Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-5 (section)

=== 5.13.2 Trade-offs Generated by Agricultural Intensification and Expansion ===

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Agricultural intensification seeks to increase agricultural productivity per input unit, reducing the pressure on land use and generating positive impacts in GHG emissions ( [[#Mbow--2019|Mbow et al., 2019]] ), but valuing the final effect requires common metrics in terms of carbon capture or emission reductions ( [[#Searchinger--2018|Searchinger et al., 2018]] ). It has been suggested to address multiple SDGs (SDG2, SDG13, SDG15) but only occasionally leads to simultaneous positive ecosystem service and well-being outcomes ( [[#Rasmussen--2018|Rasmussen et al., 2018]] ). When the process relies only on increasing input use, there is a risk of generating adverse outcomes that may override positive effects, such as CO 2 emissions, ( [[#McGill--2018|McGill et al., 2018]] ), NOx emissions ( [[#Hickman--2017|Hickman et al., 2017]] ), soil salinisation and groundwater depletion ( [[#Doody--2015|Doody et al., 2015]] ; [[#Daliakopoulos--2016|Daliakopoulos et al., 2016]] ; [[#Fragaszy--2016|Fragaszy and Closas, 2016]] ; [[#Foster--2018|Foster et al., 2018]] ; [[#Flörke--2019|Flörke et al., 2019]] ). Agricultural intensification could meet short-term food security and livelihood goals, but reduces biological and landscape diversity, and ecosystem services ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Campbell--2017|Campbell et al., 2017]] ; [[#Balmford--2018|Balmford et al., 2018]] ; [[#Springmann--2018|Springmann et al., 2018]] ; [[#Ickowitz--2019|Ickowitz et al., 2019]] ; [[#Mbow--2019|Mbow et al., 2019]] ). Agricultural intensification can also affect livelihoods of small-scale producers, compromising food security. It can increase low-waged casual farm work, increasing gender and income inequity ( [[#Bigler--2017|Bigler et al., 2017]] ; [[#Clay--2019|Clay and King, 2019]] ; Table 5.18).

Land available for provisioning ecosystem services is declining in many places because of agricultural expansion, bioenergy crops and reforestation for mitigation ( [[#Kongsager--2018|Kongsager, 2018]] ), with adverse climate impacts ( [[#Froese--2019|Froese and Schilling, 2019]] ). Cropland expansion can deteriorate biodiversity ( [[#Delzeit--2017|Delzeit et al., 2017]] ), water quality ( [[#Ayala--2016|Ayala et al., 2016]] ) and carbon storage ( [[#Goldstein--2012|Goldstein et al., 2012]] ) and increase water demands ( [[#Yokohata--2020|Yokohata et al., 2020]] ).

A systems-based perspective on land use is needed to address climate change impacts on nutrition security and ecosystem services ( [[#Springmann--2018|Springmann et al., 2018]] ; [[#IPCC--2019b|IPCC, 2019b]] ; [[#Willett--2019|Willett et al., 2019]] ). Land sparing sets aside some land for conservation purposes and intensifies production on farmland ( [[#Balmford--2018|Balmford et al., 2018]] ; [[#Benton--2018|Benton et al., 2018]] ; [[#IPCC--2019b|IPCC, 2019b]] ), with potential to offset GHG emissions ( [[#Lamb--2016|Lamb et al., 2016]] ). Alternatively, ‘land sharing’ approach employs principles such as minimising fossil-fuel-based inputs, maximising synergies, and addressing climate change mitigation and adaptation as well as biodiversity ( [[#Kremen--2012|Kremen and Miles, 2012]] ; [[#Kremen--2015|Kremen, 2015]] ; [[#Kremen--2018|Kremen and Merenlender, 2018]] ; [[#HLPE--2019|HLPE, 2019]] ; [[#5.1|Section 5.1]] 4, Box on Agroecology). Community-managed initiatives can address biodiversity and ecosystem conservation, livelihoods, food provisioning and other ecosystem services ( [[#Kremen--2018|Kremen and Merenlender, 2018]] ; [[#HLPE--2019|HLPE, 2019]] ).

The concept of sustainable intensification has emerged, looking for enhancements in environmental outcomes, while maintaining or increasing agricultural systems performance. There is a potential to find synergies between agricultural production and landscape systems if systems are designed to operate within planetary boundaries ( [[#Rockström--2017|Rockström et al., 2017]] ; [[#Liao--2018|Liao and Brown, 2018]] ; [[#Pretty--2018|Pretty, 2018]] ; [[#Pretty--2018|Pretty et al., 2018]] ).

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