Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Cross-Chapter-Paper-7 (section)

=== Box CCP7.1 | Indigenous Knowledge and Local Knowledge and Community-Based Adaptation ===

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Purely scientific knowledge, albeit indispensable, is insufficient to address climate change. Indigenous knowledge systems, embedded in social and cultural structures, are integral to climate resilience and adaptation ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Ajani--2013|Ajani, 2013]] ; Tengö et al., 2014; Hiwasaki et al., 2015; [[#Roue--2018|Roue and Nakashima, 2018]] ) [AR5 WGII [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-12#12.3.3|Section 12.3.3]] (Adger et al. 2014), AR5 WGII Section 20.4.2 (Denton et al. 2014), SRCCL [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.8.1|Section 4.8.1]] (Olsson et al. 2019), SRCCL [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.8.2|Section 4.8.2]] (Olsson et al. 2019), SR15 [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.3.5|Section 4.3.5.5]] (de Coninck et al. 2018) ]. knowledge and local knowledge (IK and LK) and community-based adaptation (CBA) have received increasing recognition across all sectors ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Reid--2014|Reid and Huq, 2014]] ; Wright et al., 2014; Moste, 2015) [SRCCL [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.1|Section 4.1.6]] (Olsson et al. 2019), SRCCL [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-5#5.3|Section 5.3.5]] (Mbow et al. 2019), SR15 Box 4.3 (de Coninck et al. 2018)] (Figure Box CCP7.1.1). Forest Indigenous knowledge (IK) is closely linked to traditional land-use practices and local governance (Roberts et al., 2009); it is embodied in art, rituals, food, agriculture and customary laws, among others (Hiwasaki et al., 2015; Camico et al., 2021). CBA is a community-led process based on its desires, priorities, knowledge and capacities which empowers people as central players in climate change adaptation (Reid et al., 2009) [SRCCL 5.3.5].

CBA is related with concepts such as community and adaptive collaborative forest management. These approaches acknowledge the importance of cultural and socioeconomic ties between communities and forests, along with community’s authority and responsibility for forest sustainable management ( [[#Ajani--2013|Ajani, 2013]] ; Ellis et al., 2015; Torres et al., 2015).

'''Role of IK and LK and CBA for Climate Change Adaptation in Tropical Forests'''
Local forest and Indigenous forest management systems have developed over long time periods, generating social practices and institutions that have supported livelihoods and cultures for generations ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Seppälä--2009|Seppälä, 2009]] ; Martin et al., 2010; [[#Parrotta--2012|Parrotta and Agnoletti, 2012]] ; Camico et al., 2021). Archaeological evidence shows that humans have manipulated tropical forests for at least 45,000 years ( ''high confidence'' ). Indigenous Peoples usually consider themselves as parts of socio-ecosystems, protecting the forest by maintaining healthy socio-ecological relationships and successfully adapting to environmental change (Speranza et al., 2010; Swiderska et al., 2011; [[#Parrotta--2012|Parrotta and Agnoletti, 2012]] ; Uprety et al., 2012; Mistry et al., 2016; Roberts et al., 2017) [AR5 WGII Setion 12.3.2 (Adger et al. 2014)].

CBA ensures community engagement in bottom-up management and adaptation approaches ( [[#Simane--2014|Simane and Zaitchik, 2014]] ; [[#Keenan--2015|Keenan, 2015]] ). IK, LK and CBA can enhance adaptation in many ways, including through knowledge generation, ecosystem monitoring, climate forecasting, increased resilience and response to climate extremes and slow-onset events (Speranza et al., 2010) [AR5 WGII [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-12#12.3.3|Section 12.3.3]] (Adger et al. 2014); SRCCL [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.8.2|Section 4.8.2]] (Olsson et al. 2019)] ] (Figure Box CCP7.1.1).

'''Integration of IK and LK Systems, CBA and Modern Scientific Systems'''
Several authors have highlighted the need to foster a respectful dialogue between Indigenous knowledge (IK) and local knowledge (LK) and modern science towards a holistic research model ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Berkes--2010|Berkes, 2010]] ; [[#Ajani--2013|Ajani, 2013]] ; Tengö et al., 2014; [[#Roue--2018|Roue and Nakashima, 2018]] ) [AR5 WGII [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-12#12.3.3|Section 12.3.3]] (Adger et al. 2014) , AR5 WGII [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-14#14.2.2|Section 14.2.2]] (Noble et al. 2014)], but few ecological studies have attempted this integration ( [[#Keenan--2015|Keenan, 2015]] ; [[#Vadigi--2016|Vadigi, 2016]] ). Examples in tropical forest ecosystems include topics such as monitoring climate impacts; local climates; seed, water and land management resilience-increasing practices; and climate threats to traditional agriculture ( [[#Parrotta--2012|Parrotta and Agnoletti, 2012]] ; Fernández-Llamazares et al., 2017; Camico et al., 2021; Mustonen et al., 2021). A growing number of methods are available to help this dialogue [SRCCL Section 7.5.1 (Hurlbert et al. 2019)] (Reid et al., 2009; Tengö et al., 2014; Tengö et al., 2017; [[#Roue--2018|Roue and Nakashima, 2018]] ) (Figure Box CCP7.1.1). While there is expanding interest among decision makers, researchers, Indigenous Peoples and civil society on IK and LK (Hiwasaki et al., 2015; [[#Maillet--2016|Maillet and Ford, 2016]] ), gaps remain regarding links between place-and-culture dimensions and adaptive capacities (Ford et al., 2016).

'''Enhancing Adaptive Capacity through IK and LK and CBA: Lessons Learned'''
Useful lessons can be drawn from experience to effectively incorporate IK, LK and CBA in adaptation strategies. A number of barriers to adaptation have also been recognised (Figure Box CCP7.1.1). Considering that IK and LK is increasingly threatened by colonisation, acculturation, dispossession of land rights, and environmental and social change, among others [AR5 WGII [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-12#12.3.3|Section 12.3.3]] (Adger et al. 2014); SR15Section 4.3.5 (de Coninck et al. 2018)] [[#Seppälä--2009|Seppälä (2009)]] highlighted the importance of supporting community efforts to document, vitalise and protect it. It is essential to consider goals, identity and livelihood priorities of Indigenous Peoples and local communities, including those beyond natural resource management (Reid et al., 2009; [[#Diamond--2018|Diamond and Ansharyani, 2018]] ; Zavaleta et al., 2018). Adaptation processes are more ''likely'' to be transformational when they are locally driven ( ''medium confidence'' : ''medium evidence, high agreement'' ) ( [[#Chung%20Tiam%20Fook--2015|Chung Tiam Fook, 2015]] ; [[#Chanza--2016|Chanza and De Wit, 2016]] ). This requires adaptive institutional frameworks, capable of navigating the complex dynamic of socio-ecosystems ( ''medium confidence'' : ''medium evidence, high agreement'' ) (Locatelli et al., 2008; [[#Simane--2014|Simane and Zaitchik, 2014]] ) [AR5 WGII [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-12#12.3.2|Section 12.3.2]] (Adger et al. 2014), SR15 [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-5#5.3.1|Section 5.3.1]] (Roy et al. 2018)]. It is important to consider power relations and priority differences to avoid causing social disruption and inequality. ‘We need to keep asking: Who benefits? Who loses? Who is empowered? Who is disempowered?’ (Reid et al., 2009).

Finally, vulnerability and adaptive capacity have a historical and geopolitical context, conditioned by value systems and development models. Forest management strategies must take into account the wider picture if they seek to be not just temporally effective (at best), but transformative and sustainable over time ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Chung%20Tiam%20Fook--2015|Chung Tiam Fook, 2015]] ; [[#Chanza--2016|Chanza and De Wit, 2016]] ).

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Box CCP7.1

(1) Agricultural expansion is the major driver of deforestation in developing countries. Cost of reducing deforestation is based on opportunity cost of not growing the most common crop in developing countries (maize) for 6 years to reach tree maturity, with yield of 8 t ha −1 (high); 5 tons ha −1 (medium), and 1.5 t ha −1 , with a price of USD 329 t −1 . Also, reduced deforestation practices have relatively moderate costs, but they require transaction and administration costs ( [[#Kindermann--2008|Kindermann et al., 2008]] ; [[#Overmars--2014|Overmars et al., 2014]] ).

(2) May not deal with displacement of wild species due to climate change.

(3) Fragments of disconnected HCVAs have less value to preserve ecological services.

(4) Forest management strategies may decrease stand-level structural complexity and may make forest ecosystems more susceptive to natural disasters like wind throws, fires and diseases (Seidl et al., 2017).

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