Editing IPCC:AR6/SYR/SPM (section)

=== Mitigati on and Adaptation Options across Systems ===

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'''C.3 Rapid and far-reaching transitions across all sectors and systems are necessary to achieve deep and sustained emissions reductions and secure a liveable and sustainable future for all. These system transitions involve a significant upscaling of a wide portfolio of mitigation and adaptation options. Feasible, effective, and low-cost options for mitigation and adaptation are already available, with differences across systems and regions. (''high confidence'') Figure SPM.7 Links to longer report4.1, 4.5, 4.6'''
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C.3.1 The systemic change required to achieve rapid and deep emissions reductions and transformative adaptation to climate change is unprecedented in terms of scale, but not necessarily in terms of speed ''(medium confidence)'' . Systems transitions include: deployment of low- or zero-emission technologies; reducing and changing demand through infrastructure design and access, socio-cultural and behavioural changes, and increased technological efficiency and adoption; social protection, climate services or other services; and protecting and restoring ecosystems ''(high confidence)'' . Feasible, effective, and low-cost options for mitigation and adaptation are already available ''(high confidence)'' . The availability, feasibility and potential of mitigation and adaptation options in the near-term differs across systems and regions ''(very high confidence)'' . [[#figure-spm-7|Figure SPM.7]] Links to longer report 4.1, 4.5.1 to 4.5.6

'''''Energy Systems'''''

C.3.2 Net zero CO 2 energy systems entail: a substantial reduction in overall fossil fuel use, minimal use of unabated fossil fuels [[#footnote-006|51]] , and use of carbon capture and storage in the remaining fossil fuel systems; electricity systems that emit no net CO 2 ; widespread electrification; alternative energy carriers in applications less amenable to electrification; energy conservation and efficiency; and greater integration across the energy system ''(high confidence)'' . Large contributions to emissions reductions with costs less than USD 20 tCO 2 -eq -1 come from solar and wind energy, energy efficiency improvements, and methane emissions reductions (coal mining, oil and gas, waste) ''(medium confidence)'' . There are feasible adaptation options that support infrastructure resilience, reliable power systems and efficient water use for existing and new energy generation systems ''(very high confidence)'' . Energy generation diversification (e.g., via wind, solar, small scale hydropower) and demand-side management (e.g., storage and energy efficiency improvements) can increase energy reliability and reduce vulnerabilities to climate change ''(high confidence)'' . Climate responsive energy markets, updated design standards on energy assets according to current and projected climate change, smart-grid technologies, robust transmission systems and improved capacity to respond to supply deficits have high feasibility in the medium- to long-term, with mitigation co-benefits ''(very high confidence)'' . [[#figure-spm-7|Figure SPM.7]] Links to longer report 4.5.1

'''''Industry and Transport'''''

C.3.3 Reducing industry GHG emissions entails coordinated action throughout value chains to promote all mitigation options, including demand management, energy and materials efficiency, circular material flows, as well as abatement technologies and transformational changes in production processes ''(high confidence)'' . In transport, sustainable biofuels, low-emissions hydrogen, and derivatives (including ammonia and synthetic fuels) can support mitigation of CO 2 emissions from shipping, aviation, and heavy-duty land transport but require production process improvements and cost reductions ''(medium confidence)'' . Sustainable biofuels can offer additional mitigation benefits in land-based transport in the short and medium term ''(medium confidence)'' . Electric vehicles powered by low-GHG emissions electricity have large potential to reduce land-based transport GHG emissions, on a life cycle basis ''(high confidence)'' . Advances in battery technologies could facilitate the electrification of heavy-duty trucks and compliment conventional electric rail systems ''(medium confidence)'' . The environmental footprint of battery production and growing concerns about critical minerals can be addressed by material and supply diversification strategies, energy and material efficiency improvements, and circular material flows ''(medium confidence). [[#figure-spm-7|Figure SPM.7]] Links to longer report 4.5.2, 4.5.3''

'''''Cities, Settlements and Infrastructure'''''

C.3.4 Urban systems are critical for achieving deep emissions reductions and advancing climate resilient development ''(high confidence)'' . Key adaptation and mitigation elements in cities include considering climate change impacts and risks (e.g., through climate services) in the design and planning of settlements and infrastructure; land use planning to achieve compact urban form, co-location of jobs and housing; supporting public transport and active mobility (e.g., walking and cycling); the efficient design, construction, retrofit, and use of buildings; reducing and changing energy and material consumption; sufficiency [[#footnote-005|52]] ; material substitution; and electrification in combination with low emissions sources ''(high confidence)'' . Urban transitions that offer benefits for mitigation, adaptation, human health and well-being, ecosystem services, and vulnerability reduction for low-income communities are fostered by inclusive long-term planning that takes an integrated approach to physical, natural and social infrastructure ''(high confidence)'' . Green/natural and blue infrastructure supports carbon uptake and storage and either singly or when combined with grey infrastructure can reduce energy use and risk from extreme events such as heatwaves, flooding, heavy precipitation and droughts, while generating co-benefits for health, well-being and livelihoods ''(medium confidence). Links to longer report 4.5.3''

'''''Land, Ocean, Food, and Water'''''

C.3.5 Many agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) options provide adaptation and mitigation benefits that could be upscaled in the near-term across most regions. Conservation, improved management, and restoration of forests and other ecosystems offer the largest share of economic mitigation potential, with reduced deforestation in tropical regions having the highest total mitigation potential. Ecosystem restoration, reforestation, and afforestation can lead to trade-offs due to competing demands on land. Minimizing trade-offs requires integrated approaches to meet multiple objectives including food security. Demand-side measures (shifting to sustainable healthy diets [[#footnote-004|53]] and reducing food loss/waste) and sustainable agricultural intensification can reduce ecosystem conversion, and methane and nitrous oxide emissions, and free up land for reforestation and ecosystem restoration. Sustainably sourced agricultural and forest products, including long-lived wood products, can be used instead of more GHG-intensive products in other sectors. Effective adaptation options include cultivar improvements, agroforestry, community-based adaptation, farm and landscape diversification, and urban agriculture. These AFOLU response options require integration of biophysical, socioeconomic and other enabling factors. Some options, such as conservation of high-carbon ecosystems (e.g., peatlands, wetlands, rangelands, mangroves and forests), deliver immediate benefits, while others, such as restoration of high-carbon ecosystems, take decades to deliver measurable results. [[#figure-spm-7|Figure SPM.7]] Links to longer report 4.5.4

C.3.6 Maintaining the resilience of biodiversity and ecosystem services at a global scale depends on effective and equitable conservation of approximately 30% to 50% of Earth’s land, freshwater and ocean areas, including currently near-natural ecosystems ''(high confidence).'' Conservation, protection and restoration of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and ocean ecosystems, together with targeted management to adapt to unavoidable impacts of climate change reduces the vulnerability of biodiversity and ecosystem services to climate change ''(high confidence)'' , reduces coastal erosion and flooding ''(high confidence)'' , and could increase carbon uptake and storage if global warming is limited ''(medium confidence)'' . Rebuilding overexploited or depleted fisheries reduces negative climate change impacts on fisheries ''(medium confidence)'' and supports food security, biodiversity, human health and well-being ''(high confidence)'' . Land restoration contributes to climate change mitigation and adaptation with synergies via enhanced ecosystem services and with economically positive returns and co-benefits for poverty reduction and improved livelihoods ''(high confidence)'' . Cooperation, and inclusive decision making, with Indigenous Peoples and local communities, as well as recognition of inherent rights of Indigenous Peoples, is integral to successful adaptation and mitigation across forests and other ecosystems ''(high confidence)'' . ''[[#figure-spm-7|Figure SPM.7]] Links to longer report 4.5.4, 4.6''

'''''Health and Nutrition'''''

C.3.7 Human health will benefit from integrated mitigation and adaptation options that mainstream health into food, infrastructure, social protection, and water policies ''(very high confidence).'' Effective adaptation options exist to help protect human health and wellbeing, including: strengthening public health programs related to climate-sensitive diseases, increasing health systems resilience, improving ecosystem health, improving access to potable water, reducing exposure of water and sanitation systems to flooding, improving surveillance and early warning systems, vaccine development ''(very high confidence)'' , improving access to mental healthcare, and Heat Health Action Plans that include early warning and response systems ''(high confidence)'' . Adaptation strategies which reduce food loss and waste or support balanced, sustainable healthy diets contribute to nutrition, health, biodiversity and other environmental benefits ''(high confidence). [[#figure-spm-7|Figure SPM.7]] Links to longer report 4.5.5''

'''''Society, Livelihoods, and Economies'''''

C.3.8 Policy mixes that include weather and health insurance, social protection and adaptive social safety nets, contingent finance and reserve funds, and universal access to early warning systems combined with effective contingency plans, can reduce vulnerability and exposure of human systems. Disaster risk management, early warning systems, climate services and risk spreading and sharing approaches have broad applicability across sectors. Increasing education including capacity building, climate literacy, and information provided through climate services and community approaches can facilitate heightened risk perception and accelerate behavioural changes and planning. ''(high confidence) Links to longer report 4.5.6''

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