Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-3 (section)

==== 3.3.1.1 Off-site feedbacks ====

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Aerosols can act as a vehicle for the long-range transport of nutrients to oceans (Jickells et al. 2005 <sup>[[#fn:r490|490]]</sup> ; Okin et al. 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r491|491]]</sup> ) and terrestrial land surfaces (Das et al. 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r492|492]]</sup> ). In several locations, notably the Atlantic Ocean, the west of northern Africa, and the Pacific Ocean east of northern China, a considerable amount of mineral dust aerosols, sourced from nearby drylands, reaches the oceans. It was estimated that 60% of dust transported off Africa is deposited in the Atlantic Ocean (Kaufman et al. 2005 <sup>[[#fn:r493|493]]</sup> ), while 50% of the dust generated in Asia reaches the Pacific Ocean or further (Uno et al. 2009 <sup>[[#fn:r494|494]]</sup> ; Zhang et al. 1997 <sup>[[#fn:r495|495]]</sup> ). The Sahara is also a major source of dust for the Mediterranean basin (Varga et al. 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r496|496]]</sup> ). The direct effect of atmospheric dust over the ocean was found to be a cooling of the ocean surface ( ''limited evidence, high agreement'' ) (Evan and Mukhopadhyay 2010 <sup>[[#fn:r497|497]]</sup> ; Evan et al. 2009 <sup>[[#fn:r498|498]]</sup> ) with the tropical North Atlantic mixed layer cooling by over 1°C (Evan et al. 2009 <sup>[[#fn:r499|499]]</sup> ).

It has been suggested that dust may act as a source of nutrients for the upper ocean biota, enhancing the biological activity and related carbon sink ( ''medium'' ''evidence, low agreement'' ) (Lenes et al. 2001 <sup>[[#fn:r500|500]]</sup> ; Shaw et al. 2008 <sup>[[#fn:r501|501]]</sup> ; Neuer et al. 2004 <sup>[[#fn:r502|502]]</sup> ). The overall response depends on the environmental controls on the ocean biota, the type of aerosols including their chemical constituents, and the chemical environment in which they dissolve (Boyd et al. 2010 <sup>[[#fn:r503|503]]</sup> ).

Dust deposited on snow can increase the amount of absorbed solar radiation leading to more rapid melting (Painter et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r504|504]]</sup> ), impacting a region’s hydrological cycle ( ''high confidence'' ). Dust deposition on snow and ice has been found in many regions of the globe (e.g., Painter et al. 2018; Kaspari et al. 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r505|505]]</sup> ; Qian et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r506|506]]</sup> ; Painter et al. 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r507|507]]</sup> ), however quantification of the effect globally and estimation of future changes in the extent of this effect remain knowledge gaps.

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