (8), 1131-1144, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00100.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1421">Straneo, F. et al., 2017: Characteristics of ocean waters reaching Greenland’s glaciers. Annals of Glaciology, 53 (60), 202-210, doi:10.3189/2012AoG60A059.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1422">Schuur, E. A. G. et al., 2015: Climate change and the permafrost carbon feedback. Nature, 520 (7546), 171-179, doi:10.1038/nature14338.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1423">Walter, K. M. et al., 2007: Thermokarst Lakes as a Source of Atmospheric CH4 During the Last Deglaciation. Science, 318 (5850), 633-636, doi:10.1126/science.1142924.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1424">Rupp, T. S. et al., 2016: Climate Scenarios, Land Cover, and Wildland Fire. In: Baseline and Projected Future Carbon Storage and Greenhouse-Gas Fluxes in Ecosystems of Alaska [Zhu, Z. and A. D. McGuire (eds.)], USGS Professional Paper 1826, 196.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1425">Portnov, A. et al., 2013: Offshore permafrost decay and massive seabed methane escape in water depths &gt;20 m at the South Kara Sea shelf. Geophysical Research Letters, 40 (15), 3962-3967, doi:10.1002/grl.50735.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1426">Anisimov, O. A., I. I. Borzenkova, S. A. Lavrov and J. G. Strelchenko, 2012: Dynamics of sub-aquatic permafrost and methane emission at eastern Arctic sea shelf under past and future climatic changes. Ice and Snow, 2, 97-105, doi:10.1002/lno.10307.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1427">AMAP, 2017d: Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA). Arctic Council Secretariat, Oslo, Norway, xiv + 269 pp [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/download/2987/inline ; Access Date: 10 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1428">Angelopoulos, M. et al., 2019: Heat and Salt Flow in Subsea Permafrost Modeled with CryoGRID2. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 124 (4), 920-937, doi:10.1029/2018jf004823.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1429">Smith, M. D., A. K. Knapp and S. L. Collins, 2009: A framework for assessing ecosystem dynamics in response to chronic resource alterations induced by global change. Ecology, 90 (12), 3279-3289, doi:10.1890/08-1815.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1430">Grosse, G. et al., 2011: Vulnerability of high-latitude soil organic carbon in North America to disturbance. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116 (G4), G00K06, doi:10.1029/2010jg001507.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1431">Kanevskiy, M. et al., 2013: Ground ice in the upper permafrost of the Beaufort Sea coast of Alaska. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 85, 56-70, doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.08.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1432">Gibson, C. M. et al., 2018: Wildfire as a major driver of recent permafrost thaw in boreal peatlands. Nat Commun, 9 (1), 3041, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05457-1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1433">Kasischke, E. S. and M. R. Turetsky, 2006: Recent changes in the fire regime across the North American boreal region—Spatial and temporal patterns of burning across Canada and Alaska. Geophysical Research Letters, 33 (9), L09703, doi:10.1029/2006gl025677.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1434">Flannigan, M., B. Stocks, M. Turetsky and M. Wotton, 2009: Impacts of climate change on fire activity and fire management in the circumboreal forest. Global Change Biology, 15 (3), 549-560, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01660.x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1435">Kelly, R. et al., 2013: Recent burning of boreal forests exceeds fire regime limits of the past 10,000 years. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 110 (32), 13055-13060, doi:10.1073/pnas.1305069110.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1436">Hanes, C. C. et al., 2019: Fire-regime changes in Canada over the last half century. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 49 (3), 256-269, doi:10.1139/cjfr-2018-0293.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1437">Gillett, N. P., 2004: Detecting the effect of climate change on Canadian forest fires. Geophysical Research Letters, 31 (18), L18211, doi:10.1029/2004gl020876.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1438">Veraverbeke, S. et al., 2017: Lightning as a major driver of recent large fire years in North American boreal forests. Nature Climate Change, 7 (7), 529-534, doi:10.1038/nclimate3329.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1439">van der Werf, G. R. et al., 2010: Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997–2009). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10 (23), 11707-11735, doi:10.5194/acp-10-11707-2010.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1440">Giglio, L., J. T. Randerson and G. R. van der Werf, 2013: Analysis of daily, monthly, and annual burned area using the fourth-generation global fire emissions database (GFED4). Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 118 (1), 317-328, doi:10.1002/jgrg.20042.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1441">Canadian Forest Service, 2017: National Fire Database; Agency Fire Data. , Edmonton, Alberta.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1442">van der Werf, G. R. et al., 2010: Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997–2009). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10 (23), 11707-11735, doi:10.5194/acp-10-11707-2010.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1443">Randerson, J. T. et al., 2012: Global burned area and biomass burning emissions from small fires. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 117 (G4), G04012, doi:10.1029/2012JG002128.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1444">Giglio, L., J. T. Randerson and G. R. van der Werf, 2013: Analysis of daily, monthly, and annual burned area using the fourth-generation global fire emissions database (GFED4). Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 118 (1), 317-328, doi:10.1002/jgrg.20042.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1445">French, N. H. et al., 2015: Fire in Arctic tundra of Alaska: past fire activity, future fire potential, and significance for land management and ecology. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 24 (8), 1045-1061, doi:10.1071/WF14167.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1446">Pastick, N. J. et al., 2017: Historical and projected trends in landscape drivers affecting carbon dynamics in Alaska. Ecol Appl, 27 (5), 1383-1402, doi:10.1002/eap.1538.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1447">Turetsky, M. R. et al., 2011: Recent acceleration of biomass burning and carbon losses in Alaskan forests and peatlands. Nature Geoscience, 4 (1), 27-31, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1027 .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1448">Rupp, T. S. et al., 2016: Climate Scenarios, Land Cover, and Wildland Fire. In: Baseline and Projected Future Carbon Storage and Greenhouse-Gas Fluxes in Ecosystems of Alaska [Zhu, Z. and A. D. McGuire (eds.)], USGS Professional Paper 1826, 196.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1449">Pastick, N. J. et al., 2017: Historical and projected trends in landscape drivers affecting carbon dynamics in Alaska. Ecol Appl, 27 (5), 1383-1402, doi:10.1002/eap.1538.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1450">Balser, A. W., J. B. Jones and R. Gens, 2014: Timing of retrogressive thaw slump initiation in the Noatak Basin, northwest Alaska, USA. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 119 (5), 1106-1120, doi:10.1002/2013JF002889.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1451">Kokelj, S. V. et al., 2015: Increased precipitation drives mega slump development and destabilization of ice-rich permafrost terrain, northwestern Canada. Global and Planetary Change, 129, 56-68, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.02.008.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1452">Jones, B. M. et al., 2015a: Recent Arctic tundra fire initiates widespread thermokarst development. Scientific Reports, 5, 15865, doi:10.1038/srep15865.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1453">Kokelj, S. V. et al., 2017: Climate-driven thaw of permafrost preserved glacial landscapes, northwestern Canada. Geology, 45 (4), 371-374, doi:10.1130/G38626.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1454">Nitze, I. et al., 2018: Remote sensing quantifies widespread abundance of permafrost region disturbances across the Arctic and Subarctic. Nat Commun, 9 (1), 5423, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07663-3.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1455">Olefeldt, D. et al., 2016: Circumpolar distribution and carbon storage of thermokarst landscapes. Nature Communications, 7, 13043, doi:10.1038/ncomms13043.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1456">Prowse, T. et al., 2015: Arctic Freshwater Synthesis: Summary of key emerging issues. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 120 (10), 1887-1893, doi:10.1002/2015JG003128.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1457">Walvoord, M. A. and B. L. Kurylyk, 2016: Hydrologic Impacts of Thawing Permafrost—A Review. Vadose Zone Journal, 15 (6), doi:10.2136/vzj2016.01.0010.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1458">Takakura, H., 2018: Local Perception of River Thaw and Spring Flooding of the Lena River. In: Global Warming and Human-Nature Dimension in Northern Eurasia [Hiyama, T. and H. Takakura (eds.)]. Springer, Singapore, 29-51.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1459">Shiklomanov, A. I. and R. B. Lammers, 2014: River ice responses to a warming Arctic—recent evidence from Russian rivers. Environmental Research Letters, 9 (3), 035008, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/3/035008.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1460">Park, H. et al., 2015: Quantification of Warming Climate-Induced Changes in Terrestrial Arctic River Ice Thickness and Phenology. Journal of Climate, 29 (5), 1733-1754, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-15-0569.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1461">Cooley, S. W. and T. M. Pavelsky, 2016: Spatial and temporal patterns in Arctic river ice breakup revealed by automated ice detection from MODIS imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 175 (Supplement C), 310-322, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2016.01.004.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1462">Šmejkalová, T., M. E. Edwards and J. Dash, 2016: Arctic lakes show strong decadal trend in earlier spring ice-out. Scientific Reports, 6, 38449, doi:10.1038/srep38449.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1463">Du, J. et al., 2017: Satellite microwave assessment of Northern Hemisphere lake ice phenology from 2002 to 2015. The Cryosphere, 11 (1), 47-63, doi:10.5194/tc-11-47-2017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1464">Alexeev, V., A. , C. D. Arp, B. M. Jones and L. Cai, 2016: Arctic sea ice decline contributes to thinning lake ice trend in northern Alaska. Environmental Research Letters, 11 (7), 074022, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/7/074022.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1465">Surdu, C. M., C. R. Duguay, L. C. Brown and D. Fernández Prieto, 2014: Response of ice cover on shallow lakes of the North Slope of Alaska to contemporary climate conditions (1950–2011): radar remote-sensing and numerical modeling data analysis. The Cryosphere, 8 (1), 167-180, doi:10.5194/tc-8-167-2014.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1466">Arp, C. D. et al., 2015: Depth, ice thickness, and ice-out timing cause divergent hydrologic responses among Arctic lakes. Water Resources Research, 51 (12), 9379-9401, doi:10.1002/2015wr017362.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1467">Arp, C. D. et al., 2016: Threshold sensitivity of shallow Arctic lakes and sublake permafrost to changing winter climate. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (12), 6358-6365, doi:10.1002/2016gl068506.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1468">Bartsch, A. et al., 2017: Circumpolar Mapping of Ground-Fast Lake Ice. Frontiers in Earth Science, 5, 12, doi:10.3389/feart.2017.00012.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1469">Surdu, C. M., C. R. Duguay and D. Fernández Prieto, 2016: Evidence of recent changes in the ice regime of lakes in the Canadian High Arctic from spaceborne satellite observations. The Cryosphere, 10 (3), 941-960, doi:10.5194/tc-10-941-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1470">Troy, T. J., J. Sheffield and E. F. Wood, 2012: The role of winter precipitation and temperature on northern Eurasian streamflow trends. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 117 (D5), D05131, doi:10.1029/2011jd016208.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1471">Walvoord, M. A. and B. L. Kurylyk, 2016: Hydrologic Impacts of Thawing Permafrost—A Review. Vadose Zone Journal, 15 (6), doi:10.2136/vzj2016.01.0010.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1472">Ge, S., D. Yang and D. L. Kane, 2013: Yukon River Basin long-term (1977–2006) hydrologic and climatic analysis. Hydrological Processes, 27, 2475–2484, doi:10.1002/hyp.9282.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1473">Déry, S. J., T. A. Stadnyk, M. K. MacDonald and B. Gauli-Sharma, 2016: Recent trends and variability in river discharge across northern Canada. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20 (12), 4801-4818, doi:10.5194/hess-20-4801-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1474">Holmes, R. M. et al., 2018: River Discharge [Jeffries, M. O., J. Richter-Menge and J. E. Overland (eds.)]. Arctic Report Card, Update for 2018 [Available at: https://www.arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2018/ArtMID/7878/ArticleID/786/River-Discharge%5D .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1475">Stuefer, S. L., C. D. Arp, D. L. Kane and A. K. Liljedahl, 2017: Recent Extreme Runoff Observations From Coastal Arctic Watersheds in Alaska. Water Resources Research, 53 (11), 9145-9163, doi:doi:10.1002/2017WR020567.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1476">Walvoord, M. A. and R. G. Striegl, 2007: Increased groundwater to stream discharge from permafrost thawing in the Yukon River basin: Potential impacts on lateral export of carbon and nitrogen. Geophysical Research Letters, 34 (L12402), doi:doi:10.1029/2007GL030216.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1477">Smith, L. C. et al., 2007: Rising minimum daily flows in northern Eurasian rivers: A growing influence of groundwater in the high-latitude hydrologic cycle. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112 (G04S47), doi:doi: 10.1029/2006JG000327.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1478">Duan, L., X. Man, B. Kurylyk and T. Cai, 2017: Increasing Winter Baseflow in Response to Permafrost Thaw and Precipitation Regime Shifts in Northeastern China. Water, 9 (1), 25, doi:10.3390/w9010025.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1479">Ge, S., D. Yang and D. L. Kane, 2013: Yukon River Basin long-term (1977–2006) hydrologic and climatic analysis. Hydrological Processes, 27, 2475–2484, doi:10.1002/hyp.9282.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1480">Holmes, R. M. et al., 2015: River Discharge [Jeffries, M. O., J. Richter-Menge and J. E. Overland (eds.)]. Arctic Report Card, 2015, 60-65 [Available at: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2015/ArtMID/5037/ArticleID/227/River-Discharge%5D .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1481">Ye, B., D. Yang and D. L. Kane, 2003: Changes in Lena River streamflow hydrology: Human impacts versus natural variations. Water Resources Research, 39 (7), 1200, doi:10.1029/2003wr001991.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1482">Yang, D., B. Ye and D. L. Kane, 2004a: Streamflow changes over Siberian Yenisei River Basin. Journal of Hydrology, 296 (1), 59-80, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.03.017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1483">Yang, D., B. Ye and A. Shiklomanov, 2004b: Discharge Characteristics and Changes over the Ob River Watershed in Siberia. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 5 (4), 595-610, doi:10.1175/1525-7541.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1484">Déry, S. J., T. A. Stadnyk, M. K. MacDonald and B. Gauli-Sharma, 2016: Recent trends and variability in river discharge across northern Canada. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20 (12), 4801-4818, doi:10.5194/hess-20-4801-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1485">Webb, B. W. et al., 2008: Recent advances in stream and river temperature research. Hydrological Processes, 22 (7), 902-918, doi:10.1002/hyp.6994.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1486">Yang, D. and A. Peterson, 2017: River Water Temperature in Relation to Local Air Temperature in the Mackenzie and Yukon Basins. Arctic, 70 (1), 47-58, doi:10.14430/arctic4627.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1487">Liu, B., D. Yang, B. Ye and S. Berezovskaya, 2005: Long-term open-water season stream temperature variations and changes over Lena River Basin in Siberia. Global and Planetary Change, 48 (1), 96-111, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.12.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1488">Lammers, R. B., J. W. Pundsack and A. I. Shiklomanov, 2007: Variability in river temperature, discharge, and energy flux from the Russian pan-Arctic landmass. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 112 (G4), G04S59, doi:10.1029/2006jg000370.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1489">Yang, D., 2014: Double Fence Intercomparison Reference (DFIR) vs. Bush Gauge for “true” snowfall measurement. Journal of Hydrology, 509 (Supplement C), 94-100, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.08.052.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1490">Grosse, G., B. Jones and C. Arp, 2013: Thermokarst lakes, drainage, and drained basins. Treatise on Geomorphology, 8, 325-353, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374739-6.00216-5.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1491">Nitze, I. et al., 2017: Landsat-Based Trend Analysis of Lake Dynamics across Northern Permafrost Regions. Remote Sensing, 9 (7), 640, doi:10.3390/rs9070640.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1492">Ulrich, M. et al., 2017: Differences in behavior and distribution of permafrost-related lakes in Central Yakutia and their response to climatic drivers. Water Resources Research, 53 (2), 1167-1188, doi:10.1002/2016wr019267.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1493">Pastick, N. J. et al., 2019: Spatiotemporal remote sensing of ecosystem change and causation across Alaska. Glob Chang Biol, 25 (3), 1171-1189, doi:10.1111/gcb.14279.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1494">Liljedahl, A. K. et al., 2016: Pan-Arctic ice-wedge degradation in warming permafrost and its influence on tundra hydrology. Nature Geoscience, 9 (4), 312-318, doi:10.1038/ngeo2674.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1495">Perreault, N. et al., 2017: Remote sensing evaluation of High Arctic wetland depletion following permafrost disturbance by thermo-erosion gullying processes. Arctic Science, 3 (2), 237-253, doi:10.1139/as-2016-0047.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1496">Jepsen, S. M. et al., 2013: Linkages between lake shrinkage/expansion and sublacustrine permafrost distribution determined from remote sensing of interior Alaska, USA. Geophysical Research Letters, 40 (5), 882-887, doi:doi:10.1002/grl.50187.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1497">Rey, D. M. et al., 2019: Investigating lake-area dynamics across a permafrost-thaw spectrum using airborne electromagnetic surveys and remote sensing time-series data in Yukon Flats, Alaska. Environmental Research Letters, 14 (2), 025001, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aaf06f.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1498">Nitze, I. et al., 2018: Remote sensing quantifies widespread abundance of permafrost region disturbances across the Arctic and Subarctic. Nat Commun, 9 (1), 5423, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07663-3.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1499">Smith, L. C., Y. Sheng, G. M. MacDonald and L. D. Hinzman, 2005: Disappearing Arctic Lakes. Science, 308 (5727), 1429, doi:10.1126/science.1108142.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1500">Polishchuk, Y. M., N. A. Bryksina and V. Y. Polishchuk, 2015: Remote analysis of changes in the number of small thermokarst lakes and their distribution with respect to their sizes in the cryolithozone of Western Siberia, 2015. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 51 (9), 999-1006, doi:10.1134/s0001433815090145.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1501">Jones, B. M. et al., 2011: Modern thermokarst lake dynamics in the continuous permafrost zone, northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 116 (G2), G00M03, doi:10.1029/2011JG001666.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1502">Smith, L. C., Y. Sheng, G. M. MacDonald and L. D. Hinzman, 2005: Disappearing Arctic Lakes. Science, 308 (5727), 1429, doi:10.1126/science.1108142.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1503">Sharonov, D. S., N. A. Bryksina, V. Y. Polishuk and Y. M. Polishuk, 2012: Comparative analysis of thermokarst dynamics in permafrost territory of Western Siberia and Gorny Altai on the basis of space images. Current problems in remote sensing of the earth from space, 9 (1), 313–319.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1504">Labrecque, S. et al., 2009: Contemporary (1951–2001) evolution of lakes in the Old Crow Basin, Northern Yukon, Canada: Remote Sensing, numerical modeling, and stable isotope analysis. Arctic, 62, 225-238, doi:10.14430/arctic13.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1505">Carroll, M. L. et al., 2011: Shrinking lakes of the Arctic: Spatial relationships and trajectory of change. Geophysical Research Letters, 38 (20), doi:10.1029/2011GL049427.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1506">Lantz, T. C. and K. W. Turner, 2015: Changes in lake area in response to thermokarst processes and climate in Old Crow Flats, Yukon. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 120 (3), 513-524, doi:10.1002/2014jg002744.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1507">Chen, M. et al., 2012: Temporal and spatial pattern of thermokarst lake area changes at Yukon Flats, Alaska. Hydrological Processes, 28 (3), 837-852, doi:10.1002/hyp.9642.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1508">Rover, J., L. Ji, B. K. Wylie and L. L. Tieszen, 2012: Establishing water body areal extent trends in interior Alaska from multi-temporal Landsat data. Remote Sensing Letters, 3 (7), 595-604, doi:10.1080/01431161.2011.643507.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1509">Chen, M. et al., 2012: Temporal and spatial pattern of thermokarst lake area changes at Yukon Flats, Alaska. Hydrological Processes, 28 (3), 837-852, doi:10.1002/hyp.9642.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1510">Bouchard, F. et al., 2013: Vulnerability of shallow subarctic lakes to evaporate and desiccate when snowmelt runoff is low. Geophysical Research Letters, 40 (23), 6112-6117, doi:10.1002/2013gl058635.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1511">Jepsen, S. M., M. A. Walvoord, C. I. Voss and J. Rover, 2015: Effect of permafrost thaw on the dynamics of lakes recharged by ice‐jam floods: case study of Yukon Flats, Alaska. Hydrological Processes, 30 (11), 1782-1795, doi:doi:10.1002/hyp.10756.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1512">Rawlins, M. A. et al., 2010: Analysis of the Arctic System for Freshwater Cycle Intensification: Observations and Expectations. Journal of Climate, 23 (21), 5715-5737, doi:10.1175/2010jcli3421.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1513">Liu, Y. et al., 2015b: Evapotranspiration in Northern Eurasia: Impact of forcing uncertainties on terrestrial ecosystem model estimates. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 120 (7), 2647-2660, doi:10.1002/2014jd022531.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1514">Liu, Y. et al., 2015b: Evapotranspiration in Northern Eurasia: Impact of forcing uncertainties on terrestrial ecosystem model estimates. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 120 (7), 2647-2660, doi:10.1002/2014jd022531.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1515">Fujiwara, A. et al., 2016: Influence of timing of sea ice retreat on phytoplankton size during marginal ice zone bloom period on the Chukchi and Bering shelves. Biogeosciences, 13 (1115-131), doi:10.5194/bg-13-115-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1516">Suzuki, K. et al., 2018: Hydrological Variability and Changes in the Arctic Circumpolar Tundra and the Three Largest Pan-Arctic River Basins from 2002 to 2016. Remote Sensing, 10 (3), doi:10.3390/rs10030402.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1517">Wellman, T. P., C. I. Voss and M. A. Walvoord, 2013: Impacts of climate, lake size, and supra- and sub-permafrost groundwater flow on lake-talik evolution, Yukon Flats, Alaska (USA). Hydrogeology Journal, 21 (1), 281-298, doi:10.1007/s10040-012-0941-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1518">Essery, R., 2013: Large-scale simulations of snow albedo masking by forests. Geophysical Research Letters, 40 (20), 5521-5525, doi:10.1002/grl.51008.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1519">Thackeray, C. W., C. G. Fletcher and C. Derksen, 2014: The influence of canopy snow parameterizations on snow albedo feedback in boreal forest regions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 119 (16), 9810-9821, doi:10.1002/2014jd021858.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1520">Qu, X. and A. Hall, 2014: On the persistent spread in snow-albedo feedback. Climate Dynamics, 42 (1), 69-81, doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1774-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1521">Fletcher, C. G., C. W. Thackeray and T. M. Burgers, 2015: Evaluating biases in simulated snow albedo feedback in two generations of climate models. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 120 (1), 12-26, doi:10.1002/2014jd022546.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1522">Li, Y. et al., 2016b: Evaluating biases in simulated land surface albedo from CMIP5 global climate models. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121 (11), 6178-6190, doi:10.1002/2016jd024774.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1523">Brutel-Vuilmet, C., M. Ménégoz and G. Krinner, 2013: An analysis of present and future seasonal Northern Hemisphere land snow cover simulated by CMIP5 coupled climate models. The Cryosphere, 7 (1), 67-80, doi:10.5194/tc-7-67-2013.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1524">Mudryk, L., P. Kushner, C. Derksen and C. Thackeray, 2017: Snow cover response to temperature in observational and climate model ensembles. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (2), 919-926, doi:doi:10.1002/2016GL071789.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1525">Thackeray, C. W. and C. G. Fletcher, 2016: Snow albedo feedback: Current knowledge, importance, outstanding issues and future directions. Progress in Physical Geography, 40 (3), 392-408, doi:10.1177/0309133315620999.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1526">Thackeray, C. W. and C. G. Fletcher, 2016: Snow albedo feedback: Current knowledge, importance, outstanding issues and future directions. Progress in Physical Geography, 40 (3), 392-408, doi:10.1177/0309133315620999.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1527">Brower, A. A. et al., 2017: Gray whale distribution relative to benthic invertebrate biomass and abundance: Northeastern Chukchi Sea 2009–2012. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 144, 156-174, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.12.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1528">Thackeray, C. W. and C. G. Fletcher, 2016: Snow albedo feedback: Current knowledge, importance, outstanding issues and future directions. Progress in Physical Geography, 40 (3), 392-408, doi:10.1177/0309133315620999.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1529">Mudryk, L., P. Kushner, C. Derksen and C. Thackeray, 2017: Snow cover response to temperature in observational and climate model ensembles. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (2), 919-926, doi:doi:10.1002/2016GL071789.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1530">Hodson, D. L. R. et al., 2013: Identifying uncertainties in Arctic climate change projections. Climate Dynamics, 40 (11), 2849-2865, doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1512-z.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1531">Brower, A. A. et al., 2017: Gray whale distribution relative to benthic invertebrate biomass and abundance: Northeastern Chukchi Sea 2009–2012. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 144, 156-174, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.12.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1532">Brower, A. A. et al., 2017: Gray whale distribution relative to benthic invertebrate biomass and abundance: Northeastern Chukchi Sea 2009–2012. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 144, 156-174, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.12.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1533">Brower, A. A. et al., 2017: Gray whale distribution relative to benthic invertebrate biomass and abundance: Northeastern Chukchi Sea 2009–2012. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 144, 156-174, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.12.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1534">Krasting, J. P., A. J. Broccoli, K. W. Dixon and J. R. Lanzante, 2013: Future Changes in Northern Hemisphere Snowfall. Journal of Climate, 26 (20), 7813-7828, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-12-00832.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1535">Koven, C. D., 2013: Boreal carbon loss due to poleward shift in low-carbon ecosystems. Nature Geoscience, 6 (6), 452-456, doi:10.1038/ngeo1801.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1536">Slater, A. G. and D. M. Lawrence, 2013: Diagnosing Present and Future Permafrost from Climate Models. Journal of Climate, 26 (15), 5608-5623, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-12-00341.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1537">McGuire, A. D. et al., 2018: Dependence of the evolution of carbon dynamics in the northern permafrost region on the trajectory of climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 115 (15), 3882-3887, doi:10.1073/pnas.1719903115.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1538">Balshi, M. S. et al., 2009: Vulnerability of carbon storage in North American boreal forests to wildfires during the 21st century. Global Change Biology, 15 (6), 1491-1510, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01877.x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1539">Kloster, S., N. M. Mahowald, J. T. Randerson and P. J. Lawrence, 2012: The impacts of climate, land use, and demography on fires during the 21st century simulated by CLM-CN. Biogeosciences, 9 (1), 509-525, doi:10.5194/bg-9-509-2012.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1540">Wotton, B. M., M. D. Flannigan and G. A. Marshall, 2017: Potential climate change impacts on fire intensity and key wildfire suppression thresholds in Canada. Environmental Research Letters, 12 (9), 095003, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa7e6e.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1541">Johnstone, J. F., T. S. Rupp, M. Olson and D. Verbyla, 2011: Modeling impacts of fire severity on successional trajectories and future fire behavior in Alaskan boreal forests. Landscape Ecology, 26 (4), 487-500, doi:10.1007/s10980-011-9574-6.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1542">Pastick, N. J. et al., 2017: Historical and projected trends in landscape drivers affecting carbon dynamics in Alaska. Ecol Appl, 27 (5), 1383-1402, doi:10.1002/eap.1538.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1543">Héon, J., D. Arseneault and M. A. Parisien, 2014: Resistance of the boreal forest to high burn rates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 111 (38), 13888-93, doi:10.1073/pnas.1409316111.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1544">Pastick, N. J. et al., 2017: Historical and projected trends in landscape drivers affecting carbon dynamics in Alaska. Ecol Appl, 27 (5), 1383-1402, doi:10.1002/eap.1538.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1545">Jones, B. et al., 2009: Fire behavior, weather, and burn severity of the 2007 Anaktuvuk river tundra fire, North Slope, Alaska. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 41 (3), 309-316, doi:10.1657/1938-4246-41.3.309.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1546">Hu, F. S. et al., 2010: Tundra burning in Alaska: Linkages to climatic change and sea ice retreat. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 115 (G4), G04002, doi:10.1029/2009JG001270.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1547">Hu, F. S. et al., 2015: Arctic tundra fires: natural variability and responses to climate change. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 13 (7), 369-377, doi:10.1890/150063.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1548">Hu, F. S. et al., 2015: Arctic tundra fires: natural variability and responses to climate change. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 13 (7), 369-377, doi:10.1890/150063.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1549">Young, A. M., P. E. Higuera, P. A. Duffy and F. S. Hu, 2017: Climatic thresholds shape northern high-latitude fire regimes and imply vulnerability to future climate change. Ecography, 40 (5), 606-617, doi:10.1111/ecog.02205.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1550">Walter Anthony, K. et al., 2018: 21st-century modeled permafrost carbon emissions accelerated by abrupt thaw beneath lakes. Nat Commun, 9 (1), 3262, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05738-9.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1551">Muster, S. et al., 2017: PeRL: a circum-Arctic Permafrost Region Pond and Lake database. Earth System Science Data, 9 (1), 317-348, doi:10.5194/essd-9-317-2017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1552">Kokelj, S. V. et al., 2017: Climate-driven thaw of permafrost preserved glacial landscapes, northwestern Canada. Geology, 45 (4), 371-374, doi:10.1130/G38626.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1553">Krasting, J. P., A. J. Broccoli, K. W. Dixon and J. R. Lanzante, 2013: Future Changes in Northern Hemisphere Snowfall. Journal of Climate, 26 (20), 7813-7828, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-12-00832.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1554">Laîné, A., H. Nakamura, K. Nishii and T. Miyasaka, 2014: A diagnostic study of future evaporation changes projected in CMIP5 climate models. Climate Dynamics, 42 (9), 2745-2761, doi:10.1007/s00382-014-2087-7.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1555">Skific, N. and J. A. Francis, 2013: Drivers of projected change in arctic moist static energy transport. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118 (7), 2748-2761, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50292.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1556">Lique, C. et al., 2016: Modeling the Arctic freshwater system and its integration in the global system: Lessons learned and future challenges. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 121 (3), 540-566, doi:10.1002/2015jg003120.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1557">Zhang, J., R. Lindsay, A. Schweiger and M. Steele, 2013: The impact of an intense summer cyclone on 2012 Arctic sea ice retreat. Geophysical Research Letters, 40 (4), 720-726, doi:10.1002/grl.50190.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1558">Bintanja, R. and F. M. Selten, 2014: Future increases in Arctic precipitation linked to local evaporation and sea-ice retreat. Nature, 509, 479, doi:10.1038/nature13259.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1559">Kharin, V. V., F. W. Zwiers, X. Zhang and M. Wehner, 2013: Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in the CMIP5 ensemble. Climatic Change, 119 (2), 345-357, doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0705-8.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1560">Sillmann, J. et al., 2013: Climate extremes indices in the CMIP5 multimodel ensemble: Part 2. Future climate projections. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118 (6), 2473-2493, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50188.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1561">Hansen, B., B. et al., 2014: Warmer and wetter winters: characteristics and implications of an extreme weather event in the High Arctic. Environmental Research Letters, 9 (11), 114021, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/11/114021.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1562">Haine, T. W. N. et al., 2015: Arctic freshwater export: Status, mechanisms, and prospects. Global and Planetary Change, 125 (Supplement C), 13-35, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.11.013.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1563">van Vliet, M. T. H. et al., 2013: Global river discharge and water temperature under climate change. Global Environmental Change, 23 (2), 450-464, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.11.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1564">Gelfan, A. et al., 2016: Climate change impact on the water regime of two great Arctic rivers: modeling and uncertainty issues. Climatic Change, 141 (3), 499-515, doi:10.1007/s10584-016-1710-5.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1565">MacDonald, M. K. et al., 2018: Impacts of 1.5 and 2.0 °C Warming on Pan-Arctic River Discharge Into the Hudson Bay Complex Through 2070. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (15), 7561-7570, doi:10.1029/2018gl079147.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1566">van Vliet, M. T. H. et al., 2013: Global river discharge and water temperature under climate change. Global Environmental Change, 23 (2), 450-464, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.11.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1567">Sharma, S. et al., 2019: Widespread loss of lake ice around the Northern Hemisphere in a warming world. Nature Climate Change, 9 (3), 227-231, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0393-5.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1568">Brown, L. C. and C. R. Duguay, 2011: The fate of lake ice in the North American Arctic. The Cryosphere, 5 (4), 869-892, doi:10.5194/tc-5-869-2011.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1569">Dibike, Y., T. Prowse, T. Saloranta and R. Ahmed, 2011: Response of Northern Hemisphere lake-ice cover and lake-water thermal structure patterns to a changing climate. Hydrological Processes, 25 (19), 2942-2953, doi:10.1002/hyp.8068.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1570">Prowse, T. et al., 2011: Effects of Changes in Arctic Lake and River Ice. AMBIO, 40 (1), 63-74, doi:10.1007/s13280-011-0217-6.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1571">Brown, L. C. and C. R. Duguay, 2011: The fate of lake ice in the North American Arctic. The Cryosphere, 5 (4), 869-892, doi:10.5194/tc-5-869-2011.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1572">Cooley, S. W. and T. M. Pavelsky, 2016: Spatial and temporal patterns in Arctic river ice breakup revealed by automated ice detection from MODIS imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 175 (Supplement C), 310-322, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2016.01.004.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1573">Prowse, T., R. Shrestha, B. Bonsal and Y. Dibike, 2010: Changing spring air-temperature gradients along large northern rivers: Implications for severity of river-ice floods. Geophysical Research Letters, 37 (19), L19706, doi:10.1029/2010gl044878.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1574">Prowse, T. et al., 2011: Effects of Changes in Arctic Lake and River Ice. AMBIO, 40 (1), 63-74, doi:10.1007/s13280-011-0217-6.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1575">Loisel, J. et al., 2014: A database and synthesis of northern peatland soil properties and Holocene carbon and nitrogen accumulation. The Holocene, 24 (9), 1028-1042, doi:10.1177/0959683614538073.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1576">Lind, S., R. B. Ingvaldsen and T. Furevik, 2018: Arctic warming hotspot in the northern Barents Sea linked to declining sea-ice import. Nature Climate Change, 8 (7), 634–639, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0205-y.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1577">McGuire, A. D. et al., 2012: An assessment of the carbon balance of Arctic tundra: comparisons among observations, process models, and atmospheric inversions. Biogeosciences, 9 (8), 3185-3204, doi:10.5194/bg-9-3185-2012.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1578">Belshe, E. F., E. A. G. Schuur and B. M. Bolker, 2013: Tundra ecosystems observed to be CO2 sources due to differential amplification of the carbon cycle. Ecology Letters, 16 (10), 1307-1315, doi:10.1111/ele.12164.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1579">Ueyama, M. et al., 2013: Growing season and spatial variations of carbon fluxes of Arctic and boreal ecosystems in Alaska (USA). Ecological Applications, 23 (8), 1798-1816, doi:10.1890/11-0875.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1580">Webb, E. E. et al., 2016: Increased wintertime CO2loss as a result of sustained tundra warming. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 121 (2), 249-265, doi:10.1002/2014jg002795.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1581">Lund, M. et al., 2010: Variability in exchange of CO2 across 12 northern peatland and tundra sites. Global Change Biology, 16 (9), 2436-2448, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02104.x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1582">Commane, R. et al., 2017: Carbon dioxide sources from Alaska driven by increasing early winter respiration from Arctic tundra. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 114 (21), 5361-5366, doi:10.1073/pnas.1618567114.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1583">Schuster, P. F. et al., 2018: Permafrost Stores a Globally Significant Amount of Mercury. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (3), 1463-1471, doi:10.1002/2017GL075571.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1584">Schuur, E. A. G. et al., 2013: Expert assessment of vulnerability of permafrost carbon to climate change. Climatic Change, 119 (2), 359-374, doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0730-7.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1585">Zhuang, Q. et al., 2006: CO2 and CH4 exchanges between land ecosystems and the atmosphere in northern high latitudes over the 21st century. Geophysical Research Letters, 33 (17), L17403, doi:10.1029/2006gl026972.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1586">Koven, C. D. et al., 2011: Permafrost carbon-climate feedbacks accelerate global warming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 108 (36), 14769-14774, doi:10.1073/pnas.1103910108.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1587">Schaefer, K., T. Zhang, L. Bruhwiler and A. P. Barrett, 2011: Amount and timing of permafrost carbon release in response to climate warming. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 63 (2), 165-180, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00527.x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1588">MacDougall, A. H., C. A. Avis and A. J. Weaver, 2012: Significant contribution to climate warming from the permafrost carbon feedback. Nature Geoscience, 5 (10), 719-721, doi:10.1038/ngeo1573.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1589">Burke, E. J., C. D. Jones and C. D. Koven, 2013: Estimating the permafrost-carbon climate response in the CMIP5 climate models using a simplified approach. Journal of Climate, 26 (14), 4897-4909, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-12-00550.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1590">Schaphoff, S. et al., 2013: Contribution of permafrost soils to the global carbon budget. Environmental Research Letters, 8 (1), 014026, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014026.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1591">Schneider, D. P., C. Deser and T. Fan, 2015: Comparing the Impacts of Tropical SST Variability and Polar Stratospheric Ozone Loss on the Southern Ocean Westerly Winds. Journal of Climate, 28 (23), 9350-9372, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-15-0090.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1592">Koven, C. D. et al., 2015: A simplified, data-constrained approach to estimate the permafrost carbon–climate feedback. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 373 (2054), 20140423, doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0423.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1593">Schneider, D. P., C. Deser and T. Fan, 2015: Comparing the Impacts of Tropical SST Variability and Polar Stratospheric Ozone Loss on the Southern Ocean Westerly Winds. Journal of Climate, 28 (23), 9350-9372, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-15-0090.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1594">MacDougall, A. H. and R. Knutti, 2016: Projecting the release of carbon from permafrost soils using a perturbed parameter ensemble modelling approach. Biogeosciences, 13 (7), 2123-2136, doi:10.5194/bg-13-2123-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1595">Burke, E. J. et al., 2017a: Quantifying uncertainties of permafrost carbon–climate feedbacks. Biogeosciences, 14 (12), 3051-3066, doi:10.5194/bg-14-3051-2017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1596">McGuire, A. D. et al., 2016: Variability in the sensitivity among model simulations of permafrost and carbon dynamics in the permafrost region between 1960 and 2009. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 30 (7), 1015-1037, doi:10.1002/2016gb005405.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1597">Klein, E. S. et al., 2018: Impacts of rising sea temperature on krill increase risks for predators in the Scotia Sea. Plos One, 13 (1), e0191011, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191011.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1598">McGuire, A. D. et al., 2018: Dependence of the evolution of carbon dynamics in the northern permafrost region on the trajectory of climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 115 (15), 3882-3887, doi:10.1073/pnas.1719903115.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1599">Saunois, M. et al., 2016: The global methane budget 2000–2012. Earth System Science Data, 8 (2), 697-751, doi:10.5194/essd-8-697-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1600">Sweeney, C. et al., 2016: No significant increase in long-term CH4 emissions on North Slope of Alaska despite significant increase in air temperature. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (12), 6604-6611, doi:10.1002/2016GL069292.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1601">Walter Anthony, K. M. et al., 2014: A shift of thermokarst lakes from carbon sources to sinks during the Holocene epoch. Nature, 511 (7510), 452-456, doi:10.1038/nature13560.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1602">Zona, D. et al., 2016: Cold season emissions dominate the Arctic tundra methane budget. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 113 (1), 40-45, doi:10.1073/pnas.1516017113.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1603">Walter Anthony, K. M., P. Anthony, G. Grosse and J. Chanton, 2012: Geologic methane seeps along boundaries of Arctic permafrost thaw and melting glaciers. Nature Geoscience, 5 (6), 419-426, doi:10.1038/ngeo1480.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1604">Rupp, T. S. et al., 2016: Climate Scenarios, Land Cover, and Wildland Fire. In: Baseline and Projected Future Carbon Storage and Greenhouse-Gas Fluxes in Ecosystems of Alaska [Zhu, Z. and A. D. McGuire (eds.)], USGS Professional Paper 1826, 196.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1605">Kohnert, K. et al., 2017: Strong geologic methane emissions from discontinuous terrestrial permafrost in the Mackenzie Delta, Canada. Scientific Reports, 7 (1), 5828, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05783-2.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1606">Thornton, B. F. et al., 2016: Methane fluxes from the sea to the atmosphere across the Siberian shelf seas. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (11), 5869-5877, doi:10.1002/2016GL068977.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1607">Shakhova, N. et al., 2013: Ebullition and storm-induced methane release from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf. Nature Geoscience, 7, 64, doi:10.1038/ngeo2007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1608">Saunois, M. et al., 2016: The global methane budget 2000–2012. Earth System Science Data, 8 (2), 697-751, doi:10.5194/essd-8-697-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1609">Crill, P. M. and B. F. Thornton, 2017: Whither methane in the IPCC process? Nature Climate Change, 7, 678, doi:10.1038/nclimate3403.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1610">Riley, W. J. et al., 2011: Barriers to predicting changes in global terrestrial methane fluxes: analyses using CLM4Me, a methane biogeochemistry model integrated in CESM. Biogeosciences, 8 (7), 1925-1953, doi:10.5194/bg-8-1925-2011.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1611">Gao, X. et al., 2013: Permafrost degradation and methane: low risk of biogeochemical climate-warming feedback. Environmental Research Letters, 8 (3), 035014, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/035014.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1612">Poulter, B. et al., 2017: Global wetland contribution to 2000–2012 atmospheric methane growth rate dynamics. Environmental Research Letters, 12 (9), 094013, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa8391.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1613">Zhang, Z. et al., 2017: Emerging role of wetland methane emissions in driving 21st century climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114 (36), 9647.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1614">Lawrence, D. M. et al., 2015: Permafrost thaw and resulting soil moisture changes regulate projected high-latitude CO 2 and CH 4 emissions. Environmental Research Letters, 10 (9), 094011.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1615">McGuire, A. D. et al., 2018: Dependence of the evolution of carbon dynamics in the northern permafrost region on the trajectory of climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 115 (15), 3882-3887, doi:10.1073/pnas.1719903115.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1616">Schuur, E. A. G. et al., 2013: Expert assessment of vulnerability of permafrost carbon to climate change. Climatic Change, 119 (2), 359-374, doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0730-7.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1617">Koven, C. D. et al., 2015: A simplified, data-constrained approach to estimate the permafrost carbon–climate feedback. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 373 (2054), 20140423, doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0423.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1618">Lawrence, D. M. et al., 2015: Permafrost thaw and resulting soil moisture changes regulate projected high-latitude CO 2 and CH 4 emissions. Environmental Research Letters, 10 (9), 094011.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1619">Schneider, D. P., C. Deser and T. Fan, 2015: Comparing the Impacts of Tropical SST Variability and Polar Stratospheric Ozone Loss on the Southern Ocean Westerly Winds. Journal of Climate, 28 (23), 9350-9372, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-15-0090.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1620">Walter Anthony, K. et al., 2018: 21st-century modeled permafrost carbon emissions accelerated by abrupt thaw beneath lakes. Nat Commun, 9 (1), 3262, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05738-9.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1621">Schneider, D. P., C. Deser and T. Fan, 2015: Comparing the Impacts of Tropical SST Variability and Polar Stratospheric Ozone Loss on the Southern Ocean Westerly Winds. Journal of Climate, 28 (23), 9350-9372, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-15-0090.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1622">Walter Anthony, K. et al., 2018: 21st-century modeled permafrost carbon emissions accelerated by abrupt thaw beneath lakes. Nat Commun, 9 (1), 3262, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05738-9.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1623">Christensen, T. R. et al., 2019: Tracing the climate signal: mitigation of anthropogenic methane emissions can outweigh a large Arctic natural emission increase. Sci Rep, 9 (1), 1146, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37719-9.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1624">Flanner, M. G. et al., 2011: Radiative forcing and albedo feedback from the Northern Hemisphere cryosphere between 1979 and 2008. Nature Geoscience, 4 (3), 151-155, doi:10.1038/ngeo1062.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1625">Qu, X. and A. Hall, 2014: On the persistent spread in snow-albedo feedback. Climate Dynamics, 42 (1), 69-81, doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1774-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1626">Thackeray, C. W. and C. G. Fletcher, 2016: Snow albedo feedback: Current knowledge, importance, outstanding issues and future directions. Progress in Physical Geography, 40 (3), 392-408, doi:10.1177/0309133315620999.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1627">Flanner, M. G. et al., 2011: Radiative forcing and albedo feedback from the Northern Hemisphere cryosphere between 1979 and 2008. Nature Geoscience, 4 (3), 151-155, doi:10.1038/ngeo1062.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1628">Chen, X. et al., 2015: Observed contrast changes in snow cover phenology in northern middle and high latitudes from 2001–2014. Scientific Reports, 5, 16820, doi:10.1038/srep16820.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1629">Singh, D., M. G. Flanner and J. Perket, 2015: The global land shortwave cryosphere radiative effect during the MODIS era. The Cryosphere, 9 (6), 2057-2070, doi:10.5194/tc-9-2057-2015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1630">Chen, X. N., S. L. Liang and Y. F. Cao, 2016b: Satellite observed changes in the Northern Hemisphere snow cover phenology and the associated radiative forcing and feedback between 1982 and 2013. Environmental Research Letters, 11 (8), 084002, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1631">Hori, M. et al., 2017: A 38-year (1978–2015) Northern Hemisphere daily snow cover extent product derived using consistent objective criteria from satellite-borne optical sensors. Remote Sensing of Environment, 191, 402–418, doi:doi:10.1016/j.rse.2017.01.023.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1632">Sedlar, J., 2018: Spring Arctic Atmospheric Preconditioning: Do Not Rule Out Shortwave Radiation Just Yet. Journal of Climate, 31 (11), 4225-4240, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0710.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1633">Sledd, A. and T. L’Ecuyer, 2019: How much do clouds mask the impacts of Arctic sea ice and snow cover variations? Different perspectives from observations and reanalyses. Atmosphere, 10 (1), 12, doi:10.3390/atmos10010012.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1634">Huang, X. et al., 2018: Improved Representation of Surface Spectral Emissivity in a Global Climate Model and Its Impact on Simulated Climate. Journal of Climate, 31 (9), 3711-3727, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0125.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1635">Euskirchen, E. S. et al., 2016: Consequences of changes in vegetation and snow cover for climate feedbacks in Alaska and northwest Canada. Environmental Research Letters, 11 (10), 105003, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/10/105003.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1636">Loranty, M. M. et al., 2014: Vegetation controls on northern high latitude snow-albedo feedback: observations and CMIP5 model simulations. Global Change Biology, 20 (2), 594-606, doi:10.1111/gcb.12391.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1637">Forzieri, G., R. Alkama, D. G. Miralles and A. Cescatti, 2017: Satellites reveal contrasting responses of regional climate to the widespread greening of Earth. Science, 356 (6343), 1180-1184, doi:10.1126/science.aal1727.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1638">Frost, G. V. and H. E. Epstein, 2014: Tall shrub and tree expansion in Siberian tundra ecotones since the 1960s. Global Change Biology, 20 (4), 1264-1277, doi:10.1111/gcb.12406.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1639">Nauta, A. L. et al., 2014: Permafrost collapse after shrub removal shifts tundra ecosystem to a methane source. Nature Climate Change, 5, 67, doi:10.1038/nclimate2446</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1640">Horstkotte, T. et al., 2017: Human–animal agency in reindeer management: Sámi herders’ perspectives on vegetation dynamics under climate change. Ecosphere, 8 (9), e01931, doi:10.1002/ecs2.1931.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1641">Xu, L. et al., 2013a: Temperature and vegetation seasonality diminishment over northern lands. Nature Climate Change, 3, 581, doi:10.1038/nclimate1836</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1642">Ju, J. and J. G. Masek, 2016: The vegetation greenness trend in Canada and US Alaska from 1984–2012 Landsat data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 176, 1-16, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2016.01.001.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1643">Bhatt, U. et al., 2017: Changing seasonality of panarctic tundra vegetation in relationship to climatic variables. Environmental Research Letters, 12 (5), doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa6b0b.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1644">Myers-Smith, I. H. et al., 2015: Climate sensitivity of shrub growth across the tundra biome. Nature Clim. Change, 5 (9), 887-891, doi:10.1038/nclimate2697.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1645">Lara, M. J. et al., 2018: Reduced arctic tundra productivity linked with landform and climate change interactions. Sci Rep, 8 (1), 2345, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20692-8.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1646">Myers-Smith, I. and D. Hik, 2018: Climate warming as a driver of tundra shrubline advance. Journal of Ecology, 106 (2), 547-560, doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12817.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1647">Bhatt, U. et al., 2017: Changing seasonality of panarctic tundra vegetation in relationship to climatic variables. Environmental Research Letters, 12 (5), doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa6b0b.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1648">Macias-Fauria, M., S. Karlsen and B. Forbes, 2017: Disentangling the coupling between sea ice and tundra productivity in Svalbard. Scientific Reports, 7 (1), 8586, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06218-8.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1649">Westergaard-Nielsen, A. et al., 2017: Transitions in high-Arctic vegetation growth patterns and ecosystem productivity tracked with automated cameras from 2000 to 2013. AMBIO, 46 (1), 39-52, doi:10.1007/s13280-016-0864-8.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1650">Schuur, E. A. G. et al., 2013: Expert assessment of vulnerability of permafrost carbon to climate change. Climatic Change, 119 (2), 359-374, doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0730-7.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1651">Schaefer, J. M. et al., 2016: Greenland was nearly ice-free for extended periods during the Pleistocene. Nature, 540 (7632), 252-255, doi:10.1038/nature20146.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1652">Schuur, E. A. G. et al., 2015: Climate change and the permafrost carbon feedback. Nature, 520 (7546), 171-179, doi:10.1038/nature14338.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1653">Koven, C. D. et al., 2015: A simplified, data-constrained approach to estimate the permafrost carbon–climate feedback. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 373 (2054), 20140423, doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0423.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1654">Schneider, D. P., C. Deser and T. Fan, 2015: Comparing the Impacts of Tropical SST Variability and Polar Stratospheric Ozone Loss on the Southern Ocean Westerly Winds. Journal of Climate, 28 (23), 9350-9372, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-15-0090.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1655">Walter Anthony, K. et al., 2018: 21st-century modeled permafrost carbon emissions accelerated by abrupt thaw beneath lakes. Nat Commun, 9 (1), 3262, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05738-9.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1656">MacDougall, A. H. and R. Knutti, 2016: Projecting the release of carbon from permafrost soils using a perturbed parameter ensemble modelling approach. Biogeosciences, 13 (7), 2123-2136, doi:10.5194/bg-13-2123-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1657">Burke, E. J. et al., 2017a: Quantifying uncertainties of permafrost carbon–climate feedbacks. Biogeosciences, 14 (12), 3051-3066, doi:10.5194/bg-14-3051-2017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1658">Klein, E. S. et al., 2018: Impacts of rising sea temperature on krill increase risks for predators in the Scotia Sea. Plos One, 13 (1), e0191011, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191011.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1659">McGuire, A. D. et al., 2018: Dependence of the evolution of carbon dynamics in the northern permafrost region on the trajectory of climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 115 (15), 3882-3887, doi:10.1073/pnas.1719903115.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1660">Horstkotte, T. et al., 2017: Human–animal agency in reindeer management: Sámi herders’ perspectives on vegetation dynamics under climate change. Ecosphere, 8 (9), e01931, doi:10.1002/ecs2.1931.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1661">Martin-Español, A., J. L. Bamber and A. Zammit-Mangion, 2017: Constraining the mass balance of East Antarctica. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (9), 4168-4175, doi:10.1002/2017GL072937.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1662">Yu, Q., H. Epstein, R. Engstrom and D. Walker, 2017: Circumpolar arctic tundra biomass and productivity dynamics in response to projected climate change and herbivory. Global Change Biology, 23 (9), 3895-3907, doi:10.1111/gcb.13632.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1663">Phoenix, G. K. and J. W. Bjerke, 2016: Arctic browning: extreme events and trends reversing Arctic greening. Global Change Biology, 22 (9), 2960-2962, doi:10.1111/gcb.13261.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1664">Bjerke, J. et al., 2017: Understanding the drivers of extensive plant damage in boreal and Arctic ecosystems: Insights from field surveys in the aftermath of damage. Science of the Total Environment, 599, 1965-1976, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.050.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1665">Pearson, R. G. et al., 2013: Shifts in Arctic vegetation and associated feedbacks under climate change. Nature Climate Change, 3 (7), 673-677, doi:10.1038/nclimate1858.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1666">Mack, M. C. et al., 2011: Carbon loss from an unprecedented Arctic tundra wildfire. Nature, 475 (7357), 489-492, doi:10.1038/nature10283.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1667">Bret-Harte, M. S. et al., 2013: The response of Arctic vegetation and soils following an unusually severe tundra fire. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 368 (1624), doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0490.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1668">Jones, B. M. et al., 2015a: Recent Arctic tundra fire initiates widespread thermokarst development. Scientific Reports, 5, 15865, doi:10.1038/srep15865.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1669">Pastick, N. J. et al., 2017: Historical and projected trends in landscape drivers affecting carbon dynamics in Alaska. Ecol Appl, 27 (5), 1383-1402, doi:10.1002/eap.1538.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1670">Beck, P. S. A. and S. J. Goetz, 2011: Satellite observations of high northern latitude vegetation productivity changes between 1982 and 2008: ecological variability and regional differences. Environmental Research Letters, 6 (4), 049501.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1671">Ju, J. and J. G. Masek, 2016: The vegetation greenness trend in Canada and US Alaska from 1984–2012 Landsat data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 176, 1-16, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2016.01.001.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1672">Pearson, R. G. et al., 2013: Shifts in Arctic vegetation and associated feedbacks under climate change. Nature Climate Change, 3 (7), 673-677, doi:10.1038/nclimate1858.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1673">Koven, C. D., 2013: Boreal carbon loss due to poleward shift in low-carbon ecosystems. Nature Geoscience, 6 (6), 452-456, doi:10.1038/ngeo1801.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1674">Gauthier, S. et al., 2015: Boreal forest health and global change. Science, 349 (6250), 819-22, doi:10.1126/science.aaa9092.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1675">Johnstone, J. et al., 2009: Postfire seed rain of black spruce, a semiserotinous conifer, in forests of interior Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 39 (8), 1575-1588, doi:10.1139/X09-068.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1676">Johnstone, J. F. et al., 2010: Fire, climate change, and forest resilience in interior AlaskaThis article is one of a selection of papers from The Dynamics of Change in Alaska’s Boreal Forests: Resilience and Vulnerability in Response to Climate Warming. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 40 (7), 1302-1312, doi:10.1139/X10-061.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1677">Johnstone, J. F. et al., 2010: Fire, climate change, and forest resilience in interior AlaskaThis article is one of a selection of papers from The Dynamics of Change in Alaska’s Boreal Forests: Resilience and Vulnerability in Response to Climate Warming. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 40 (7), 1302-1312, doi:10.1139/X10-061.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1678">Mann, D. H., T. Scott Rupp, M. A. Olson and P. A. Duffy, 2012: Is Alaska’s Boreal Forest Now Crossing a Major Ecological Threshold? Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 44 (3), 319-331, doi:10.1657/1938-4246-44.3.319.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1679">Shakhova, N. et al., 2013: Ebullition and storm-induced methane release from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf. Nature Geoscience, 7, 64, doi:10.1038/ngeo2007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1680">Shuman, J. K. et al., 2015: Forest forecasting with vegetation models across Russia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 45 (2), 175-184, doi:10.1139/cjfr-2014-0138.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1681">Wu, C. et al., 2017: Present-day and future contribution of climate and fires to vegetation composition in the boreal forest of China. Ecosphere, 8 (8), e01917, doi:10.1002/ecs2.1917.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1682">Gunn, A., 2016: Rangifer tarandus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T29742A22167140; https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/29742/22167140 .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1683">Fauchald, P., V. H. Hausner, J. I. Schmidt and D. A. Clark, 2017a: Transitions of social-ecological subsistence systems in the Arctic. International Journal of the Commons, 11 (1), 275-329, doi:10.18352/ijc.698.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1684">Dabros, A., M. Pyper and G. Castilla, 2018: Seismic lines in the boreal and arctic ecosystems of North America: environmental impacts, challenges, and opportunities. Environmental Reviews, 26 (2), 214-229, doi:10.1139/er-2017-0080.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1685">Mallory, C. D. and M. S. Boyce, 2017: Observed and predicted effects of climate change on Arctic caribou and reindeer. Environmental Reviews, 26 (1), 13-25, doi:10.1139/er-2017-0032.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1686">Poole, K. G., A. Gunn, B. R. Patterson and M. Dumond, 2010: Sea Ice and Migration of the Dolphin and Union Caribou Herd in the Canadian Arctic: An Uncertain Future. Arctic, 63 (4), 414-428, doi:10.14430/arctic3331.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1687">Albon, S., D. et al., 2017: Contrasting effects of summer and winter warming on body mass explain population dynamics in a food‐limited Arctic herbivore. Global Change Biology, 23 (4), 1374-1389, doi:10.1111/gcb.13435.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1688">Schmidt, N. M., S. H. Pedersen, J. B. Mosbacher and L. H. Hansen, 2015: Long-term patterns of muskox (Ovibos moschatus) demographics in high arctic Greenland. Polar Biology, 38 (10), 1667-1675, doi:10.1007/s00300-015-1733-9.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1689">Schmidt, N. M. et al., 2017: Interaction webs in arctic ecosystems: Determinants of arctic change? AMBIO, 46 (1), 12-25, doi:10.1007/s13280-016-0862-x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1690">Hansen, B. B. et al., 2013: Climate Events Synchronize the Dynamics of a Resident Vertebrate Community in the High Arctic. Science, 339 (6117), 313, doi:10.1126/science.1226766.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1691">Klaczek, M. R., C. J. Johnson and H. D. Cluff, 2016: Wolf–caribou dynamics within the central Canadian Arctic. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 80 (5), 837-849, doi:10.1002/jwmg.1070.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1692">Kumpula, J., M. Kurkilahti, T. Helle and A. Colpaert, 2014: Both reindeer management and several other land use factors explain the reduction in ground lichens (Cladonia spp.) in pastures grazed by semi-domesticated reindeer in Finland. Regional Environmental Change, 14 (2), 541-559, doi:10.1007/s10113-013-0508-5.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1693">Lavrillier, A. and S. Gabyshev, 2017: An Arctic Indigenous Knowledge System of Landscape, Climate, and Human Interactions. Evenki Reindeer Herders and Hunters. Fürstenberg/Havel: Verlag der Kulturstiftung Sibirien SEC Publications, Published online by Cambridge University Press, 467 pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1694">Turunen, M. T. et al., 2016: Coping with difficult weather and snow conditions: Reindeer herders’ views on climate change impacts and coping strategies. Climate Risk Management, 11, 15-36, doi:10.1016/j.crm.2016.01.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1695">Bartsch, A., T. Kumpula, B. C. Forbes and F. Stammler, 2010: Detection of snow surface thawing and refreezing in the Eurasian Arctic with QuikSCAT: implications for reindeer herding. Ecological Applications, 20 (8), 2346-2358, doi:10.1890/09-1927.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1696">Forbes, B. C. et al., 2016: Sea ice, rain-on-snow and tundra reindeer nomadism in Arctic Russia. Biology Letters, 12 (11), doi:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0466.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1697">Cohen, J., H. Ye and J. Jones, 2015: Trends and variability in rain-on-snow events. Geophysical Research Letters, 42 (17), 7115-7122, doi:10.1002/2015gl065320.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1698">Dolant, C. et al., 2017: Meteorological inventory of rain-on-snow events in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and satellite detection assessment using passive microwave data. Physical Geography, 39 (5), 428-444, doi:10.1080/02723646.2017.1400339.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1699">Hoberg, e. a. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment 2013: Chapter 15, Parasites. [Available at: https://www.caff.is/assessment-series/arctic-biodiversity-assessment/220-arctic-biodiversity-assessment-2013-chapter-15-parasites%5D</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1700">Jenkins, E. J. et al., 2013: Tradition and transition: parasitic zoonoses of people and animals in Alaska, northern Canada, and Greenland. Adv Parasitol, 82, 33-204, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-407706-5.00002-2.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1701">Cook, J. A. et al., 2017: The Beringian Coevolution Project: holistic collections of mammals and associated parasites reveal novel perspectives on evolutionary and environmental change in the North. Arctic Science, 3 (3), 585-617, doi:10.1139/as-2016-0042.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1702">Kutz, S. J. et al., 2013: Invasion, establishment, and range expansion of two parasitic nematodes in the Canadian Arctic. Glob Chang Biol, 19 (11), 3254-62, doi:10.1111/gcb.12315.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1703">Hoberg, E. P. and D. R. Brooks, 2015: Evolution in action: climate change, biodiversity dynamics and emerging infectious disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 370 (1665), 20130553, doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0553.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1704">Laaksonen, S. et al., 2017: Filarioid nematodes, threat to arctic food safety and security. In: Food safety and security [Paulsen, P., A. Bauer and F. J. M. Smulders (eds.)]. Wageningen Academic Publishers, 101-120.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1705">Kafle, P. et al., 2018: Temperature-dependent development and freezing survival of protostrongylid nematodes of Arctic ungulates: implications for transmission. Parasites &amp; Vectors, 11 (1), 400, doi:10.1186/s13071-018-2946-x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1706">Kutz, S. et al., 2015: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae associated with recent widespread muskox mortalities in the Canadian Arctic. Can Vet J, 56 (6), 560-563.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1707">Forde, T. et al., 2016a: Genomic analysis of the multi-host pathogen Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae reveals extensive recombination as well as the existence of three generalist clades with wide geographic distribution. BMC Genomics, 17, 461, doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2643-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1708">Forde, T. L. et al., 2016b: Bacterial Genomics Reveal the Complex Epidemiology of an Emerging Pathogen in Arctic and Boreal Ungulates. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 1759, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01759.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1709">Walsh, M. G., A. W. de Smalen and S. M. Mor, 2018: Climatic influence on anthrax suitability in warming northern latitudes. Sci Rep, 8 (1), 9269, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-27604-w.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1710">Jenkins, E. J. et al., 2013: Tradition and transition: parasitic zoonoses of people and animals in Alaska, northern Canada, and Greenland. Adv Parasitol, 82, 33-204, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-407706-5.00002-2.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1711">Kutz, S. J. et al., 2014: A walk on the tundra: Host-parasite interactions in an extreme environment. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl, 3 (2), 198-208, doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.01.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1712">Hoberg, E. P. et al., 2017: Arctic systems in the Quaternary: ecological collision, faunal mosaics and the consequences of a wobbling climate. J Helminthol, 91 (4), 409-421, doi:10.1017/S0022149X17000347.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1713">Hodgson, D. A. and J. P. Smol, 2008: High latitude paleolimnology. In: In Polar lakes and rivers—Limnology of Arctic and Antarctic aquatic ecosystems [Vincent, W. F. and J. Laybourn-Parry (eds.)]. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 43-64.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1714">Vincent, W. F. et al., 2011: Ecological Implications of Changes in the Arctic Cryosphere. AMBIO, 40 (1), 87-99, doi:10.1007/s13280-011-0218-5.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1715">Griffiths, K. et al., 2017b: Ice-cover is the principal driver of ecological change in High Arctic lakes and ponds. Plos One, 12 (3), e0172989, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172989.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1716">Greene, S. et al., 2014: Modeling the impediment of methane ebullition bubbles by seasonal lake ice. Biogeosciences, 11 (23), 6791-6811, doi:10.5194/bg-11-6791-2014.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1717">Tan, Z. and Q. Zhuang, 2015: Arctic lakes are continuous methane sources to the atmosphere under warming conditions. Environmental Research Letters, 10 (5), 054016, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/5/054016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1718">Connon, R. F., W. L. Quinton, J. R. Craig and M. Hayashi, 2014: Changing hydrologic connectivity due to permafrost thaw in the lower Liard River valley, NWT, Canada. Hydrological Processes, 28 (14), 4163-4178, doi:10.1002/hyp.10206.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1719">Kokelj, S. V. et al., 2013: Thawing of massive ground ice in mega slumps drives increases in stream sediment and solute flux across a range of watershed scales. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 118 (2), 681-692, doi:10.1002/jgrf.20063.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1720">Abbott, B. W. et al., 2015: Patterns and persistence of hydrologic carbon and nutrient export from collapsing upland permafrost. Biogeosciences, 12 (12), 3725-3740, doi:10.5194/bg-12-3725-2015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1721">Vonk, J. E. et al., 2015: Reviews and syntheses: Effects of permafrost thaw on Arctic aquatic ecosystems. Biogeosciences, 12 (23), 7129-7167, doi:10.5194/bg-12-7129-2015.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1722">Wrona, F. J. et al., 2016: Transitions in Arctic ecosystems: Ecological implications of a changing hydrological regime. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 121 (3), 650-674, doi:10.1002/2015jg003133.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1723">Abbott, B. W. et al., 2014: Elevated dissolved organic carbon biodegradability from thawing and collapsing permafrost. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 119 (10), 2049-2063, doi:10.1002/2014jg002678.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1724">Wickland, K. P. et al., 2018: Dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen release from boreal Holocene permafrost and seasonally frozen soils of Alaska. Environmental Research Letters, 13 (6), 065011, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac4ad.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1725">Walvoord, M. A., C. I. Voss, B. A. Ebel and B. J. Minsley, 2019: Development of perennial thaw zones in boreal hillslopes enhances potential mobilization of permafrost carbon. Environmental Research Letters, 14 (1), doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aaf0cc.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1726">Semiletov, I. et al., 2016: Acidification of East Siberian Arctic Shelf waters through addition of freshwater and terrestrial carbon (vol 9, pg 361, 2016). Nature Geoscience, 9 (9), 1, doi:10.1038/ngeo2799.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1727">Striegl, R. G. et al., 2005: A decrease in discharge‐normalized DOC export by the Yukon River during summer through autumn. Geophysical Research Letters, 32 (21), doi:10.1029/2005gl024413.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1728">Walvoord, M. A. and R. G. Striegl, 2007: Increased groundwater to stream discharge from permafrost thawing in the Yukon River basin: Potential impacts on lateral export of carbon and nitrogen. Geophysical Research Letters, 34 (L12402), doi:doi:10.1029/2007GL030216.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1729">Zolkos, S., S. E. Tank and S. V. Kokelj, 2018: Mineral Weathering and the Permafrost Carbon-Climate Feedback. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (18), 9623-9632, doi:10.1029/2018gl078748.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1730">Schuster, P. F. et al., 2018: Permafrost Stores a Globally Significant Amount of Mercury. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (3), 1463-1471, doi:10.1002/2017GL075571.</span></li>
<li><div id="fn:r1731"></div>

<li><span id="fn:r1732">Colombo, N. et al., 2018: Review: Impacts of permafrost degradation on inorganic chemistry of surface fresh water. Global and Planetary Change, 162, 69-83, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.11.017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1733">AMAP, 2017c: AMAP Assessment 2016: Chemicals of Emerging Arctic Concern. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, xvi+353pp [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/AMAP-Assessment-2016-Chemicals-of-Emerging-Arctic-Concern/1624 ; Access Date: 10 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1734">Hodson, A. J., 2014: Understanding the dynamics of black carbon and associated contaminants in glacial systems. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 1 (2), 141-149, doi:10.1002/wat2.1016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1735">Leppi, J. C., C. D. Arp and M. S. Whitman, 2016: Predicting Late Winter Dissolved Oxygen Levels in Arctic Lakes Using Morphology and Landscape Metrics. Environmental Management, 57 (2), 463-473, doi:10.1007/s00267-015-0622-x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1736">Poesch, M., S. et al., 2016: Climate Change Impacts on Freshwater Fishes: A Canadian Perspective. Fisheries, 41 (7), 385-391, doi:10.1080/03632415.2016.1180285.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1737">Chin, K. S. et al., 2016: Permafrost thaw and intense thermokarst activity decreases abundance of stream benthic macroinvertebrates. Glob Chang Biol, 22 (8), 2715-28, doi:10.1111/gcb.13225.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1738">Rowland, J. C. et al., 2011: Arctic Landscapes in Transition: Responses to Thawing Permafrost. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 91 (26), 229-230, doi:10.1029/2010eo260001.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1739">Liljedahl, A. K. et al., 2016: Pan-Arctic ice-wedge degradation in warming permafrost and its influence on tundra hydrology. Nature Geoscience, 9 (4), 312-318, doi:10.1038/ngeo2674.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1740">Haynes, T. B. et al., 2014: Patterns of lake occupancy by fish indicate different adaptations to life in a harsh Arctic environment. Freshwater Biology, 59 (9), 1884-1896, doi:10.1111/fwb.12391.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1741">Laske, S. M. et al., 2016: Surface water connectivity drives richness and composition of Arctic lake fish assemblages. Freshwater Biology, 61 (7), 1090-1104, doi:10.1111/fwb.12769.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1742">Heim, K. C. et al., 2016: Seasonal cues of Arctic grayling movement in a small Arctic stream: the importance of surface water connectivity. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 99 (1), 49-65, doi:10.1007/s10641-015-0453-x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1743">McFarland, J. J., M. S. Wipfli and M. S. Whitman, 2017: Trophic pathways supporting Arctic grayling in a small stream on the Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 27 (1), 184-197, doi:10.1111/eff.12336.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1744">Heim, K. C. et al., 2016: Seasonal cues of Arctic grayling movement in a small Arctic stream: the importance of surface water connectivity. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 99 (1), 49-65, doi:10.1007/s10641-015-0453-x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1745">Lique, C. et al., 2016: Modeling the Arctic freshwater system and its integration in the global system: Lessons learned and future challenges. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 121 (3), 540-566, doi:10.1002/2015jg003120.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1746">Taylor, S. G., 2007: Climate warming causes phenological shift in Pink Salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, behavior at Auke Creek, Alaska. Global Change Biology, 14 (2), 229-235, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01494.x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1747">Xu, L. et al., 2013a: Temperature and vegetation seasonality diminishment over northern lands. Nature Climate Change, 3, 581, doi:10.1038/nclimate1836</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1748">Sformo, T. L. et al., 2017: Observations and first reports of saprolegniosis in Aanaakłiq, broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus), from the Colville River near Nuiqsut, Alaska. Polar Science, 14, 78-82, doi:10.1016/j.polar.2017.07.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1749">Wedekind, C. et al., 2010: Elevated resource availability sufficient to turn opportunistic into virulent fish pathogens. Ecology, 91 (5), 1251-1256, doi:10.1890/09-1067.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1750">Régnière, J., J. Powell, B. Bentz and V. Nealis, 2012: Effects of temperature on development, survival and reproduction of insects: Experimental design, data analysis and modeling. Journal of Insect Physiology, 58 (5), 634-647, doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.01.010.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1751">Frey, K. E., J. W. McClelland, R. M. Holmes and L. C. Smith, 2007: Impacts of climate warming and permafrost thaw on the riverine transport of nitrogen and phosphorus to the Kara Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 112 (G4), G04S5, doi:10.1029/2006jg000369.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1752">Duffy, G. A. et al., 2017: Barriers to globally invasive species are weakening across the Antarctic. Diversity and Distributions, 23 (9), 982-996, doi:10.1111/ddi.12593.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1753">Frenot, Y. et al., 2005: Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications. Biological Reviews, 80 (1), 45-72, doi:10.1017/s1464793104006542.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1754">Frederiksen, M., 2017: Synthesis: Status and trends of Arctic marine biodiversity and monitoring. In: CAFF State of the Arctic Marine Biodiversity Report. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna International Secretariat Akureyri, Iceland, 175-195.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1755">McCarthy, A. H., L. S. Peck, K. A. Hughes and D. C. Aldridge, 2019: Antarctica: The final frontier for marine biological invasions. Glob Chang Biol, 25 (7), 2221-2241, doi:10.1111/gcb.14600.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1756">Brower, A. A. et al., 2017: Gray whale distribution relative to benthic invertebrate biomass and abundance: Northeastern Chukchi Sea 2009–2012. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 144, 156-174, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.12.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1757">Storrie, L. et al., 2018: Determining the species assemblage and habitat use of cetaceans in the Svalbard Archipelago, based on observations from 2002 to 2014. Polar Research, 37 (1), 1463065, doi:10.1080/17518369.2018.1463065.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1758">Grebmeier, J. M., 2012: Shifting patterns of life in the Pacific Arctic and sub-Arctic Seas. Annual Reviews in Marine Science, 2012 (4), 63-78, doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-120710-100926.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1759">Renaud, P. E. et al., 2015: The future of Arctic benthos: Expansion, invasion, and biodiversity. Progress in Oceanography, 139, 244-257, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.07.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1760">Kortsch, S. et al., 2012: Climate-driven regime shifts in Arctic marine benthos. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109 (35), 14052-14057, doi:10.1073/pnas.1207509109.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1761">Winfield, I. J. et al., 2010: Population trends of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in the UK: assessing the evidence for a widespread decline in response to climate change. Hydrobiologia, 650 (1), 55-65, doi:10.1007/s10750-009-0078-1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1762">Bromaghin, J. F. et al., 2015: Polar bear population dynamics in the southern Beaufort Sea during a period of sea ice decline. Ecological Applications, 25 (3), 634-651, doi:10.1890/14-1129.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1763">Laidre, K. L. et al., 2018: Range contraction and increasing isolation of a polar bear subpopulation in an era of sea-ice loss. Ecology and Evolution, 8 (4), 2062-2075, doi:10.1002/ece3.3809.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1764">Berge, J. et al., 2015: First Records of Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) from the Svalbard Archipelago, Norway, with Possible Explanations for the Extension of Its Distribution. Arctic, 68 (1), 54-61, doi:10.14430/arctic4455.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1765">Jansen, T. et al., 2016: Ocean warming expands habitat of a rich natural resource and benefits a national economy. Ecological Applications, 26 (7), 2021-2032, doi:10.1002/eap.1384.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1766">Nøttestad, L. et al., 2016: Quantifying changes in abundance, biomass, and spatial distribution of Northeast Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) in the Nordic seas from 2007 to 2014. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 73 (2), 359-373, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsv218.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1767">Berge, J. et al., 2015: First Records of Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) from the Svalbard Archipelago, Norway, with Possible Explanations for the Extension of Its Distribution. Arctic, 68 (1), 54-61, doi:10.14430/arctic4455.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1768">Olafsdottir, A. H. et al., 2019: Geographical expansion of Northeast Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) in the Nordic Seas from 2007 to 2016 was primarily driven by stock size and constrained by low temperatures. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 159, 152-168, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.05.023.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1769">Jansen, T. et al., 2016: Ocean warming expands habitat of a rich natural resource and benefits a national economy. Ecological Applications, 26 (7), 2021-2032, doi:10.1002/eap.1384.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1770">Sundby, S., K. F. Drinkwater and O. S. Kjesbu, 2016: The North Atlantic Spring-Bloom System—Where the Changing Climate Meets the Winter Dark. Frontiers in Marine Science, 3, doi:10.3389/fmars.2016.00028.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1771">Alabia, I. D. et al., 2018: Distribution shifts of marine taxa in the Pacific Arctic under contemporary climate changes. Diversity and Distributions, 24 (11), 1583-1597, doi:10.1111/ddi.12788.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1772">Stevenson, D. E. and R. R. Lauth, 2018: Bottom trawl surveys in the northern Bering Sea indicate recent shifts in the distribution of marine species. Polar Biology, 42 (2), 407-421, doi:10.1007/s00300-018-2431-1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1773">Ingvaldsen, R. B. and H. Gjøsæter, 2013: Responses in spatial distribution of Barents Sea capelin to changes in stock size, ocean temperature and ice cover. Marine Biology Research, 9 (9), 867-877, doi:10.1080/17451000.2013.775450.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1774">Kjesbu, O. S. et al., 2014: Synergies between climate and management for Atlantic cod fisheries at high latitudes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111 (9), 3478-3483, doi:10.1073/pnas.1316342111.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1775">Landa, C. S. et al., 2014: Recruitment, distribution boundary and habitat temperature of an arcto-boreal gadoid in a climatically changing environment: a case study on Northeast Arctic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Fisheries Oceanography, 23 (6), 506-520, doi:10.1111/fog.12085.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1776">Fossheim, M. et al., 2015: Recent warming leads to a rapid borealization of fish communities in the Arctic. Nature Climate Change, 5, 673, doi:10.1038/nclimate2647.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1777">Kortsch, S. et al., 2015: Climate change alters the structure of arctic marine food webs due to poleward shifts of boreal generalists. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282 (1814), 20151546, doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1546.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1778">Frainer, A. et al., 2017: Climate-driven changes in functional biogeography of Arctic marine fish communities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 114 (46), 12202-12207, doi:10.1073/pnas.1706080114.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1779">Fossheim, M. et al., 2015: Recent warming leads to a rapid borealization of fish communities in the Arctic. Nature Climate Change, 5, 673, doi:10.1038/nclimate2647.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1780">Kortsch, S. et al., 2015: Climate change alters the structure of arctic marine food webs due to poleward shifts of boreal generalists. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282 (1814), 20151546, doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1546.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1781">Frainer, A. et al., 2017: Climate-driven changes in functional biogeography of Arctic marine fish communities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 114 (46), 12202-12207, doi:10.1073/pnas.1706080114.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1782">Andrews, A. J. et al., 2019: Boreal marine fauna from the Barents Sea disperse to Arctic Northeast Greenland. Sci Rep, 9 (1), 5799, doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42097-x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1783">Fraser, C. I., G. M. Kay, M. d. Plessis and P. G. Ryan, 2017: Breaking down the barrier: dispersal across the Antarctic Polar Front. Ecography, 40 (1), 235-237, doi:10.1111/ecog.02449.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1784">Fraser, C. I. et al., 2018: Antarctica’s ecological isolation will be broken by storm-driven dispersal and warming. Nature Climate Change, 8, 704-708, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0209-7.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1785">McCarthy, A. H., L. S. Peck, K. A. Hughes and D. C. Aldridge, 2019: Antarctica: The final frontier for marine biological invasions. Glob Chang Biol, 25 (7), 2221-2241, doi:10.1111/gcb.14600.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1786">Griffiths, H. J. et al., 2013: Antarctic Crabs: Invasion or Endurance? Plos One, 8 (7), e66981, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066981.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1787">Aronson, R. B. et al., 2015: No barrier to emergence of bathyal king crabs on the Antarctic shelf. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 112 (42), 12997-13002, doi:10.1073/pnas.1513962112.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1788">Smith, K. E. et al., 2017d: Climate change and the threat of novel marine predators in Antarctica. Ecosphere, 8 (11), 1-3, doi:10.1002/ecs2.2017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1789">CAFF, 2013a: Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), Akureyri, Iceland, 28pp [Available at: http://arcticlcc.org/assets/resources/ABA2013Science.pdf ; Accecss Date: 10 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1790">AMAP, 2017a: Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic (AACA) – Bering/Chukchi/Beaufort Region Overview report. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, 24 pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1791">AMAP, 2017b: Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic: Perspectives from the Barents Area. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), xiv + 267pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1792">AMAP, 2015: AMAP Assessment 2015: Temporal Trends in Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, vi+71pp [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/amap-assessment-2015-temporal-trends-in-persistent-organic-pollutants-in-the-arctic/1521 ; Access Date: 25 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1793">Safronov, V. M., 2016: Climate change and mammals of Yakutia. Biology Bulletin, 43 (9), 1256-1270, doi:10.1134/S1062359016110121.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1794">Tape, K. D. et al., 2016: Range Expansion of Moose in Arctic Alaska Linked to Warming and Increased Shrub Habitat. Plos One, 11 (4), e0152636, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152636.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1795">Tape, K. D. et al., 2018: Tundra be dammed: Beaver colonization of the Arctic. Global Change Biology, 24 (10), 4478-4488, doi:10.1111/gcb.14332.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1796">CAFF, 2013a: Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), Akureyri, Iceland, 28pp [Available at: http://arcticlcc.org/assets/resources/ABA2013Science.pdf ; Accecss Date: 10 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1797">Taylor, D. J., M. J. Ballinger, A. S. Medeiros and A. A. Kotov, 2015: Climate-associated tundra thaw pond formation and range expansion of boreal zooplankton predators. Ecography, 39 (1), 43-53, doi:10.1111/ecog.01514.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1798">Forde, T. L. et al., 2016b: Bacterial Genomics Reveal the Complex Epidemiology of an Emerging Pathogen in Arctic and Boreal Ungulates. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 1759, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01759.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1799">Burke, J. L., J. Bohlmann and A. L. Carroll, 2017b: Consequences of distributional asymmetry in a warming environment: invasion of novel forests by the mountain pine beetle. Ecosphere, 8 (4), e01778, doi:10.1002/ecs2.1778.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1800">Kafle, P. et al., 2018: Temperature-dependent development and freezing survival of protostrongylid nematodes of Arctic ungulates: implications for transmission. Parasites &amp; Vectors, 11 (1), 400, doi:10.1186/s13071-018-2946-x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1801">Myers-Smith, I. H. et al., 2015: Climate sensitivity of shrub growth across the tundra biome. Nature Clim. Change, 5 (9), 887-891, doi:10.1038/nclimate2697.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1802">Bhatt, U. et al., 2017: Changing seasonality of panarctic tundra vegetation in relationship to climatic variables. Environmental Research Letters, 12 (5), doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa6b0b.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1803">CAFF, 2013a: Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), Akureyri, Iceland, 28pp [Available at: http://arcticlcc.org/assets/resources/ABA2013Science.pdf ; Accecss Date: 10 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1804">CAVM Team, 2003: Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map. Scale 1:7,500,000. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) Map No. 1., Anchorage, Alaska.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1805">Walker, D. A. et al., 2016: Circumpolar Arctic vegetation: a hierarchic review and roadmap toward an internationally consistent approach to survey, archive and classify tundra plot data. Environmental Research Letters, 11 (5), 055005, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/5/055005.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1806">AMAP, 2015: AMAP Assessment 2015: Temporal Trends in Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, vi+71pp [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/amap-assessment-2015-temporal-trends-in-persistent-organic-pollutants-in-the-arctic/1521 ; Access Date: 25 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1807">CAFF, 2013a: Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), Akureyri, Iceland, 28pp [Available at: http://arcticlcc.org/assets/resources/ABA2013Science.pdf ; Accecss Date: 10 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1808">CAFF, 2013b: Arctic Biodiversity Assessment: Report for Policy Makers. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), Akureyri, Iceland, 678pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1809">AMAP, 2015: AMAP Assessment 2015: Temporal Trends in Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, vi+71pp [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/amap-assessment-2015-temporal-trends-in-persistent-organic-pollutants-in-the-arctic/1521 ; Access Date: 25 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1810">Walker, D. A. et al., 2015: A hierarchic approach for examining panarctic vegetation with a focus on the linkages between remote-sensing and plot-based studies: A prototype example from Toolik Lake, Alaska. In: AGU Fall meeting 14-19 Dec 2015, San Francisco, USA, AGU Fall Meeting.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1811">Walker, D. A. et al., 2015: A hierarchic approach for examining panarctic vegetation with a focus on the linkages between remote-sensing and plot-based studies: A prototype example from Toolik Lake, Alaska. In: AGU Fall meeting 14-19 Dec 2015, San Francisco, USA, AGU Fall Meeting.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1812">Myers‐Smith, I. H. et al., 2019: Eighteen years of ecological monitoring reveals multiple lines of evidence for tundra vegetation change. Ecological Monographs, 89 (2), e01351, doi:10.1002/ecm.1351.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1813">CAFF, 2017: State of the Arctic Marine Biodiversity Report. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna International Secretariat, Akureyri, Iceland, 200pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1814">Frenot, Y. et al., 2005: Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications. Biological Reviews, 80 (1), 45-72, doi:10.1017/s1464793104006542.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1815">Chown, S. L. et al., 2012: Continent-wide risk assessment for the establishment of nonindigenous species in Antarctica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109 (13), 4938, doi:10.1073/pnas.1119787109.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1816">McClelland, G. T. W. et al., 2017: Climate change leads to increasing population density and impacts of a key island invader. Ecological Applications, 28 (1), 212-224, doi:10.1002/eap.1642.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1817">Hughes, K. A., L. R. Pertierra, M. A. Molina-Montenegro and P. Convey, 2015: Biological invasions in terrestrial Antarctica: what is the current status and can we respond? Biodiversity and Conservation, 24 (5), 1031-1055, doi:10.1007/s10531-015-0896-6.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1818">Hughes, K. A., L. R. Pertierra, M. A. Molina-Montenegro and P. Convey, 2015: Biological invasions in terrestrial Antarctica: what is the current status and can we respond? Biodiversity and Conservation, 24 (5), 1031-1055, doi:10.1007/s10531-015-0896-6.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1819">Frenot, Y. et al., 2005: Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications. Biological Reviews, 80 (1), 45-72, doi:10.1017/s1464793104006542.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1820">Duffy, G. A. et al., 2017: Barriers to globally invasive species are weakening across the Antarctic. Diversity and Distributions, 23 (9), 982-996, doi:10.1111/ddi.12593.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1821">Lee, J. R. et al., 2017a: Climate change drives expansion of Antarctic ice-free habitat. Nature, 547 (7661), 49, doi:10.1038/nature22996.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1822">Chown, S. L. et al., 2012: Continent-wide risk assessment for the establishment of nonindigenous species in Antarctica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109 (13), 4938, doi:10.1073/pnas.1119787109.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1823">Hughes, K. A., L. R. Pertierra, M. A. Molina-Montenegro and P. Convey, 2015: Biological invasions in terrestrial Antarctica: what is the current status and can we respond? Biodiversity and Conservation, 24 (5), 1031-1055, doi:10.1007/s10531-015-0896-6.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1824">Heleniak, T., 2014: Arctic Populations and Migration. In: Arctic Human Development Report: Regional Processes and Global Linkages [Nymand Larsen, J. and G. Fondhal (eds.)]. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, 53-104.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1825">Schweitzer, P., P. Sköld and O. Ulturgasheva, 2014: Cultures and Identities. In: Arctic Human Development Report: Regional Processes and Global Linkages [Nymand Larsen, J. and G. Fondhal (eds.)]. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, 105-150.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1826">Cunsolo Willox, A. et al., 2012: From this place and of this place:” Climate change, sense of place, and health in Nunatsiavut, Canada. Social Science &amp; Medicine, 75 (3), 538-547, doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.03.043.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1827">Durkalec, A., C. Furgal, M. W. Skinner and T. Sheldon, 2014: Investigating environmental determinants of injury and trauma in the Canadian north. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 11 (2), 1536-1548, doi:10.3390/ijerph110201536.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1828">Cochran, P. et al., 2013: Indigenous frameworks for observing and responding to climate change in Alaska. Climatic Change, 120 (3), 557-567, doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0735-2.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1829">Donaldson, S. G. et al., 2010: Environmental contaminants and human health in the Canadian Arctic. Science of the Total Environment, 408 (22), 5165-5234, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.04.059.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1830">Cunsolo Willox, A. et al., 2015: Examining relationships between climate change and mental health in the Circumpolar North. Regional Environmental Change, 15 (1), 169-182, doi:10.1007/s10113-014-0630-z.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1831">Parlee, B. and C. Furgal, 2012: Well-being and environmental change in the arctic: a synthesis of selected research from Canada’s International Polar Year program. Climatic Change, 115 (1), 13-34, doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0588-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1832">Rautio, A., B. Poppel and K. Young, 2014: Human Health and Well-Being. In: Arctic Human Development Report [Nymand Larson, J. and G. Fondahl (eds.)]. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, 299-348.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1833">Lavrillier, A., 2013: Climate change among nomadic and settled Tungus of Siberia: continuity and changes in economic and ritual relationships with the natural environment. Polar Record, 49 (3), 260-271, doi:10.1017/s0032247413000284.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1834">Rosol, R., S. Powell-Hellyer and L. H. M. Chan, 2016: Impacts of decline harvest of country food on nutrient intake among Inuit in Arctic Canada: Impact of climate change and possible adaptation plan. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 75, 31127, doi:10.3402/ijch.v75.31127.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1835">Donaldson, S. G. et al., 2010: Environmental contaminants and human health in the Canadian Arctic. Science of the Total Environment, 408 (22), 5165-5234, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.04.059.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1836">Hansen, B. B. et al., 2013: Climate Events Synchronize the Dynamics of a Resident Vertebrate Community in the High Arctic. Science, 339 (6117), 313, doi:10.1126/science.1226766.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1837">Dudley, J. P., E. P. Hoberg, E. J. Jenkins and A. J. Parkinson, 2015: Climate Change in the North American Arctic: A One Health Perspective. EcoHealth, 12 (4), 713-725, doi:10.1007/s10393-015-1036-1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1838">Laidler, G., 2012: Societal Aspects of Changing Cold Environments. In: Changing Cold Environments: A Canadian Perspective [French, H. and O. Slaymaker (eds.)]. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, 267-300.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1839">Goldhar, C., T. Bell and J. Wolf, 2014: Vulnerability to Freshwater Changes in the Inuit Settlement Region of Nunatsiavut, Labrador: A Case Study from Rigolet. Arctic, 67 (1), 71-83, doi:10.14430/arctic4365.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1840">Laidler, G., 2012: Societal Aspects of Changing Cold Environments. In: Changing Cold Environments: A Canadian Perspective [French, H. and O. Slaymaker (eds.)]. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, 267-300.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1841">Cochran, P. et al., 2013: Indigenous frameworks for observing and responding to climate change in Alaska. Climatic Change, 120 (3), 557-567, doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0735-2.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1842">Cozzetto, K. et al., 2013: Climate change impacts on the water resources of American Indians and Alaska Natives in the U.S. Climatic Change, 120 (3), 569-584, doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0852-y.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1843">Rautio, A., B. Poppel and K. Young, 2014: Human Health and Well-Being. In: Arctic Human Development Report [Nymand Larson, J. and G. Fondahl (eds.)]. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, 299-348.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1844">Beaumier, M. C., J. D. Ford and S. Tagalik, 2015: The food security of Inuit women in Arviat, Nunavut: the role of socio-economic factors and climate change. Polar Record, 51 (5), 550-559, doi:10.1017/s0032247414000618.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1845">Harder, M. T. and G. W. Wenzel, 2012: Inuit subsistence, social economy and food security in Clyde River, Nunavut. Arctic, 65 (3), 305-318.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1846">Parlee, B. and C. Furgal, 2012: Well-being and environmental change in the arctic: a synthesis of selected research from Canada’s International Polar Year program. Climatic Change, 115 (1), 13-34, doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0588-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1847">Nymand, L. J. and G. Fondahl, 2014: Major Findings and Emerging Trends in Arctic Human Development. In: Arctic Human Development Report: Regional Processes and Global Linkages [Nymand Larsen, J. and G. Fondhal (eds.)]. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, 479-502.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1848">Beaumier, M. C., J. D. Ford and S. Tagalik, 2015: The food security of Inuit women in Arviat, Nunavut: the role of socio-economic factors and climate change. Polar Record, 51 (5), 550-559, doi:10.1017/s0032247414000618.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1849">Hoberg, E. P. and D. R. Brooks, 2015: Evolution in action: climate change, biodiversity dynamics and emerging infectious disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 370 (1665), 20130553, doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0553.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1850">Kafle, P. et al., 2018: Temperature-dependent development and freezing survival of protostrongylid nematodes of Arctic ungulates: implications for transmission. Parasites &amp; Vectors, 11 (1), 400, doi:10.1186/s13071-018-2946-x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1851">Laidler, G., 2012: Societal Aspects of Changing Cold Environments. In: Changing Cold Environments: A Canadian Perspective [French, H. and O. Slaymaker (eds.)]. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, 267-300.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1852">Ford, J. D. et al., 2019: Changing access to ice, land and water in Arctic communities. Nature Climate Change, 9 (4), 335-339, doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0435-7.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1853">Ford, J. D., 2012: Indigenous health and climate change. American Journal of Public Health, 102 (7), 1260-1266, doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300752.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1854">Laidler, G., 2012: Societal Aspects of Changing Cold Environments. In: Changing Cold Environments: A Canadian Perspective [French, H. and O. Slaymaker (eds.)]. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, 267-300.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1855">Ford, J. D. and D. King, 2013: A framework for examining adaptation readiness. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 20 (4), 505-526, doi:10.1007/s11027-013-9505-8.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1856">Clark, D. G., J. D. Ford, T. Pearce and L. Berrang-Ford, 2016b: Vulnerability to unintentional injuries associated with land-use activities and search and rescue in Nunavut, Canada. Social Science and Medicine, 169, 18-26, doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.09.026.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1857">Goldhar, C., T. Bell and J. Wolf, 2014: Vulnerability to Freshwater Changes in the Inuit Settlement Region of Nunatsiavut, Labrador: A Case Study from Rigolet. Arctic, 67 (1), 71-83, doi:10.14430/arctic4365.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1858">Brinkman, T. J. et al., 2016: Arctic communities perceive climate impacts on access as a critical challenge to availability of subsistence resources. Climatic Change, 139 (3), 413-427, doi:10.1007/s10584-016-1819-6.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1859">Dodd, W. et al., 2018: Lived experience of a record wildfire season in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Can J Public Health, 109 (3), 327-337, doi:10.17269/s41997-018-0070-5.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1860">Inuit Circumpolar Council, 2014: The Sea Ice Never Stops. Circumpolar Inuit Reflections on Sea Ice Use and Shipping in Inuit Nunaat. (ICC), I. C. C., Canada [Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/11374/1478%5D .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1861">Gearheard, S. F. et al., 2013: The meaning of ice: People and sea ice in three Arctic communities. International Polar Institute, Montreal.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1862">Eicken, H. et al., 2014: A framework and database for community sea ice observations in a changing Arctic: an Alaskan prototype for multiple users. Polar Geography, 37 (1), 5-27, doi:10.1080/1088937x.2013.873090.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1863">Baztan, J. et al., 2017: Life on thin ice: Insights from Uummannaq, Greenland for connecting climate science with Arctic communities. Polar Science, 13, 100-108, doi:10.1016/j.polar.2017.05.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1864">Hansen, B. B. et al., 2013: Climate Events Synchronize the Dynamics of a Resident Vertebrate Community in the High Arctic. Science, 339 (6117), 313, doi:10.1126/science.1226766.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1865">Eicken, H. et al., 2014: A framework and database for community sea ice observations in a changing Arctic: an Alaskan prototype for multiple users. Polar Geography, 37 (1), 5-27, doi:10.1080/1088937x.2013.873090.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1866">Clark, D. G. et al., 2016a: The role of environmental factors in search and rescue incidents in Nunavut, Canada. Public Health, 137 (Supplement C), 44-49, doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2016.06.003.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1867">Hansen, B. B. et al., 2013: Climate Events Synchronize the Dynamics of a Resident Vertebrate Community in the High Arctic. Science, 339 (6117), 313, doi:10.1126/science.1226766.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1868">Eicken, H. et al., 2014: A framework and database for community sea ice observations in a changing Arctic: an Alaskan prototype for multiple users. Polar Geography, 37 (1), 5-27, doi:10.1080/1088937x.2013.873090.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1869">Ford, J. D. and D. King, 2013: A framework for examining adaptation readiness. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 20 (4), 505-526, doi:10.1007/s11027-013-9505-8.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1870">Hansen, B. B. et al., 2013: Climate Events Synchronize the Dynamics of a Resident Vertebrate Community in the High Arctic. Science, 339 (6117), 313, doi:10.1126/science.1226766.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1871">Durkalec, A., C. Furgal, M. W. Skinner and T. Sheldon, 2014: Investigating environmental determinants of injury and trauma in the Canadian north. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 11 (2), 1536-1548, doi:10.3390/ijerph110201536.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1872">Ford, J. D. and D. King, 2013: A framework for examining adaptation readiness. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 20 (4), 505-526, doi:10.1007/s11027-013-9505-8.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1873">Eicken, H. et al., 2014: A framework and database for community sea ice observations in a changing Arctic: an Alaskan prototype for multiple users. Polar Geography, 37 (1), 5-27, doi:10.1080/1088937x.2013.873090.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1874">Cochran, P. et al., 2013: Indigenous frameworks for observing and responding to climate change in Alaska. Climatic Change, 120 (3), 557-567, doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0735-2.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1875">Goldhar, C., T. Bell and J. Wolf, 2013: Rethinking Existing Approaches to Water Security in Remote Communities: An Analysis of Two Drinking Water Systems in Nunatsiavut, Labrador, Canada. Water Alternatives, 6 (3), 462-486.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1876">Nymand, L. J. and G. Fondahl, 2014: Major Findings and Emerging Trends in Arctic Human Development. In: Arctic Human Development Report: Regional Processes and Global Linkages [Nymand Larsen, J. and G. Fondhal (eds.)]. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, 479-502.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1877">Daley, K. et al., 2015: Water systems, sanitation, and public health risks in remote communities: Inuit resident perspectives from the Canadian Arctic. Social Science &amp; Medicine, 135 (Supplement C), 124-132, doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.04.017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1878">Dudley, J. P., E. P. Hoberg, E. J. Jenkins and A. J. Parkinson, 2015: Climate Change in the North American Arctic: A One Health Perspective. EcoHealth, 12 (4), 713-725, doi:10.1007/s10393-015-1036-1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1879">Masina, S. et al., 2019: Weather, environmental conditions, and waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Iqaluit, Nunavut. J Water Health, 17 (1), 84-97, doi:10.2166/wh.2018.323.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1880">Cozzetto, K. et al., 2013: Climate change impacts on the water resources of American Indians and Alaska Natives in the U.S. Climatic Change, 120 (3), 569-584, doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0852-y.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1881">Goldhar, C., T. Bell and J. Wolf, 2013: Rethinking Existing Approaches to Water Security in Remote Communities: An Analysis of Two Drinking Water Systems in Nunatsiavut, Labrador, Canada. Water Alternatives, 6 (3), 462-486.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1882">Dudley, J. P., E. P. Hoberg, E. J. Jenkins and A. J. Parkinson, 2015: Climate Change in the North American Arctic: A One Health Perspective. EcoHealth, 12 (4), 713-725, doi:10.1007/s10393-015-1036-1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1883">Masina, S. et al., 2019: Weather, environmental conditions, and waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Iqaluit, Nunavut. J Water Health, 17 (1), 84-97, doi:10.2166/wh.2018.323.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1884">Daley, K. et al., 2015: Water systems, sanitation, and public health risks in remote communities: Inuit resident perspectives from the Canadian Arctic. Social Science &amp; Medicine, 135 (Supplement C), 124-132, doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.04.017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1885">Eicken, H. et al., 2014: A framework and database for community sea ice observations in a changing Arctic: an Alaskan prototype for multiple users. Polar Geography, 37 (1), 5-27, doi:10.1080/1088937x.2013.873090.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1886">Durkalec, A., C. Furgal, M. W. Skinner and T. Sheldon, 2014: Investigating environmental determinants of injury and trauma in the Canadian north. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 11 (2), 1536-1548, doi:10.3390/ijerph110201536.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1887">Ford, J. D., 2012: Indigenous health and climate change. American Journal of Public Health, 102 (7), 1260-1266, doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300752.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1888">Parlee, B. and C. Furgal, 2012: Well-being and environmental change in the arctic: a synthesis of selected research from Canada’s International Polar Year program. Climatic Change, 115 (1), 13-34, doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0588-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1889">Eicken, H. et al., 2014: A framework and database for community sea ice observations in a changing Arctic: an Alaskan prototype for multiple users. Polar Geography, 37 (1), 5-27, doi:10.1080/1088937x.2013.873090.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1890">Pearce, T., J. Ford, A. C. Willox and B. Smit, 2015: Inuit Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), Subsistence Hunting and Adaptation to Climate Change in the Canadian Arctic. Arctic, 68 (2), 233-245, doi:10.14430/arctic4475.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1891">Parlee, B. and C. Furgal, 2012: Well-being and environmental change in the arctic: a synthesis of selected research from Canada’s International Polar Year program. Climatic Change, 115 (1), 13-34, doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0588-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1892">Golovnev, A., 2017: Challenges to Arctic Nomadism: Yamal Nenets Facing Climate Change Era Calamities. Arctic Anthropology, 54, 40-51.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1893">Ford, J. D. et al., 2019: Changing access to ice, land and water in Arctic communities. Nature Climate Change, 9 (4), 335-339, doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0435-7.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1894">Harder, M. T. and G. W. Wenzel, 2012: Inuit subsistence, social economy and food security in Clyde River, Nunavut. Arctic, 65 (3), 305-318.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1895">Cochran, P. et al., 2013: Indigenous frameworks for observing and responding to climate change in Alaska. Climatic Change, 120 (3), 557-567, doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0735-2.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1896">Clark, D. G., J. D. Ford, T. Pearce and L. Berrang-Ford, 2016b: Vulnerability to unintentional injuries associated with land-use activities and search and rescue in Nunavut, Canada. Social Science and Medicine, 169, 18-26, doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.09.026.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1897">Fall, J., 2016: Regional Patterns of Fish and Wildlife Harvests in Contemporary Alaska. Arctic, 69 (1), 47-54, doi:10.14430/arctic4547.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1898">Ford, J. D. et al., 2016: Including indigenous knowledge and experience in IPCC assessment reports. Nature Climate Change, 6, 349, doi:10.1038/nclimate2954</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1899">Lavrillier, A., S. Gabyshev and M. Rojo, 2016: The Sable for Evenk Reindeer Herders in Southeastern Siberia: Interplaying Drivers of Changes on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. In: Indigenous and Local Knowledge of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Services in Europe and Central Asia: Contributions to an IPBES regional assessment [Roué, M. and Z. Molnar (eds.)]. UNESCO, Paris, 111-128.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1900">Ford, J. D., 2012: Indigenous health and climate change. American Journal of Public Health, 102 (7), 1260-1266, doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300752.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1901">Huskey, L., I. Maenpaa and A. Pelyasov, 2014: Economic Systems. In: Arctic Human Development Report [Nymand Larson, J. and G. Fondahl (eds.)]. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, 151-184.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1902">Overland, J. et al., 2017: Synthesis: summary and implications of findings. Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA), Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo, Norway, 269p.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1903">Cochran, P. et al., 2013: Indigenous frameworks for observing and responding to climate change in Alaska. Climatic Change, 120 (3), 557-567, doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0735-2.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1904">Parlee, B. and C. Furgal, 2012: Well-being and environmental change in the arctic: a synthesis of selected research from Canada’s International Polar Year program. Climatic Change, 115 (1), 13-34, doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0588-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1905">Ostapchuk, J. et al., 2015: Exploring Elders ’ and Seniors ’ Perceptions of How Climate Change is Impacting Health and Well-being in Rigolet, Nunatsiavut. Journal of Aboriginal Health, 9, 6-24, doi:10.18357/ijih92201214358.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1906">Gearheard, S. et al., 2006: “It’s Not that Simple”: A Collaborative Comparison of Sea Ice Environments, Their Uses, Observed Changes, and Adaptations in Barrow, Alaska, USA, and Clyde River, Nunavut, Canada. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 35 (4), 203-211, doi:10.1579/0044-7447(2006)35[203:intsac]2.0.co;2.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1907">Laidler, G. J., 2006: Inuit and Scientific Perspectives on the Relationship Between Sea Ice and Climate Change: The Ideal Complement? Climatic Change, 78 (2), 407, doi:10.1007/s10584-006-9064-z.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1908">Ford, J. D. and D. King, 2013: A framework for examining adaptation readiness. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 20 (4), 505-526, doi:10.1007/s11027-013-9505-8.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1909">Clark, D. G. et al., 2016a: The role of environmental factors in search and rescue incidents in Nunavut, Canada. Public Health, 137 (Supplement C), 44-49, doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2016.06.003.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1910">Durkalec, A., C. Furgal, M. W. Skinner and T. Sheldon, 2014: Investigating environmental determinants of injury and trauma in the Canadian north. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 11 (2), 1536-1548, doi:10.3390/ijerph110201536.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1911">Durkalec, A., C. Furgal, M. W. Skinner and T. Sheldon, 2014: Investigating environmental determinants of injury and trauma in the Canadian north. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 11 (2), 1536-1548, doi:10.3390/ijerph110201536.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1912">Clark, D. G., J. D. Ford, T. Pearce and L. Berrang-Ford, 2016b: Vulnerability to unintentional injuries associated with land-use activities and search and rescue in Nunavut, Canada. Social Science and Medicine, 169, 18-26, doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.09.026.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1913">Driscoll, D. L. et al., 2016: Assessing the health effects of climate change in Alaska with community-based surveillance. Climatic Change, 137 (3), 455-466, doi:10.1007/s10584-016-1687-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1914">Parkinson, A. J. and J. Berner, 2009: Climate change and impacts on human health in the Arctic: an international workshop on emerging threats and the response of Arctic communities to climate change. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 68 (1), 84-91, doi:10.3402/ijch.v68i1.18295.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1915">McLaughlin, J. B. et al., 2005: Outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Gastroenteritis Associated with Alaskan Oysters. New England Journal of Medicine, 353 (14), 1463-1470, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa051594.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1916">Young, I., K. Gropp, A. Fazil and B. A. Smith, 2015: Knowledge synthesis to support risk assessment of climate change impacts on food and water safety: A case study of the effects of water temperature and salinity on Vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw oysters and harvest waters. Food Research International, 68, 86-93, doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2014.06.035.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1917">Schuster, P. F. et al., 2018: Permafrost Stores a Globally Significant Amount of Mercury. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (3), 1463-1471, doi:10.1002/2017GL075571.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1918">Parkinson, A. J. and J. Berner, 2009: Climate change and impacts on human health in the Arctic: an international workshop on emerging threats and the response of Arctic communities to climate change. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 68 (1), 84-91, doi:10.3402/ijch.v68i1.18295.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1919">Brubaker, M., J. Berner, R. Chavan and J. Warren, 2011: Climate change and health effects in Northwest Alaska. Global Health Action, 4 (1), 8445, doi:10.3402/gha.v4i0.8445.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1920">Dudley, J. P., E. P. Hoberg, E. J. Jenkins and A. J. Parkinson, 2015: Climate Change in the North American Arctic: A One Health Perspective. EcoHealth, 12 (4), 713-725, doi:10.1007/s10393-015-1036-1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1921">Harper, S. L. et al., 2011: Weather, Water Quality and Infectious Gastrointestinal Illness in Two Inuit Communities in Nunatsiavut, Canada: Potential Implications for Climate Change. EcoHealth, 8 (1), 93-108, doi:10.1007/s10393-011-0690-1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1922">Goldhar, C., T. Bell and J. Wolf, 2014: Vulnerability to Freshwater Changes in the Inuit Settlement Region of Nunatsiavut, Labrador: A Case Study from Rigolet. Arctic, 67 (1), 71-83, doi:10.14430/arctic4365.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1923">Daley, K. et al., 2015: Water systems, sanitation, and public health risks in remote communities: Inuit resident perspectives from the Canadian Arctic. Social Science &amp; Medicine, 135 (Supplement C), 124-132, doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.04.017.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1924">Goldhar, C., T. Bell and J. Wolf, 2014: Vulnerability to Freshwater Changes in the Inuit Settlement Region of Nunatsiavut, Labrador: A Case Study from Rigolet. Arctic, 67 (1), 71-83, doi:10.14430/arctic4365.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1925">Wright, C. J. et al., 2018: Water quality and health in northern Canada: stored drinking water and acute gastrointestinal illness in Labrador Inuit. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 25 (33), 32975-32987, doi:10.1007/s11356-017-9695-9.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1926">Masina, S. et al., 2019: Weather, environmental conditions, and waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Iqaluit, Nunavut. J Water Health, 17 (1), 84-97, doi:10.2166/wh.2018.323.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1927">Cunsolo Willox, A. et al., 2012: From this place and of this place:” Climate change, sense of place, and health in Nunatsiavut, Canada. Social Science &amp; Medicine, 75 (3), 538-547, doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.03.043.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1928">Durkalec, A., C. Furgal, M. W. Skinner and T. Sheldon, 2014: Investigating environmental determinants of injury and trauma in the Canadian north. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 11 (2), 1536-1548, doi:10.3390/ijerph110201536.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1929">Cunsolo, A. and N. R. Ellis, 2018: Ecological grief as a mental health response to climate change-related loss. Nature Climate Change, 8 (4), 275-281, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0092-2.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1930">Bunce, A. and J. Ford, 2015: How is adaptation, resilience, and vulnerability research engaging with gender? Environmental Research Letters, 10 (12), 123003, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/123003/meta.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1931">Ostapchuk, J. et al., 2015: Exploring Elders ’ and Seniors ’ Perceptions of How Climate Change is Impacting Health and Well-being in Rigolet, Nunatsiavut. Journal of Aboriginal Health, 9, 6-24, doi:10.18357/ijih92201214358.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1932">Bunce, A. et al., 2016: Vulnerability and adaptive capacity of Inuit women to climate change: a case study from Iqaluit, Nunavut. Natural Hazards, 83 (3), 1419-1441, doi:10.1007/s11069-016-2398-6.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1933">Petrasek-MacDonald, J., J. D. Ford, A. C. Willox and N. A. Ross, 2013: A review of protective factors and causal mechanisms that enhance the mental health of Indigenous Circumpolar youth. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 72 (1), 21775, doi:10.3402/ijch.v72i0.21775.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1934">Ostapchuk, J. et al., 2015: Exploring Elders ’ and Seniors ’ Perceptions of How Climate Change is Impacting Health and Well-being in Rigolet, Nunatsiavut. Journal of Aboriginal Health, 9, 6-24, doi:10.18357/ijih92201214358.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1935">Ostapchuk, J. et al., 2015: Exploring Elders ’ and Seniors ’ Perceptions of How Climate Change is Impacting Health and Well-being in Rigolet, Nunatsiavut. Journal of Aboriginal Health, 9, 6-24, doi:10.18357/ijih92201214358.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1936">Bunce, A. and J. Ford, 2015: How is adaptation, resilience, and vulnerability research engaging with gender? Environmental Research Letters, 10 (12), 123003, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/123003/meta.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1937">Cunsolo Willox, A. et al., 2013a: The land enriches the soul: On climatic and environmental change, affect, and emotional health and well-being in Rigolet, Nunatsiavut, Canada. Emotion, Space and Society, 6, 14-24.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1938">Cunsolo Willox, A. et al., 2013b: Climate change and mental health: an exploratory case study from Rigolet, Nunatsiavut, Canada. Climatic Change, 121 (2), 255-270, doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0875-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1939">Gearheard, S. F. et al., 2013: The meaning of ice: People and sea ice in three Arctic communities. International Polar Institute, Montreal.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1940">Durkalec, A., C. Furgal, M. W. Skinner and T. Sheldon, 2014: Investigating environmental determinants of injury and trauma in the Canadian north. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 11 (2), 1536-1548, doi:10.3390/ijerph110201536.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1941">AMAP, 2017d: Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA). Arctic Council Secretariat, Oslo, Norway, xiv + 269 pp [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/download/2987/inline ; Access Date: 10 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1942">Romanovsky, V. E., S. L. Smith and H. H. Christiansen, 2010: Permafrost thermal state in the polar Northern Hemisphere during the international polar year 2007–2009: a synthesis. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 21 (2), 106-116, doi:10.1002/ppp.689.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1943">Romanovsky, V. et al., 2017: Changing permafrost and its impacts. In: Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA). Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, 65-102.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1944">Biskaborn, B. K. et al., 2019: Permafrost is warming at a global scale. Nat Commun, 10 (1), 264, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08240-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1945">Larsen, J. N. et al., 2014: Polar regions. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change [Barros, V. R., C. B. Field, D. J. Dokken, M. D. Mastrandrea, K. J. Mach, T. E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K. L. Ebi, Y. O. Estrada, R. C. Genova, B. Girma, E. S. Kissel, A. N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P. R. Mastrandrea and L. L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1567-1612.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1946">Dore, G., F. J. Niu and H. Brooks, 2016: Adaptation Methods for Transportation Infrastructure Built on Degrading Permafrost. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 27 (4), 352-364, doi:10.1002/ppp.1919.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1947">AMAP, 2017d: Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA). Arctic Council Secretariat, Oslo, Norway, xiv + 269 pp [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/download/2987/inline ; Access Date: 10 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1948">Pendakur, K., 2017: Northern Territories. In: Climate risks and adaptation practices for the Canadian transportation sector 2016 [Palko, K. and D. S. Lemmen (eds.)]. Government of Canada, Ottawa, 27-64.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1949">Shiklomanov, N. I., D. A. Streletskiy, V. I. Grebenets and L. Suter, 2017a: Conquering the permafrost: urban infrastructure development in Norilsk, Russia. Polar Geography, 40 (4), 273-290, doi:10.1080/1088937X.2017.1329237.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1950">Shiklomanov, N. I., D. A. Streletskiy, T. B. Swales and V. A. Kokorev, 2017b: Climate Change and Stability of Urban Infrastructure in Russian Permafrost Regions: Prognostic Assessment based on GCM Climate Projections. Geographical Review, 107 (1), 125-142, doi:10.1111/gere.12214.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1951">Vincent, W. F., M. Lemay and M. Allard, 2017: Arctic permafrost landscapes in transition: towards an integrated Earth system approach. Arctic Science, 3 (2), 39-64, doi:10.1139/as-2016-0027.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1952">Hjort, J. et al., 2018: Degrading permafrost puts Arctic infrastructure at risk by mid-century. Nat Commun, 9 (1), 5147, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07557-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1953">Shiklomanov, N. I., D. A. Streletskiy, T. B. Swales and V. A. Kokorev, 2017b: Climate Change and Stability of Urban Infrastructure in Russian Permafrost Regions: Prognostic Assessment based on GCM Climate Projections. Geographical Review, 107 (1), 125-142, doi:10.1111/gere.12214.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1954">Melvin, A. M. et al., 2017: Climate change damages to Alaska public infrastructure and the economics of proactive adaptation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114 (2), E122, doi:10.1073/pnas.1611056113.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1955">Berman, M. and J. I. Schmidt, 2019: Economic Effects of Climate Change in Alaska. Weather, Climate, and Society, 11 (2), 245-258, doi:10.1175/wcas-d-18-0056.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1956">Parlee, B. and C. Furgal, 2012: Well-being and environmental change in the arctic: a synthesis of selected research from Canada’s International Polar Year program. Climatic Change, 115 (1), 13-34, doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0588-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1957">Huskey, L., I. Maenpaa and A. Pelyasov, 2014: Economic Systems. In: Arctic Human Development Report [Nymand Larson, J. and G. Fondahl (eds.)]. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, 151-184.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1958">Overland, J. et al., 2017: Synthesis: summary and implications of findings. Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA), Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo, Norway, 269p.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1959">Laidler, G., 2012: Societal Aspects of Changing Cold Environments. In: Changing Cold Environments: A Canadian Perspective [French, H. and O. Slaymaker (eds.)]. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, 267-300.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1960">Ford, J. D. and D. King, 2013: A framework for examining adaptation readiness. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 20 (4), 505-526, doi:10.1007/s11027-013-9505-8.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1961">Goldhar, C., T. Bell and J. Wolf, 2014: Vulnerability to Freshwater Changes in the Inuit Settlement Region of Nunatsiavut, Labrador: A Case Study from Rigolet. Arctic, 67 (1), 71-83, doi:10.14430/arctic4365.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1962">Sturm, M., M. A. Goldstein, H. Huntington and T. A. Douglas, 2017: Using an option pricing approach to evaluate strategic decisions in a rapidly changing climate: Black–Scholes and climate change. Climatic Change, 140 (3), 437-449, doi:10.1007/s10584-016-1860-5.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1963">Mullan, D. et al., 2017: Climate change and the long-term viability of the World’s busiest heavy haul ice road. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 129 (3), 1089-1108, doi:10.1007/s00704-016-1830-x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1964">AHDR, 2014: Arctic Human Development Report: Regional Processes and Global Linkages. Nordic Council of Ministers, Larsen, J. N. and G. Fondahl, Copenhagen [Available at: http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:788965/FULLTEXT03.pdf ; Access Date: 10 October 2017].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1965">AHDR, 2014: Arctic Human Development Report: Regional Processes and Global Linkages. Nordic Council of Ministers, Larsen, J. N. and G. Fondahl, Copenhagen [Available at: http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:788965/FULLTEXT03.pdf ; Access Date: 10 October 2017].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1966">Heleniak, T., 2014: Arctic Populations and Migration. In: Arctic Human Development Report: Regional Processes and Global Linkages [Nymand Larsen, J. and G. Fondhal (eds.)]. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, 53-104.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1967">Greaves, W., 2016: Arctic (in)security and Indigenous peoples: Comparing Inuit in Canada and Sámi in Norway. Security Dialogue, 47 (6), 461-480, doi:10.1177/0967010616665957.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1968">Nymand, L. J. and G. Fondahl, 2014: Major Findings and Emerging Trends in Arctic Human Development. In: Arctic Human Development Report: Regional Processes and Global Linkages [Nymand Larsen, J. and G. Fondhal (eds.)]. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, 479-502.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1969">Shadian, J. M., 2014: The Politics of Arctic Sovereignty: oil, ice and Inuit goverance. Routledge Press, London.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1970">Huskey, L., 2018: An Arctic development strategy? The North Slope Inupiat and the resource curse. Canadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue canadienne d’études du développement, 39 (1), 89-100, doi:10.1080/02255189.2017.1391067.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1971">Southcott, C. and D. Natcher, 2018: Extractive industries and Indigenous subsistence economies: a complex and unresolved relationship. Canadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue canadienne d’études du développement, 39 (1), 137-154, doi:10.1080/02255189.2017.1400955.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1972">Nymand, L. J. and G. Fondahl, 2014: Major Findings and Emerging Trends in Arctic Human Development. In: Arctic Human Development Report: Regional Processes and Global Linkages [Nymand Larsen, J. and G. Fondhal (eds.)]. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, 479-502.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1973">Descamps, S. et al., 2017: Circumpolar dynamics of a marine top-predator track ocean warming rates. Global Change Biology, 23 (9), 3770-3780, doi:10.1111/gcb.13715.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1974">Field, L. et al., 2018: Increasing Arctic Sea Ice Albedo Using Localized Reversible Geoengineering. Earths Future, 6 (6), 882-901, doi:10.1029/2018ef000820.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1975">NPFMC, 2018: Draft Bering Sea Fishery Ecosystem Plan. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, 605 West 4th, Site 306, Anchorage, Alaska.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1976">Cahalan, J., J. Gasper and J. Mondragon, 2014: Catch sampling and estimation in the federal groundfish fisheries off Alaska, 2015edition. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo., NMFS-AFSC-286, 46 p [Available at: http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/Publications/AFSC-TM/NOAA-TM-AFSC-286.pdf%5D .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1977">Ganz, P. et al., 2018: Deployment performance review of the 2017 North Pacific Observer Program. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. , NMFS-AFSC-379, 68p [Available at: https://www.afsc.noaa.gov/publications/AFSC-TM/NOAA-TM-AFSC-379.pdf%5D .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1978">Busch, D. S. et al., 2016: Climate science strategy of the US National Marine Fisheries Service. Marine Policy, 74, 58-67, doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2016.09.001.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1979">NPFMC, 2019: Bering Sea Fishery Ecosystem Plan. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, 605 West 4th, Suite 306. Anchorage, Alaska 99501.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1980">Haug, T. et al., 2017: Future harvest of living resources in the Arctic Ocean north of the Nordic and Barents Seas: A review of possibilities and constraints. Fisheries Research, 188, 38-57, doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2016.12.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1981">Haug, T. et al., 2017: Future harvest of living resources in the Arctic Ocean north of the Nordic and Barents Seas: A review of possibilities and constraints. Fisheries Research, 188, 38-57, doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2016.12.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1982">Gullestad, P. et al., 2017: Towards ecosystem-based fisheries management in Norway – Practical tools for keeping track of relevant issues and prioritising management efforts. Marine Policy, 77, 104-110, doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2016.11.032.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1983">Planque, B. et al., 2019: A participatory scenario method to explore the future of marine social‐ecological systems. Fish and Fisheries, 20 (3), 434-451, doi:10.1111/faf.12356.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1984">NPFMC, 2018: Draft Bering Sea Fishery Ecosystem Plan. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, 605 West 4th, Site 306, Anchorage, Alaska.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1985">Ono, K. et al., 2017: Management strategy analysis for multispecies fisheries including technical interactions and human behavior in modeling management decisions and fishing. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 75 (8), 1185-1202, doi:10.1139/cjfas-2017-0135.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1986">DiCosimo, J., S. Cunningham and D. Brannan, 2015: Pacific Halibut Bycatch Management in Gulf of Alaska Groundfish Trawl Fisheries. In: Fisheries Bycatch: Global Issues and Creative Solutions [Kruse, G. H., H. C. An, J. DiCosimo, C. A. Eischens, G. S. Gislason, D. N. McBride, C. S. Rose and C. E. Siddo (eds.)]. Alaska Sea Grant, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 19.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1987">Anderson, S. C. et al., 2017b: Benefits and risks of diversification for individual fishers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114 (40), 10797-10802, doi:10.1073/pnas.1702506114.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1988">Punt, A. E. et al., 2016: Effects of long-term exposure to ocean acidification conditions on future southern Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) fisheries management. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil, 73 (3), 849-864, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsv205.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1989">Holsman, K. et al., 2017: An ecosystem-based approach to marine risk assessment. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 3 (1), e01256, doi:10.1002/ehs2.1256.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1990">Zador, S. G. et al., 2017: Ecosystem considerations in Alaska: the value of qualitative assessments. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 74 (1), 421-430, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsw144.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1991">Holsman, K. K. et al., 2019: Towards climate resiliency in fisheries management. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 76 (5), 1368-1378, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsz031.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1992">Ianelli, J., K. K. Holsman, A. E. Punt and K. Aydin, 2016: Multi-model inference for incorporating trophic and climate uncertainty into stock assessments. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 134 (Supplement C), 379-389, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.04.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1993">Wilson, W. J. and O. A. Ormseth, 2009: A new management plan for Arctic waters of the United States. Fisheries, 34 (11), 555-558.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1994">Ayles, B., L. Porta and R. M. Clarke, 2016: Development of an integrated fisheries co-management framework for new and emerging commercial fisheries in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. Marine Policy, 72, 246-254, doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2016.04.032.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1995">CCAMLR, 1982: Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, opened for signature 20 May 1980, 1329 UNTS 47 (entered into force 7 April 1982) (‘CCAMLR’). Canberra [Available at: https://treaties.un.org/pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=08000002800dc364 ; Access Date: 05 December 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1996">Constable, A. J., 2011: Lessons from CCAMLR on the implementation of the ecosystem approach to managing fisheries. Fish and Fisheries, 12 (2), 138-151, doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2011.00410.x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1997">Pecl, G. T. et al., 2017: Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well-being. Science, 355 (6332), eaai9214, doi:10.1126/science.aai9214</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1998">ATCM, 2017: Final Report of the Fortieth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. In: Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting XL, 22 May – 1 June 2017, Beijing, China [Secretariat, A. T. (ed.)], 285pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r1999">Jabour, J., 2017: 25. Southern Ocean search and rescue: platforms and procedures. Handbook on the Politics of Antarctica, 392.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2000">AMAP, 2017a: Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic (AACA) – Bering/Chukchi/Beaufort Region Overview report. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, 24 pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2001">AMAP, 2017b: Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic: Perspectives from the Barents Area. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), xiv + 267pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2002">AMAP, 2015: AMAP Assessment 2015: Temporal Trends in Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, vi+71pp [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/amap-assessment-2015-temporal-trends-in-persistent-organic-pollutants-in-the-arctic/1521 ; Access Date: 25 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2003">Brinkman, T. J. et al., 2016: Arctic communities perceive climate impacts on access as a critical challenge to availability of subsistence resources. Climatic Change, 139 (3), 413-427, doi:10.1007/s10584-016-1819-6.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2004">Rosales, J. and L. J. Chapman, 2015: Perceptions of Obvious and Disruptive Climate Change: Community-Based Risk Assessment for Two Native Villages in Alaska. Climate, 3 (4), 812-832, doi:10.3390/cli3040812.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2005">AMAP, 2015: AMAP Assessment 2015: Temporal Trends in Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, vi+71pp [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/amap-assessment-2015-temporal-trends-in-persistent-organic-pollutants-in-the-arctic/1521 ; Access Date: 25 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2006">BurnSilver, S. et al., 2016: Are Mixed Economies Persistent or Transitional? Evidence Using Social Networks from Arctic Alaska. American Anthropologist, 118 (1), 121-129, doi:10.1111/aman.12447.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2007">AMAP, 2017a: Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic (AACA) – Bering/Chukchi/Beaufort Region Overview report. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, 24 pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2008">Fauchald, P. et al., 2017b: Arctic greening from warming promotes declines in caribou populations. Sci Adv, 3 (4), e1601365, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601365.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2009">AMAP, 2017a: Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic (AACA) – Bering/Chukchi/Beaufort Region Overview report. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, 24 pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2010">Loring, P. A., S. C. Gerlach and H. J. Penn, 2016: “Community Work” in a Climate of Adaptation: Responding to Change in Rural Alaska. Human Ecology, 44 (1), 119-128, doi:10.1007/s10745-015-9800-y.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2011">AMAP, 2015: AMAP Assessment 2015: Temporal Trends in Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, vi+71pp [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/amap-assessment-2015-temporal-trends-in-persistent-organic-pollutants-in-the-arctic/1521 ; Access Date: 25 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2012">AMAP, 2017a: Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic (AACA) – Bering/Chukchi/Beaufort Region Overview report. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, 24 pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2013">AMAP, 2017b: Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic: Perspectives from the Barents Area. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), xiv + 267pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2014">AMAP, 2015: AMAP Assessment 2015: Temporal Trends in Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, vi+71pp [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/amap-assessment-2015-temporal-trends-in-persistent-organic-pollutants-in-the-arctic/1521 ; Access Date: 25 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2015">Kocho-Schellenberg, J.-E. and F. Berkes, 2014: Tracking the development of co-management: using network analysis in a case from the Canadian Arctic. Polar Record, 51 (4), 422-431, doi:10.1017/S0032247414000436.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2016">Forbes, B. C. et al., 2015: Arctic Human Development Report II [Larsen, J. N. and G. Fondal (eds.)]. Chapter 7 Resource Governanc, Denmark, 253-289.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2017">AMAP, 2015: AMAP Assessment 2015: Temporal Trends in Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, vi+71pp [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/amap-assessment-2015-temporal-trends-in-persistent-organic-pollutants-in-the-arctic/1521 ; Access Date: 25 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2018">Penn, H. J. F., S. C. Gerlach and P. A. Loring, 2016: Seasons of Stress: Understanding the Dynamic Nature of People’s Ability to Respond to Change and Surprise. Weather, Climate, and Society, 8 (4), 435-446, doi:10.1175/WCAS-D-15-0061.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2019">Ford, J. D. et al., 2016: Including indigenous knowledge and experience in IPCC assessment reports. Nature Climate Change, 6, 349, doi:10.1038/nclimate2954</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2020">Ford, J. D., G. McDowell and T. Pearce, 2015: The adaptation challenge in the Arctic. Nature Climate Change, 5, 1046, doi:10.1038/nclimate2723.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2021">Klokov, K., 2012: Changes in reindeer population numbers in Russia: an effect of the political context or climate? Rangifer, 32 (1), 19, doi:10.7557/2.32.1.2234.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2022">Forbes, B. C. et al., 2016: Sea ice, rain-on-snow and tundra reindeer nomadism in Arctic Russia. Biology Letters, 12 (11), doi:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0466.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2023">Uboni, A. et al., 2016: Long-term trends and role of climate in the population dynamics of eurasian reindeer. Plos One, 11 (6), 1-20, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158359.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2024">Mallory, C. D. and M. S. Boyce, 2017: Observed and predicted effects of climate change on Arctic caribou and reindeer. Environmental Reviews, 26 (1), 13-25, doi:10.1139/er-2017-0032.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2025">Lavrillier, A. and S. Gabyshev, 2018: An emic science of climate. Reindeer Evenki environmental knowledge and the notion of an “extreme process”, Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines. 49.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2026">Forbes, B. C. et al., 2015: Arctic Human Development Report II [Larsen, J. N. and G. Fondal (eds.)]. Chapter 7 Resource Governanc, Denmark, 253-289.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2027">Forbes, B. C., 2013: Cultural Resilience of Social-ecological Systems in the Nenets and Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs, Russia: A Focus on Reindeer Nomads of the Tundra. Ecology and Society, 18 (4), doi:10.5751/ES-05791-180436.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2028">Forbes, B. C. et al., 2016: Sea ice, rain-on-snow and tundra reindeer nomadism in Arctic Russia. Biology Letters, 12 (11), doi:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0466.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2029">Johnston, M., J. Dawson, E. De Souza and E. J. Stewart, 2017: Management challenges for the fastest growing marine shipping sector in Arctic Canada: pleasure crafts. Polar Record, 53 (1), 67-78, doi:10.1017/s0032247416000565.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2030">Pizzolato, L. et al., 2016: The influence of declining sea ice on shipping activity in the Canadian Arctic. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (23), 12,146-12,154, doi:10.1002/2016gl071489.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2031">Kaján, E., 2014: Arctic Tourism and Sustainable Adaptation: Community Perspectives to Vulnerability and Climate Change. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 14 (1), 60-79, doi:10.1080/15022250.2014.886097.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2032">Stokke, K. B. and J. V. Haukeland, 2017: Balancing tourism development and nature protection across national park borders – a case study of a coastal protected area in Norway. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 61 (12), 2151-2165, doi:10.1080/09640568.2017.1388772.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2033">Pizzolato, L. et al., 2016: The influence of declining sea ice on shipping activity in the Canadian Arctic. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (23), 12,146-12,154, doi:10.1002/2016gl071489.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2034">AMAP, 2017a: Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic (AACA) – Bering/Chukchi/Beaufort Region Overview report. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, 24 pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2035">AMAP, 2017b: Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic: Perspectives from the Barents Area. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), xiv + 267pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2036">AMAP, 2015: AMAP Assessment 2015: Temporal Trends in Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, vi+71pp [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/amap-assessment-2015-temporal-trends-in-persistent-organic-pollutants-in-the-arctic/1521 ; Access Date: 25 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2037">Stewart, E. J. et al., 2013: Local-level responses to sea ice change and cruise tourism in Arctic Canada’s Northwest Passage. Polar Geography, 36 (1-2), 142-162, doi:10.1080/1088937x.2012.705352.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2038">Arctic Council, 2015a: Arctic Marine Tourism Project (AMTP): best practices guidelines. Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME), Iceland, 17 pp [Available at: https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/bitstream/handle/11374/414/AMTP%20Best%20Practice%20Guidelines.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y ; Access Date: 10 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2039">Stewart, E., J. Dawson and M. Johnston, 2015: Risks and opportunities associated with change in the cruise tourism sector: community perspectives from Arctic Canada. The Polar Journal, 5 (2), 403-427, doi:10.1080/2154896x.2015.1082283.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2040">ATCM, 2016: Final Report of the Thirty-Ninth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. In: Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting XXXIX, 23 May – 1 June 2016, Santiago, Chile [Secretariat, A. T. (ed.)], 406pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2041">AHDR, 2014: Arctic Human Development Report: Regional Processes and Global Linkages. Nordic Council of Ministers, Larsen, J. N. and G. Fondahl, Copenhagen [Available at: http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:788965/FULLTEXT03.pdf ; Access Date: 10 October 2017].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2042">Petrick, S. et al., 2017: Climate change, future Arctic Sea ice, and the competitiveness of European Arctic offshore oil and gas production on world markets. AMBIO, 46 (Suppl 3), 410-422, doi:10.1007/s13280-017-0957-z.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2043">Smith, A. J. et al., 2017a: Beluga whale summer habitat associations in the Nelson River estuary, western Hudson Bay, Canada. Plos One, 12 (8), e0181045, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181045.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2044">Forbes, B. C. et al., 2015: Arctic Human Development Report II [Larsen, J. N. and G. Fondal (eds.)]. Chapter 7 Resource Governanc, Denmark, 253-289.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2045">Young, O. R., 2016: The shifting landscape of Arctic politics: implications for international cooperation. The Polar Journal, 6 (2), 209-223, doi:10.1080/2154896X.2016.1253823.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2046">Wehrmann, D., 2016: The Polar Regions as “barometers” in the Anthropocene: towards a new significance of non-state actors in international cooperation? The Polar Journal, 6 (2), 379-397, doi:10.1080/2154896X.2016.1241483.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2047">Hori, Y. et al., 2018: Implications of projected climate change on winter road systems in Ontario’s Far North, Canada. Climatic Change, 148 (1-2), 109-122, doi:10.1007/s10584-018-2178-2.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2048">Kiani, S. et al., 2018: Effects of recent temperature variability and warming on the Oulu-Hailuoto ice road season in the northern Baltic Sea. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 151, 1-8, doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.02.010.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2049">Mullan, D. et al., 2017: Climate change and the long-term viability of the World’s busiest heavy haul ice road. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 129 (3), 1089-1108, doi:10.1007/s00704-016-1830-x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2050">Lilly, M. R., 2017: Alaskan North Slope Oil &amp; Gas Transportation Support. United States [Available at: [https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/1350972%5D http://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/1350972%5D] .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2051">Dabros, A., M. Pyper and G. Castilla, 2018: Seismic lines in the boreal and arctic ecosystems of North America: environmental impacts, challenges, and opportunities. Environmental Reviews, 26 (2), 214-229, doi:10.1139/er-2017-0080.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2052">Kirkfeldt, T. S. et al., 2016: Why cumulative impacts assessments of hydrocarbon activities in the Arctic fail to meet their purpose. Regional Environmental Change, 17 (3), 725-737, doi:10.1007/s10113-016-1059-3.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2053">Melvin, A. M. et al., 2017: Climate change damages to Alaska public infrastructure and the economics of proactive adaptation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114 (2), E122, doi:10.1073/pnas.1611056113.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2054">AMAP, 2017a: Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic (AACA) – Bering/Chukchi/Beaufort Region Overview report. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, 24 pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2055">AMAP, 2017b: Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic: Perspectives from the Barents Area. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), xiv + 267pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2056">AMAP, 2015: AMAP Assessment 2015: Temporal Trends in Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, vi+71pp [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/amap-assessment-2015-temporal-trends-in-persistent-organic-pollutants-in-the-arctic/1521 ; Access Date: 25 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2057">Bronen, R., 2015: Climate-induced community relocations: using integrated social-ecological assessments to foster adaptation and resilience. Ecology and Society, 20 (3), doi:10.5751/es-07801-200336.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2058">Romero Manrique, D., S. Corral and Â. Guimarães Pereira, 2018: Climate-related displacements of coastal communities in the Arctic: Engaging traditional knowledge in adaptation strategies and policies. Environmental Science &amp; Policy, 85, 90-100, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2018.04.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2059">Bronen, R., 2017: The Human Rights of Climate-Induced community relocation. In: Climate change, migration, and human rights [Mano, D., A. Baldwin, D. Cubie, A. Mihr and T. Thorp (eds.)]. Routledge Press., Abingdon UK, 129-148.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2060">Kates, R. W., W. R. Travis and T. J. Wilbanks, 2012: Transformational adaptation when incremental adaptations to climate change are insufficient. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109 (19), 7156-7161, doi:10.1073/pnas.1115521109.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2061">Radosavljevic, B. et al., 2015: Erosion and Flooding—Threats to Coastal Infrastructure in the Arctic: A Case Study from Herschel Island, Yukon Territory, Canada. Estuaries and Coasts, 39 (4), 900-915, doi:10.1007/s12237-015-0046-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2062">Iverson, J., 2013: Funding Alaska Village Relocation Caused by Climate Change and Preserving Cultural Values During Relocation. Seattle Journal for Social Justice, 12 (2), Article 12.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2063">Marino, E., 2012: The long history of environmental migration: Assessing vulnerability construction and obstacles to successful relocation in Shishmaref, Alaska. Global Environmental Change, 22 (2), 374-381, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2064">Romero Manrique, D., S. Corral and Â. Guimarães Pereira, 2018: Climate-related displacements of coastal communities in the Arctic: Engaging traditional knowledge in adaptation strategies and policies. Environmental Science &amp; Policy, 85, 90-100, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2018.04.007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2065">Bronen, R., 2015: Climate-induced community relocations: using integrated social-ecological assessments to foster adaptation and resilience. Ecology and Society, 20 (3), doi:10.5751/es-07801-200336.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2066">Ristroph, E. B., 2017: Presenting a Picture of Alaska Native Village Adaptation: A Method of Analysis. Sociology and Anthropology, 5 (9), 762-775, doi:10.13189/sa.2017.050908.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2067">Bronen, R. and F. S. Chapin, 3rd, 2013: Adaptive governance and institutional strategies for climate-induced community relocations in Alaska. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 110 (23), 9320-5, doi:10.1073/pnas.1210508110.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2068">Matthews, T. and R. Potts, 2018: Planning for climigration: a framework for effective action. Climatic Change, 148 (4), 607-621, doi:10.1007/s10584-018-2205-3.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2069">Hamilton, L. C. et al., 2016: Climigration? Population and climate change in Arctic Alaska. Population and Environment, 38 (2), 115-133, doi:10.1007/s11111-016-0259-6.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2070">Hunt, G. L. et al., 2018: Timing of sea-ice retreat affects the distribution of seabirds and their prey in the southeastern Bering Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 593, 209-230, doi:10.3354/meps12383.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2071">AHDR, 2014: Arctic Human Development Report: Regional Processes and Global Linkages. Nordic Council of Ministers, Larsen, J. N. and G. Fondahl, Copenhagen [Available at: http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:788965/FULLTEXT03.pdf ; Access Date: 10 October 2017].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2072">Streletskiy, D., N. Shiklomanov and E. Hatleberg, 2012: Infrastructure and a Changing Climate in the Russian Arctic: A Geographic Impact Assessment. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Permafrost, June 25 – 29, 2012, Salekhard, Russia, 1, 407-412.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2073">Dore, G., F. J. Niu and H. Brooks, 2016: Adaptation Methods for Transportation Infrastructure Built on Degrading Permafrost. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 27 (4), 352-364, doi:10.1002/ppp.1919.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2074">Melvin, A. M. et al., 2017: Climate change damages to Alaska public infrastructure and the economics of proactive adaptation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114 (2), E122, doi:10.1073/pnas.1611056113.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2075">Heininen, L. and M. Finger, 2017: The “Global Arctic” as a New Geopolitical Context and Method. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 33 (2), 199-202, doi:10.1080/08865655.2017.1315605.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2076">AMAP, 2015: AMAP Assessment 2015: Temporal Trends in Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, vi+71pp [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/amap-assessment-2015-temporal-trends-in-persistent-organic-pollutants-in-the-arctic/1521 ; Access Date: 25 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2077">Drewniak, M. et al., 2018: Geopolitics of Arctic shipping: the state of icebreakers and future needs. Polar Geography, 41 (2), 107-125, doi:10.1080/1088937x.2018.1455756.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2078">Nilsson, A. E. and M. Christensen, 2019: Arctic Geopolitics, Media and Power. Taylor &amp; Francis Group, London.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2079">Andersen, M., A. E. Derocher, Ø. Wiig and J. Aars, 2012: Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) maternity den distribution in Svalbard, Norway. Polar Biology, 35 (4), 499-508, doi:10.1007/s00300-011-1094-y.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2080">Sakhuja, V., 2014: The Polar Code and Arctic Navigation. Strategic Analysis, 38 (6), 803-811, doi:10.1080/09700161.2014.952943.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2081">Arctic Council, 2015a: Arctic Marine Tourism Project (AMTP): best practices guidelines. Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME), Iceland, 17 pp [Available at: https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/bitstream/handle/11374/414/AMTP%20Best%20Practice%20Guidelines.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y ; Access Date: 10 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2082">Chénier, R., L. Abado, O. Sabourin and L. Tardif, 2017: Northern marine transportation corridors: Creation and analysis of northern marine traffic routes in Canadian waters. Transactions in GIS, 21 (6), 1085-1097, doi:10.1111/tgis.12295.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2083">Stephenson, S. R., L. C. Smith and J. A. Agnew, 2011: Divergent long-term trajectories of human access to the Arctic. Nature Climate Change, 1, 156, doi:10.1038/nclimate1120.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2084">Stephenson, S. R., L. C. Smith, L. W. Brigham and J. A. Agnew, 2013: Projected 21st-century changes to Arctic marine access. Climatic Change, 118 (3), 885-899, doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0685-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2085">Lindstad, H., R. M. Bright and A. H. Strømman, 2016: Economic savings linked to future Arctic shipping trade are at odds with climate change mitigation. Transport Policy, 45, 24-30, doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.09.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2086">Bullock, R., S. Aggarwal, R. A. Perkins and W. Schnabel, 2017: Scale-up considerations for surface collecting agent assisted in-situ burn crude oil spill response experiments in the Arctic: Laboratory to field-scale investigations.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2087">Dilliplaine, K. B., 2017: The effect of under ice crude oil spills on sympagic biota of the Arctic: a mesocosm approach. University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2088">Holsman, K. et al., 2017: An ecosystem-based approach to marine risk assessment. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 3 (1), e01256, doi:10.1002/ehs2.1256.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2089">Lewis, A. and R. C. Prince, 2018: Integrating Dispersants in Oil Spill Response in Arctic and Other Icy Environments. Environ Sci Technol, 52 (11), 6098-6112, doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b06463.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2090">Robinson, H., W. Gardiner, R. J. Wenning and M. A. Rempel-Hester, 2017: Spill Impact Mitigation Assessment Framework for Oil Spill Response Planning in the Arctic Environment. International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings, 2017 (1), 1325-1344, doi:10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.1325.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2091">Utvik, T. I. R. and C. Jahre-Nilsen, 2016: The Importance of Early Identification of Safety and Sustainability Related Risks in Arctic Oil and Gas Operations. In: SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Security, Environment, and Social Responsibility, 2016/4/11/, Stavanger, Norway, Society of Petroleum Engineers, SPE, doi:10.2118/179325-MS.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2092">AHDR, 2014: Arctic Human Development Report: Regional Processes and Global Linkages. Nordic Council of Ministers, Larsen, J. N. and G. Fondahl, Copenhagen [Available at: http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:788965/FULLTEXT03.pdf ; Access Date: 10 October 2017].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2093">Lesnikowski, A. C. et al., 2011: Adapting to health impacts of climate change: a study of UNFCCC Annex I parties. Environmental Research Letters, 6 (4), 044009, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/044009.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2094">Lesnikowski, A. C. et al., 2011: Adapting to health impacts of climate change: a study of UNFCCC Annex I parties. Environmental Research Letters, 6 (4), 044009, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/044009.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2095">Panic, M. and J. D. Ford, 2013: A review of national-level adaptation planning with regards to the risks posed by climate change on infectious diseases in 14 OECD nations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10 (12), 7083-7109, doi:10.3390/ijerph10127083.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2096">Ford, J. D. et al., 2014b: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change on Inuit Health. American Journal of Public Health, 104 (S3), e9-e17, doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301724.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2097">Loboda, T. V., 2014: Adaptation strategies to climate change in the Arctic: a global patchwork of reactive community-scale initiatives. Environmental Research Letters, 9 (11), 111006, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/11/111006.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2098">Pearce, T. et al., 2011: Advancing adaptation planning for climate change in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR): a review and critique. Regional Environmental Change, 11 (1), 1-17, doi:10.1007/s10113-010-0126-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2099">Ford, J. D. et al., 2014b: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change on Inuit Health. American Journal of Public Health, 104 (S3), e9-e17, doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301724.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2100">National Research Council, 2015: Enhancing the Effectiveness of Team Science. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 280 pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2101">Ford, J. D., G. McDowell and J. Jones, 2014a: The state of climate change adaptation in the Arctic. Environmental Research Letters, 9 (10), 104005, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/104005.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2102">Loboda, T. V., 2014: Adaptation strategies to climate change in the Arctic: a global patchwork of reactive community-scale initiatives. Environmental Research Letters, 9 (11), 111006, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/11/111006.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2103">Lesnikowski, A. C. et al., 2011: Adapting to health impacts of climate change: a study of UNFCCC Annex I parties. Environmental Research Letters, 6 (4), 044009, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/044009.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2104">Panic, M. and J. D. Ford, 2013: A review of national-level adaptation planning with regards to the risks posed by climate change on infectious diseases in 14 OECD nations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10 (12), 7083-7109, doi:10.3390/ijerph10127083.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2105">Austin, S. E. et al., 2015: Public health adaptation to climate change in canadian jurisdictions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12 (1), 623-651, doi:10.3390/ijerph120100623.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2106">Austin, S. E. et al., 2015: Public health adaptation to climate change in canadian jurisdictions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12 (1), 623-651, doi:10.3390/ijerph120100623.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2107">Gagnon-Lebrun, F. and S. Agrawala, 2007: Implementing adaptation in developed countries : an analysis of progress and trends Implementing adaptation in developed countries : an analysis of progress and trends. Climate Policy, 7 (5), 37-41, doi:10.1080/14693062.2007.9685664.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2108">Parkinson, A. J. et al., 2014: Climate change and infectious diseases in the Arctic: establishment of a circumpolar working group. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 73 (1), 25163, doi:10.3402/ijch.v73.25163.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2109">Ford, J. D., G. McDowell and J. Jones, 2014a: The state of climate change adaptation in the Arctic. Environmental Research Letters, 9 (10), 104005, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/104005.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2110">Ford, J. D. et al., 2014b: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change on Inuit Health. American Journal of Public Health, 104 (S3), e9-e17, doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301724.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2111">Pearce, T. et al., 2010: Inuit vulnerability and adaptive capacity to climate change in Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories, Canada. Polar Record, 46 (2), 157-177, doi:10.1017/S0032247409008602.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2112">Brubaker, M., J. Berner, R. Chavan and J. Warren, 2011: Climate change and health effects in Northwest Alaska. Global Health Action, 4 (1), 8445, doi:10.3402/gha.v4i0.8445.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2113">Harper, S. L., V. L. Edge, A. Cunsolo Willox and G. Rigolet Inuit Community, 2012: ‘Changing climate, changing health, changing stories’ profile: Using an EcoHealth approach to explore impacts of climate change on inuit health. EcoHealth, 9 (1), 89-101, doi:10.1007/s10393-012-0762-x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2114">Brubaker, M., J. Berner and M. Tcheripanoff, 2013: LEO, the Local Environmental Observer Network: a community-based system for surveillance of climate, environment, and health events. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 72, 513-514.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2115">Douglas, V. et al., 2014: Reconciling traditional knowledge, food security, and climate change: experience from Old Crow, YT, Canada. Progress in community health partnerships : research, education, and action, 8 (1), 21-7, doi:10.1353/cpr.2014.0007.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2116">Austin, S. E. et al., 2015: Public health adaptation to climate change in canadian jurisdictions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12 (1), 623-651, doi:10.3390/ijerph120100623.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2117">Bunce, A. et al., 2016: Vulnerability and adaptive capacity of Inuit women to climate change: a case study from Iqaluit, Nunavut. Natural Hazards, 83 (3), 1419-1441, doi:10.1007/s11069-016-2398-6.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2118">Cunsolo, A., I. Shiwak and M. Wood, 2017: “You Need to Be a Well-Rounded Cultural Person”: Youth Mentorship Programs for Cultural Preservation, Promotion, and Sustainability in the Nunatsiavut Region of Labrador. In: Northern Sustainabilities: Understanding and Addressing Change in the Circumpolar World [Fondahl, G. and G. Wilson (eds.)]. Springer Polar Sciences, Springer, 285-303.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2119">Kofinas, G. et al., 2016: Building resilience in the Arctic: From theory to practice. In: Arctic Resilience Report [Council, A. (ed.)][Carson, M. and G. Peterson (eds.)]. Stockholm Environment Institute and Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm, 180-208.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2120">Watts, P., K. Koutouki, S. Booth and S. Blum, 2017: Inuit food security in canada: arctic marine ethnoecology. Food Security, 9 (3), 421-440, doi:10.1007/s12571-017-0668-0.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2121">Loring, P., S. Gerlach and H. Harrison, 2013: Seafood as Local Food: Food Security and Locally Caught Seafood on Alaska’s Kenai Peninsula. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 3 (3), 13-30, doi:10.5304/jafscd.2013.033.006.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2122">Beaumier, M. C., J. D. Ford and S. Tagalik, 2015: The food security of Inuit women in Arviat, Nunavut: the role of socio-economic factors and climate change. Polar Record, 51 (5), 550-559, doi:10.1017/s0032247414000618.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2123">Islam, D. and F. Berkes, 2016: Indigenous peoples’ fisheries and food security: a case from northern Canada. Food Security, 8 (4), 815-826, doi:10.1007/s12571-016-0594-6.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2124">Ruscio, B. A. et al., 2015: One Health – a strategy for resilience in a changing arctic. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 74 (1), 27913, doi:10.3402/ijch.v74.27913.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2125">Dudley, J. P., E. P. Hoberg, E. J. Jenkins and A. J. Parkinson, 2015: Climate Change in the North American Arctic: A One Health Perspective. EcoHealth, 12 (4), 713-725, doi:10.1007/s10393-015-1036-1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2126">Ford, J. D., L. Berrang-Ford, M. King and C. Furgal, 2010: Vulnerability of Aboriginal health systems in Canada to climate change. Global Environmental Change, 20 (4), 668-680, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.05.003.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2127">Durkalec, A., C. Furgal, M. W. Skinner and T. Sheldon, 2014: Investigating environmental determinants of injury and trauma in the Canadian north. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 11 (2), 1536-1548, doi:10.3390/ijerph110201536.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2128">AMAP, 2017b: Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic: Perspectives from the Barents Area. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), xiv + 267pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2129">Sheppard, S. R. J. et al., 2011: Future visioning of local climate change: A framework for community engagement and planning with scenarios and visualisation. Futures, 43 (4), 400-412, doi:10.1016/j.futures.2011.01.009.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2130">Fünfgeld, H., 2015: Facilitating local climate change adaptation through transnational municipal networks. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 12, 67-73, doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2014.10.011.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2131">Fünfgeld, H., 2015: Facilitating local climate change adaptation through transnational municipal networks. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 12, 67-73, doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2014.10.011.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2132">Baird, J., R. Plummer and Ö. Bodin, 2016: Collaborative governance for climate change adaptation in Canada: experimenting with adaptive co-management. Regional Environmental Change, 16 (3), 747-758, doi:10.1007/s10113-015-0790-5.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2133">Huet, C. et al., 2017: Food insecurity and food consumption by season in households with children in an Arctic city: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 17 (1), 578, doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4393-6.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2134">AHDR, 2014: Arctic Human Development Report: Regional Processes and Global Linkages. Nordic Council of Ministers, Larsen, J. N. and G. Fondahl, Copenhagen [Available at: http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:788965/FULLTEXT03.pdf ; Access Date: 10 October 2017].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2135">Ford, J. D. et al., 2014b: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change on Inuit Health. American Journal of Public Health, 104 (S3), e9-e17, doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301724.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2136">Forbes, B. C. et al., 2015: Arctic Human Development Report II [Larsen, J. N. and G. Fondal (eds.)]. Chapter 7 Resource Governanc, Denmark, 253-289.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2137">AHDR, 2014: Arctic Human Development Report: Regional Processes and Global Linkages. Nordic Council of Ministers, Larsen, J. N. and G. Fondahl, Copenhagen [Available at: http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:788965/FULLTEXT03.pdf ; Access Date: 10 October 2017].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2138">Ford, J. D. et al., 2014b: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change on Inuit Health. American Journal of Public Health, 104 (S3), e9-e17, doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301724.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2139">Forbes, B. C. et al., 2015: Arctic Human Development Report II [Larsen, J. N. and G. Fondal (eds.)]. Chapter 7 Resource Governanc, Denmark, 253-289.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2140">Dannevig, H. and C. Aall, 2015: The regional level as boundary organization? An analysis of climate change adaptation governance in Norway. Environmental Science &amp; Policy, 54, 168-175, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2015.07.001.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2141">Stokke, O. S., 2009: Protecting the Arctic Environment: The Interplay of Global and Regional Regimes. The Yearbook of Polar Law Online, 1 (1), 349-369, doi:10.1163/22116427-91000018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2142">Cassotta, S., K. Hossain, J. Ren and M. E. Goodsite, 2016: Climate Change and Human Security in a Regulatory Multilevel and Multidisciplinary Dimension: The Case of the Arctic Environmental Ocean. In: Climate Change Adaptation, Resilience and Hazards [Leal Filho, W., H. Musa, G. Cavan, P. O’Hare and J. Seixas (eds.)]. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 71-91.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2143">Jabour, J., 2017: 25. Southern Ocean search and rescue: platforms and procedures. Handbook on the Politics of Antarctica, 392.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2144">Keil, K. and S. E. Knecht, 2017: Governing Arctic Change: Global Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, UK.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2145">Pincus, R. and S. H. Ali, 2016: Have you been to ‘The Arctic’? Frame theory and the role of media coverage in shaping Arctic discourse. Polar Geography, 39 (2), 83-97, doi:10.1080/1088937X.2016.1184722.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2146">Young, O. R., 2016: The shifting landscape of Arctic politics: implications for international cooperation. The Polar Journal, 6 (2), 209-223, doi:10.1080/2154896X.2016.1253823.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2147">Young, O. R., 2016: The shifting landscape of Arctic politics: implications for international cooperation. The Polar Journal, 6 (2), 209-223, doi:10.1080/2154896X.2016.1253823.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2148">Jabour, J., 2017: 25. Southern Ocean search and rescue: platforms and procedures. Handbook on the Politics of Antarctica, 392.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2149">Stokke, O. S., 2009: Protecting the Arctic Environment: The Interplay of Global and Regional Regimes. The Yearbook of Polar Law Online, 1 (1), 349-369, doi:10.1163/22116427-91000018.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2150">Berkman, P. A. and A. N. Vylegzhanin, 2010: Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean. In: Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean, Dordrecht, [Berkman, P. A. and A. N. Vylegzhanin (eds.)], Springer Netherlands.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2151">Tuori, K., 2011: The Disputed Roots of Legal Pluralism. Law, Culture and the Humanities, 9 (2), 330-351, doi:10.1177/1743872111412718.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2152">Young, O. R., 2011: If an Arctic Ocean treaty is not the solution, what is the alternative? Polar Record, 47 (4), 327-334, doi:10.1017/S0032247410000677.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2153">Koivurova, T., 2013: Gaps in International Regulatory Frameworks for the Arctic Ocean. In: Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean, 2013//, Dordrecht, [Berkman, P. A. and A. N. Vylegzhanin (eds.)], Springer Netherlands, 139-155.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2154">Prior, T. L., 2013: Breaking the Wall of Monocentric Governance: Polycentricity in the Governance of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic. The Yearbook of Polar Law Online, 5 (1), 185-232, doi:10.1163/22116427-91000123.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2155">Shibata, A., 2015: Japan and 100 Years of Antarctic Legal Order: Any Lessons for the Arctic? The Yearbook of Polar Law Online, 7 (1), 1-54, doi:10.1163/2211-6427_002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2156">Young, O. R., 2016: The shifting landscape of Arctic politics: implications for international cooperation. The Polar Journal, 6 (2), 209-223, doi:10.1080/2154896X.2016.1253823.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2157">Jakobsen, I., 2014: Extractive Industries in Arctic: The International Legal Framework for the Protection of the Environment. Nordic Environmental Law Journal I, 1, 39-52.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2158">Hossain, K., 2015: Governance of Arctic Ocean Marine Resources. In: Climate Change Impacts on Ocean and Coastal Law: U.S. and International Perspectives [Abate, R. S. (ed.)]. Oxford Scholarship Online, New York.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2159">Verschuuren, J., 2013: Legal Aspects of Climate Change Adaptation In: Climate Change and the Law Part III: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice. [Hollo, E., K. Kulovesi and M. Mehling (eds.)]. Spinger, Dordrecht, 21.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2160">Berkman, A. and A. Vylegzhanin, 2013: Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series -C: Environmental Security., Springer.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2161">Kullerud, L. et al., 2013: The Arctic Ocean and UNCLOS Article 76: Are There Any Commons? In: Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean, Dordrecht, [Berkman, P. and A. Vylegzhanin (eds.)], Springer Netherlands, 185-194.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2162">Stokke, O. S., 2013: Political Stability and Multi-level Governance in the Arctic. In: Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean, Dordrecht, [Berkman, P. and A. Vylegzhanin (eds.)], Springer Netherlands, 297-311.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2163">Verschuuren, J., 2013: Legal Aspects of Climate Change Adaptation In: Climate Change and the Law Part III: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice. [Hollo, E., K. Kulovesi and M. Mehling (eds.)]. Spinger, Dordrecht, 21.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2164">Kraska, J., 2011: Arctic Security in an Age of Climate Change [Kraska, J. (ed.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2165">Åtland, K., 2013: The Security Implications of Climate Change in the Arctic Ocean. In: Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean, Dordrecht, [Berkman, P. and A. Vylegzhanin (eds.)], Springer Netherlands, 205-216.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2166">Huebert, R., 2013: Cooperation or Conflict in the New Arctic? Too Simple of a Dichotomy! In: Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean, Dordrecht, [P., B. and V. A. (eds.)], Springer Netherlands, 195-203.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2167">Cassotta, S., K. Hossain, J. Ren and M. E. Goodsite, 2015: Climate Change and China as a Global Emerging Regulatory Sea Power in the Arctic Ocean: Is China a Threat for Arctic Ocean Security? Beijing Law Review, 6 (3), 119-207, doi:10.4236/blr.2015.63020.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2168">Barret, J., 2016: Securing the Polar Regions through International Law. In: Security and International Law [Footer, M. E., J. Schmidt, N. D. White and L. Davies (eds.)]. Bright, Oxford and Portland, Oregan, USA.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2169">Cassotta, S., K. Hossain, J. Ren and M. E. Goodsite, 2016: Climate Change and Human Security in a Regulatory Multilevel and Multidisciplinary Dimension: The Case of the Arctic Environmental Ocean. In: Climate Change Adaptation, Resilience and Hazards [Leal Filho, W., H. Musa, G. Cavan, P. O’Hare and J. Seixas (eds.)]. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 71-91.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2170">Brooks, C. M. et al., 2018: Antarctic fisheries: factor climate change into their management. Nature, 558 (7709), 177-180, doi:10.1038/d41586-018-05372-x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2171">Morgera, E. and K. Kulovesi, 2016: Research Handbook on International Law and Natural Resources.[Morgera, E. and K. Kulovesi (eds.)]. Research Handbooks in International Law, 349-365.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2172">Tesar, C., M.-A. Dubois, M. Sommerkorn and A. Shestakov, 2016a: Warming to the subject: the Arctic Council and climate change. The Polar Journal, 6 (2), 417-429, doi:10.1080/2154896X.2016.1247025.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2173">Wehrmann, D., 2016: The Polar Regions as “barometers” in the Anthropocene: towards a new significance of non-state actors in international cooperation? The Polar Journal, 6 (2), 379-397, doi:10.1080/2154896X.2016.1241483.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2174">Young, O. R., 2016: The shifting landscape of Arctic politics: implications for international cooperation. The Polar Journal, 6 (2), 209-223, doi:10.1080/2154896X.2016.1253823.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2175">Baker, B. and B. Yeager, 2015: Coordinated Ocean Stewardship in the Arctic: Needs, Challenges and Possible Models for an Arctic Ocean Coordinating Agreement. Transnational Environmental Law, 4 (2), 359-394, doi:10.1017/S2047102515000151.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2176">Cassotta, S., K. Hossain, J. Ren and M. E. Goodsite, 2015: Climate Change and China as a Global Emerging Regulatory Sea Power in the Arctic Ocean: Is China a Threat for Arctic Ocean Security? Beijing Law Review, 6 (3), 119-207, doi:10.4236/blr.2015.63020.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2177">Pincus, R. and J. G. Speth, 2015: Security in the Arctic</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2178">Morgera, E. and K. Kulovesi, 2016: Research Handbook on International Law and Natural Resources.[Morgera, E. and K. Kulovesi (eds.)]. Research Handbooks in International Law, 349-365.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2179">Shapovalova, D., 2016: The Effectiveness of the Regulatory Regime for Black Carbon Mitigation in the Arctic. Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 7 (2), 136-151, doi:10.17585/arctic.v7.427.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2180">Morgera, E. and K. Kulovesi, 2016: Research Handbook on International Law and Natural Resources.[Morgera, E. and K. Kulovesi (eds.)]. Research Handbooks in International Law, 349-365.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2181">Shapovalova, D., 2016: The Effectiveness of the Regulatory Regime for Black Carbon Mitigation in the Arctic. Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 7 (2), 136-151, doi:10.17585/arctic.v7.427.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2182">Baker, B. and B. Yeager, 2015: Coordinated Ocean Stewardship in the Arctic: Needs, Challenges and Possible Models for an Arctic Ocean Coordinating Agreement. Transnational Environmental Law, 4 (2), 359-394, doi:10.1017/S2047102515000151.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2183">Young, O. R., 2016: The shifting landscape of Arctic politics: implications for international cooperation. The Polar Journal, 6 (2), 209-223, doi:10.1080/2154896X.2016.1253823.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2184">Koivurova, T. and R. Caddell, 2018: Managing Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction in the Changing Arctic. The American Society of International Law, 112, 134-138, doi:10.1017/aju.2018.44.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2185">Aakre, S., S. Kallbekken, R. Van Dingenen and D. G. Victor, 2018: Incentives for small clubs of Arctic countries to limit black carbon and methane emissions. Nature Climate Change, 8 (1), 85-90, doi:10.1038/s41558-017-0030-8.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2186">Stokke, O. S., 2013: Political Stability and Multi-level Governance in the Arctic. In: Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean, Dordrecht, [Berkman, P. and A. Vylegzhanin (eds.)], Springer Netherlands, 297-311.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2187">Baker, B. and B. Yeager, 2015: Coordinated Ocean Stewardship in the Arctic: Needs, Challenges and Possible Models for an Arctic Ocean Coordinating Agreement. Transnational Environmental Law, 4 (2), 359-394, doi:10.1017/S2047102515000151.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2188">Pincus, R. and J. G. Speth, 2015: Security in the Arctic</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2189">Cassotta, S., K. Hossain, J. Ren and M. E. Goodsite, 2016: Climate Change and Human Security in a Regulatory Multilevel and Multidisciplinary Dimension: The Case of the Arctic Environmental Ocean. In: Climate Change Adaptation, Resilience and Hazards [Leal Filho, W., H. Musa, G. Cavan, P. O’Hare and J. Seixas (eds.)]. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 71-91.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2190">Tesar, C., M.-A. Dubois, M. Sommerkorn and A. Shestakov, 2016a: Warming to the subject: the Arctic Council and climate change. The Polar Journal, 6 (2), 417-429, doi:10.1080/2154896X.2016.1247025.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2191">Wehrmann, D., 2016: The Polar Regions as “barometers” in the Anthropocene: towards a new significance of non-state actors in international cooperation? The Polar Journal, 6 (2), 379-397, doi:10.1080/2154896X.2016.1241483.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2192">Young, O. R., 2016: The shifting landscape of Arctic politics: implications for international cooperation. The Polar Journal, 6 (2), 209-223, doi:10.1080/2154896X.2016.1253823.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2193">Koivurova, T. and R. Caddell, 2018: Managing Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction in the Changing Arctic. The American Society of International Law, 112, 134-138, doi:10.1017/aju.2018.44.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2194">Baker, B. and B. Yeager, 2015: Coordinated Ocean Stewardship in the Arctic: Needs, Challenges and Possible Models for an Arctic Ocean Coordinating Agreement. Transnational Environmental Law, 4 (2), 359-394, doi:10.1017/S2047102515000151.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2195">Nengye, L., A. K. Elizabeth and H. Tore, 2017: The European Union and the Arctic. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2196">Koivurova, T. and R. Caddell, 2018: Managing Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction in the Changing Arctic. The American Society of International Law, 112, 134-138, doi:10.1017/aju.2018.44.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2197">ATCM, 2016: Final Report of the Thirty-Ninth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. In: Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting XXXIX, 23 May – 1 June 2016, Santiago, Chile [Secretariat, A. T. (ed.)], 406pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2198">ATCM, 2017: Final Report of the Fortieth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. In: Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting XL, 22 May – 1 June 2017, Beijing, China [Secretariat, A. T. (ed.)], 285pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2199">Brooks, C. M. et al., 2018: Antarctic fisheries: factor climate change into their management. Nature, 558 (7709), 177-180, doi:10.1038/d41586-018-05372-x.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2200">Kennicutt, M. C. et al., 2014a: Polar research: Six priorities for Antarctic science. Nature, (512), 23-25, doi:10.1038/512023a.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2201">Kennicutt, M. C. et al., 2014b: A roadmap for Antarctic and Southern Ocean science for the next two decades and beyond. Antarctic Science, 27 (1), 3-18, doi:10.1017/S0954102014000674.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2202">Duyck, S., 2011: Participation of Non-State Actors in Arctic Environmental Governance Nordia Geographical Publications, 40 (4), 99-110.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2203">Makki, M., 2012: Evaluating arctic dialogue: A case study of stakeholder relations for sustainable oil and gas development. Journal of Sustainable Development, 5 (3), 34-45, doi:10.5539/jsd.v5n3p34.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2204">Keil, K. and S. E. Knecht, 2017: Governing Arctic Change: Global Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, UK.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2205">Keil, K. and S. E. Knecht, 2017: Governing Arctic Change: Global Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, UK.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2206">Turner, J. et al., 2009: Antarctic Climate Change and the Environment. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge, UK.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2207">Biggs, R. et al., 2012: Toward Principles for Enhancing the Resilience of Ecosystem Services. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Vol 37, 37 (1), 421-448, doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-051211-123836.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2208">Quinlan, A. E. et al., 2016: Measuring and assessing resilience: broadening understanding through multiple disciplinary perspectives. Journal of Applied Ecology, 53 (3), 677-687, doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12550.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2209">Antarctic Treaty Meeting of Experts, 2010: Co-Chairs’ Report from Antarctic Treaty Meeting of Experts on Implications of Climate Change for Antarctic Management and Governance. Antarctic Treaty Secretariat, Buenos Aires, Argentina.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2210">ATCM, 2017: Final Report of the Fortieth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. In: Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting XL, 22 May – 1 June 2017, Beijing, China [Secretariat, A. T. (ed.)], 285pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2211">Biggs, R. et al., 2012: Toward Principles for Enhancing the Resilience of Ecosystem Services. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Vol 37, 37 (1), 421-448, doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-051211-123836.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2212">Quinlan, A. E. et al., 2016: Measuring and assessing resilience: broadening understanding through multiple disciplinary perspectives. Journal of Applied Ecology, 53 (3), 677-687, doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12550.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2213">AMAP, 2017a: Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic (AACA) – Bering/Chukchi/Beaufort Region Overview report. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, 24 pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2214">AMAP, 2017b: Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic: Perspectives from the Barents Area. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), xiv + 267pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2215">AMAP, 2015: AMAP Assessment 2015: Temporal Trends in Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, vi+71pp [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/amap-assessment-2015-temporal-trends-in-persistent-organic-pollutants-in-the-arctic/1521 ; Access Date: 25 October 2018].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2216">Miller, C. A. and C. Wyborn, 2018: Co-production in global sustainability: Histories and theories. Environmental Science &amp; Policy, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2018.01.016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2217">Robards, M. D. et al., 2018: Understanding and adapting to observed changes in the Alaskan Arctic: Actionable knowledge co-production with Alaska Native communities. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.02.008.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2218">Meadow, A. M. et al., 2015: Moving toward the Deliberate Coproduction of Climate Science Knowledge. Weather, Climate, and Society, 7 (2), 179-191, doi:10.1175/WCAS-D-14-00050.1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2219">National Research Council, 2015: Enhancing the Effectiveness of Team Science. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 280 pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2220">Petrov, A. N. et al., 2016: Arctic sustainability research: toward a new agenda. Polar Geography, 39 (3), 165-178, doi:10.1080/1088937x.2016.1217095.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2221">Armitage, D. et al., 2011: Co-management and the co-production of knowledge: Learning to adapt in Canada’s Arctic. Global Environmental Change, 21 (3), 995-1004, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.04.006.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2222">Robards, M. D. et al., 2018: Understanding and adapting to observed changes in the Alaskan Arctic: Actionable knowledge co-production with Alaska Native communities. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.02.008.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2223">van den Broeke, M. R. et al., 2016: On the recent contribution of the Greenland ice sheet to sea level change. The Cryosphere, 10 (5), 1933-1946, doi:10.5194/tc-10-1933-2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2224">Vlasova, T. and S. Volkov, 2016: Towards transdisciplinarity in Arctic sustainability knowledge co-production: Socially-Oriented Observations as a participatory integrated activity. Polar Science, 10 (3), 425-432, doi:10.1016/j.polar.2016.06.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2225">Berkes, F., 2017: Environmental Governance for the Anthropocene? Social-Ecological Systems, Resilience, and Collaborative Learning. Sustainability, 9 (7), 1232, doi:10.3390/su9071232.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2226">Retter, G.-B. et al., 2004: Community-based Monitoring Discussion paper. Supporting publication to the CAFF Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program – Framework Document, CAFF CBMP Report No. 9, CAFF International Secretariat, Council, A., Akureyri, Iceland, 21 pp [Available at: https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/handle/11374/178%5D .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2227">Johnson, N. et al., 2015a: The Contributions of Community-Based Monitoring and Traditional Knowledge to Arctic Observing Networks: Reflections on the State of the Field. Arctic, 68 (28-40), doi:10.14430/arctic4447.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2228">Johnson, N. et al., 2015b: Community-Based Monitoring and Indigenous Knowledge in a Changing Arctic: A Review for the Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks. Brown University’s Voss Interdisciplinary Postdoctoral Fellowship, Brown University.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2229">Kouril, D., C. Furgal and T. Whillans, 2016: Trends and key elements in community-based monitoring: a systematic review of the literature with an emphasis on Arctic and Subarctic regions. Environmental Reviews, 24 (2), 151-163, doi:10.1139/er-2015-0041.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2230">AMAP, 2017a: Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic (AACA) – Bering/Chukchi/Beaufort Region Overview report. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, 24 pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2231">Williams, P. et al., 2018: Community-based observing networks and systems in the Arctic: Human perceptions of environmental change and instrument-derived data. Regional Environmental Change, 18 (2), 547-559, doi:10.1007/s10113-017-1220-7.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2232">Brubaker, M., J. Berner, R. Chavan and J. Warren, 2011: Climate change and health effects in Northwest Alaska. Global Health Action, 4 (1), 8445, doi:10.3402/gha.v4i0.8445.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2233">Brubaker, M., J. Berner and M. Tcheripanoff, 2013: LEO, the Local Environmental Observer Network: a community-based system for surveillance of climate, environment, and health events. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 72, 513-514.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2234">Griffith, D. L., L. Alessa and A. Kliskey, 2018: Community-based observing for social-ecological science: lessons from the Arctic. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 16 (S1), S44-S51, doi:10.1002/fee.1798.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2235">Pulsifer, P. et al., 2012: The role of data management in engaging communities in Arctic research: overview of the Exchange for Local Observations and Knowledge of the Arctic (ELOKA). Polar Geography, 35 (3-4), 271-290, doi:10.1080/1088937X.2012.708364.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2236">Eicken, H. et al., 2014: A framework and database for community sea ice observations in a changing Arctic: an Alaskan prototype for multiple users. Polar Geography, 37 (1), 5-27, doi:10.1080/1088937x.2013.873090.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2237">CAFF, 2015b: Traditional Knowledge &amp; Community Based Monitoring Progress report 2015. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), Akureyri, Iceland, 4pp [Available at: https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/handle/11374/397 ; Access Date: 13 April 2019].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2238">Robards, M. D. et al., 2018: Understanding and adapting to observed changes in the Alaskan Arctic: Actionable knowledge co-production with Alaska Native communities. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.02.008.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2239">Johnson, N. et al., 2015a: The Contributions of Community-Based Monitoring and Traditional Knowledge to Arctic Observing Networks: Reflections on the State of the Field. Arctic, 68 (28-40), doi:10.14430/arctic4447.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2240">Johnson, N. et al., 2015b: Community-Based Monitoring and Indigenous Knowledge in a Changing Arctic: A Review for the Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks. Brown University’s Voss Interdisciplinary Postdoctoral Fellowship, Brown University.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2241">Biggs, R., G. D. Peterson and J. C. Rocha, 2018: The Regime Shifts Database: a framework for analyzing regime shifts in social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 23 (3), doi:10.5751/es-10264-230309.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2242">Rocha, J. C., G. Peterson, O. Bodin and S. Levin, 2018: Cascading regime shifts within and across scales. Science, 362 (6421), 1379-1383, doi:10.1126/science.aat7850.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2243">Biggs, R., G. D. Peterson and J. C. Rocha, 2018: The Regime Shifts Database: a framework for analyzing regime shifts in social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 23 (3), doi:10.5751/es-10264-230309.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2244">Rocha, J. C., G. Peterson, O. Bodin and S. Levin, 2018: Cascading regime shifts within and across scales. Science, 362 (6421), 1379-1383, doi:10.1126/science.aat7850.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2245">Gerlach, C., P. A. Loring, G. Kofinas and H. Penn, 2017: Resilience to rapid change in Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort communities. Chapter 6 of Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic: Perspectives from the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort Region, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, 155-176 [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/Adaptation-Actions-for-a-Changing-Arctic-Perspectives-from-the-Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort-Region/1615%5D .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2246">Biggs, R., G. D. Peterson and J. C. Rocha, 2018: The Regime Shifts Database: a framework for analyzing regime shifts in social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 23 (3), doi:10.5751/es-10264-230309.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2247">Petrov, A. N. et al., 2016: Arctic sustainability research: toward a new agenda. Polar Geography, 39 (3), 165-178, doi:10.1080/1088937x.2016.1217095.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2248">Carson, M. and M. Sommerkorn, 2017: A resilience approach to adaptation actions. Chapter 8 of Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic: Perspectives from the Barents Area, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, 195-218 [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/adaptation-actions-for-a-changing-arctic-perspectives-from-the-barents-area/1604%5D .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2249">CAFF, 2017: State of the Arctic Marine Biodiversity Report. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna International Secretariat, Akureyri, Iceland, 200pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2250">Box, J. E. et al., 2019: Key indicators of Arctic climate change: 1971–2017. Environmental Research Letters, 14 (4), 045010, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aafc1b.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2251">Jarvis, D. et al., 2013: Review of the evidence on Indicators, metrics and monitoring systems. Department for International Development, UK Government [Available at: http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/Output/192446/Default.aspx%5D .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2252">Carson, M. and M. Sommerkorn, 2017: A resilience approach to adaptation actions. Chapter 8 of Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic: Perspectives from the Barents Area, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, 195-218 [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/adaptation-actions-for-a-changing-arctic-perspectives-from-the-barents-area/1604%5D .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2253">Ford, J. D. and D. King, 2013: A framework for examining adaptation readiness. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 20 (4), 505-526, doi:10.1007/s11027-013-9505-8.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2254">Petrov, A. N. et al., 2016: Arctic sustainability research: toward a new agenda. Polar Geography, 39 (3), 165-178, doi:10.1080/1088937x.2016.1217095.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2255">Berman, M., G. Kofinas and S. BurnSilver, 2017: Measuring Community Adaptive and Transformative Capacity in the Arctic Context. In: Northern Sustainabilities: Understanding and Addressing Change in the Circumpolar World [Fondahl, G. and G. N. Wilson. (eds.)]. Springer International Publishing, Inc., Cham, Switzerland, 59-75.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2256">Quinlan, A. E. et al., 2016: Measuring and assessing resilience: broadening understanding through multiple disciplinary perspectives. Journal of Applied Ecology, 53 (3), 677-687, doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12550.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2257">Carson, M. and M. Sommerkorn, 2017: A resilience approach to adaptation actions. Chapter 8 of Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic: Perspectives from the Barents Area, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, 195-218 [Available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/adaptation-actions-for-a-changing-arctic-perspectives-from-the-barents-area/1604%5D .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2258">Armitage, D. et al., 2011: Co-management and the co-production of knowledge: Learning to adapt in Canada’s Arctic. Global Environmental Change, 21 (3), 995-1004, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.04.006.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2259">Tesar, C., M. A. Dubois and A. Shestakov, 2016b: Toward strategic, coherent, policy-relevant arctic science. Science, 353 (6306), 1368-1370, doi:10.1126/science.aai8198.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2260">Baztan, J. et al., 2017: Life on thin ice: Insights from Uummannaq, Greenland for connecting climate science with Arctic communities. Polar Science, 13, 100-108, doi:10.1016/j.polar.2017.05.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2261">Forbis Jr, R. and K. Hayhoe, 2018: Does Arctic governance hold the key to achieving climate policy targets? Environmental Research Letters, 13 (2), 020201, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aaa359.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2262">Armitage, D. et al., 2011: Co-management and the co-production of knowledge: Learning to adapt in Canada’s Arctic. Global Environmental Change, 21 (3), 995-1004, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.04.006.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2263">Powledge, F., 2012: Scientists, Policymakers, and a Climate of UncertaintyCan research gain a foothold in the politics of climate change? Bioscience, 62 (1), 8-13, doi:10.1525/bio.2012.62.1.3.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2264">Neff, T., 2009: Connecting Science and Policy to Combat Climate Change. Scientific American; https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/connecting-science-and-po/ .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2265">Beier, P. et al., 2015: Guiding Principles and Recommended Practices for Co-Producing Actionable Science. A How-to Guide for DOI Climate Science Centers and the National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center. Report to the Secretary of the InteriorAdvisory Committee on Climate Change and Natural Resource Science, Washington, DC.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2266">Fleming, A. H. and N. D. Pyenson, 2017: How to Produce Translational Research to Guide Arctic Policy. Bioscience, 67 (6), 490-493, doi:10.1093/biosci/bix002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2267">Baztan, J. et al., 2017: Life on thin ice: Insights from Uummannaq, Greenland for connecting climate science with Arctic communities. Polar Science, 13, 100-108, doi:10.1016/j.polar.2017.05.002.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2268">Kofinas, G. et al., 2016: Building resilience in the Arctic: From theory to practice. In: Arctic Resilience Report [Council, A. (ed.)][Carson, M. and G. Peterson (eds.)]. Stockholm Environment Institute and Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm, 180-208.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2269">Garrett, R. A., T. C. Sharkey, M. Grabowski and W. A. Wallace, 2017: Dynamic resource allocation to support oil spill response planning for energy exploration in the Arctic. European Journal of Operational Research, 257 (1), 272-286, doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2016.07.023.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2270">Holsman, K. et al., 2017: An ecosystem-based approach to marine risk assessment. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 3 (1), e01256, doi:10.1002/ehs2.1256.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2271">Camus, L. and M. G. D. Smit, 2019: Environmental effects of Arctic oil spills and spill response technologies, introduction to a 5 year joint industry effort. Mar Environ Res, 144, 250-254, doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.12.008.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2272">Beier, P. et al., 2015: Guiding Principles and Recommended Practices for Co-Producing Actionable Science. A How-to Guide for DOI Climate Science Centers and the National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center. Report to the Secretary of the InteriorAdvisory Committee on Climate Change and Natural Resource Science, Washington, DC.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2273">AMAP, 2017a: Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic (AACA) – Bering/Chukchi/Beaufort Region Overview report. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, 24 pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2274">Crépin, A.-S., Å. Gren, G. Engström and D. Ospina, 2017: Operationalising a social–ecological system perspective on the Arctic Ocean. AMBIO, 46 (3), 475-485, doi:10.1007/s13280-017-0960-4.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2275">Planque, B. et al., 2019: A participatory scenario method to explore the future of marine social‐ecological systems. Fish and Fisheries, 20 (3), 434-451, doi:10.1111/faf.12356.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2276">Nilsson, A. E. et al., 2017: Towards extended shared socioeconomic pathways: A combined participatory bottom-up and top-down methodology with results from the Barents region. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions, 45, 124-132, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.06.001.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2277">Liggett, D., B. Frame, N. Gilbert and F. Morgan, 2017: Is it all going south? Four future scenarios for Antarctica. Polar Record, 53 (5), 459-478, doi:10.1017/S0032247417000390.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2278">Nilsson, A. E. et al., 2017: Towards extended shared socioeconomic pathways: A combined participatory bottom-up and top-down methodology with results from the Barents region. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions, 45, 124-132, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.06.001.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2279">Planque, B. et al., 2019: A participatory scenario method to explore the future of marine social‐ecological systems. Fish and Fisheries, 20 (3), 434-451, doi:10.1111/faf.12356.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2280">Vargas-Moreno, J. C., B. Fradkin, S. Emperador and O. L. (eds), 2016: Project Summary: Prioritizing Science Needs Through Participatory Scenarios for Energy and Resource Development on the North Slope and Adjacent Seas. . GeoAdaptive, LLC, Boston, Massachusetts. [Available at: http://northslope.org/scenarios/%5D .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2281">Ernst, K. M. and M. van Riemsdijk, 2013: Climate change scenario planning in Alaska’s National Parks: Stakeholder involvement in the decision-making process. Applied Geography, 45, 22-28, doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.08.004.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2282">Flynn, M., J. D. Ford, T. Pearce and S. L. Harper, 2018: Participatory scenario planning and climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability research in the Arctic. Environmental Science &amp; Policy, 79, 45-53, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2017.10.012.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2283">Planque, B. et al., 2019: A participatory scenario method to explore the future of marine social‐ecological systems. Fish and Fisheries, 20 (3), 434-451, doi:10.1111/faf.12356.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2284">Gregory, R. et al., 2012: Structured Decision Making. John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd, Chichester, United Kingdom.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2285">Christie, K. S., T. E. Hollmen, H. P. Huntington and J. R. Lovvorn, 2018: Structured decision analysis informed by traditional ecological knowledge as a tool to strengthen subsistence systems in a changing Arctic. Ecology and Society, 23 (4), 42, doi: https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-10596-230442 .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2286">Wheeler, H. C. et al., 2018: Identifying key needs for the integration of social-ecological outcomes in arctic wildlife monitoring. Conserv Biol, doi:10.1111/cobi.13257.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2287">Trump, B. D., M. Kadenic and I. Linkov, 2018: A sustainable Arctic: Making hard decisions. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 50 (1), doi:10.1080/15230430.2018.1438345.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2288">Kofinas, G. et al., 2016: Building resilience in the Arctic: From theory to practice. In: Arctic Resilience Report [Council, A. (ed.)][Carson, M. and G. Peterson (eds.)]. Stockholm Environment Institute and Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm, 180-208.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2289">Chapin III, F. S., G. P. Kofinas and C. Folke, Eds., 2009: Principles of Ecosystem Stewardship: Resilience-Based Natural Resource Management in a Changing World. Springer-Verlag, New York, USA., 401 pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2290">Forbes, B. C. et al., 2015: Arctic Human Development Report II [Larsen, J. N. and G. Fondal (eds.)]. Chapter 7 Resource Governanc, Denmark, 253-289.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2291">Chapin III, F. S. et al., 2010: Resilience of Alaska’s boreal forest to climatic change. . In: The Dynamics of Change in Alaska’s Boreal Forests: Resilience and Vulnerability in Response to Climate Warming. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. NRC Research Press, 40, 1360-1370.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2292">Chapin III, F. S., M. Sommerkorn, M. D. Robards and K. Hillmer-Pegram, 2015: Ecosystem stewardship: A resilience framework for arctic conservation. Global Environmental Change, 34, 207-217, doi:doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.07.003.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2293">Chapin III, F. S., G. P. Kofinas and C. Folke, Eds., 2009: Principles of Ecosystem Stewardship: Resilience-Based Natural Resource Management in a Changing World. Springer-Verlag, New York, USA., 401 pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2294">Chapin III, F. S. et al., 2010: Resilience of Alaska’s boreal forest to climatic change. . In: The Dynamics of Change in Alaska’s Boreal Forests: Resilience and Vulnerability in Response to Climate Warming. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. NRC Research Press, 40, 1360-1370.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2295">Chapin III, F. S., M. Sommerkorn, M. D. Robards and K. Hillmer-Pegram, 2015: Ecosystem stewardship: A resilience framework for arctic conservation. Global Environmental Change, 34, 207-217, doi:doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.07.003.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2296">Biggs, R. et al., 2012: Toward Principles for Enhancing the Resilience of Ecosystem Services. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Vol 37, 37 (1), 421-448, doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-051211-123836.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2297">Biggs, R. et al., 2012: Toward Principles for Enhancing the Resilience of Ecosystem Services. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Vol 37, 37 (1), 421-448, doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-051211-123836.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2298">Chapin III, F. S., M. Sommerkorn, M. D. Robards and K. Hillmer-Pegram, 2015: Ecosystem stewardship: A resilience framework for arctic conservation. Global Environmental Change, 34, 207-217, doi:doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.07.003.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2299">Quinlan, A. E. et al., 2016: Measuring and assessing resilience: broadening understanding through multiple disciplinary perspectives. Journal of Applied Ecology, 53 (3), 677-687, doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12550.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2300">Armitage, D. R. et al., 2009: Adaptive co-management for social–ecological complexity. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7 (2), 95-102, doi:10.1890/070089.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2301">Dale, A. and D. Armitage, 2011: Marine mammal co-management in Canada’s Arctic: Knowledge co-production for learning and adaptive capacity. Marine Policy, 35 (4), 440-449, doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.10.019.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2302">Chapin III, F. S., M. Sommerkorn, M. D. Robards and K. Hillmer-Pegram, 2015: Ecosystem stewardship: A resilience framework for arctic conservation. Global Environmental Change, 34, 207-217, doi:doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.07.003.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2303">Arp, C. D. et al., 2019: Ice roads through lake-rich Arctic watersheds: Integrating climate uncertainty and freshwater habitat responses into adaptive management. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 51 (1), 9-23, doi:10.1080/15230430.2018.1560839.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2304">Gunn, A. et al., 2011: Understanding the cumulative effects of human activities on barren-ground caribou. In: Cumulative Effects in Wildlife Management: Impact Mitigation [Krausman, P. R. and L. K. Harris (eds.)]. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 113-134.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2305">Russell, D., 2014a: Energy-protein modeling of North Baffin Island caribou in relation to the Mary River Project: a reassessment from Russell (2012). Prepared for EDI Environmental Dynamics Inc., Whitehorse YT and Baffinland Iron Mines Corporation, Oakville Ontario.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2306">Russell, D., 2014b: Kiggavik Project Effects: Energy-Protein and Population Modeling of the Qamanirjuaq Caribou Herd. Prepared for EDI Environmental Dynamics Inc., Whitehorse YT and AREVA Resources Canada.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2307">Kaiser, B. A. et al., 2015: Spatial issues in Arctic marine resource governance workshop summary and comment. Marine Policy, 58, 1-5, doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2015.03.033.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2308">Bengtsson, J. et al., 2003: Reserves, resilience and dynamic landscapes. AMBIO, 32 (6), 389-96, doi:10.1579/0044-7447-32.6.389.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2309">Cumming, G. S., 2011: Spatial resilience: integrating landscape ecology, resilience, and sustainability. Landscape Ecology, 26 (7), 899-909, doi:10.1007/s10980-011-9623-1.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2310">Allen, C. R. et al., 2016: Quantifying spatial resilience. Journal of Applied Ecology, 53 (3), 625-635, doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12634.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2311">Ban, N. C. et al., 2014: Systematic Conservation Planning: A Better Recipe for Managing the High Seas for Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use. Conservation Letters, 7 (1), 41-54, doi:10.1111/conl.12010.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2312">McLeod, E., R. Salm, A. Green and J. Almany, 2009: Designing marine protected area networks to address the impacts of climate change. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7 (7), 362-370, doi:10.1890/070211.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2313">Nyström, M. and C. Folke, 2001: Spatial Resilience of Coral Reefs. Ecosystems, 4 (5), 406-417, doi:10.1007/s10021-001-0019-y.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2314">Hope, A. G. et al., 2013: Future distribution of tundra refugia in northern Alaska. Nature Climate Change, 3, 931, doi:10.1038/nclimate1926.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2315">Thomas, C. D. and P. K. Gillingham, 2015: The performance of protected areas for biodiversity under climate change. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 115 (3), 718-730, doi:10.1111/bij.12510.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2316">Solovyev, B. et al., 2017: Identifying a network of priority areas for conservation in the Arctic seas: Practical lessons from Russia. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 27 (S1), 30-51, doi:10.1002/aqc.2806.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2317">Juvonen, S.-K. and A. E. Kuhmonen, 2013: Evaluation of the Protected Area Network in the Barents Region Using the Programme of Work on Protected Areas of the Convention on Biological Diversity as a Tool. In: Reports of the Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, 37.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2318">Coetzee, B. W. T., P. Convey and S. L. Chown, 2017: Expanding the Protected Area Network in Antarctica is Urgent and Readily Achievable. Conservation Letters, 10 (6), 670-680, doi:10.1111/conl.12342.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2319">Arctic Council, 2015b: Framework for a Pan-Arctic Network of Marine Protected Areas. Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME), Iceland, 52 pp [Available at: https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/handle/11374/417 ; Access Date: 28 March 2019].</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2320">CCAMLR, 2016a: Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources: Report of the Thirty-fifth Meeting of the Commission. Report of the meeting of the Commission, 35, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 222.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2321">Wenzel, L. et al., 2016: Polar opposites? Marine conservation tools and experiences in the changing Arctic and Antarctic. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 26, 61-84, doi:10.1002/aqc.2649.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2322">CAFF, 2015a: The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) Scoping Study for the Arctic. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), Akureyri, Iceland, 168pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2323">Malinauskaite, L. et al., 2019: Ecosystem services in the Arctic: a thematic review. Ecosystem Services, 36, 100898, doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100898.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2324">Sarkki, S. and N. Acosta García, 2019: Merging social equity and conservation goals in IPBES. Conservation Biology, 33 (5), 1214-1218, doi:10.1111/cobi.13297.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2325">CAFF, 2015a: The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) Scoping Study for the Arctic. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), Akureyri, Iceland, 168pp.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2326">Malinauskaite, L. et al., 2019: Ecosystem services in the Arctic: a thematic review. Ecosystem Services, 36, 100898, doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100898.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2327">Chapin III, F. S., M. Sommerkorn, M. D. Robards and K. Hillmer-Pegram, 2015: Ecosystem stewardship: A resilience framework for arctic conservation. Global Environmental Change, 34, 207-217, doi:doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.07.003.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2328">Guerry, A. D. et al., 2015: Natural capital and ecosystem services informing decisions: From promise to practice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112 (24), 7348, doi:10.1073/pnas.1503751112.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2329">Díaz, S. et al., 2019: Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services – unedited advance version [Manuela Carneiro da Cunha, Georgina Mace and Harold Mooney (eds.)]. The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) [Available at: https://www.ipbes.net/system/tdf/spm_global_unedited_advance.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=35245%5D .</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:r2330">Mengerink, K., D. Roche and G. Swanson, 2017: Understanding Arctic Co-Management: The U.S. Marine Mammal Approach. The Yearbook of Polar Law Online, 8 (1), 76-102, doi:10.1163/22116427_008010007.</span></li></ol>

<span id="section-6"></span>