Editing IPCC:AR6/SROCC/SPM (section)

== Footnotes ==

<ol>
<li><span id="fn:1">The cryosphere is defined in this report (Annex I: Glossary) as the components of the Earth System at and below the land and ocean surface that are frozen, including snow cover, glaciers, ice sheets, ice shelves, icebergs, sea ice, lake ice, river ice, permafrost, and seasonally frozen ground.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:2">The decision to prepare a Special Report on Climate Change and Oceans and the Cryosphere was made at the Forty-Third Session of the IPCC in Nairobi, Kenya, 11-13 April 2016.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:3">Cut-off dates: 15 October 2018 for manuscript submission, 15 May 2019 for acceptance for publication.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:4">The SROCC is produced under the scientific leadership of Working Group I and Working Group II. In line with the approved outline, mitigation options (Working Group III) are not assessed with the exception of the mitigation potential of blue carbon (coastal ecosystems).</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:5">The full titles of these two Special Reports are: “Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty”; “Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems”.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:6">Each finding is grounded in an evaluation of underlying evidence and agreement. A level of confidence is expressed using five qualifiers: very low, low, medium, high and very high, and typeset in italics, e.g., medium confidence. The following terms have been used to indicate the assessed likelihood of an outcome or a result: virtually certain 99–100% probability, very likely 90–100%, likely 66–100%, about as likely as not 33–66%, unlikely 0–33%, very unlikely 0–10%, exceptionally unlikely 0–1%. Assessed likelihood is typeset in italics, e.g., very likely. This is consistent with AR5 and the other AR6 Special Reports. Additional terms (extremely likely 95–100%, more likely than not &gt;50–100%, more unlikely than likely 0–&lt;50%, extremely unlikely 0–5%) are used when appropriate. This Report also uses the term ‘likely range’ or ‘very likely range’ to indicate that the assessed likelihood of an outcome lies within the 17-83% or 5-95% probability range. {1.9.2, Figure 1.4}</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:7">High mountain areas include all mountain regions where glaciers, snow or permafrost are prominent features of the landscape. For a list of high mountain regions covered in this report, see Chapter 2. Population in high mountain regions is calculated for areas less than 100 kilometres from glaciers or permafrost in high mountain areas assessed in this report. {2.1} Projections for 2050 give the range of population in these regions across all five of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. {Cross-Chapter Box 1 in Chapter 1}</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:8">Population in the low elevation coastal zone is calculated for land areas connected to the coast, including small island states, that are less than 10 metres above sea level. {Cross-Chapter Box 9} Projections for 2050 give the range of population in these regions across all five of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. {Cross-Chapter Box 1 in Chapter 1}</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:9">Including peripheral glaciers</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:10">360 Gt ice corresponds to 1 mm of global mean sea level </span></li>
<li><span id="fn:11">This does not imply that the changes started in 1950. Changes in some variables have occurred since the pre-industrial period. </span></li>
<li><span id="fn:12">This scaling factor (global-mean ocean expansion as sea level rise in metres per unit heat) varies by about 10% between different models, and it will systematically increase by about 10% by 2100 under RCP8.5 forcing due to ocean warming increasing the average thermal expansion coefficient. {4.2.1, 4.2.2, 5.2.2}</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:13">Antarctic sea ice is not shown here due to ''low confidence'' in future projections. {3.2.2}</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:14">CMIP5 is Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (Annex I: Glossary). </span></li>
<li><span id="fn:15"> A pathway with lower emissions (RCP1.9), which would correspond to a lower level of projected warming than RCP2.6, was not part of CMIP5.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:16"> In some instances this report assesses changes relative to 2006–2015. The warming from the 1850–1900 period until 2006–2015 has been assessed as 0.87°C (0.75 to 0.99°C likely range). {Cross-Chapter Box 1 in Chapter 1}</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:17"> ZJ is Zettajoule and is equal to 1021 Joules. Warming the entire ocean by 1°C requires about 5500 ZJ; 144 ZJ would warm the top 100 m by about 1°C.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:18"> A marine heatwave is a period of extreme warm near-sea surface temperature that persists for days to months and can extend up to thousands of kilometres (Annex I: Glossary).</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:19"> In this report density stratification is defined as the density contrast between shallower and deeper layers. Increased stratification reduces the vertical exchange of heat, salinity, oxygen, carbon, and nutrients.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:20"> Based on in-situ records longer than fifteen years.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:21"> The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is the main current system in the South and North Atlantic Oceans (Annex I: Glossary).</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:22"> The total rate of sea level rise is greater than the sum of cryosphere and ocean contributions due to uncertainties in the estimate of landwater storage change.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:23"> The recovery time scale is hundreds to thousands of years (Annex I: Glossary).</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:24"> Marginal seas are not assessed individually as ocean regions in this report.</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:25"> This report primarily uses RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 for the following reasons: These scenarios largely represent the assessed range for the topics covered in this report; they largely represent what is covered in the assessed literature, based on CMIP5; and they allow a consistent narrative about projected changes. RCP4.5 and RCP6.0 are not available for all topics addressed in the report. {Box SPM.1}</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:26"> For context, total annual anthropogenic CO2 emissions were 10.8 ± 0.8 GtC yr–1 (39.6 ± 2.9 GtCO2 yr–1) on average over the period 2008–2017. Total annual anthropogenic methane emissions were 0.35 ± 0.01 GtCH4 yr–1, on average over the period 2003–2012. {5.5.1}</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:27">NPP is estimated from the Coupled Models Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5).</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:28">Total animal biomass is from the Fisheries and Marine Ecosystem Models Intercomparison Project (FISHMIP).</span></li>
<li><span id="fn:29">The conversion between GMST and SST is based on a scaling factor of 1.44 derived from changes in an ensemble of RCP8.5 simulations; this scaling factor has an uncertainty of about 4 % due to differences between the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios. {Table SPM.1}</span></li>
<li><div id="fn:30"></div>

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