Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-6 (section)

==== 6.2.3.1 Urban Poverty and Vulnerability ====

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In both developed and less-developed regions, poverty in urban areas is frequently associated with higher levels of vulnerability (Huq et al., 2020b). This is evident in both rural and urban settlements in a wide range of contexts, including the Philippines (Porio et al., 2019; Valenzuela, Esteban and Onuki, 2020); Bangladesh (Matsuyama, Khan and Khalequzzaman, 2020); Brazil (Lemos et al., 2016), Santiago, Chile (Inostroza, Palme and de la Barrera, 2016); and New York City (Madrigano et al., 2015).

For individuals in urban communities, new literature highlights how differences in vulnerability established by social and economic processes are further differentiated by household and individual variability and intersectionality ( [[#Kaijser--2014|Kaijser and Kronsell, 2014]] ; Kuran et al., 2020).This includes differences in wealth and capacity (Romero-Lankao, Gnatz and Sperling, 2016); gender and non-binary gender ( [[#Michael--2016|Michael and Vakulabharanam, 2016]] ; [[#Sauer--2021|Sauer and Stieß, 2021]] ; [[#Mersha--2018|Mersha and van Laerhoven, 2018]] ); education, health, political power and social capital (Lemos et al., 2016); age, including young and elderly, low physical fitness, pre-existing disability, length of residence and social and ethnic marginalisation (Inostroza, Palme and de la Barrera, 2016; Schuster et al., 2017; [[#Malakar--2017|Malakar and Mishra, 2017]] ). An increasing proportion of refugees and displaced people now live in urban centres, and their characteristics also make them vulnerable to a range of shocks and stresses ( [[#Earle--2016|Earle, 2016]] ). While some individuals, including children, may be able to exercise agency to reduce their risk ( [[#Treichel--2020|Treichel, 2020]] ), and some indicators are culturally specific, overall, poor, marginalised, socially isolated and informal urban households are particularly at risk ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Brown--2016|Brown and McGranahan, 2016]] ; Kim et al., 2020b; Huq et al., 2020a; Huq et al., 2020b).

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