Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/SPM (section)

=== Limits to Adaptation ===

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'''C.3 Soft limits to some human adaptation have been reached, but can be overcome by addressing a range of constraints, primarily financial, governance, institutional and policy constraints ( '''''high confidence''''' ). Hard limits to adaptation have been reached in some ecosystems ( '''''high confidence''''' ). With increasing global warming, losses and damages will increase and additional human and natural systems will reach adaptation limits ( '''''high confidence''''' ).   Expand Links to chapters Figure TS.7, 1.4, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 3.4, 3.6, 4.7, Figure 4.30, 5.5, Table 8.6, Box 10.7, 11.7, Table 11.16, 12.5, 13.2, 13.5, 13.6, 13.10, 13.11, Figure 13.21, 14.5, 15.6, 16.4, Figure 16.8, Table 16.3, Table 16.4, CCP1.2, CCP1.3, CCP2.3, CCP3.3, CCP5.2, CCP5.4, CCP6.3, CCP7.3, CCB SLR'''
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'''C.3.1''' Soft limits to some human adaptation have been reached, but can be overcome by addressing a range of constraints, which primarily consist of financial, governance, institutional and policy constraints ( ''high confidence'' ). For example, individuals and households in low-lying coastal areas in Australasia and Small Islands and smallholder farmers in Central and South America, Africa, Europe and Asia have reached soft limits ( ''medium confidence'' ). Inequity and poverty also constrain adaptation, leading to soft limits and resulting in disproportionate exposure and impacts for most vulnerable groups ( ''high confidence'' ). Lack of climate literacy [[#footnote-004|46]] at all levels and limited availability of information and data pose further constraints to adaptation planning and implementation ( ''medium confidence'' ). { 1.4, 4.7, 5.4, 8.4, Table 8.6, 9.1, 9.4, 9.5, 9.8, 11.7, 12.5 13.5, 15.3, 15.5, 15.6, 16.4, Box 16.1, Figure 16.8, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.2 CCP5.2] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP6.3 CCP6.3] }

'''C.3.2''' Financial constraints are important determinants of soft limits to adaptation across sectors and all regions ( ''high confidence'' ). Although global tracked climate finance has shown an upward trend since AR5, current global financial flows for adaptation, including from public and private finance sources, are insufficient for and constrain implementation of adaptation options especially in developing countries ( ''high confidence'' ). The overwhelming majority of global tracked climate finance was targeted to mitigation while a small proportion was targeted to adaptation ( ''very high confidence'' ). Adaptation finance has come predominantly from public sources ( ''very high confidence'' ). Adverse climate impacts can reduce the availability of financial resources by incurring losses and damages and through impeding national economic growth, thereby further increasing financial constraints for adaptation, particularly for developing and least developed countries ( ''medium confidence'' ). { Figure TS.7, 1.4, 2.6, 3.6, 4.7, Figure 4.30, 5.14, 7.4, 8.4, Table 8.6, 9.4, 9.9, 9.11, 10.5, 12.5, 13.3, 13.11, Box 14.4, 15.6, 16.2, 16.4, Figure 16.8, Table 16.4, 17.4, 18.1, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.4 CCP2.4] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.4 CCP5.4] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP6.3 CCP6.3] , CCB FINANCE }

'''C.3.3''' Many natural systems are near the hard limits of their natural adaptation capacity and additional systems will reach limits with increasing global warming ( ''high confidence'' ). Ecosystems already reaching or surpassing hard adaptation limits include some warm-water coral reefs, some coastal wetlands, some rainforests, and some polar and mountain ecosystems ( ''high confidence'' ). Above 1.5°C global warming level, some Ecosystem-based Adaptation measures will lose their effectiveness in providing benefits to people as these ecosystems will reach hard adaptation limits ( ''high confidence'' ). (Figure SPM.4) { 1.4, 2.4, 2.6, 3.4, 3.6, 9.6, Box 11.2, 13.4, 14.5, 15.5, 16.4, 16.6, 17.2, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP1.2 CCP1.2] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.2 CCP5.2] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP6.3 CCP6.3] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP7.3 CCP7.3] , CCB SLR }

'''C.3.4''' In human systems, some coastal settlements face soft adaptation limits due to technical and financial difficulties of implementing coastal protection ( ''high confidence'' ). Above 1.5°C global warming level, limited freshwater resources pose potential hard limits for Small Islands and for regions dependent on glacier and snow-melt ( ''medium confidence'' ). By 2°C global warming level, soft limits are projected for multiple staple crops in many growing areas, particularly in tropical regions ( ''high confidence'' ). By 3°C global warming level, soft limits are projected for some water management measures for many regions, with hard limits projected for parts of Europe ( ''medium confidence'' ). Transitioning from incremental to transformational adaptation can help overcome soft adaptation limits ( ''high confidence'' ). { 1.4, 4.7, 5.4, 5.8, 7.2, 7.3, 8.4, Table 8.6, 9.8, 10.4, 12.5, 13.2, 13.6, 16.4, 17.2, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP1.3 CCP1.3] . Box [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP1.1 CCP1.1] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.3 CCP2.3] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP3.3 CCP3.3] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP4.4 CCP4.4] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP5.3 CCP5.3] , CCB SLR }

'''C.3.5''' Adaptation does not prevent all losses and damages, even with effective adaptation and before reaching soft and hard limits. Losses and damages are unequally distributed across systems, regions and sectors and are not comprehensively addressed by current financial, governance and institutional arrangements, particularly in vulnerable developing countries. With increasing global warming, losses and damages increase and become increasingly difficult to avoid, while strongly concentrated among the poorest vulnerable populations. ( ''high confidence'' ) { 1.4, 2.6, 3.4, 3.6, 6.3, Figure 6.4, 8.4, 13.2, 13.7, 13.10, 17.2, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP2.3 CCP2.3] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/spm#CCP4.4 CCP4.4] , CCB LOSS, CCB SLR, CWGB ECONOMIC }

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