Editing IPCC:AR6/WGI/Chapter-Atlas (section)

===== Atlas.11.2.1.2 Findings From Previous IPCC Assessments =====

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The following summary from previous IPCC reports is derived from the SROCC ( [[#IPCC--2019a|IPCC, 2019a]] ) unless otherwise stated. Arctic surface air temperatures have increased from the mid-1950s, with feedbacks from loss of sea ice and snow cover contributing to the amplified warming ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#IPCC--2018c|IPCC, 2018c]] ), and have ''likely'' increased by more than double the global average over the last two decades ( ''high confidence'' ). Arctic snow cover in June has declined from 1967 to 2018 ( ''high confidence'' ). Arctic glaciers are losing mass ( ''very high confidence'' ) and this along with changes in high-mountain snowmelt have caused changes in hydrology, including river runoff, that are projected to continue in the near term ( ''high confidence'' ). The rate of ice loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet has increased; during 2006–2015 the loss was 278 ± 11 Gt yr <sup>–1</sup> with the rate for 2012–2016 higher than for 2002–2011 and several times higher than during 1992–2001 ( ''high confidence'' ).

The Arctic sea ice area is declining in all months of the year ( ''very high confidence'' ) with the September sea ice minimum ''very likely'' having reduced by 12.8 ± 2.3% per decade during the satellite era (1979–2018) to levels unprecedented for at least 1000 years ( ''medium confidence'' ).

The high latitudes are ''likely'' to experience an increase in annual mean precipitation under RCP8.5 ( [[#IPCC--2013c|IPCC, 2013c]] ). Further, changes in precipitation will not be uniform. Autumn and spring snow cover duration are projected to decrease by a further 5–10% from current conditions in the near term (2031–2050). No further losses are projected under RCP2.6 whereas a further 15–25% reduction in snow cover duration is projected by the end of century under RCP8.5 ( ''high confidence'' ).

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