Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/SPM (section)

==== Urban, Rural and Infrastructure Transition ====

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'''C.2.6''' Considering climate change impacts and risks in the design and planning of urban and rural settlements and infrastructure is critical for resilience and enhancing human well-being ( ''high confidence'' ). The urgent provision of basic services, infrastructure, livelihood diversification and employment, strengthening of local and regional food systems and community-based adaptation enhance lives and livelihoods, particularly of low-income and marginalised groups ( ''high confidence'' ). Inclusive, integrated and long-term planning at local, municipal, sub-national and national scales, together with effective regulation and monitoring systems and financial and technological resources and capabilities foster urban and rural system transition ( ''high confidence'' ). Effective partnerships between governments, civil society, and private sector organizations, across scales provide infrastructure and services in ways that enhance the adaptive capacity of vulnerable people ( ''medium'' to ''high confidence'' ). { 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 6.3, 6.4, Box 6.3, Box 6.6, Table 6.6, 7.4, 12.5, 13.6, 14.5, Box 14.4, Box 17.4, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.3 CCP2.3] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.4 CCP2.4] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , CCB FEASIB }

'''C.2.7''' An increasing number of adaptation responses exist for urban systems, but their feasibility and effectiveness is constrained by institutional, financial, and technological access and capacity, and depends on coordinated and contextually appropriate responses across physical, natural and social infrastructure ( ''high confidence'' ). Globally, more financing is directed at physical infrastructure than natural and social infrastructure ( ''medium confidence'' ) and there is ''limited evidence'' of investment in the informal settlements hosting the most vulnerable urban residents ( ''medium'' to ''high confidence'' ). Ecosystem-based adaptation (e.g., urban agriculture and forestry, river restoration) has increasingly been applied in urban areas ( ''high confidence'' ). Combined ecosystem-based and structural adaptation responses are being developed, and there is growing evidence of their potential to reduce adaptation costs and contribute to flood control, sanitation, water resources management, landslide prevention and coastal protection ( ''medium confidence'' ). { 3.6, Box 4.6, 5.12, 6.3, 6.4, Table 6.8, 7.4, 9.7, 9.9, 10.4, Table 10.3, 11.3, 11.7, Box 11.6, 12.5, 13.2, 13.3, 13.6, 14.5, 15.5, 17.2, Box 17.4, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.3 CCP2.3] , CCP 3.2, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , CCB FEASIB, CCB SLR, SROCC SPM }

'''C.2.8''' Sea level rise poses a distinctive and severe adaptation challenge as it implies dealing with slow onset changes and increased frequency and magnitude of extreme sea level events which will escalate in the coming decades ( ''high confidence'' ). Such adaptation challenges would occur much earlier under high rates of sea level rise, in particular if low-likelihood, high impact outcomes associated with collapsing ice sheets occur ( ''high confidence'' ). Responses to ongoing sea level rise and land subsidence in low-lying coastal cities and settlements and small islands include protection, accommodation, advance and planned relocation ( ''high confidence'' ) [[#footnote-005|45]] . These responses are more effective if combined and/or sequenced, planned well ahead, aligned with sociocultural values and development priorities, and underpinned by inclusive community engagement processes ( ''high confidence'' ). { 6.2, 10.4, 11.7, Box 11.6, 13.2, 14.5, 15.5, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.3 CCP2.3] , CCB SLR, WGI AR6 SPM B.5, WGI AR6 SPM C.3, SROCC SPM C3.2 }

'''C.2.9''' Approximately 3.4 billion people globally live in rural areas around the world, and many are highly vulnerable to climate change. Integrating climate adaptation into social protection programs, including cash transfers and public works programmes, is highly feasible and increases resilience to climate change, especially when supported by basic services and infrastructure. Social safety nets are increasingly being reconfigured to build adaptive capacities of the most vulnerable in rural and also urban communities. Social safety nets that support climate change adaptation have strong co-benefits with development goals such as education, poverty alleviation, gender inclusion and food security. ( ''high'' ''confidence'' ) { 5.14, 9.4, 9.10, 9.11, 12.5, 14.5, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , CCB FEASIB, CCB GENDER }

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