Editing IPCC:AR6/WGI/Chapter-12 (section)

==== 12.3.2.7 Agricultural and Ecological Drought ====

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Agricultural and ecological drought indices relate to the ability of plants to meet growth and transpiration needs (Table 11.3; [[#Zargar--2011|Zargar et al., 2011]] ; [[#Lobell--2015|Lobell et al., 2015]] ; [[#Pedro-Monzonís--2015|Pedro-Monzonís et al., 2015]] ; [[#Bachmair--2016|Bachmair et al., 2016]] ; [[#Wehner--2017|Wehner et al., 2017]] ; [[#Naumann--2018|Naumann et al., 2018]] ) and the timing and duration of droughts can lead to substantially different impacts ( [[#Peña-Gallardo--2019|Peña-Gallardo et al., 2019]] ). Drought stress for agriculture and ecosystems is difficult to directly observe, and therefore scientists use a variety of drought indices (Table 11.3), proxy information about changes in precipitation supply and reference evapotranspiration demand, the ratio of actual/potential evapotranspiration or a deficit in available soil water content, particularly at rooting level ( [[#Park%20Williams--2013|Park Williams et al., 2013]] ; [[#Trnka--2014|Trnka et al., 2014]] ; C.D. [[#Allen--2015|]] [[#Allen--2015|Allen et al., 2015]] ; [[#Svoboda--2017|Svoboda and Fuchs, 2017]] ; [[#Mäkinen--2018|Mäkinen et al., 2018]] ; [[#Otkin--2018|Otkin et al., 2018]] ). Severe water stress can lead to crop failure, in particular when droughts persist for an extended period or occur during key plant developmental stages ( [[#Hatfield--2014|Hatfield et al., 2014]] ; [[#Jolly--2015|Jolly et al., 2015]] ; [[#Leng--2019|Leng and Hall, 2019]] ). Projections of high wind speed and low humidity (even for just a portion of the day) can also inform studies examining fruit desiccation and rice cracking ( [[#Grotjahn--2021|Grotjahn, 2021]] ). Drought also raises disease infection rates for West Nile virus ( [[#Paull--2017|Paull et al., 2017]] ), and the alternation of dry and wet spells induces swelling and shrinkage of clay soils that can lead to sinkholes and destabilize buildings ( [[#Hadji--2014|Hadji et al., 2014]] ).

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