Editing IPCC:AR6/SR15/Chapter-4 (section)

==== 4.3.1.5 Options for adapting electricity systems to 1.5°C ====

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Climate change has started to disrupt electricity generation and, if climate change adaptation options are not considered, it is predicted that these disruptions will be lengthier and more frequent (Jahandideh-Tehrani et al., 2014; Bartos and Chester, 2015; Kraucunas et al., 2015; van Vliet et al., 2016) <sup>[[#fn:r151|151]]</sup> . Adaptation would both secure vulnerable infrastructure and ensure the necessary generation capacity (Minville et al., 2009; Eisenack and Stecker, 2012; Schaeffer et al., 2012; Cortekar and Groth, 2015; Murrant et al., 2015; Panteli and Mancarella, 2015; Goytia et al., 2016) <sup>[[#fn:r152|152]]</sup> . The literature shows ''high agreement'' that climate change impacts need to be planned for in the design of any kind of infrastructure, especially in the energy sector (Nierop, 2014) <sup>[[#fn:r153|153]]</sup> , including interdependencies with other sectors that require electricity to function, including water, data, telecommunications and transport (Fryer, 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r154|154]]</sup> .

Recent research has developed new frameworks and models that aim to assess and identify vulnerabilities in energy infrastructure and create more proactive responses (Francis and Bekera, 2014; Ouyang and Dueñas-Osorio, 2014; Arab et al., 2015; Bekera and Francis, 2015; Knight et al., 2015; Jeong and An, 2016; Panteli et al., 2016; Perrier, 2016; Erker et al., 2017; Fu et al., 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r155|155]]</sup> . Assessments of energy infrastructure adaptation, while limited, emphasize the need for redundancy (Liu et al., 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r156|156]]</sup> . The implementation of  controllable and islandable microgrids, including the use of residential batteries, can increase resiliency, especially after extreme weather events (Qazi and Young Jr., 2014; Liu et al., 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r157|157]]</sup> . Hybrid renewables-based power systems with non-hydro capacity, such as with high-penetration wind generation, could provide the required system flexibility (Canales et al., 2015) <sup>[[#fn:r158|158]]</sup> . Overall, there is ''high agreement'' that hybrid systems, taking advantage of an array of sources and time of use strategies, can help make electricity generation more resilient (Parkinson and Djilali, 2015) <sup>[[#fn:r159|159]]</sup> , given that energy security standards are in place (Almeida Prado et al., 2016) <sup>[[#fn:r160|160]]</sup> .

Interactions between water and energy are complex (IEA, 2017g) <sup>[[#fn:r161|161]]</sup> . Water scarcity patterns and electricity disruptions will differ across regions. There is ''high agreement'' that mitigation and adaptation options for thermal electricity generation (if that remains fitted with CCS) need to consider increasing water shortages, taking into account other factors such as ambient water resources and demand changes in irrigation water (Hayashi et al., 2018) <sup>[[#fn:r162|162]]</sup> . Increasing the efficiency of power plants can reduce emissions and water needs (Eisenack and Stecker, 2012; van Vliet et al., 2016) <sup>[[#fn:r163|163]]</sup> , but applying CCS would increase water consumption (Koornneef et al., 2012) <sup>[[#fn:r164|164]]</sup> . The technological, economic, social and institutional feasibility of efficiency improvements is high, but insufficient to limit temperature rise to 1.5°C (van Vliet et al., 2016) <sup>[[#fn:r165|165]]</sup> .

In addition, a number of options for water cooling management systems have been proposed, such as hydraulic measures (Eisenack and Stecker, 2012) <sup>[[#fn:r166|166]]</sup> and alternative cooling technologies (Chandel et al., 2011; Eisenack and Stecker, 2012; Bartos and Chester, 2015; Murrant et al., 2015; Bustamante et al., 2016; van Vliet et al., 2016; Huang et al., 2017b) <sup>[[#fn:r167|167]]</sup> . There is ''high agreement'' on the technological and economic feasibility of these technologies, as their absence can severely impact the functioning of the power plant as well as safety and security standards.

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