Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-9 (section)

== References ==

<div id="h1-14-siblings" class="h1-siblings"></div>

<div id="Abadie--2020"></div>

Abadie, L. M. et al., 2020: Comparing urban coastal flood risk in 136 cities under two alternative sea-level projections: RCP 8.5 and an expert opinion-based high-end scenario. ''Ocean &amp; Coastal Management'' , '''193''' , 105249, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105249 .

<div id="Abadie--2021"></div>

Abadie, L. M. et al., 2021: Additional dataset to “Comparing urban coastal flood risk in 136 cities under two alternative sea-level projections: RCP 8.5 and an expert opinion-based high-end scenario”, Zenodo. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4733499 .

<div id="Abatzoglou--2019"></div>

Abatzoglou, J. T., A. P. Williams and R. Barbero, 2019: Global Emergence of Anthropogenic Climate Change in Fire Weather Indices. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''46''' (1), 326–336, doi:10.1029/2018GL080959.

<div id="Abayomi--2014"></div>

Abayomi, A. and M. N. Cowan, 2014: The HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa: Convergence with tuberculosis, socioecological vulnerability, and climate change patterns. ''S Afr Med J'' , '''104''' (8), 583, doi:10.7196/samj.8645.

<div id="Abbas--2019"></div>

Abbas, H. A., W. J. Bond and J. J. Midgley, 2019: The worst drought in 50 years in a South African savannah: Limited impact on vegetation. ''African Journal of Ecology'' , '''57''' (4), 490–499, doi:10.1111/aje.12640.

<div id="Abdalahh--2011"></div>

Abdalahh, M., 2011: Impact of coastal environmental conditions on building materials of The Roman Theater at the archaeological site of Sabratha, Libya. ''Yearbook of the General Union of Archaeologists'' , '''14''' (14), 288–323, doi:10.21608/cguaa.2011.35625.

<div id="Abdela--2016"></div>

Abdela, N. and K. Jilo, 2016: Impact of Climate Change on Livestock Health: A Review. ''Global Veterinaria'' , '''16''' (5), 419–424, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5829/idosi.gv.2016.16.05.10370 http://dx.doi.org/10.5829/idosi.gv.2016.16.05.10370] .

<div id="Abdussalam--2014"></div>

Abdussalam, A. F. et al., 2014: The impact of climate change on meningitis in Northwest Nigeria: An assessment using CMIP5 climate model simulations. ''Weather, Climate, and Society'' , '''6''' (3), 371–379, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-13-00068.1 .

<div id="Abel--2019"></div>

Abel, G. J., M. Brottrager, J. Crespo Cuaresma and R. Muttarak, 2019: Climate, conflict and forced migration. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''54''' , 239–249, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.12.003 .

<div id="Abera--2021"></div>

Abera, A. et al., 2021: Air Quality in Africa: Public Health Implications. ''Annual Review of Public Health'' , '''42''' (1), 193–210, doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-100119-113802.

<div id="Abidoye--2015"></div>

Abidoye, B. O. and A. F. Odusola, 2015: Climate Change and Economic Growth in Africa: An Econometric Analysis. ''Journal of African Economies'' , '''24''' (2), 277–301, doi:10.1093/jae/eju033.

<div id="Abiodun--2018"></div>

Abiodun, G. J. et al., 2018: Exploring the Influence of Daily Climate Variables on Malaria Transmission and Abundance of ''Anopheles arabiensis'' over Nkomazi Local Municipality, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. ''Journal of Environmental and Public Health'' , '''2018''' , 3143950, doi:10.1155/2018/3143950.

<div id="Abiona--2017"></div>

Abiona, O., 2017: Adverse effects of early life extreme precipitation shocks on short-term health and adulthood welfare outcomes. ''Review of Development Economics'' , '''21''' , 1229–1254, doi:10.1111/rode.12310.

<div id="Abraham--2019"></div>

Abraham, J. O., G. P. Hempson and A. C. Staver, 2019: Drought-response strategies of savanna herbivores. ''Ecol Evol'' , '''9''' (12), 7047–7056, doi:10.1002/ece3.5270.

<div id="Abutaleb--2018"></div>

Abutaleb, K. A. A., A. H. E. Mohammed and M. H. M. Ahmed, 2018: Climate Change Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaption Measures for Egypt’s Nile Delta. ''Earth Systems and Environment'' , '''2''' (2), 183–192, doi:10.1007/s41748-018-0047-9.

<div id="Acevedo--2020"></div>

Acevedo, M. et al., 2020: A scoping review of adoption of climate-resilient crops by small-scale producers in low- and middle-income countries. ''Nat Plants'' , '''6''' (10), 1231–1241, doi:10.1038/s41477-020-00783-z.

<div id="Acevedo--2017"></div>

Acevedo, S. et al., 2017: The effects of weather shocks on economic activity: How can low-income countries cope? In: ''World Economic Outlook, October 2017 : Seeking Sustainable Growth: Short-Term Recovery, Long-Term Challenges'' [IMF (ed.)]. International Monetary Fund. Research Dept., New York, pp. 117–183.

<div id="Adams--2018"></div>

Adams, L., 2018: ''Unlocking the potential of enhanced rainfed agriculture'' . SIWI, Stockholm. Available at: https://www.siwi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Unlocking-the-potential-of-rainfed-agriculture-2018-FINAL.pdf (accessed 23/05/2021).

<div id="Adamu--2017"></div>

Adamu, B. and H. N. Ndi, 2017: Changing trends in water sources and related pathologies in small to medium size African cities. ''GeoJournal'' , '''83''' (4), 885–896, doi:10.1007/s10708-017-9808-5.

<div id="Addaney--2020"></div>

Addaney, M., 2020: Strengthening Africa’s Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change: African Union Law and Implications of China’s Belt and Road Policy. In: ''Climate Change, Hazards and Adaptation Options'' [Filho, W. L., G. J. Nagy, M. Borga, P. D. C. Muñoz and A. Magnuszewski (eds.)]. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, pp. 481–503. ISBN 978-3-030-37425-9.

<div id="Adegun--2017"></div>

Adegun, O. B. and Y. M. D. Adedeji, 2017: Review of economic and environmental benefits of earthen materials for housing in Africa. ''Frontiers of Architectural Research'' , '''6''' (4), 519–528, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2017.08.003 .

<div id="Adekiya--2019"></div>

Adekiya, T. A. et al., 2019: The Effect of Climate Change and the Snail-Schistosome Cycle in Transmission and Bio-Control of Schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa. ''International journal of environmental research and public health'' , '''17''' (1), 181, doi:10.3390/ijerph17010181.

<div id="Adelekan--2015"></div>

Adelekan, I. and T. Fregene, 2015: Vulnerability of artisanal fishing communities to flood risks in coastal southwest Nigeria. ''Climate and Development'' , '''7''' (4), 322–338, doi:10.1080/17565529.2014.951011.

<div id="Adelekan--2012"></div>

Adelekan, I. O., 2012: Vulnerability to wind hazards in the traditional city of Ibadan, Nigeria. ''Environment and Urbanization'' , '''24''' (2), 597–617, doi:10.1177/0956247812454247.

<div id="Adelekan--2016"></div>

Adelekan, I. O., 2016: Flood risk management in the coastal city of Lagos, Nigeria. ''Journal of Flood Risk Management'' , '''9''' (3), 255–264, doi:10.1111/jfr3.12179.

<div id="Adeniran--2020"></div>

Adeniran, A. B. and K. A. Daniell, 2020: Transaqua: power, political change and the transnational politics of a water megaproject. ''International Journal of Water Resources Development'' , '''37''' (2), 234–255, doi:10.1080/07900627.2020.1747408.

<div id="Adenle--2017"></div>

Adenle, A. A. et al., 2017: Managing Climate Change Risks in Africa – A Global Perspective. ''Ecological Economics'' , '''141''' , 190–201, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.06.004 .

<div id="Adenle--2019"></div>

Adenle, A. A., K. Wedig and H. Azadi, 2019: Sustainable agriculture and food security in Africa: The role of innovative technologies and international organizations. ''Technology in Society'' , '''58''' , 101143, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.05.007 .

<div id="Adeola--2019"></div>

Adeola, A. M. et al., 2019: Predicting malaria cases using remotely sensed environmental variables in Nkomazi, South Africa. ''Geospatial Health'' , '''14''' (1), doi:10.4081/gh.2019.676.

<div id="Adeola--2017"></div>

Adeola, A. M. et al., 2017: Climatic Variables and Malaria Morbidity in Mutale Local Municipality, South Africa: A 19-Year Data Analysis. ''International journal of environmental research and public health'' , '''14''' (11), 1360, doi:10.3390/ijerph14111360.

<div id="Adepoju--2019"></div>

Adepoju, A., 2019: Migrants and Refugees in Africa. In: ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics'' . Oxford University Press, UK. ISBN 9780190228637.

<div id="Adetula--2016"></div>

Adetula, V. A. O., R. Bereketeab and O. Jaiyebo, 2016: ''Regional economic communities and peacebuilding in Africa : the experiences of ECOWAS and IGAD'' . NAI Policy Dialogue, Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala, 50 pp. Available at: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nai:diva-2103 (accessed 2017-01-25t16:44:07.290+01:00).

<div id="Adeyeye--2020"></div>

Adeyeye, B. et al., 2020: A SWOT analysis of indigenous language use in agricultural radio programming in Nigeria. In: ''Emerging Trends in Indigenous Language Media, Communication, Gender, and Health'' [Adesina, E., O. Afolabi, N. C. Asogwa, F. Falobi, A. C. Ifeanyichukwu, K. Kadiri, P. Mpofu, O. Ogunyombo, K. Onyenankeya, O. Oredola, T. Owolabi and O. Oyero (eds.)]. IGI Global, Pennsylvania, USA, pp. 188–209. ISBN 9781799820918.

<div id="Adger--2021"></div>

Adger, W. N. et al., 2021: Perceived environmental risks and insecurity reduce future migration intentions in hazardous migration source areas. ''One Earth'' , '''4''' (1), 146–157, doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.009.

<div id="Adhikari--2021"></div>

Adhikari, B. and L. S. Safaee Chalkasra, 2021: Mobilizing private sector investment for climate action: enhancing ambition and scaling up implementation. ''Journal of Sustainable Finance &amp; Investment'' , 1–18, doi:10.1080/20430795.2021.1917929.

<div id="Adhikari--2015"></div>

Adhikari, U., A. P. Nejadhashemi and S. A. Woznicki, 2015: Climate change and eastern Africa: a review of impact on major crops. ''Food and Energy Security'' , '''4''' (2), 110–132, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.61 .

<div id="Adjei--2018"></div>

Adjei, V. and R. Kyerematen, 2018: Impacts of Changing Climate on Maize Production in the Transitional Zone of Ghana. ''American Journal of Climate Change'' , '''7''' (3), 14, doi:10.4236/ajcc.2018.73028.

<div id="Adom--2014"></div>

Adom, K., 2014: Beyond the Marginalization Thesis: An Examination of the Motivations of Informal Entrepreneurs in Sub-Saharan Africa. ''The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation'' , '''15''' (2), 113–125, doi:10.5367/ijei.2014.0144.

<div id="Adu-Prah--2015"></div>

Adu-Prah, S. and E. Kofi Tetteh, 2015: Spatiotemporal analysis of climate variability impacts on malaria prevalence in Ghana. ''Applied Geography'' , '''60''' , 266–273, doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.10.010.

<div id="Adzawla--2019a"></div>

Adzawla, W., S. B. Azumah, P. Y. Anani and S. A. Donkoh, 2019a: Gender perspectives of climate change adaptation in two selected districts of Ghana. ''Heliyon'' , '''5''' (11), e02854, doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02854.

<div id="Adzawla--2019b"></div>

Adzawla, W., H. Baumüller, S. A. Donkoh and R. Serra, 2019b: Effects of climate change and livelihood diversification on the gendered productivity gap in Northern Ghana. ''Climate and Development'' , '''12''' (8), 743–755, doi:10.1080/17565529.2019.1689093.

<div id="AfDB--2018a"></div>

[[#AfDB--2018a|AfDB, 2018a]] : ''The Africa Infrastructure Develoment Index 2018'' . Available at: https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Economic_Brief_-_The_Africa_Infrastructure_Development_Index.pdf (accessed 30/10/2020).

<div id="AfDB--2018b"></div>

[[#AfDB--2018b|AfDB, 2018b]] : ''African Economic Outlook 2018'' . 200 pp. Available at: https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/document/african-economic-outlook-aoe-2018-99877 (accessed 15/05/2021).

<div id="AfDB--2018c"></div>

[[#AfDB--2018c|AfDB, 2018c]] : ''Multinational Appraisal Report for Programme for Integrated Development and Adaptation to Climate Change (PIDACC)'' . African Development Bank (AfDB), AfDB, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, 56 pp. Available at: https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/document/multinational-programme-for-integrated-development-and-adaptation-to-climate-change-in-the-niger-basin-pidacc-appraisal-report-109273 (accessed 13/07/2021).

<div id="AfDB--2019"></div>

[[#AfDB--2019|AfDB, 2019]] : ''Analysis of adaptation components of Africa’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)'' . African Development Bank, Abijan. Available at: https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Generic-Documents/Analysis_of_Adaptation_Components_in_African_NDCs_2019.pdf .

<div id="AfDB--2021"></div>

[[#AfDB--2021|AfDB, 2021]] : ''African Development Report 2015 – Growth, Poverty and Inequality Nexus: Overcoming Barriers to Sustainable Development'' . African Development Bank, Bank, A. D., Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, 270 pp. Available at: https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/document/african-development-report-2015-growth-poverty-and-inequality-nexus-overcoming-barriers-to-sustainable-development-89715 (accessed 20/07/2021).

<div id="Afifi--2011"></div>

Afifi, T., 2011: Economic or Environmental Migration? The Push Factors in Niger. ''International Migration'' , '''49''' (s1), e95-e124, doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2010.00644.x.

<div id="Africa Adaptation Initiative--2018"></div>

[[#Africa%20Adaptation%20Initiative--2018|Africa Adaptation Initiative, 2018]] : Africa State of Adaptation Report. Africa Adaptation Initiative (AAI), New York, USA., 32 pp.

<div id="African Development Bank--2016"></div>

African Development Bank, OECD and United Nations Development Programme, 2016: ''African Economic Outlook 2016'' . Sustainable Cities and Structural Transformation, 400 pp. ISBN 9789264256477.

<div id="Agier--2013"></div>

Agier, L. et al., 2013: Seasonality of meningitis in Africa and climate forcing: aerosols stand out. ''Journal of the Royal Society Interface'' , '''10''' (79), 20120814, doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0814 .

<div id="Agrawal--2019"></div>

Agrawal, A. et al., 2019: ''Climate resilience through social protection. Background paper to the 2019 report of the Global Commission on Adaptation'' . Rotterdam and Washington, DC. Available at: [http://www.gca.org www.gca.org] . (accessed 10/08/2021).

<div id="Agrawala--2010"></div>

Agrawala, S. and M. Carraro, 2010: Assessing the Role of Microfinance in Fostering Adaptation to Climate Change. ''Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Working Papers'' , doi:10.2139/ssrn.1646883.

<div id="Aguilar--2009"></div>

Aguilar, E. et al., 2009: Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in western central Africa, Guinea Conakry, and Zimbabwe, 1955–2006. ''J Geophys Res-Atmos'' , '''114''' (D2), doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011010 .

<div id="Aguirre-Gutiérrez--2019"></div>

Aguirre-Gutiérrez, J. et al., 2019: Drier tropical forests are susceptible to functional changes in response to a long-term drought. ''Ecology Letters'' , '''22''' (5), 855–865, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13243 .

<div id="Agusto--2015"></div>

Agusto, F. B., A. B. Gumel and P. E. Parham, 2015: Qualitative assessment of the role of temperature variations on malaria transmission dynamics. ''J. Biol. Syst.'' , '''23''' (04), 1550030, doi:10.1142/S0218339015500308.

<div id="Agyeman--2019"></div>

Agyeman, Y. B., 2019: Ecotourism as an Adaptation Strategy for Mitigating Climate Change Impacts on Local Communities Around Protected Areas in Ghana. In: ''Handbook of Climate Change Resilience'' [Filho, W. L. (ed.)]. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 537–555. ISBN 978-3-319-93336-8

<div id="Ahdoot--2015"></div>

Ahdoot, S. et al., 2015: Global Climate Change and Children’s Health. ''Pediatrics'' , peds.2015-3233, doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3233.

<div id="Ahmadalipour--2018"></div>

Ahmadalipour, A. and H. Moradkhani, 2018: Escalating heat-stress mortality risk due to global warming in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). ''Environment International'' , '''117''' , 215–225, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.014 .

<div id="Ahmadalipour--2019"></div>

Ahmadalipour, A., H. Moradkhani, A. Castelletti and N. Magliocca, 2019: Future drought risk in Africa: Integrating vulnerability, climate change, and population growth. ''Sci Total Environ'' , '''662''' , 672–686, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.278.

<div id="Ahmed--2016"></div>

Ahmed, A. et al., 2016: Adaptation to climate change or non-climatic stressors in semi-arid regions? Evidence of gender differentiation in three agrarian districts of Ghana. ''Environmental Development'' , '''20''' , 45–58, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2016.08.002 .

<div id="Ahmed--2020"></div>

Ahmed, S. M., 2020: Impacts of drought, food security policy and climate change on performance of irrigation schemes in Sub-saharan Africa: The case of Sudan. ''Agricultural Water Management'' , '''232''' , doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106064.

<div id="Aich--2014"></div>

Aich, V. et al., 2014: Comparing impacts of climate change on streamflow in four large African river basins. ''Hydrology and Earth System Sciences'' , '''18''' (4), 1305–1321, doi:10.5194/hess-18-1305-2014.

<div id="Ainsworth--2021"></div>

Ainsworth, E. A. and S. P. Long, 2021: 30 years of free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE): What have we learned about future crop productivity and its potential for adaptation? ''Global Change Biology'' , '''27''' (1), 27–49, doi:10.1111/gcb.15375.

<div id="Ajayi--2019"></div>

Ajayi, A. and S. I. Smith, 2019: Recurrent cholera epidemics in Africa: which way forward? A literature review. ''Infection'' , '''47''' (3), 341–349, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-018-1186-5 .

<div id="Ajibade--2017"></div>

Ajibade, L. T. and J. O. Eche, 2017: Indigenous knowledge for climate change adaptation in Nigeria. In: ''Indigenous knowledge systems and climate change management in Africa'' [Mafongoya, P. L. and O. C. Ajayi (eds.)]. CTA, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 316.

<div id="Akello--2014"></div>

Akello, S., 2014: Effects of floods on students access to secondary education in Nyando district, Kisumu county, Kenya. University of Nairobi, Nairobi, 84 pp.

<div id="Akinsanola--2019"></div>

Akinsanola, A. A. and W. Zhou, 2019: Projections of West African summer monsoon rainfall extremes from two CORDEX models. ''Clim Dyn'' , '''52''' (3), 2017–2028, doi:10.1007/s00382-018-4238-8.

<div id="Akintola--2017"></div>

Akintola, S. L. and K. A. Fakoya, 2017: Small - scale fisheries in the context of traditional post - harvest practice and the quest for food and nutritional security in Nigeria. ''Agriculture &amp; Food Security'' , '''6''' (34), 1–17, doi:10.1186/s40066-017-0110-z.

<div id="Akinyi--2021"></div>

Akinyi, D. P., S. K. Ng’ang’a and E. H. Girvetz, 2021: Trade-offs and synergies of climate change adaptation strategies among smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. ''Regional Sustainability'' , '''2''' (2), 130–143, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsus.2021.05.002 .

<div id="Aklin--2018"></div>

Aklin, M., P. Bayer, S. P. Harish and J. Urpelainen, 2018: ''Escaping the Energy Poverty Trap When and How Governments Power the Lives of the Poor'' . MIT Press, Cambridge, MA ISBN 9780262535861.

<div id="Akpan--2018"></div>

Akpan, G. E., K. A. Adepoju, O. R. Oladosu and S. A. Adelabu, 2018: Dominant malaria vector species in Nigeria: Modelling potential distribution of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato and its siblings with MaxEnt. ''PLOS ONE'' , '''13''' (10), e0204233, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204233.

<div id="Akresh--2011"></div>

Akresh, R., P. Verwimp and T. Bundervoet, 2011: Civil War, Crop Failure, and Child Stunting in Rwanda. ''Economic Development and Cultural Change'' , '''59''' (4), 778–810, doi: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/660003 .

<div id="Alam--2006"></div>

Alam, S. A., 2006: Use of biomass fuels in the brick-making industries of Sudan: Implications for deforestation and greenhouse gas emission. University of Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki, Finland, 87 pp.

<div id="Albrecht--2018"></div>

Albrecht, T. R., A. Crootof and C. A. Scott, 2018: The Water-Energy-Food Nexus: A systematic review of methods for nexus assessment. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13''' (4), 043002, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aaa9c6.

<div id="Alderman--2006"></div>

Alderman, H., J. Hoddinott and B. Kinsey, 2006: Long term consequences of early childhood malnutrition. ''Oxford Economic Papers'' , '''58''' (3), 450–474, doi:10.1093/oep/gpl008.

<div id="Aleman--2017"></div>

Aleman, J. C. et al., 2017: Tree cover in Central Africa: determinants and sensitivity under contrasted scenarios of global change. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''7''' (1), 1–12, doi:10.1038/srep41393.

<div id="Aleman--2018"></div>

Aleman, J. C., M. A. Jarzyna and A. C. Staver, 2018: Forest extent and deforestation in tropical Africa since 1990. ''Nature Ecology and Evolution'' , '''2''' (1), 26–33, doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0406-1.

<div id="Alemayehu--2017"></div>

Alemayehu, A. and W. Bewket, 2017: Smallholder farmers’ coping and adaptation strategies to climate change and variability in the central highlands of Ethiopia. ''Local Environment'' , '''22''' (7), 825–839, doi:10.1080/13549839.2017.1290058.

<div id="Alemu--2014"></div>

Alemu, K., A. Worku, Y. Berhane and A. Kumie, 2014: Spatiotemporal clusters of malaria cases at village level, northwest Ethiopia. ''Malar. J.'' , '''13''' , 223, doi:10.1186/1475-2875-13-223.

<div id="Alexander--2020"></div>

Alexander, M., 2020: Pandemics, climate change, and disability related to SCI. ''Spinal Cord Ser Cases'' , '''6''' (1), 36, doi:10.1038/s41394-020-0285-6.

<div id="Alexander--2019"></div>

Alexander, M. and S. Dessai, 2019: What can climate services learn from the broader services literature? ''Climatic Change'' , '''157''' (1), 133–149, doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02388-8.

<div id="Alfieri--2017"></div>

Alfieri, L. et al., 2017: Global projections of river flood risk in a warmer world. ''Earth’s Future'' , '''5''' (2), 171–182, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000485 .

<div id="Aljawabra--2018"></div>

Aljawabra, F. and M. Nikolopoulou, 2018: Thermal comfort in urban spaces: a cross-cultural study in the hot arid climate. ''Int J Biometeorol'' , '''62''' (10), 1901–1909, doi:10.1007/s00484-018-1592-5.

<div id="Allan--2015"></div>

Allan, T., M. Keulertz and E. Woertz, 2015: The water–food–energy nexus: an introduction to nexus concepts and some conceptual and operational problems. ''International Journal of Water Resources Development'' , '''31''' (3), 301–311, doi:10.1080/07900627.2015.1029118.

<div id="Allard--2017"></div>

Allard, C., 2017: The Informal Economy in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: ''Regional Economic Outlook'' [Robinson, D. (ed.)], pp. 122. ISBN 9781475574463.

<div id="Allen--2017"></div>

Allen, T. et al., 2017: Global hotspots and correlates of emerging zoonotic diseases. ''Nat Commun'' , '''8''' (1), 1124, doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00923-8.

<div id="Alonso--2019"></div>

Alonso, S. et al., 2019: The economic burden of malaria on households and the health system in a high transmission district of Mozambique. ''Malaria Journal'' , '''18''' (1), 360, doi:10.1186/s12936-019-2995-4.

<div id="Aloysius--2016"></div>

Aloysius, N. R. et al., 2016: Evaluation of historical and future simulations of precipitation and temperature in central Africa from CMIP5 climate models. ''J Geophys Res-Atmos'' , '''121''' (1), 130–152, doi:10.1002/2015JD023656.

<div id="Alsdorf--2016"></div>

Alsdorf, D. et al., 2016: Opportunities for hydrologic research in the Congo Basin. ''Reviews of Geophysics'' , '''54''' (2), 378–409, doi:10.1002/2016rg000517.

<div id="Altieri--2015"></div>

Altieri, M. A., C. I. Nicholls, A. Henao and M. A. Lana, 2015: Agroecology and the design of climate change-resilient farming systems. ''Agronomy for Sustainable Development'' , '''35''' (3), 869–890, doi:10.1007/s13593-015-0285-2.

<div id="Alvar-Beltrán--2020"></div>

Alvar-Beltrán, J. et al., 2020: Farmers’ Perceptions of Climate Change and Agricultural Adaptation in Burkina Faso. ''Atmosphere'' , '''11''' (8), 827, doi:10.3390/atmos11080827.

<div id="Álvarez Larrain--2019"></div>

Álvarez Larrain, A. and M. K. McCall, 2019: Participatory mapping and participatory GIS for historical and archaeological landscape studies: a critical review. ''Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory'' , '''26''' (2), 643–678, doi:10.1007/s10816-018-9385-z.

<div id="Alves--2020"></div>

Alves, B., D. B. Angnuureng, P. Morand and R. Almar, 2020: A review on coastal erosion and flooding risks and best management practices in West Africa: what has been done and should be done. ''Journal of Coastal Conservation'' , '''24''' (3), doi:10.1007/s11852-020-00755-7.

<div id="Amadi--2018"></div>

Amadi, J. A. et al., 2018: Sensitivity of vegetation to climate variability and its implications for malaria risk in Baringo, Kenya. ''PLOS ONE'' , '''13''' (7), e0199357, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199357.

<div id="Amadi--2015"></div>

Amadi, L. and U. M. Ogonor, 2015: Climate change, environmental security and displacement in Nigeria: Experience from the Niger Delta Flood Disaster, 2012. ''African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology'' , '''9''' (1), 53–64, doi: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST2014.1749 .

<div id="Amamou--2018"></div>

Amamou, H. et al., 2018: Climate change-related risks and adaptation strategies as perceived in dairy cattle farming systems in Tunisia. ''Climate Risk Management'' , '''20''' , 38–49, doi:10.1016/j.crm.2018.03.004.

<div id="Amanambu--2019"></div>

Amanambu, A. C. et al., 2019: Spatio-temporal variation in rainfall-runoff erosivity due to climate change in the Lower Niger Basin, West Africa. ''CATENA'' , '''172''' , 324–334, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.09.003 .

<div id="Amare--2018"></div>

Amare, Z. Y., J. O. Ayoade, I. O. Adelekan and M. T. Zeleke, 2018: Barriers to and determinants of the choice of crop management strategies to combat climate change in Dejen District, Nile Basin of Ethiopia. ''Agriculture &amp; Food Security'' , '''7''' (1), 37, doi:10.1186/s40066-018-0188-y.

<div id="AMCOW--2012"></div>

[[#AMCOW--2012|AMCOW, 2012]] : ''Water Security and Climate Resilient Development: Strategic Framework'' . Water Climate Development Programme, The African Ministers’ Council on Water (AMCOW), AMCOW, Abuja Nigeria, 52 pp. Available at: https://www.preventionweb.net/files/43470_watersecurityandclimateresilientdev.pdf (accessed 30/10/2020).

<div id="Amegah--2016"></div>

Amegah, A. K., G. Rezza and J. J. K. Jaakkola, 2016: Temperature-related morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review of the empirical evidence. ''Environment International'' , '''91''' , 133–149, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.02.027 .

<div id="Amusan--2017"></div>

Amusan, L. and O. Olutola, 2017: Climate change and sustainable tourism: South Africa caught in-between. ''African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure'' , '''6''' (4).

<div id="Anadón--2014"></div>

Anadón, J. D., O. E. Sala, B. L. Turner and E. M. Bennett, 2014: Effect of woody-plant encroachment on livestock production in North and South America. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''111''' (35), 12948, doi:10.1073/pnas.1320585111.

<div id="Anchang--2019"></div>

Anchang, J. Y. et al., 2019: Trends in Woody and Herbaceous Vegetation in the Savannas of West Africa. ''Remote Sensing'' , '''11''' (5), 576, doi:10.3390/rs11050576.

<div id="Andela--2014"></div>

Andela, N. and G. R. van der Werf, 2014: Recent trends in African fires driven by cropland expansion and El Niño to La Niña transition. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''4''' (9), 791–795, doi:10.1038/nclimate2313.

<div id="Anderson--2017"></div>

Anderson, A., 2017: Mean streets: migration, xenophobia and informality in South Africa. ''Ethnic and Racial Studies'' , '''40''' (8), 1343–1345, doi:10.1080/01419870.2016.1243252.

<div id="Andrews--2020"></div>

Andrews, T. M. and O. Smirnov, 2020: Who feels the impacts of climate change? ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''65''' , 102164, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102164 .

<div id="Andrijevic--2020"></div>

Andrijevic, M. et al., 2020: Overcoming gender inequality for climate resilient development. ''Nature Communications'' , '''11''' (1), 6261, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19856-w.

<div id="Angelsen--2014"></div>

Angelsen, A. et al., 2014: Environmental Income and Rural Livelihoods: A Global-Comparative Analysis. ''World Development'' , '''64''' , S12-S28, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.03.006 .

<div id="Angula--2014"></div>

Angula, M. N. and E. Menjono, 2014: ''Gender, culture and climate change in Namibia'' . 225–238 pp. Available at: http://journals.unam.edu.na/index.php/JSHSS/article/view/980 (accessed 30/10/2020).

<div id="Anim--2020"></div>

Anim, D. O. and R. Ofori-Asenso, 2020: Water scarcity and COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa. ''J Infect'' , '''81''' (2), e108-e109, doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.032.

<div id="Anthony--2015"></div>

Anthony, K. R. N. et al., 2015: Operationalizing resilience for adaptive coral reef management under global environmental change. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''21''' (1), 48–61, doi:10.1111/gcb.12700.

<div id="Antwi-Agyei--2021"></div>

Antwi-Agyei, P., A. J. Dougill, J. Doku-Marfo and R. C. Abaidoo, 2021: Understanding climate services for enhancing resilient agricultural systems in Anglophone West Africa: The case of Ghana. ''Climate Services'' , '''22''' , 100218, doi:10.1016/j.cliser.2021.100218.

<div id="Antwi-Agyei--2015"></div>

Antwi-Agyei, P., A. J. Dougill and L. C. Stringer, 2015: Barriers to climate change adaptation: evidence from northeast Ghana in the context of a systematic literature review. ''Climate and Development'' , '''7''' (4), 297–309, doi:10.1080/17565529.2014.951013.

<div id="Antwi-Agyei--2018"></div>

Antwi-Agyei, P., A. J. Dougill, L. C. Stringer and S. N. A. Codjoe, 2018: Adaptation opportunities and maladaptive outcomes in climate vulnerability hotspots of northern Ghana. ''Climate Risk Management'' , '''19''' , 83–93, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.11.003 .

<div id="Antwi-Agyei--2014"></div>

Antwi-Agyei, P., L. C. Stringer and A. J. Dougill, 2014: Livelihood adaptations to climate variability: insights from farming households in Ghana. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''14''' (4), 1615–1626, doi:10.1007/s10113-014-0597-9.

<div id="Arbieu--2017"></div>

Arbieu, U., C. Grünewald, M. Schleuning and K. Böhning-Gaese, 2017: The importance of vegetation density for tourists’ wildlife viewing experience and satisfaction in African savannah ecosystems. ''PLoS ONE'' , '''12''' (9), doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185793.

<div id="Arblaster--2011"></div>

Arblaster, J. M., G. A. Meehl and D. J. Karoly, 2011: Future climate change in the Southern Hemisphere: Competing effects of ozone and greenhouse gases. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''38''' (2), doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045384 .

<div id="Arbuckle--2015"></div>

Arbuckle, J. G., Jr., L. W. Morton and J. Hobbs, 2015: Understanding Farmer Perspectives on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation: The Roles of Trust in Sources of Climate Information, Climate Change Beliefs, and Perceived Risk. ''Environ Behav'' , '''47''' (2), 205–234, doi:10.1177/0013916513503832.

<div id="ARC--2021"></div>

[[#ARC--2021|ARC, 2021]] : ARC Risk Pools, African Risk Capacity. Available at: https://www.africanriskcapacity.org/countries/arc-risk-pools/ .

<div id="Ario--2019"></div>

Ario, A. R. et al., 2019: The logic model for Uganda’s health sector preparedness for public health threats and emergencies. ''Glob Health Action'' , '''12''' (1), 1664103, doi:10.1080/16549716.2019.1664103.

<div id="Armitage--2014"></div>

Armitage, N. et al., 2014: ''Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) for South Africa: Framework and Guidelines'' . University of Cape Town.

<div id="Arndt--2019"></div>

Arndt, C. et al., 2019: Climate change and developing country growth: the cases of Malawi, Mozambique, and Zambia. ''Climatic Change'' , '''154''' (3-4), 335–349, doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02428-3.

<div id="Arnold--2013"></div>

Arnold, C. A. and L. H. Gunderson, 2013: Adaptive law and resilience. ''Envtl. L. Rep. News &amp; Analysis'' , '''43''' , 10426–10443.

<div id="Asaminew--2017"></div>

Asaminew, T. G., A. Araya, G. Atkilt and H. Solomon, 2017: Modeling the Potential Impact of Climate Change on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Production in Northeastern Semi-Arid Afar and Western Tigray

<div id="Asamoah--2018"></div>

Asamoah, B., T. Kjellstrom and P. O. Ostergren, 2018: Is ambient heat exposure levels associated with miscarriage or stillbirths in hot regions? A cross-sectional study using survey data from the Ghana Maternal Health Survey 2007. ''Int J Biometeorol'' , '''62''' (3), 319–330, doi:10.1007/s00484-017-1402-5.

<div id="Asfaw--2017"></div>

Asfaw, A., B. Simane, A. Hassen and A. Bantider, 2017: Determinants of non-farm livelihood diversification: evidence from rainfed-dependent smallholder farmers in northcentral Ethiopia (Woleka sub-basin). ''Development Studies Research'' , '''4''' (1), 22–36, doi:10.1080/21665095.2017.1413411.

<div id="Asfaw--2019"></div>

Asfaw, S. et al., 2019: ''Independent Evaluation of the Green Climate Fund’s Country Ownership Approach'' . '''21''' , Independent Evaluation Unit, Green Climate Fund, GCF, Songdo, South Korea.

<div id="Asiama--2021"></div>

Asiama, K. O., W. Voss, R. Bennett and I. Rubanje, 2021: Land consolidation activities in Sub-Saharan Africa towards the agenda 2030: A tale of three countries. ''Land Use Policy'' , '''101''' , doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105140.

<div id="Asiyanbi--2015"></div>

Asiyanbi, A. P., 2015: ‘I don’t get this climate stuff!’ Making sense of climate change among the corporate middle class in Lagos. ''Public Underst Sci'' , '''24''' (8), 1007–1024, doi:10.1177/0963662514565332.

<div id="Asner--2016"></div>

Asner, G. P., N. Vaughn, I. P. Smit and S. Levick, 2016: Ecosystem-scale effects of megafauna in African savannas. ''Ecography'' , '''39''' (2), 240–252, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.01640 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.01640] .

<div id="Asseng--2019"></div>

Asseng, S. et al., 2019: Climate change impact and adaptation for wheat protein. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''25''' (1), 155–173, doi:10.1111/gcb.14481.

<div id="Asumadu-Sarkodie--2015"></div>

Asumadu-Sarkodie, S., P. A. Owusu and P. Rufangura, 2015: Impact analysis of flood in Accra, Ghana. ''Advances in Applied Science Research'' , '''6''' (9), 53–78.

<div id="Aswad--2019"></div>

Aswad, N. A. E., T. A. Mohammad, A. H. Ghazali and Z. M. Yusoff, 2019: Modelling of Groundwater Pumping Scenarios and their Impact on Saline Water Intrusion in a Tripoli Coastal Aquifer, Libya. ''Pertanika J. Sci. &amp; Technol.'' , '''27''' (3), 1407–1427.

<div id="Atindana--2020"></div>

Atindana, S. A., P. K. Ofori-danson and S. Brucet, 2020: Modelling the effects of climate change on shellfish production in marine artisanal fisheries of Ghana. ''AAS Open Research'' , '''2''' (16), 1–13, doi: https://doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.12956.1 .

<div id="Atteridge--2013"></div>

Atteridge, A., 2013: Transforming household energy practices to reduce climate risks: Charcoal use in Lusaka, Zambia. ''Climate Change: Adaptation, Resilience and Energy Security'' , '''61''' , 5–7.

<div id="Attu--2018"></div>

Attu, H. and J. K. Adjei, 2018: Local knowledge and practices towards malaria in an irrigated farming community in Ghana. ''Malar J'' , '''17''' (1), 150, doi:10.1186/s12936-018-2291-8.

<div id="AU--2015"></div>

[[#AU--2015|AU, 2015]] : ''Agenda 2063'' . The African Union Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Available at: https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/36204-doc-agenda2063_popular_version_en.pdf (accessed 10/08/2021).

<div id="Augustine--2018"></div>

Augustine, D. J. et al., 2018: Elevated CO2 induces substantial and persistent declines in forage quality irrespective of warming in mixedgrass prairie. ''Ecological Applications'' , '''28''' (3), 721–735, doi:10.1002/eap.1680.

<div id="Augustyn--2018"></div>

Augustyn, J. et al., 2018: South Africa. In: ''Climate change impacts on fisheries and aquaculture: a global analysis'' [Phillips, B. and M. Perez-Ramirez (eds.)]. John Wiley and Sons Inc, New Jersey, USA, pp. 479–522. ISBN 978-1-119-15404-4.

<div id="Averchenkova--2017"></div>

Averchenkova, A. and S. Matikainen, 2017: Climate legislation and international commitments. In: ''Trends in Climate Change Legislation'' [Averchenkova, A., Fankhauser, S., Nachmany, M (ed.)]. Edward Elgar, London, UK, pp. 193–208. ISBN 978 1 78643 577 4.

<div id="Awondo--2019"></div>

Awondo, S. N., 2019: Efficiency of region-wide catastrophic weather risk pools: Implications for African Risk Capacity insurance program. ''Journal of Development Economics'' , '''136''' , 111–118, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.10.004 .

<div id="Awotwi A et al.--2015"></div>

Awotwi A et al., 2015: Predicting Hydrological Response to Climate Change in the White Volta Catchment, West Africa. ''Journal of Earth Science &amp; Climatic Change'' , '''06''' (01), doi:10.4172/2157-7617.1000249.

<div id="Awoye--2017"></div>

Awoye, O. H. R., F. Pollinger, E. K. Agbossou and H. Paeth, 2017: Dynamical-statistical projections of the climate change impact on agricultural production in Benin by means of a cross-validated linear model combined with Bayesian statistics. ''Agricultural and Forest Meteorology'' , '''234-235''' , 80–94, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.12.010 .

<div id="Axelsson--2018"></div>

Axelsson, C. R. and N. P. Hanan, 2018: Rates of woody encroachment in African savannas reflect water constraints and fire disturbance. ''Journal of Biogeography'' , '''45''' (6), 1209–1218, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13221 .

<div id="Ayal--2017"></div>

Ayal, D. Y. and W. Leal Filho, 2017: Farmers’ perceptions of climate variability and its adverse impacts on crop and livestock production in Ethiopia. ''Journal of Arid Environments'' , '''140''' , 20–28, doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.01.007.

<div id="Ayana--2016"></div>

Ayana, E. K., P. Ceccato, J. R. B. Fisher and R. DeFries, 2016: Examining the relationship between environmental factors and conflict in pastoralist areas of East Africa. ''Science of The Total Environment'' , '''557-558''' , 601–611, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.102 .

<div id="Ayanlade--2016"></div>

Ayanlade, A. and M. O. Jegede, 2016: Climate Change Education and Knowledge among Nigerian University Graduates. ''Weather, Climate, and Society'' , '''8''' (4), 465–473, doi:10.1175/wcas-d-15-0071.1.

<div id="Ayanlade--2020"></div>

Ayanlade, A. et al., 2020: Early warning climate indices for malaria and meningitis in tropical ecological zones. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''10''' (1), 14303, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71094-8.

<div id="Ayanlade--2019"></div>

Ayanlade, A. and S. M. Ojebisi, 2019: Climate change impacts on cattle production: analysis of cattle herders’ climate variability/change adaptation strategies in Nigeria. ''Change and Adaptation in Socio-Ecological Systems'' , '''5''' (1), 12–23, doi:doi:10.1515/cass-2019-0002.

<div id="Ayanlade--2018"></div>

Ayanlade, A., M. Radeny and A. I. Akin-Onigbinde, 2018: Climate variability/change and attitude to adaptation technologies: a pilot study among selected rural farmers’ communities in Nigeria. ''GeoJournal'' , '''83''' (2), 319–331, doi:10.1007/s10708-017-9771-1.

<div id="Ayanlade--2017"></div>

Ayanlade, A., M. Radeny and J. F. Morton, 2017: Comparing smallholder farmers’ perception of climate change with meteorological data: A case study from southwestern Nigeria. ''Weather and Climate Extremes'' , '''15''' , 24–33, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2016.12.001 .

<div id="Ayele--2016"></div>

Ayele, H., M.-H. Li, C.-P. Tung and T.-M. Liu, 2016: Impact of climate change on runoff in the Gilgel Abbay watershed, the Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. ''Water'' , '''8''' (9), doi:10.3390/w8090380.

<div id="Ayugi--2018"></div>

Ayugi, B. O. and G. Tan, 2018: Recent trends of surface air temperatures over Kenya from 1971 to 2010. ''Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics'' , '''131''' (5), 1401–1413, doi:10.1007/s00703-018-0644-z.

<div id="Azong--2021"></div>

Azong, M. N. and C. J. Kelso, 2021: Gender, ethnicity and vulnerability to climate change: The case of matrilineal and patrilineal societies in Bamenda Highlands Region, Cameroon. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''67''' , doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102241.

<div id="Azongo--2012"></div>

Azongo, D. K. et al., 2012: A time series analysis of weather variables and all-cause mortality in the Kasena-Nankana Districts of Northern Ghana, 1995–2010. ''Global Health Action'' , '''5''' (1), 19073, doi:10.3402/gha.v5i0.19073.

<div id="Azzarri--2020"></div>

Azzarri, C. and S. Signorelli, 2020: Climate and poverty in Africa South of the Sahara. ''World Development'' , '''125''' , 104691, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104691 .

<div id="Baarsch--2020"></div>

Baarsch, F. et al., 2020: The impact of climate change on incomes and convergence in Africa. ''World Development'' , '''126''' , 104699, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104699 .

<div id="Baccini--2017"></div>

Baccini, A. et al., 2017: Tropical forests are a net carbon source based on aboveground measurements of gain and loss. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''358''' (6360), 230, doi:10.1126/science.aam5962.

<div id="Baig--2016"></div>

Baig, S., M. J. Pangilinan, A. R. Rizvi and R. P. Tan, 2016: ''Cost and benefits of ecosystem based adaptation'' . IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Available at: https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/45925 (accessed 2019/09/18/13:26:33).

<div id="Bailey--2019"></div>

Bailey, K. M., R. A. McCleery, G. Barnes and S. L. McKune, 2019: Climate-Driven Adaptation, Household Capital, and Nutritional Outcomes among Farmers in Eswatini. ''Int J Environ Res Public Health'' , '''16''' (21), doi:10.3390/ijerph16214063.

<div id="Baker--2015"></div>

Baker, D. J. et al., 2015: Assessing climate change impacts for vertebrate fauna across the West African protected area network using regionally appropriate climate projections. ''Diversity and Distributions'' , '''21''' (9), 991–1003, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12337 .

<div id="Baker--2020"></div>

Baker, R. E. et al., 2020: Susceptible supply limits the role of climate in the early SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''369''' (6501), 315–319, doi:10.1126/science.abc2535.

<div id="Bakun--2015"></div>

Bakun, A. et al., 2015: Anticipated Effects of Climate Change on Coastal Upwelling Ecosystems. ''Current Climate Change Reports'' , '''1''' (2), 85–93, doi:10.1007/s40641-015-0008-4.

<div id="Baldocchi--2019"></div>

Baldocchi, D. and J. Penuelas, 2019: The physics and ecology of mining carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by ecosystems. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''25''' (4), 1191–1197, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14559 .

<div id="Balié--2019"></div>

Balié, J. et al., 2019: Exploring opportunities around climate-smart breeding for future food and nutrition security, Wageningen, Netherlands: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).

<div id="Ban--2019"></div>

Ban, N. C. et al., 2019: Well-being outcomes of marine protected areas. ''Nature Sustainability'' , '''2''' (6), 524–532, doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0306-2.

<div id="Bang--2019"></div>

Bang, H., L. Miles and R. Gordon, 2019: Evaluating local vulnerability and organisational resilience to frequent flooding in Africa: the case of Northern Cameroon. ''Foresight'' , '''21''' (2), 266–284, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/FS-06-2018-0068 .

<div id="Banga--2019"></div>

Banga, J., 2019: The green bond market: a potential source of climate finance for developing countries. ''Journal of Sustainable Finance &amp; Investment'' , '''9''' (1), 17–32, doi:10.1080/20430795.2018.1498617.

<div id="Bangira--2015"></div>

Bangira, T., B. H. P. Maathuis, T. Dube and T. W. Gara, 2015: Investigating flash floods potential areas using ASCAT and TRMM satellites in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. ''Geocarto International'' , '''30''' (7), 737–754, doi:10.1080/10106049.2014.997302.

<div id="Barbarossa--2021"></div>

Barbarossa, V. et al., 2021: Threats of global warming to the world’s freshwater fishes. ''Nature Communications'' , '''12''' (1), 1701, doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21655-w.

<div id="Barbet-Massin--2015"></div>

Barbet-Massin, M. and W. Jetz, 2015: The effect of range changes on the functional turnover, structure and diversity of bird assemblages under future climate scenarios. ''Glob Chang Biol'' , '''21''' (8), 2917–2928, doi:10.1111/gcb.12905.

<div id="Barbier--2018"></div>

Barbier, J. et al., 2018: Detection of Intraseasonal Large-Scale Heat Waves: Characteristics and Historical Trends during the Sahelian Spring. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''31''' (1), 61–80, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0244.1.

<div id="Barcikowska--2018"></div>

Barcikowska, M. J., S. B. Kapnick and F. Feser, 2018: Impact of large-scale circulation changes in the North Atlantic sector on the current and future Mediterranean winter hydroclimate. ''Clim Dyn'' , '''50''' (5), 2039–2059, doi:10.1007/s00382-017-3735-5.

<div id="Barenblitt--2021"></div>

Barenblitt, A. et al., 2021: The large footprint of small-scale artisanal gold mining in Ghana. ''Science of The Total Environment'' , '''781''' , 146644, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146644 .

<div id="Barkin--2021"></div>

Barkin, J. L. et al., 2021: Effects of extreme weather events on child mood and behavior. ''Developmental Medicine &amp; Child Neurology'' , '''63''' (7), 785–790, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14856 .

<div id="Barnett--2019"></div>

Barnett, T., 2019: ''An Engraved Landscape. Rock Carvings in the Wadi al-Ajal, Libya.'' vol. 1, Society of Libyan Studies, London. ISBN 978-1-900971-51-5.

<div id="Baron--2017"></div>

Baron, J. S. et al., 2017: Synthesis Centers as Critical Research Infrastructure. ''BioScience'' , '''67''' (8), 750–759, doi:10.1093/biosci/bix053.

<div id="Barrett--2014"></div>

Barrett, S., 2014: Subnational Climate Justice? Adaptation Finance Distribution and Climate Vulnerability. ''World Development'' , '''58''' , 130–142, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.01.014 .

<div id="Barrios--2006"></div>

Barrios, S., L. Bertinelli and E. Strobl, 2006: Climatic change and rural–urban migration: The case of sub-Saharan Africa. ''Journal of Urban Economics'' , '''60''' (3), 357–371, doi:10.1016/j.jue.2006.04.005.

<div id="Barrios--2010"></div>

Barrios, S., L. Bertinelli and E. Strobl, 2010: Trends in rainfall and economic growth in Africa: A neglected cause of the African growth tragedy. ''The Review of Economics and Statistics'' , '''92''' (2), 350–366, doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.2010.11212 .

<div id="Barry--2018"></div>

Barry, A. A. et al., 2018: West Africa climate extremes and climate change indices. ''International Journal of Climatology'' , '''38''' (S1), e921-e938, doi:10.1002/joc.5420.

<div id="Bartlett--2008"></div>

Bartlett, S., 2008: Climate change and urban children: impacts and implications for adaptation in low- and middle-income countries. ''Environment and Urbanization'' , '''20''' (2), 501–519, doi:10.1177/0956247808096125.

<div id="Bashir--2019"></div>

Bashir, R. S. E. and O. A. Hassan, 2019: A One Health perspective to identify environmental factors that affect Rift Valley fever transmission in Gezira state, Central Sudan. ''Tropical Medicine and Health'' , '''47''' (1), 54, doi:10.1186/s41182-019-0178-1.

<div id="Bastin--2019"></div>

Bastin, J.-F. et al., 2019: The global tree restoration potential. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''365''' (6448), 76, doi:10.1126/science.aax0848.

<div id="Basupi--2019"></div>

Basupi, L. V., C. H. Quinn and A. J. Dougill, 2019: Adaptation strategies to environmental and policy change in semi-arid pastoral landscapes: Evidence from Ngamiland, Botswana. ''Journal of Arid Environments'' , '''166''' , 17–27, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2019.01.011 .

<div id="Bataille--2016"></div>

Bataille, C. et al., 2016: The need for national deep decarbonization pathways for effective climate policy. ''Climate Policy'' , '''16''' (sup1), S7-S26, doi:10.1080/14693062.2016.1173005.

<div id="Bates--2019"></div>

Bates, A. E. et al., 2019: Climate resilience in marine protected areas and the ‘Protection Paradox’. ''Biological Conservation'' , '''236''' , 305–314, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.05.005 .

<div id="Bathiany--2018"></div>

Bathiany, S., V. Dakos, M. Scheffer and T. M. Lenton, 2018: Climate models predict increasing temperature variability in poor countries. ''Science Advances'' , '''4''' , eaar5809, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar5809.

<div id="Battersby--2020"></div>

Battersby, J. and J. Hunter-Adams, 2020: No Looking Back: [Food]ways Forward for Healthy African Cities in Light of Climate Change. ''Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine'' , '''97''' (2), 226–229, doi:10.1007/s11524-020-00429-7.

<div id="Baudoin--2014"></div>

Baudoin, M.-A., A. C. Sanchez and B. Fandohan, 2014: Small scale farmers’ vulnerability to climatic changes in southern Benin: the importance of farmers’ perceptions of existing institutions. ''Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change'' , '''19''' (8), 1195–1207, doi:10.1007/s11027-013-9468-9.

<div id="Baudron--2019a"></div>

Baudron, F. et al., 2019a: Testing the Various Pathways Linking Forest Cover to Dietary Diversity in Tropical Landscapes. ''Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems'' , '''3''' , 97, doi:10.3389/fsufs.2019.00097.

<div id="Baudron--2019b"></div>

Baudron, F. et al., 2019b: Understanding the factors influencing fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) damage in African smallholder maize fields and quantifying its impact on yield. A case study in Eastern Zimbabwe. ''Crop Protection'' , '''120''' , 141–150, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2019.01.028 .

<div id="Bawakyillenuo--2016"></div>

Bawakyillenuo, S., J. A. Yaro and J. Teye, 2016: Exploring the autonomous adaptation strategies to climate change and climate variability in selected villages in the rural northern savannah zone of Ghana. ''Local Environment'' , '''21''' (3), 361–382, doi:10.1080/13549839.2014.965671.

<div id="Beale--2013"></div>

Beale, C. M., N. E. Baker, M. J. Brewer and J. J. Lennon, 2013: Protected area networks and savannah bird biodiversity in the face of climate change and land degradation. ''Ecol Lett'' , '''16''' (8), 1061–1068, doi:10.1111/ele.12139.

<div id="Beck-Johnson--2017"></div>

Beck-Johnson, L. M. et al., 2017: The importance of temperature fluctuations in understanding mosquito population dynamics and malaria risk. ''Royal Society Open Science'' , '''4''' (3), 160969–160969, doi:10.1098/rsos.160969.

<div id="Bedelian--2017"></div>

Bedelian, C. and J. O. Ogutu, 2017: Trade-offs for climate-resilient pastoral livelihoods in wildlife conservancies in the Mara ecosystem, Kenya. ''Pastoralism'' , '''7''' (1), 10, doi:10.1186/s13570-017-0085-1.

<div id="Belesova--2019"></div>

Belesova, K. et al., 2019: Mortality impact of low annual crop yields in a subsistence farming population of Burkina Faso under the current and a 1.5°C warmer climate in 2100. ''Sci Total Environ'' , '''691''' , 538–548, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.027.

<div id="Belhabib--2016"></div>

Belhabib, D., V. W. Y. Lam and W. W. L. Cheung, 2016: Overview of West African fisheries under climate change: Impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptive responses of the artisanal and industrial sectors. ''Marine Policy'' , '''71''' , 15–28, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.05.009 .

<div id="Belhabib--2019"></div>

Belhabib, D., U. R. Sumaila and P. Le Billon, 2019: The fisheries of Africa: Exploitation, policy, and maritime security trends. ''Marine Policy'' , '''101''' , 80–92, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.12.021 .

<div id="Bendana--2019"></div>

Bendana, C., 2019: African research projects are failing because funding agencies can’t match donor money. ''ScienceInsider'' .

<div id="Bennett--2016"></div>

Bennett, A. et al., 2016: The relative contribution of climate variability and vector control coverage to changes in malaria parasite prevalence in Zambia 2006–2012. ''Parasites &amp; Vectors'' , '''9''' (1), 431–431, doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1693-0.

<div id="Bennett--2021"></div>

Bennett, A. C. et al., 2021: Resistance of African tropical forests to an extreme climate anomaly. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''118''' (21), e2003169118, doi:10.1073/pnas.2003169118.

<div id="Bentley--2018"></div>

Bentley, L. K., M. P. Robertson and N. P. Barker, 2018: Range contraction to a higher elevation: the likely future of the montane vegetation in South Africa and Lesotho. ''Biodiversity and Conservation'' , '''28''' (1), 131–153, doi:10.1007/s10531-018-1643-6.

<div id="Berdugo--2020"></div>

Berdugo, M. et al., 2020: Global ecosystem thresholds driven by aridity. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''367''' (6479), 787–790, doi:10.1126/science.aay5958.

<div id="Beringer--2020"></div>

Beringer, T. et al., 2020: First process-based simulations of climate change impacts on global tea production indicate large effects in the World’s major producer countries. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''15''' (3), 034023, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab649b.

<div id="Berrang-Ford--2021"></div>

Berrang-Ford, L. et al., 2021: A systematic global stocktake of evidence on human adaptation to climate change. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''11''' (11), 989–1000, doi:10.1038/s41558-021-01170-y.

<div id="Berthou--2019"></div>

Berthou, S. et al., 2019: Larger Future Intensification of Rainfall in the West African Sahel in a Convection-Permitting Model. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''46''' (22), 13299–13307, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083544 .

<div id="Bett--2017"></div>

Bett, B. et al., 2017: Effects of climate change on the occurrence and distribution of livestock diseases. ''Preventive Veterinary Medicine'' , '''137''' (Pt B), 119–129, doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.11.019.

<div id="Bettaieb--2010"></div>

Bettaieb, J. et al., 2010: [Relationship between temperature and mortality in the city of Tunis: 2005–2007]. ''Archives de l’Institut Pasteur de Tunis'' , '''87''' (1-2), 25–33.

<div id="Betts--2015"></div>

Betts, R. A. et al., 2015: Climate and land use change impacts on global terrestrial ecosystems and river flows in the HadGEM2-ES Earth system model using the representative concentration pathways. ''Biogeosciences'' , '''12''' (5), 1317–1338, doi:10.5194/bg-12-1317-2015.

<div id="Beymer-Farris--2012"></div>

Beymer-Farris, B. A. and T. J. Bassett, 2012: The REDD menace: Resurgent protectionism in Tanzania’s mangrove forests. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''22''' (2), 332–341, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.11.006.

<div id="Bezabih--2011"></div>

Bezabih, M., M. Chambwera and J. Stage, 2011: Climate change and total factor productivity in the Tanzanian economy. ''Climate Policy'' , '''11''' (6), 1289–1302, doi:10.1080/14693062.2011.579300.

<div id="Biagetti--2017"></div>

Biagetti, S., 2017: Resilience in a Mountain Range: The Case of the Tadrart Acacus (Southwest Libya). ''Nomadic Peoples'' , '''21''' (2), 268–285, doi: https://doi.org/10.3197/np.2017.210205 .

<div id="Biao--2017"></div>

Biao, E., 2017: Assessing the impacts of climate change on river discharge dynamics in Oueme River Basin (Benin, West Africa). ''Hydrology'' , '''4''' (4), doi:10.3390/hydrology4040047.

<div id="Bichet--2018a"></div>

Bichet, A. and A. Diedhiou, 2018a: Less frequent and more intense rainfall along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea in West and Central Africa (1981–2014). ''Climate Research'' , '''76''' (3), 191–201, doi:10.3354/cr01537.

<div id="Bichet--2018b"></div>

Bichet, A. and A. Diedhiou, 2018b: West African Sahel has become wetter during the last 30 years, but dry spells are shorter and more frequent. ''Climate Research'' , '''75''' (2), 155–162, doi: https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01515 .

<div id="Bidassey-Manilal--2016"></div>

Bidassey-Manilal, S. et al., 2016: Students’ Perceived Heat-Health Symptoms Increased with Warmer Classroom Temperatures. ''Int J Environ Res Public Health'' , '''13''' (6), doi:10.3390/ijerph13060566.

<div id="Biesbroek--2018"></div>

Biesbroek, R., B. G. Peters and J. Tosun, 2018: Public Bureaucracy and Climate Change Adaptation. ''Review of Policy Research'' , '''35''' (6), 776–791, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12316 .

<div id="Birgen--2021"></div>

Birgen, M. K., 2021: A Christian Ecological Theology from an African Christian Perspective. ''ShahidiHub International Journal of Theology &amp; Religious Studies'' , '''1''' (1), 1–14.

<div id="Birkmann--2021"></div>

Birkmann, J. et al., 2021: Regional clusters of vulnerability show the need for transboundary cooperation. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''16''' (9), 094052, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac1f43.

<div id="Bishop-Williams--2018"></div>

Bishop-Williams, K. E. et al., 2018: Understanding Weather and Hospital Admissions Patterns to Inform Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in the Healthcare Sector in Uganda. ''Int J Environ Res Public Health'' , '''15''' (11), doi:10.3390/ijerph15112402.

<div id="Björkman-Nyqvist--2013"></div>

Björkman-Nyqvist, M., 2013: Income shocks and gender gaps in education: Evidence from Uganda. ''Journal of Development Economics'' , '''105''' , 237–253, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.07.013 .

<div id="Bjornlund--2020"></div>

Bjornlund, H. et al., 2020: Institutional innovation and smart water management technologies in small-scale irrigation schemes in southern Africa. ''Water International'' , '''45''' (6), 621–650, doi:10.1080/02508060.2020.1804715.

<div id="Blasiak--2017"></div>

Blasiak, R. et al., 2017: Climate change and marine fisheries: Least developed countries top global index of vulnerability. ''PLOS ONE'' , '''12''' (6), e0179632, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179632.

<div id="Blicharska--2017"></div>

Blicharska, M. et al., 2017: Steps to overcome the North–South divide in research relevant to climate change policy and practice. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''7''' (1), 21–27, doi:10.1038/nclimate3163.

<div id="Bloomfield--2020"></div>

Bloomfield, L. S. P., T. L. McIntosh and E. F. Lambin, 2020: Habitat fragmentation, livelihood behaviors, and contact between people and nonhuman primates in Africa. ''Landscape Ecology'' , '''35''' (4), 985–1000, doi:10.1007/s10980-020-00995-w.

<div id="Blumstein--2021"></div>

Blumstein, S. and J. D. Petersen-Perlman, 2021: When the water runs dry: supporting adaptive governance in transboundary river basins. ''Water International'' , '''46''' (3), 306–324, doi:10.1080/02508060.2021.1877984.

<div id="Boansi--2017"></div>

Boansi, D., J. A. Tambo and M. Müller, 2017: Analysis of farmers’ adaptation to weather extremes in West African Sudan Savanna. ''Weather and Climate Extremes'' , '''16''' (March), 1–13, doi:10.1016/j.wace.2017.03.001.

<div id="Boas--2019"></div>

Boas, I. et al., 2019: Climate migration myths. ''Nataure Climate Change'' , '''9''' (12), 901–903, doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0633-3.

<div id="Boavida-Portugal--2018"></div>

Boavida-Portugal, J. et al., 2018: Climate change impacts on the distribution of coastal lobsters. ''Marine Biology'' , '''165''' (12), 186, doi:10.1007/s00227-018-3441-9.

<div id="Bodian--2018"></div>

Bodian, A. et al., 2018: Future Climate Change Impacts on Streamflows of Two Main West Africa River Basins: Senegal and Gambia. ''Hydrology'' , '''5''' (1), doi:10.3390/hydrology5010021.

<div id="Bodunrin--2019"></div>

Bodunrin, I. A., 2019: Hip-hop and Decolonized Practices of Language Digitization among the Contemporary !Xun and Khwe Indigenous Youth of South Africa. ''Critical Arts'' , '''33''' (4-5), 174–190, doi:10.1080/02560046.2019.1702070.

<div id="Boeckmann--2019"></div>

Boeckmann, M. et al., 2019: Climate change and control of diarrhoeal diseases in South Africa: Priorities for action. ''South African Medical Journal'' , '''109''' , 359, doi:10.7196/SAMJ.2019.v109i6.14075.

<div id="Boedecker--2014"></div>

Boedecker, J. et al., 2014: Dietary contribution of Wild Edible Plants to women’s diets in the buffer zone around the Lama forest, Benin – an underutilized potential. ''Food Security'' , '''6''' (6), 833–849, doi:10.1007/s12571-014-0396-7.

<div id="Bogale--2007"></div>

Bogale, A. and B. Korf, 2007: To share or not to share? (non-)violence, scarcity and resource access in Somali Region, Ethiopia. ''The Journal of Development Studies'' , '''43''' (4), 743–765, doi:10.1080/00220380701260093.

<div id="Bohannon--2016"></div>

Bohannon, J., 2016: Who’s downloading pirated papers? Everyone. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''352''' (6285), 508–512, doi:10.1126/science.352.6285.508.

<div id="Bolden--2018"></div>

Bolden, I. W. et al., 2018: Climate-related community knowledge networks as a tool to increase learning in the context of environmental change. ''Climate Risk Management'' , '''21''' , 1–6, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2018.04.004 .

<div id="Bond--2016"></div>

Bond, W. and N. P. Zaloumis, 2016: The deforestation story: testing for anthropogenic origins of Africa’s flammable grassy biomes. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'' , '''371''' (1696), 20150170, doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0170.

<div id="Bond--2019"></div>

Bond, W. J., N. Stevens, G. F. Midgley and C. E. R. Lehmann, 2019: The Trouble with Trees: Afforestation Plans for Africa. ''Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution'' , '''34''' (11), 963–965, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.003 .

<div id="Boone--2018"></div>

Boone, R. B. et al., 2018: Climate change impacts on selected global rangeland ecosystem services. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''24''' (3), 1382–1393, doi:10.1111/gcb.13995.

<div id="Booth--2012"></div>

Booth, B. B. B. et al., 2012: Aerosols implicated as a prime driver of twentieth-century North Atlantic climate variability. ''Nature'' , '''484''' (7393), 228–232, doi:10.1038/nature10946.

<div id="Booysen--2019"></div>

Booysen, M. J., M. Visser and R. Burger, 2019: Temporal case study of household behavioural response to Cape Town’s “Day Zero” using smart meter data. ''Water Research'' , '''149''' , 414–420, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.035 .

<div id="Borderon--2019"></div>

Borderon, M. et al., 2019: Migration influenced by environmental change in Africa: A systematic review of empirical evidence. ''Demographic Research'' , '''41''' , 491–544, doi:10.4054/DemRes.2019.41.18.

<div id="Bosetti--2018"></div>

Bosetti, V., C. Cattaneo and G. Peri, 2018: Should they stay or should they go? Climate Migrants and Local Conflicts. ''National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series No. 24447'' , doi:10.3386/w24447.

<div id="Bosman--2014"></div>

Bosman, G. and D. Van der Westhuizen, 2014: The effects of climatic conditions on attitudinal changes towards earth construction in South Africa: review article. ''Acta Structilia : Journal for the Physical and Development Sciences'' , '''21''' (1), 117–141, doi:10.10520/EJC160907.

<div id="Boswell--2008"></div>

Boswell, R., 2008: ''Challenges to identifying and managing intangible cultural heritage in Mauritius, Zanzibar and Seychelles'' . CODESRIA Monograph Series, CODESRIA, Dakar, Senegal. ISBN 978-2-86978-215-0.

<div id="Bouma--2016"></div>

Bouma, M. J., A. S. Siraj, X. Rodo and M. Pascual, 2016: El Niño-based malaria epidemic warning for Oromia, Ethiopia, from August 2016 to July 2017. ''Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health'' , '''21''' (11), 1481–1488, doi:10.1111/tmi.12776.

<div id="Bouregaa--2019"></div>

Bouregaa, T., 2019: Impact of climate change on yield and water requirement of rainfed crops in the Setif region. ''Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal'' , '''30''' (4), 851–863, doi:10.1108/MEQ-06-2018-0110.

<div id="Boyce--2016"></div>

Boyce, R. et al., 2016: Severe Flooding and Malaria Transmission in the Western Ugandan Highlands: Implications for Disease Control in an Era of Global Climate Change. ''Journal of Infectious Diseases'' , '''214''' (9), 1403–1410, doi:10.1093/infdis/jiw363.

<div id="Bozzola--2020"></div>

Bozzola, M. and M. Smale, 2020: The welfare effects of crop biodiversity as an adaptation to climate shocks in Kenya. ''World Development'' , '''135''' , 105065, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105065 .

<div id="Bradshaw--2007"></div>

Bradshaw, C. J. A., N. S. Sodhi, K. S. H. Peh and B. W. Brook, 2007: Global evidence that deforestation amplifies flood risk and severity in the developing world. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''13''' (11), 2379–2395, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01446.x .

<div id="Brancalion--2020"></div>

Brancalion, P. H. S. et al., 2020: Emerging threats linking tropical deforestation and the COVID-19 pandemic. ''Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation'' , '''18''' (4), 243–246, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2020.09.006 .

<div id="Brandt--2019"></div>

Brandt, M. et al., 2019: Changes in rainfall distribution promote woody foliage production in the Sahel. ''Communications Biology'' , '''2''' (1), 133, doi:10.1038/s42003-019-0383-9.

<div id="Brandt--2017"></div>

Brandt, M. et al., 2017: Human population growth offsets climate-driven increase in woody vegetation in sub-Saharan Africa. ''Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution'' , '''1''' (4), 1–6, doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0081.

<div id="Braveman--2014"></div>

Braveman, P. and L. Gottlieb, 2014: The Social Determinants of Health: It’s Time to Consider the Causes of the Causes. ''Public Health Reports'' , '''129''' (1_suppl2), 19–31, doi:10.1177/00333549141291S206.

<div id="Breitbarth--2020"></div>

Breitbarth, T., 2020: ''Analysis of ex-ante economic models for Green Climate Fund adaptation projects in Africa'' . Green Climate Fund, Incheon, Republic of Korea.

<div id="Bren d’Amour--2016"></div>

Bren d’Amour, C. et al., 2016: Teleconnected food supply shocks. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''11''' (3), 035007, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/035007.

<div id="Breu--2016"></div>

Breu, T. et al., 2016: Large-scale land acquisition and its effects on the water balance in investor and host countries. ''PLoS One'' , '''11''' (3), e0150901, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150901.

<div id="Bright--2015"></div>

Bright, R. M., K. Zhao, R. B. Jackson and F. Cherubini, 2015: Quantifying surface albedo and other direct biogeophysical climate forcings of forestry activities. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''21''' (9), 3246–3266, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12951 .

<div id="Brimblecombe--2011"></div>

Brimblecombe, P. et al., 2011: Impact of Climate Change on Earthen Buildings. In: ''Terra 2008: The 10th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage'' [Rainer, L. H., A. B. Rivera and D. Gandreau (eds.)]. Getty Conservation Institute, Getty Publications, Los Angeles, pp. 278–282.

<div id="Brink--2016"></div>

Brink, E. et al., 2016: Cascades of green: A review of ecosystem-based adaptation in urban areas. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''36''' , 111–123, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.11.003.

<div id="Brinkman--2020"></div>

Brinkman, M. et al., 2020: The distribution of food security impacts of biofuels, a Ghana case study. ''Biomass and Bioenergy'' , '''141''' , 105695, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105695 .

<div id="Briske--2017"></div>

Briske, D. D., 2017: ''Rangeland Systems: Processes, Management and Challenges'' [Briske, D. D. (ed.)]. Springer Series on Environmental Management, Springer International Publishing, Cham. ISBN 978-3-319-46707-8 978-3-319-46709-2.

<div id="Brito--2020"></div>

Brito, J. C. and M. Naia, 2020: Coping with Sea-Level Rise in African Protected Areas: Priorities for Action and Adaptation Measures. ''BioScience'' , '''70''' (10), 924–932, doi:10.1093/biosci/biaa087.

<div id="Britton--2017"></div>

Britton, A. W. et al., 2017: Terrestrial-focused protected areas are effective for conservation of freshwater fish diversity in Lake Tanganyika. ''Biological Conservation'' , '''212''' , 120–129, doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.06.001.

<div id="Brockhaus--2013"></div>

Brockhaus, M., H. Djoudi and B. Locatelli, 2013: Envisioning the future and learning from the past: Adapting to a changing environment in northern Mali. ''Environmental Science &amp; Policy'' , '''25''' , 94–106, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.08.008 .

<div id="Brockington--2015"></div>

Brockington, D. and D. Wilkie, 2015: Protected areas and poverty. ''Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci'' , '''370''' (1681), doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0271.

<div id="Brodnik--2018"></div>

Brodnik, C. et al., 2018: Jumping to the top: catalysts for leapfrogging to a water sensitive city. ''IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science'' , '''179''' , 012034, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/179/1/012034.

<div id="Brooks--2019"></div>

Brooks, C., 2019: ''Will climate change undermine the potential for hydropower in Africa?'' , Oxford Management Policy. Available at: https://www.opml.co.uk/blog/the-impact-of-climate-change-on-hydropower-in-africa (accessed 30/07/2021).

<div id="Brooks--2020"></div>

Brooks, N., J. Clarke, G. W. Ngaruiya and E. E. Wangui, 2020: African heritage in a changing climate. ''Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa'' , '''55''' (3), 297–328, doi:10.1080/0067270x.2020.1792177.

<div id="Brooks--2005"></div>

Brooks, N., W. Neil Adger and P. Mick Kelly, 2005: The determinants of vulnerability and adaptive capacity at the national level and the implications for adaptation. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''15''' (2), 151–163, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.12.006 .

<div id="Broto--2015"></div>

Broto, V. C., E. Boyd and J. Ensor, 2015: Participatory urban planning for climate change adaptation in coastal cities: lessons from a pilot experience in Maputo, Mozambique. ''Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability'' , '''13''' , 11–18, doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2014.12.005.

<div id="Brown--2020"></div>

Brown, J. R. et al., 2020: Comparison of past and future simulations of ENSO in CMIP5/PMIP3 and CMIP6/PMIP4 models. ''Climate of the Past Discussions'' , '''16''' (5), 1777–1805, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2019-155 .

<div id="Brown--2013"></div>

Brown, L., C. Polycarp and M. Spearman, 2013: ''Within Reach. Strengthening Country Ownership and Accountability in Accessing Climate Finance'' . Working Paper, World Resources Institute, Washington, DC. Available at: wri.org/publication/ownership-andaccountability-in-climate-finance.

<div id="Bruno--2019"></div>

Bruno, J. F., I. M. Côté and L. T. Toth, 2019: Climate Change, Coral Loss, and the Curious Case of the Parrotfish Paradigm: Why Don’t Marine Protected Areas Improve Reef Resilience? ''Annual Review of Marine Science'' , '''11''' (1), 307–334, doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095300.

<div id="Brüssow--2017"></div>

Brüssow, K., A. Faße and U. Grote, 2017: Implications of climate-smart strategy adoption by farm households for food security in Tanzania. ''Food Security'' , '''9''' (6), 1203–1218, doi:10.1007/s12571-017-0694-y.

<div id="Bryceson--2019"></div>

Bryceson, D. F., 2019: Gender and generational patterns of African deagrarianization: Evolving labour and land allocation in smallholder peasant household farming, 1980–2015. ''World Development'' , '''113''' , 60–72, doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.08.021.

<div id="Buchwald--2020"></div>

Buchwald, A. G. et al., 2020: Aedes-borne disease outbreaks in West Africa: A call for enhanced surveillance. ''Acta tropica'' , '''209''' , 105468, doi:10.1016/j.actatropica .2020.105468.

<div id="Buhaug--2021"></div>

Buhaug, H. and N. von Uexkull, 2021: Vicious Circles: Violence, Vulnerability, and Climate Change. ''Annual Review of Environment and Resources'' , '''46''' (1), doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-014708.

<div id="Bulow--2020"></div>

Bulow, J., C. Reinhart, K. Rogoff and C. Trebesch, 2020: The Debt Pandemic. ''Finance &amp; Development'' , '''0057''' (003), A004, doi:10.5089/9781513544595.022.A004.

<div id="Buma--2018"></div>

Buma, W. G., S.-I. Lee and J. Y. Seo, 2018: Recent Surface Water Extent of Lake Chad from Multispectral Sensors and GRACE. ''Sensors'' , '''18''' (7), doi:10.3390/s18072082.

<div id="Bunce--2015"></div>

Bunce, A. and J. Ford, 2015: How is adaptation, resilience, and vulnerability research engaging with gender? ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''10''' (12), doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/123003.

<div id="Bunker--2017"></div>

Bunker, A. et al., 2017: Excess burden of non-communicable disease years of life lost from heat in rural Burkina Faso: a time series analysis of the years 2000–2010. ''BMJ open'' , '''7''' (11), e018068, doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018068.

<div id="Bunn--2015"></div>

Bunn, C., P. Läderach, O. Ovalle Rivera and D. Kirschke, 2015: A bitter cup: climate change profile of global production of Arabica and Robusta coffee. ''Climatic Change'' , '''129''' (1), 89–101, doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1306-x.

<div id="Burke--2018a"></div>

Burke, M., W. M. Davis and N. S. Diffenbaugh, 2018a: Large potential reduction in economic damages under UN mitigation targets. ''Nature'' , '''557''' (7706), 549–553, doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0071-9.

<div id="Burke--2015a"></div>

Burke, M., E. Gong and K. Jones, 2015a: Income Shocks and HIV in Africa. ''The Economic Journal'' , '''125''' (585), 1157–1189, doi:10.1111/ecoj.12149.

<div id="Burke--2018b"></div>

Burke, M. et al., 2018b: Higher temperatures increase suicide rates in the United States and Mexico. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''8''' (8), 723–729, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0222-x.

<div id="Burke--2014"></div>

Burke, M., S. Hsiang and E. Miguel, 2014: Climate and Conflict. ''Annual Review of Economics'' , '''7''' (1), 577–617, doi:10.3386/w20598.

<div id="Burke--2015b"></div>

Burke, M., S. M. Hsiang and E. Miguel, 2015b: Global non-linear effect of temperature on economic production. ''Nature'' , '''527''' (7577), 235–239, doi:10.1038/nature15725.

<div id="Burke--2009"></div>

Burke, M. B. et al., 2009: Warming increases the risk of civil war in Africa. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''106''' (49), 20670, doi:10.1073/pnas.0907998106.

<div id="Burls--2019"></div>

Burls, N. J. et al., 2019: The Cape Town “Day Zero” drought and Hadley cell expansion. ''npj Climate and Atmospheric Science'' , '''2''' (1), 27, doi:10.1038/s41612-019-0084-6.

<div id="Burrows--2014"></div>

Burrows, M. T. et al., 2014: Geographical limits to species-range shifts are suggested by climate velocity. ''Nature'' , '''507''' (7493), 492–495, doi:10.1038/nature12976.

<div id="Bush--2020"></div>

Bush, E. R. et al., 2020: Long-term collapse in fruit availability threatens Central African forest megafauna. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''370''' (6521), 1219, doi:10.1126/science.abc7791.

<div id="Bwambale--2018"></div>

Bwambale, B., M. Muhumuza and M. Nyeko, 2018: Traditional ecological knowledge and flood risk management: A preliminary case study of the Rwenzori. ''Jamba'' , '''10''' (1), 536, doi:10.4102/jamba.v10i1.536.

<div id="Bwasiri--2011"></div>

Bwasiri, E. J., 2011: The challenge of managing intangible heritage: Problems in Tanzanian legislation and administration. ''South African Archaeological Bulletin'' , '''66''' (194), 129–135, doi:10.3316/informit.617059292792417.

<div id="Byass--2017"></div>

Byass, P. et al., 2017: The long road to elimination: malaria mortality in a South African population cohort over 21 years. ''Global Health, Epidemiology and Genomics'' , '''2''' , e11-e11, doi:10.1017/gheg.2017.7.

<div id="Caetano--2020"></div>

Caetano, T., H. Winker and J. Depledge, 2020: Towards zero carbon and zero poverty: integrating national climate change mitigation and sustainable development goals. ''Climate Policy'' , '''20''' (7), 773–778, doi:10.1080/14693062.2020.1791404.

<div id="Cai--2016"></div>

Cai, R., S. Feng, M. Oppenheimer and M. Pytlikova, 2016: Climate variability and international migration: The importance of the agricultural linkage. ''Journal of Environmental Economics and Management'' , '''79''' , 135–151, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2016.06.005 .

<div id="Cai--2021"></div>

Cai, W. et al., 2021: Opposite response of strong and moderate positive Indian Ocean Dipole to global warming. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''11''' (1), 27–32, doi:10.1038/s41558-020-00943-1.

<div id="Cairncross--2018"></div>

Cairncross, E. et al., 2018: Climate Change, Air Pollution and Health in South Africa. In: ''Climate Change and Air Pollution'' [Akhtar R. and C. Palagiano (eds.)]. Springer Climate, Cham, pp. 327–347. ISBN 978-3-319-61345-1.

<div id="Calderon--2018"></div>

Calderon, C., C. Cantu and P. Chuhan-Pole, 2018: ''Infrastructure Development in Sub-Saharan Africa : A Scorecard'' . Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, Washington, DC. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29770 .

<div id="Call--2020"></div>

Call, M. and C. Gray, 2020: Climate anomalies, land degradation, and rural out-migration in Uganda. ''Population and Environment'' , '''41''' (4), 507–528, doi:10.1007/s11111-020-00349-3.

<div id="Callaghan--2021"></div>

Callaghan, M. et al., 2021: Machine-learning-based evidence and attribution mapping of 100,000 climate impact studies. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''11''' (11), 966–972, doi:10.1038/s41558-021-01168-6.

<div id="Callo-Concha--2018"></div>

Callo-Concha, D., 2018: Farmer Perceptions and Climate Change Adaptation in the West Africa Sudan Savannah: Reality Check in Dassari, Benin, and Dano, Burkina Faso. ''Climate'' , '''6''' (2), doi:10.3390/cli6020044.

<div id="Cambaza--2019"></div>

Cambaza, E. et al., 2019: Outbreak of Cholera Due to Cyclone Kenneth in Northern Mozambique, 2019. ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health'' , '''16''' (16), doi:10.3390/ijerph16162925.

<div id="Camberlin--2018"></div>

Camberlin, P., 2018: Climate of Eastern Africa. Oxford University Press.

<div id="Caminade--2019"></div>

Caminade, C., K. M. McIntyre and A. E. Jones, 2019: Impact of recent and future climate change on vector-borne diseases. ''Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences'' , '''1436''' (1), 157–173, doi:10.1111/nyas.13950.

<div id="Cantin--2010"></div>

Cantin, N. E. et al., 2010: Ocean warming slows coral growth in the central Red Sea. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''329''' (5989), 322–325, doi:10.1126/science.1190182.

<div id="Cao--2016"></div>

Cao, S., J. Zhang, L. Chen and T. Zhao, 2016: Ecosystem water imbalances created during ecological restoration by afforestation in China, and lessons for other developing countries. ''Journal of Environmental Management'' , '''183''' , 843–849, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.07.096 .

<div id="Caparoci Nogueira--2018"></div>

Caparoci Nogueira, S. M., M. A. Moreira and M. M. Lordelo Volpato, 2018: Evaluating Precipitation Estimates from Eta, TRMM and CHRIPS Data in the South-Southeast Region of Minas Gerais State—Brazil. ''Remote Sensing'' , '''10''' (2), doi:10.3390/rs10020313.

<div id="Carleton--2018"></div>

Carleton, T. et al., 2018: Valuing the Global Mortality Consequences of Climate Change Accounting for Adaptation Costs and Benefits. ''University of Chicago, Becker Friedman Institute for Economics Working Paper No. 2018-51.'' , doi:10.2139/ssrn.3224365.

<div id="Carleton--2016"></div>

Carleton, T., S. M. Hsiang and M. Burke, 2016: Conflict in a changing climate. ''The European Physical Journal Special Topics'' , '''225''' (3), 489–511, doi:10.1140/epjst/e2015-50100-5.

<div id="Carleton--2016"></div>

Carleton, T. A. and S. M. Hsiang, 2016: Social and economic impacts of climate. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''353''' (6304), doi:10.1126/science.aad9837.

<div id="Carlson--2020a"></div>

Carlson, C. J. et al., 2020a: Climate change will drive novel cross-species viral transmission. ''bioRxiv'' , 2020.2001.2024.918755, doi:10.1101/2020.01.24.918755.

<div id="Carlson--2021"></div>

Carlson, C. J., G. F. Albery and A. Phelan, 2021: Preparing international cooperation on pandemic prevention for the Anthropocene. ''BMJ Global Health'' , '''6''' (3), e004254, doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004254.

<div id="Carlson--2019"></div>

Carlson, C. J. et al., 2019: Rapid range shifts in African Anopheles mosquitoes over the last century. doi:10.1101/673913.

<div id="Carlson--2020b"></div>

Carlson, C. J., A. C. R. Gomez, S. Bansal and S. J. Ryan, 2020b: Misconceptions about weather and seasonality must not misguide COVID-19 response. ''Nature Communications'' , '''11''' (1), 4312, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18150-z.

<div id="Carr--2016"></div>

Carr, E. R., G. Fleming and T. Kalala, 2016: Understanding women’s needs for weather and climate information in agrarian settings: The case of Ngetou Maleck, Senegal. ''Weather, Climate, and Society'' , '''8''' (3), 247–264, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-15-0075.1 .

<div id="Carr--2020"></div>

Carr, E. R. et al., 2020: Identifying climate information services users and their needs in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review and learning agenda. ''Climate and Development'' , '''12''' (1), 23–41, doi:10.1080/17565529.2019.1596061.

<div id="Carter--2015"></div>

Carter, J. G. et al., 2015: Climate change and the city: Building capacity for urban adaptation. ''Progress in Planning'' , '''95''' , 1–66, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2013.08.001 .

<div id="Carter--2020"></div>

Carter, S. et al., 2020: ''Co-production of African weather and climate services'' . Future Climate for Africa and Weather and Climate Information Services for Africa 2ed., Cape Town, 160 pp. Available at: https://futureclimateafrica.org/coproduction-manual/downloads/WISER-FCFA-coproduction-manual.pdf .

<div id="Carter--2021"></div>

Carter, T. R. et al., 2021: A conceptual framework for cross-border impacts of climate change. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''69''' , 102307, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102307 .

<div id="Carty--2020"></div>

Carty, T., J. Kowalzig and B. Zagema, 2020: ''Climate Finance Shadow Report 2020: Assessing progress towards the $100 billion commitment'' . Oxfam International, Oxford, UK, 32 pp. Available at: https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/621066/bp-climate-finance-shadow-report-2020-201020-en.pdf .

<div id="Castells-Quintana--2018"></div>

Castells-Quintana, D., M. d. P. Lopez-Uribe and T. K. J. McDermott, 2018: Adaptation to climate change: A review through a development economics lens. ''World Development'' , '''104''' , 183–196, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.11.016 .

<div id="Catley--2014"></div>

Catley, A., B. Admassu, G. Bekele and D. Abebe, 2014: Livestock mortality in pastoralist herds in Ethiopia and implications for drought response. ''Disasters'' , '''38''' (3), 500–516, doi:10.1111/disa.12060.

<div id="Cattaneo--2019"></div>

Cattaneo, C. et al., 2019: Human migration in the era of climate change. ''Review of Environmental Economics and Policy'' , '''13''' (2), 189–206, doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/reep/rez008 .

<div id="Cattaneo--2016"></div>

Cattaneo, C. and G. Peri, 2016: The migration response to increasing temperatures. ''Journal of Development Economics'' , '''122''' , 127–146, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.05.004 .

<div id="CDKN--2013"></div>

[[#CDKN--2013|CDKN, 2013]] : ''Enhancing direct access to the Green Climate Fund'' . Climate and Devleopment Knowledge Network. Available at: https://cdkn.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/CDKN_GCFPolicyBrief_Pr2_21-06-13_WEB.pdf (accessed 30/07/2021).

<div id="Ceccato--2018"></div>

Ceccato, P. et al., 2018: Data and tools to integrate climate and environmental information into public health. ''Infectious diseases of poverty'' , '''7''' (1), 126, doi:10.1186/s40249-018-0501-9.

<div id="Ceccherini--2017"></div>

Ceccherini, G. et al., 2017: Heat waves in Africa 1981–2015, observations and reanalysis. ''Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences'' , '''17''' , 115–125, doi:10.5194/nhess-17-115-2017.

<div id="Cervigni--2015"></div>

Cervigni, R., R. Liden, J. E. Neumann and K. M. Strzepek, 2015: ''Enhancing the Climate Resilience of Africa’s Infrastructure: The Power and Water Sectors'' . Africa Development Forum, The World Bank, Washington, DC, 216 pp. ISBN 978-1-4648-0466-3.

<div id="Cervigni--2017"></div>

Cervigni, R., A. Losos, P. Chinowsky and J. E. Neumann, 2017: ''Enhancing the Climate Resilience of Africa’s Infrastructure: The Roads and Bridges Sector'' . '''1''' , World Bank Group, Washinton, DC. Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/270671478809724744/Enhancing-the-climate-resilience-of-Africa-s-Infrastructure-the-roads-and-bridges-sector .

<div id="CES Consulting Engineers Salzgitter GmbH and Inros Lackner SE--2020"></div>

[[#CES%20Consulting%20Engineers%20Salzgitter%20GmbH%20and%20Inros%20Lackner%20SE--2020|CES Consulting Engineers Salzgitter GmbH and Inros Lackner SE, 2020]] : ''Upscaling Nature-Based Flood Protection in Mozambique’s Cities'' [Zangerling, B. M., B. Jongman, M. Matera, L. Carrera, X. A. Chavana, S. A. Carrion, A. Midgley, A. E. Erman, B. T. V. Zanten and M. V. Ledden (eds.)]. World Bank Group, Washington, DC, 45 pp. Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/401611585291379085/Upscaling-Nature-Based-Flood-Protection-in-Mozambique-s-Cities-Knowledge-Note .

<div id="Challinor--2018"></div>

Challinor, A. J. et al., 2018: Transmission of climate risks across sectors and borders. ''Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A'' , '''376''' (2121), 20170301, doi:10.1098/rsta.2017.0301.

<div id="Challinor--2016"></div>

Challinor, A. J. et al., 2016: Current warming will reduce yields unless maize breeding and seed systems adapt immediately. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6''' (10), 954–958, doi:10.1038/nclimate3061.

<div id="Chan--2019"></div>

Chan, C. Y. et al., 2019: Prospects and challenges of fish for food security in Africa. ''Global Food Security'' , '''20''' (May 2018), 17–25, doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2018.12.002.

<div id="Chanza--2016"></div>

Chanza, N. and A. de Wit, 2016: Enhancing climate governance through indigenous knowledge: Case in sustainability science. ''South African Journal of Science'' , '''112''' , 1–7, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2016/20140286 http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2016/20140286] .

<div id="Chapagain--2020"></div>

Chapagain, D., F. Baarsch, M. Schaeffer and S. D’Haen, 2020: Climate change adaptation costs in developing countries: insights from existing estimates. ''Climate and Development'' , '''12''' (10), 934–942, doi:10.1080/17565529.2020.1711698.

<div id="Chaplin-Kramer--2019"></div>

Chaplin-Kramer, R. et al., 2019: Global modeling of nature’s contributions to people. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''366''' (6462), 255, doi:10.1126/science.aaw3372.

<div id="Chapman--2017"></div>

Chapman, D., B. V. Purse, H. E. Roy and J. M. Bullock, 2017: Global trade networks determine the distribution of invasive non-native species. ''Global Ecology and Biogeography'' , '''26''' , 907–917, doi:10.1111/geb.12599.

<div id="Charis--2019"></div>

Charis, G., G. Danha and E. Muzenda, 2019: Waste valorisation opportunities for bush encroacher biomass in savannah ecosystems: A comparative case analysis of Botswana and Namibia. ''Procedia Manufacturing'' , '''35''' , 974–979, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.06.044 .

<div id="Charles-Dominique--2016"></div>

Charles-Dominique, T. et al., 2016: Spiny plants, mammal browsers, and the origin of African savannas. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''113''' (38), E5572, doi:10.1073/pnas.1607493113.

<div id="Chatiza--2019"></div>

Chatiza, K., 2019: Cyclone Idai in Zimbabwe: An analysis of policy implications for post-disaster institutional development. Oxfam, Oxford, UK, 30 pp.

<div id="Chausson--2020"></div>

Chausson, A. et al., 2020: Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''26''' (11), 6134–6155, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15310 .

<div id="Chemura--2013"></div>

Chemura, A. et al., 2013: Assessing the impact of climate change on the suitability of rainfed flu-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum) production in Zimbabwe. In: ''1st Climate Science Symposium of Zimbabwe.'' , Harare, '''1''' , pp. 1–14.

<div id="Chen--2021"></div>

Chen, D. et al., 2021: ''Framing, Context, and Methods'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (ed.)]. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, '''In Press''' , Cambridge University Press. Available at: [[IPCC:Wg1:Downloads:Report:Ipcc_ar6_wgi_chapter_01.pdf|https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_01.pdf]] .

<div id="Chen--2014"></div>

Chen, M., 2014: Informal Employment and Development: Patterns of Inclusion and Exclusion. ''The European Journal of Development Research'' , '''26''' (4), 397–418, doi:10.1057/ejdr.2014.31.

<div id="Chersich--2019a"></div>

Chersich, M. F. et al., 2019a: Climate change and adolescents in South Africa: The role of youth activism and the health sector in safeguarding adolescents’ health and education. ''S Afr Med J'' , '''109''' (9), 615–619, doi:10.7196/SAMJ.2019.v109i9.14327.

<div id="Chersich--2019b"></div>

Chersich, M. F. et al., 2019b: Violence in hot weather: Will climate change exacerbate rates of violence in South Africa?, 447–449 pp.

<div id="Chersich--2019"></div>

Chersich, M. F. and C. Y. Wright, 2019: Climate change adaptation in South Africa: a case study on the role of the health sector. ''Global Health'' , '''15''' (1), 22, doi:10.1186/s12992-019-0466-x.

<div id="Chersich--2018"></div>

Chersich, M. F. et al., 2018: Impacts of Climate Change on Health and Wellbeing in South Africa. ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health'' , '''15''' (9), 14, doi:10.3390/ijerph15091884.

<div id="Cheung William--2016"></div>

Cheung William, W. L., G. Reygondeau and L. Frölicher Thomas, 2016: Large benefits to marine fisheries of meeting the 1.5°C global warming target. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''354''' (6319), 1591–1594, doi:10.1126/science.aag2331.

<div id="Cheung--2016"></div>

Cheung, W. W. L. et al., 2016: Structural uncertainty in projecting global fisheries catches under climate change. ''Ecological Modelling'' , '''325''' , 57–66, doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.12.018.

<div id="Chia--2016"></div>

Chia, E. L. et al., 2016: Securing well-being with the advent of climate hazards. ''International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management'' , '''8''' (2), 175–193, doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2014-0048.

<div id="Chiarelli--2016"></div>

Chiarelli, D. D., K. F. Davis, M. C. Rulli and P. D’Odorico, 2016: Climate change and large-scale land acquisitions in Africa: Quantifying the future impact on acquired water resources. ''Advances in Water Resources'' , '''94''' , 231–237, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.05.016 .

<div id="Chigbu--2019"></div>

Chigbu, U. E., 2019: Anatomy of women’s landlessness in the patrilineal customary land tenure systems of sub-Saharan Africa and a policy pathway. ''Land Use Policy'' , '''86''' , 126–135, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.04.041 .

<div id="Chihambakwe--2018"></div>

Chihambakwe, M., P. Mafongoya and O. Jiri, 2018: Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture as A Pathway to Food Security: A Review Mapping the Use of Food Sovereignty. ''Challenges'' , '''10''' (1), doi:10.3390/challe10010006.

<div id="Chinowsky--2013"></div>

Chinowsky, P. et al., 2013: Climate change adaptation advantage for African road infrastructure. ''Climatic Change'' , '''117''' (1), 345–361, doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0536-z.

<div id="Chinowsky--2014"></div>

Chinowsky, P. S., A. E. Schweikert, N. L. Strzepek and K. Strzepek, 2014: Infrastructure and climate change: a study of impacts and adaptations in Malawi, Mozambique, and Zambia. ''Climatic Change'' , '''130''' (1), 49–62, doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1219-8.

<div id="Chinowsky--2015"></div>

Chinowsky, P. S., A. E. Schweikert, N. L. Strzepek and K. Strzepek, 2015: Infrastructure and climate change: a study of impacts and adaptations in Malawi, Mozambique, and Zambia. ''Climatic Change'' , '''130''' (1), 49–62, doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1219-8.

<div id="Chiputwa--2020"></div>

Chiputwa, B. et al., 2020: Transforming climate science into usable services: The effectiveness of co-production in promoting uptake of climate information by smallholder farmers in Senegal. ''Climate Services'' , '''20''' , 100203, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2020.100203 .

<div id="Chirikure--2010"></div>

Chirikure, S., M. Manyanga, W. Ndoro and G. Pwiti, 2010: Unfulfilled promises? Heritage management and community participation at some of Africa’s cultural heritage sites. ''International Journal of Heritage Studies'' , '''16''' (1-2), 30–44, doi:10.1080/13527250903441739.

<div id="Choko--2019"></div>

Choko, O. P. et al., 2019: A Resilience Approach to Community-Scale Climate Adaptation. ''Sustainability'' , '''11''' (11), doi:10.3390/su11113100.

<div id="Cholo--2018"></div>

Cholo, T., L. Fleskens, D. Sietz and J. Peerlings, 2018: Is Land Fragmentation Facilitating or Obstructing Adoption of Climate Adaptation Measures in Ethiopia? ''Sustainability'' , '''10''' (7), doi:10.3390/su10072120.

<div id="Chu--2017"></div>

Chu, E., I. Anguelovski and D. Roberts, 2017: Climate adaptation as strategic urbanism: assessing opportunities and uncertainties for equity and inclusive development in cities. ''Cities'' , '''60''' , 378–387, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.10.016 .

<div id="Chuang--2017"></div>

Chuang, T.-W. et al., 2017: Assessment of climate-driven variations in malaria incidence in Swaziland: toward malaria elimination. ''Malaria Journal'' , '''16''' (1), 232, doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1874-0.

<div id="Cinner--2018"></div>

Cinner, J. E. et al., 2018: Building adaptive capacity to climate change in tropical coastal communities. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''8''' (2), 117–123, doi:10.1038/s41558-017-0065-x.

<div id="Cissé--2019"></div>

Cissé, G., 2019: Food-borne and water-borne diseases under climate change in low- and middle-income countries: Further efforts needed for reducing environmental health exposure risks. ''Acta tropica'' , '''194''' , 181–188, doi:10.1016/j.actatropica .2019.03.012.

<div id="Claon--2020"></div>

Claon, J. S. et al., 2020: Water scarcity in African cities: anthropic factors or climate change? Case of Bouake (Côte d’Ivoire). In: ''Second International Conference. Water, Megacities and Global Change'' , 7–11 December 2020.

<div id="Clapp--2017"></div>

Clapp, C. and K. Pillay, 2017: Green Bonds and Climate Finance. In: ''Climate Finance'' [Markandya, A. and I. Galarraga (eds.)]. World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 79–105. ISBN 978-981-4641-80-7.

<div id="Clarke--2018"></div>

Clarke, J. and N. Brooks, 2018: ''The Archaeology of Western Sahara'' . A Synthesis of Fieldwork, 2002 to 2009, Oxbow Books, Oxford.

<div id="Clay--2020"></div>

Clay, N. and K. S. Zimmerer, 2020: Who is resilient in Africa’s Green Revolution? Sustainable intensification and Climate Smart Agriculture in Rwanda. ''Land use policy'' , '''97''' , 104558, doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104558.

<div id="Climate Action Tracker--2021"></div>

[[#Climate%20Action%20Tracker--2021|Climate Action Tracker, 2021]] : ''Climate governance assessment of the government’s ability and readiness to transform South Africa into a zero emissions society'' . Climate Action Tracker, Cologne, Germany, 23 pp. Available at: https://climateactiontracker.org/documents/837/2020_12_CAT_Governance_Report_South_Africa.pdf .

<div id="Closset--2017"></div>

Closset, M., S. FEINDOUNO, P. Guillaumont and C. Simonet, 2017: A Physical Vulnerability to Climate Change Index: Which are the most vulnerable developing countries? HAL Open Science.

<div id="Cobbing--2019"></div>

Cobbing, J. and B. Hiller, 2019: Waking a sleeping giant: Realizing the potential of groundwater in Sub-Saharan Africa. ''World Development'' , '''122''' , 597–613, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.06.024 .

<div id="CoCT--2019"></div>

[[#CoCT--2019|CoCT, 2019]] : ''Cape Town Water Strategy (2019): Our shared water future'' . City of Cape Town, Cape Town. Available at: https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Cape%20Town%20Water%20Strategy.pdf .

<div id="Codjoe--2014"></div>

Codjoe, S. and V. Nabie, 2014: Climate change and cerebrospinal meningitis in the Ghanaian meningitis belt. ''International journal of environmental research and public health'' , '''11''' (7), 6923–6939, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110706923 .

<div id="Codjoe--2020"></div>

Codjoe, S. N. A. et al., 2020: Impact of extreme weather conditions on healthcare provision in urban Ghana. ''Social Science &amp; Medicine'' , '''258''' , 113072, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113072 .

<div id="Codjoe--2014"></div>

Codjoe, S. N. A., G. Owusu and V. Burkett, 2014: Perception, experience, and indigenous knowledge of climate change and variability: The case of Accra, a sub-Saharan African city. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''14''' (1), 369–383, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0500-0 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0500-0] .

<div id="Coen--2021"></div>

Coen, D. R., 2021: A brief history of usable climate science. ''Climatic Change'' , '''167''' (3), 51, doi:10.1007/s10584-021-03181-2.

<div id="Coffel--2015"></div>

Coffel, E. and R. Horton, 2015: Climate Change and the Impact of Extreme Temperatures on Aviation. ''Weather, Climate, and Society'' , '''7''' (1), 94–102, doi:10.1175/WCAS-D-14-00026.1.

<div id="Coffel--2018"></div>

Coffel, E. D., R. M. Horton and A. de Sherbinin, 2018: Temperature and humidity based projections of a rapid rise in global heat stress exposure during the 21(st) century. ''Environ Res Lett'' , '''13''' (1), 014001, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aaa00e.

<div id="Cohen--2016"></div>

Cohen, A. S. et al., 2016: Climate warming reduces fish production and benthic habitat in Lake Tanganyika, one of the most biodiverse freshwater ecosystems. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''113''' (34), 9563–9568, doi:10.1073/pnas.1603237113.

<div id="Cohen--2021"></div>

Cohen, B. et al., 2021: Co-benefits and trade-offs of climate change mitigation actions and the Sustainable Development Goals. ''Sustainable Production and Consumption'' , '''26''' , 805–813, doi:10.1016/j.spc.2020.12.034.

<div id="Colborn--2018"></div>

Colborn, K. L. et al., 2018: Spatio-temporal modelling of weekly malaria incidence in children under 5 for early epidemic detection in Mozambique. ''Sci. Rep.'' , '''8''' (1), 9238, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-27537-4.

<div id="Coldrey--2020"></div>

Coldrey, K. M. and J. K. Turpie, 2020: Potential impacts of changing climate on nature-based tourism: A case study of South Africa’s national parks. ''Koedoe'' , '''62''' (1), doi: https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v62i1.1629

<div id="Cole--2021a"></div>

Cole, H. D. et al., 2021a: Managing city-scale slow-onset disasters: Learning from Cape Town’s 2015–2018 drought disaster planning. ''International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction'' , '''63''' , doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102459.

<div id="Cole--2021b"></div>

Cole, H. D. et al., 2021b: Managing city-scale slow-onset disasters: Learning from Cape Town’s 2015–2018 drought disaster planning. ''International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction'' , '''63''' (September 2021), doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102459.

<div id="Collins--2019"></div>

Collins, M. et al., 2019: ''Extremes, Abrupt Changes and Managing Risk. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate'' [H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. R., V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (ed.)]. '''In press''' . Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/10_SROCC_Ch06_FINAL.pdf .

<div id="CoM SSA--2019"></div>

[[#CoM%20SSA--2019|CoM SSA, 2019]] : ''Climate Finance Landscape for sub-Saharan Cities'' . Covenant of Mayors for Sub-Saharan Africa (CoM SSA), Covenant of Mayors for Sub-Saharan Africa (CoM SSA), Cape Town, South Africa. Available at: https://africa.iclei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2020_Publication_Financing-SEACAPs-Mapping-Report-English.pdf .

<div id="Commission of Social Determinants of Health--2008"></div>

[[#Commission%20of%20Social%20Determinants%20of%20Health--2008|Commission of Social Determinants of Health, 2008]] : ''Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final Report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health'' . World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 256 pp. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43943/9789241563703_eng.pdf;jsessionid=4A55149E474B1A3C8BD54A190F5F5891?sequence=1 .

<div id="Connolly-Boutin--2016"></div>

Connolly-Boutin, L. and B. Smit, 2016: Climate change, food security, and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''16''' (2), 385–399, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0761-x http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0761-x] .

<div id="Conradie--2019"></div>

Conradie, S. R., S. M. Woodborne, S. J. Cunningham and A. E. McKechnie, 2019: Chronic, sublethal effects of high temperatures will cause severe declines in southern African arid-zone birds during the 21st century. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''116''' (28), 14065, doi:10.1073/pnas.1821312116.

<div id="Conteh--2015"></div>

Conteh, I. K., 2015: Natural Hazards and Education. The Impact of Floods on Primary School Education in Zambia. Maastricht University, Boekenplan.

<div id="Contractor--2020"></div>

Contractor, S. et al., 2020: Rainfall Estimates on a Gridded Network (REGEN)–a global land-based gridded dataset of daily precipitation from 1950 to 2016. ''Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS)'' , '''24''' (2), 919–943, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-919-2020 .

<div id="Conway--2017"></div>

Conway, D., C. Dalin, W. A. Landman and T. J. Osborn, 2017: Hydropower plans in eastern and southern Africa increase risk of concurrent climate-related electricity supply disruption. ''Nature Energy'' , '''2''' (12), 946–953, doi:10.1038/s41560-017-0037-4.

<div id="Conway--2015"></div>

Conway, D. et al., 2015: Climate and southern Africa’s water–energy–food nexus. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''5''' (9), 837–846, doi:10.1038/nclimate2735.

<div id="Conway--2021"></div>

Conway, D. and K. Vincent, 2021: ''Climate Risk in Africa: Adaptation and Resilience'' , 1 ed., Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, Switzerland. ISBN 978-3-030-61160-6.

<div id="Cook--2020a"></div>

Cook, B. I. et al., 2020a: Twenty-First Century Drought Projections in the CMIP6 Forcing Scenarios. ''Earth’s Future'' , '''8''' (6), e2019EF001461, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EF001461 .

<div id="Cook--2020b"></div>

Cook, K. H., R. G. J. Fitzpatrick, W. Liu and E. K. Vizy, 2020b: Seasonal asymmetry of equatorial East African rainfall projections: understanding differences between the response of the long rains and the short rains to increased greenhouse gases. ''Clim Dyn'' , '''55''' (7), 1759–1777, doi:10.1007/s00382-020-05350-y.

<div id="Cook--2015"></div>

Cook, K. H. and E. K. Vizy, 2015: Detection and Analysis of an Amplified Warming of the Sahara Desert. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''28''' (16), 6560–6580, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00230.1.

<div id="Coppola--2014"></div>

Coppola, E. et al., 2014: Present and future climatologies in the phase I CREMA experiment. ''Climatic Change'' , '''125''' (1), 23–38, doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1137-9.

<div id="Corbane--2018"></div>

Corbane, C. et al., 2018: GHS built-up grid, derived from Landsat, multitemporal (1975–1990–2000–2014), R2018A, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Brussels.

<div id="Cornforth--2021"></div>

Cornforth, R. J., C. Petty and G. Walker, 2021: Supporting Climate-Resilient Planning at National and District Levels: A Pathway to Multi-stakeholder Decision-Making in Uganda. In: ''Climate Risk in Africa: Adaptation and Resilience'' [Conway, D. and K. Vincent (eds.)]. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 131–145. ISBN 978-3-030-61160-6.

<div id="Cosens--2017"></div>

Cosens, B. A. et al., 2017: The role of law in adaptive governance. ''Ecol Soc'' , '''22''' (1), 1–30, doi:10.5751/ES-08731-220130.

<div id="Costinot--2012"></div>

Costinot, A., D. Donaldson and C. Smith, 2012: Evolving Comparative Advantage and the Impact of Climate Change in Agricultural Markets: Evidence from a 9 Million-Field Partition of the Earth. ''Journal of Political Economy'' .

<div id="Coulibaly--2017"></div>

Coulibaly, J. Y., B. Chiputwa, T. Nakelse and G. Kundhlande, 2017: Adoption of agroforestry and the impact on household food security among farmers in Malawi. ''Agricultural Systems'' , '''155''' , 52–69, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.03.017 .

<div id="Coultas--2020"></div>

Coultas, M. and R. Iyer, 2020: Handwashing Compendium for Low Resource Settings: A Living Document. Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, UK.

<div id="Couttenier--2014"></div>

Couttenier, M. and R. Soubeyran, 2014: Drought and Civil War in Sub-Saharan Africa. ''The Economic Journal'' , '''124''' (575), 201–244, doi:10.1111/ecoj.12042.

<div id="Cowx--2018"></div>

Cowx, I. G., A. Lungu and M. Kalonga, 2018: Optimising hydropower development and ecosystem services in the Kafue River, Zambia. ''Marine and Freshwater Research'' , '''69''' (12), 1974–1982, doi: https://doi.org/10.1071/MF18132 .

<div id="Cowx--2019"></div>

Cowx, I. G. and R. Ogutu-Ohwayo, 2019: Towards sustainable fisheries and aquaculture management in the African Great Lakes. ''Fisheries Management and Ecology'' , '''26''' (August), 397–405, doi:10.1111/fme.12391.

<div id="CPI--2019"></div>

[[#CPI--2019|CPI, 2019]] : ''Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2019'' [Buchner, B., A. Clark, A. Falconer, R. Macquarie, C. Meattle, R. Tolentino and C. Wetherbee (eds.)]. Climate Policy Initiative (CPI), London, UK, 38 pp. Available at: https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/2019-Global-Landscape-of-Climate-Finance.pdf .

<div id="Craig--2010"></div>

Craig, R. K., 2010: Stationarity is Dead – Long Live Transformation: Five Principles for Climate Change Adaptation Law. ''Harvard Environmental Law Review'' , '''34''' (1), 9–74.

<div id="Crate--2016"></div>

Crate, S. A. and M. Nuttall, 2016: From local to global: perceptions and realities of environmental change among Kalahari San. In: ''Anthropology and Climate Change'' . Routledge, pp. 250–262.

<div id="Crawford--2015"></div>

Crawford, R. J. M. et al., 2015: A changing distribution of seabirds in South Africa—the possible impact of climate and its consequences. ''Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution'' , '''3''' (10), doi:10.3389/fevo.2015.00010.

<div id="CRED--2019"></div>

[[#CRED--2019|CRED, 2019]] : Disasters in Africa: 20 year review (2000–2019). ''CRED Crunch Newsletter'' , (56), 2. Available at: https://www.emdat.be/cred-crunch-56-disasters-africa-20-year-review-2000-2019 .

<div id="Creese--2018"></div>

Creese, A. and R. Washington, 2018: A Process-Based Assessment of CMIP5 Rainfall in the Congo Basin: The September–November Rainy Season. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''31''' (18), 7417–7439, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0818.1.

<div id="Crick--2018"></div>

Crick, F., K. E. Gannon, M. Diop and M. Sow, 2018: Enabling private sector adaptation to climate change in sub-Saharan Africa. ''WIREs Climate Change'' , '''9''' (2), e505, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.505 .

<div id="Crippa--2021"></div>

Crippa, M. et al., 2021: ''EDGAR v6.0 Greenhouse Gas Emissions'' . European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy. Available at: http://data.europa.eu/89h/97a67d67-c62e-4826-b873-9d972c4f670b .

<div id="Croitoru--2019"></div>

Croitoru, L., J. J. Miranda and M. Sarraf, 2019: ''The Cost of Coastal Zone Degradation In West Africa: Benin, Côte D’ivoire, Senegal And Togo'' . Economic and Sector Work (ESW) Studies, World Bank, Washington, DC. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/31428 .

<div id="Cromsigt--2018"></div>

Cromsigt, J. et al., 2018: Trophic rewilding as a climate change mitigation strategy? ''Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci'' , '''373''' (1761), doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0440.

<div id="CSC--2013"></div>

[[#CSC--2013|CSC, 2013]] : ''Climate Change Scenarios for the Congo Basin'' [Haensler, A., D. Jacob, P. Kabat and F. Ludwig (eds.)]. Climate Service Centre, Hamburg, Germany.

<div id="CTA--2019"></div>

[[#CTA--2019|CTA, 2019]] : ''The digitalisation of African agriculture report 2018–2019'' . The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), Wageningen, The Netherlands, 241 pp. Available at: https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/101498/CTA-Digitalisation-report.pdf .

<div id="Cui--2019"></div>

Cui, Y. et al., 2019: The cost of rapid and haphazard urbanization: lessons learned from the Freetown landslide disaster. ''Landslides'' , '''16''' (6), 1167–1176, doi:10.1007/s10346-019-01167-x.

<div id="Cullen--2013"></div>

Cullen, N. J. et al., 2013: A century of ice retreat on Kilimanjaro: the mapping reloaded. ''The Cryosphere'' , '''7''' (2), 419–431, doi:10.5194/tc-7-419-2013.

<div id="Cullis--2015"></div>

Cullis, J. et al., 2015: An Uncertainty Approach to Modelling Climate Change Risk in South Africa. UNU-WIDER, Helsinki, Finland.

<div id="Cullmann--2020"></div>

Cullmann, J. et al., 2020: ''State of Climate Services: Risk Information and Early Warning Systems'' . World Meteorological Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland, 25 pp. Available at: https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10385 .

<div id="Cumming--2017"></div>

Cumming, T. L. et al., 2017: Achieving the national development agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through investment in ecological infrastructure: A case study of South Africa. ''Ecosystem Services'' , '''27''' , 253–260, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.05.005 .

<div id="Cunningham--2015"></div>

Cunningham, S. C. et al., 2015: Reforestation with native mixed-species plantings in a temperate continental climate effectively sequesters and stabilizes carbon within decades. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''21''' (4), 1552–1566, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12746 .

<div id="Cuthbert--2019"></div>

Cuthbert, M. O. et al., 2019: Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa. ''Nature'' , '''572''' (7768), 230–234, doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1441-7.

<div id="D’Odorico--2018"></div>

D’Odorico, P. et al., 2018: The global food-energy-water nexus. ''Reviews of Geophysics'' , '''56''' (3), 456–531, doi:10.1029/2017rg000591.

<div id="D’agata--2020"></div>

D’agata, S. et al., 2020: Multiscale determinants of social adaptive capacity in small-scale fishing communities. ''Environmental Science &amp; Policy'' , '''108''' , 56–66, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.03.006 .

<div id="Dallas--2016"></div>

Dallas, H. F., 2016: The influence of thermal history on upper thermal limits of two species of riverine insects: the stonefly, Aphanicerca capensis, and the mayfly, Lestagella penicillata. ''Hydrobiologia'' , '''781''' (1), 95–108, doi:10.1007/s10750-016-2826-3.

<div id="Dallas--2014"></div>

Dallas, H. F. and N. Rivers-Moore, 2014: Ecological consequences of global climate change for freshwater ecosystems in South Africa. ''South African Journal of Science'' , '''110''' (5/6), doi:10.1590/sajs.2014/20130274.

<div id="Dalu--2017"></div>

Dalu, T., R. J. Wasserman and M. T. B. Dalu, 2017: Agricultural intensification and drought frequency increases may have landscape-level consequences for ephemeral ecosystems. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''23''' (3), 983–985, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13549 .

<div id="Daniels--2020"></div>

Daniels, E. et al., 2020: Refocusing the climate services lens: Introducing a framework for co-designing “transdisciplinary knowledge integration processes” to build climate resilience. ''Climate Services'' , '''19''' , doi:10.1016/j.cliser.2020.100181.

<div id="Daoud--2021"></div>

Daoud, M., 2021: Is vulnerability to climate change gendered? And how? Insights from Egypt. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''21''' (2), doi:10.1007/s10113-021-01785-z.

<div id="Dardel--2014"></div>

Dardel, C. et al., 2014: Re-greening Sahel: 30 years of remote sensing data and field observations (Mali, Niger). ''Remote Sensing of Environment'' , '''140''' , 350–364, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.09.011 .

<div id="Dargie--2019"></div>

Dargie, G. C. et al., 2019: Congo Basin peatlands: threats and conservation priorities. ''Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change'' , '''24''' (4), 669–686, doi:10.1007/s11027-017-9774-8.

<div id="Darko--2019"></div>

Darko, D. et al., 2019: The context and politics of decision making on large dams in Ghana: an overview, Manchester, UK.

<div id="Darkoh--2017"></div>

Darkoh, E. L., J. A. Larbi and E. A. Lawer, 2017: A Weather-Based Prediction Model of Malaria Prevalence in Amenfi West District, Ghana. ''Malar. Res. Treat.'' , '''2017''' , 7820454, doi:10.1155/2017/7820454.

<div id="Dass--2018"></div>

Dass, P., B. Z. Houlton, Y. Wang and D. Warlind, 2018: Grasslands may be more reliable carbon sinks than forests in California. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13''' (7), 074027, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aacb39.

<div id="Datta--2003"></div>

Datta, K. et al., 2003: Bioengineered ‘golden’ indica rice cultivars with beta-carotene metabolism in the endosperm with hygromycin and mannose selection systems. ''Plant Biotechnol J'' , '''1''' (2), 81–90, doi:10.1046/j.1467-7652.2003.00015.x.

<div id="Davidson--2016"></div>

Davidson, D., 2016: Gaps in agricultural climate adaptation research. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6''' (5), 433–435, doi:10.1038/nclimate3007.

<div id="Davis-Reddy--2017"></div>

Davis-Reddy, C. L., K. Vincent and J. Mambo, 2017: Socio-economic impacts of extreme weather events in Southern Africa. In: ''Climate Risk and Vulnerability: A Handbook for Southern Africa'' . CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa, pp. 30–47.

<div id="Day--2019"></div>

Day, E. et al., 2019: Upholding labour productivity under climate change: an assessment of adaptation options. ''Climate Policy'' , '''19''' (3), 367–385, doi:10.1080/14693062.2018.1517640.

<div id="Dayamba--2018"></div>

Dayamba, D. S. et al., 2018: Assessment of the use of Participatory Integrated Climate Services for Agriculture (PICSA) approach by farmers to manage climate risk in Mali and Senegal. ''Climate Services'' , '''12''' , 27–35, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2018.07.003 .

<div id="de Graaf--2015"></div>

de Graaf, G. and L. Garibaldi, 2015: ''THE VALUE OF AFRICAN FISHERIES'' . FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 76 pp. Available at: https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/value-african-fisheries/docview/1703270253/se-2?accountid=14500 .

<div id="de Janvry--2006"></div>

de Janvry, A., F. Finan, E. Sadoulet and R. Vakis, 2006: Can conditional cash transfer programs serve as safety nets in keeping children at school and from working when exposed to shocks? ''Journal of Development Economics'' , '''79''' (2), 349–373, doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.01.013.

<div id="de Lima--2021"></div>

de Lima, C. Z. et al., 2021: Heat stress on agricultural workers exacerbates crop impacts of climate change. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''16''' (4), 044020, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abeb9 f.

<div id="de Longueville--2013"></div>

de Longueville, F., P. Ozer, S. Doumbia and S. Henry, 2013: Desert dust impacts on human health: an alarming worldwide reality and a need for studies in West Africa. ''Int J Biometeorol'' , '''57''' (1), 1–19, doi:10.1007/s00484-012-0541-y.

<div id="Degarege--2019"></div>

Degarege, A. et al., 2019: Improving socioeconomic status may reduce the burden of malaria in sub Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ''PLoS One'' , '''14''' (1), e0211205, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211205.

<div id="Dell--2012"></div>

Dell, M., B. F. Jones and B. A. Olken, 2012: Temperature Shocks and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Last Half Century. ''American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics'' , '''4''' (3), 66–95, doi:10.1257/mac.4.3.66.

<div id="Dellink--2019"></div>

Dellink, R., E. Lanzi and J. Chateau, 2019: The Sectoral and Regional Economic Consequences of Climate Change to 2060. ''Environmental and Resource Economics'' , '''72''' (2), 309–363, doi:10.1007/s10640-017-0197-5.

<div id="Denton--2014"></div>

Denton, F. et al., 2014: Climate-Resilient Pathways: Adaptation, Mitigation, and Sustainable Development. In: ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' [Field, C. B., V. R. Barros, D. J. Dokken, K. J. Mach, M. D. Mastrandrea, T. E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K. L. Ebi, Y. O. Estrada, R. C. Genova, B. Girma, E. S. Kissel, A. N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P. R. Mastrandrea and L. L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1101–1131. ISBN 9781107058071.

<div id="Department of Economic and Social Affairs--2016"></div>

[[#Department%20of%20Economic%20and%20Social%20Affairs--2016|Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2016]] : ''World Economic and Social Survey 2016: Climate Change Resilience: An Opportunity for Reducing Inequalities'' . United Nations, 1 ed., New York. Available at: https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/WESS_2016_Report.pdf .

<div id="Dercon--2011"></div>

Dercon, S. and L. Christiaensen, 2011: Consumption risk, technology adoption and poverty traps: Evidence from Ethiopia. ''Journal of Development Economics'' , '''96''' (2), 159–173, doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.08.003.

<div id="Deryng--2016"></div>

Deryng, D. et al., 2016: Regional disparities in the beneficial effects of rising CO2 concentrations on crop water productivity. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6''' (8), 786–790, doi:10.1038/nclimate2995.

<div id="Deryugina--2017"></div>

Deryugina, T. and S. Hsiang, 2017: ''The marginal product of climate'' . Nber Working Paper Series, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA. Available at: https://www.nber.org/papers/w24072.pdf .

<div id="Descheemaeker--2018"></div>

Descheemaeker, K. et al., 2018: Effects of climate change and adaptation on the livestock component of mixed farming systems: A modelling study from semi-arid Zimbabwe. ''Agricultural Systems'' , '''159''' , 282–295, doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2017.05.004.

<div id="Descroix--2018"></div>

Descroix, L. et al., 2018: Evolution of surface hydrology in the Sahelo-Sudanian strip: An updated review. ''Water'' , '''10''' (6), doi:10.3390/w10060748.

<div id="Deutsch--2018"></div>

Deutsch, C. A. et al., 2018: Increase in crop losses to insect pests in a warming climate. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''361''' (6405), 916–919, doi:10.1126/science.aat3466.

<div id="Devonald--2020"></div>

Devonald, M., N. Jones and W. Yadete, 2020: ''‘The first thing that I fear for my future is lack of rain and drought’: climate change and its impacts on adolescent capabilities in low-and middle-income countries'' . GAGE, London, UK, 36 pp. Available at: https://www.gage.odi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Climate-change-report-for-web-1.pdf .

<div id="di Lernia--2017"></div>

di Lernia, S., 2017: The Archaeology of Rock Art in Northern Africa. In: ''The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Rock Art'' [David, B. and I. J. McNiven (eds.)]. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

<div id="di Lernia--2011"></div>

di Lernia, S. and M. Gallinaro, 2011: Working in a UNESCO WH Site. Problems and Practices on the Rock Art of Tadrart Akakus (SW Libya, Central Sahara). ''Journal of African Archaeology'' , '''9''' (2), 159–175, doi: https://doi.org/10.3213/2191-5784-10198 .

<div id="Di Marcantonio--2017"></div>

Di Marcantonio, F. and F. Kayitakire, 2017: Review of Pilot Projects on Index-Based Insurance in Africa: Insights and Lessons Learned. In: ''Renewing Local Planning to Face Climate Change in the Tropics'' [Tiepolo, M., A. Pezzoli and V. Tarchiani (eds.)]. Springer, Cham, pp. 323–341. ISBN 978-3-319-59095-0.

<div id="Diallo--2016"></div>

Diallo, I. et al., 2016: Projected changes of summer monsoon extremes and hydroclimatic regimes over West Africa for the twenty-first century. ''Clim Dyn'' , '''47''' (12), 3931–3954, doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3052-4.

<div id="Dibley--2021"></div>

Dibley, A., T. Wetzer and C. Hepburn, 2021: National COVID debts: climate change imperils countries’ ability to repay. ''Nature'' , '''596''' (August 2021), 184–187, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00871-w .

<div id="Diboulo--2012"></div>

Diboulo, E. et al., 2012: Weather and mortality: a 10 year retrospective analysis of the Nouna Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Burkina Faso. ''Global Health Action'' , '''5''' (1), 19078, doi:10.3402/gha.v5i0.19078.

<div id="Dickerson--2021"></div>

Dickerson, S., M. Cannon and B. O’Neill, 2021: Climate change risks to human development in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of the literature. ''Climate and Development'' , 1–19, doi:10.1080/17565529.2021.1951644.

<div id="Dickin--2020"></div>

Dickin, S., L. Segnestam and M. Sou Dakouré, 2020: Women’s vulnerability to climate-related risks to household water security in Centre-East, Burkina Faso. ''Climate and Development'' , '''13''' (5), 443–453, doi:10.1080/17565529.2020.1790335.

<div id="Diedhiou--2018"></div>

Diedhiou, A. et al., 2018: Changes in climate extremes over West and Central Africa at 1.5°C and 2°C global warming. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13''' (6), 065020, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac3e5.

<div id="Diffenbaugh--2019"></div>

Diffenbaugh, N. S. and M. Burke, 2019: Global warming has increased global economic inequality. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''116''' (20), 9808–9813, doi:10.1073/pnas.1816020116.

<div id="Digna--2016"></div>

Digna, R. F. et al., 2016: Nile River Basin modelling for water resources management – a literature review. ''International Journal of River Basin Management'' , '''15''' (1), 39–52, doi:10.1080/15715124.2016.1228656.

<div id="Dimobe--2020"></div>

Dimobe, K. et al., 2020: Climate change reduces the distribution area of the shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn.) in Burkina Faso. ''Journal of Arid Environments'' , '''181''' , 104237, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2020.104237 .

<div id="Dinerstein--2019"></div>

Dinerstein, E. et al., 2019: A Global Deal For Nature: Guiding principles, milestones, and targets. ''Science Advances'' , '''5''' (4), eaaw2869, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw2869.

<div id="Dinesh--2018"></div>

Dinesh, D. et al., 2018: Facilitating Change for Climate-Smart Agriculture through Science-Policy Engagement. ''Sustainability'' , '''10''' (8), 2616, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082616 .

<div id="Ding--2019"></div>

Ding, K., J. M. Gilligan and G. M. Hornberger, 2019: Avoiding “day-zero”: A Testbed for Evaluating Integrated Food-energy-water Management in Cape Town, South Africa. In: ''2019 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC)'' , National Harbor, MD, USA, IEEE, pp. 866–877, doi:10.1109/WSC40007.2019.9004889.

<div id="Diop--2018"></div>

Diop, A., 2018: Tombouctou: l’avenir des maçons traditionnels. In: ''World Heritage for Sustainable Development in Africa'' . United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. UNESCO, Paris, pp. 99–103.

<div id="Diouf--2017"></div>

Diouf, I. et al., 2017: Comparison of Malaria Simulations Driven by Meteorological Observations and Reanalysis Products in Senegal. ''International journal of environmental research and public health'' , '''14''' (10), 1119, doi:10.3390/ijerph14101119.

<div id="Diouf--2019"></div>

Diouf, N. S. et al., 2019: Factors influencing gendered access to climate information services for farming in Senegal. ''Gender, Technology and Development'' , '''23''' (2), 93–110, doi:10.1080/09718524.2019.1649790.

<div id="Djalante--2013"></div>

Djalante, R., C. Holley, F. Thomalla and M. Carnegie, 2013: Pathways for adaptive and integrated disaster resilience. ''Natural Hazards'' , '''69''' , 2105–2135, doi:10.1007/s11069-013-0797-5.

<div id="Djoudi--2016"></div>

Djoudi, H. et al., 2016: Beyond dichotomies: Gender and intersecting inequalities in climate change studies. ''Ambio'' , '''45''' (3), 248–262, doi:10.1007/s13280-016-0825-2.

<div id="Doblas-Reyes--2021"></div>

Doblas-Reyes, F. J. et al., 2021: ''Linking Global to Regional Climate Change'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu and B. Zhou (ed.)]. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, '''In Press''' , Cambridge University Press. Available at: [[IPCC:Wg1:Downloads:Report:Ipcc_ar6_wgi_chapter_10.pdf|https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_10.pdf]] .

<div id="Dodds--2013"></div>

Dodds, W. K., J. S. Perkin and J. E. Gerken, 2013: Human Impact on Freshwater Ecosystem Services: A Global Perspective. ''Environmental Science &amp; Technology'' , '''47''' (16), 9061–9068, doi:10.1021/es4021052.

<div id="Dodman--2017"></div>

Dodman, D., H. Leck, M. Rusca and S. Colenbrander, 2017: African Urbanisation and Urbanism: Implications for risk accumulation and reduction. ''International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction'' , '''26''' , 7–15, doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.06.029.

<div id="Dodman--2015"></div>

Dodman, D. et al., 2015: ''Understanding the assessment and reduction of vulnerability to climate change in African cities: A focus on low-income and informal settlements'' . Environment and Urbanization, '''24''' , International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), 77–97 pp. Available at: https://www.afd.fr/en/understanding-assessment-and-reduction-vulnerability-climate-change-african-cities-focus-low-income-and-informal-settlements .

<div id="Dolislager--2020"></div>

Dolislager, M. et al., 2020: Youth and Adult Agrifood System Employment in Developing Regions: Rural (Peri-urban to Hinterland) vs. Urban. ''The Journal of Development Studies'' , '''57''' (4), 571–593, doi:10.1080/00220388.2020.1808198.

<div id="Dombrowsky--2018"></div>

Dombrowsky, I. and O. Hensengerth, 2018: Governing the Water-Energy-Food Nexus Related to Hydropower on Shared Rivers—The Role of Regional Organizations. ''Frontiers in Environmental Science'' , '''6''' (153), doi:10.3389/fenvs.2018.00153.

<div id="Domke--2016"></div>

Domke, M. and J. Pretzsch, 2016: Knowledge Management on Climate Change Adaptation. Analysis of Information Exchange Processes and Collaboration Networks in Rural Ethiopia. In: ''Climatic and Environmental Challenges: Learning from the Horn of Africa'' . Centre français des études éthiopiennes, Addis-Abeba. ISBN 9782821873001.

<div id="Donat--2019"></div>

Donat, M. G., O. Angélil and A. M. Ukkola, 2019: Intensification of precipitation extremes in the world’s humid and water-limited regions. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''14''' (6), 065003, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab1c8e.

<div id="Donat--2014a"></div>

Donat, M. G. et al., 2014a: Changes in extreme temperature and precipitation in the Arab region: long-term trends and variability related to ENSO and NAO. ''International Journal of Climatology'' , '''34''' (3), 581–592, doi:10.1002/joc.3707.

<div id="Donat--2014b"></div>

Donat, M. G. et al., 2014b: Consistency of temperature and precipitation extremes across various global gridded in situ and reanalysis datasets. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''27''' (13), 5019–5035, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-13-00405.1.

<div id="Doshi--2020"></div>

Doshi, D. and M. Garschagen, 2020: Understanding Adaptation Finance Allocation: Which Factors Enable or Constrain Vulnerable Countries to Access Funding? ''Sustainability'' , '''12''' (10), 4308, doi:10.3390/su12104308.

<div id="Dosio--2017"></div>

Dosio, A., 2017: Projection of temperature and heat waves for Africa with an ensemble of CORDEX Regional Climate Models. ''Clim Dyn'' , '''49''' , 493–519, doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3355-5.

<div id="Dosio--2019"></div>

Dosio, A. et al., 2019: What can we know about future precipitation in Africa? Robustness, significance and added value of projections from a large ensemble of regional climate models. ''Clim Dyn'' , '''53''' (9), 5833–5858, doi:10.1007/s00382-019-04900-3.

<div id="Dosio--2021"></div>

Dosio, A. et al., 2021: Projected future daily characteristics of African precipitation based on global (CMIP5, CMIP6) and regional (CORDEX, CORDEX-CORE) climate models. ''Clim Dyn'' , '''57''' (11), 3135–3158, doi:10.1007/s00382-021-05859-w.

<div id="Dosio--2018"></div>

Dosio, A., L. Mentaschi, E. M. Fischer and K. Wyser, 2018: Extreme heat waves under 1.5°C and 2°C global warming. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13''' (5), 054006, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aab827.

<div id="Doswald--2014"></div>

Doswald, N. et al., 2014: Effectiveness of ecosystem-based approaches for adaptation: review of the evidence-base. ''Climate and Development'' , '''6''' (2), 185–201, doi:10.1080/17565529.2013.867247.

<div id="Dottori--2018"></div>

Dottori, F. et al., 2018: Increased human and economic losses from river flooding with anthropogenic warming. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''8''' (9), 781–786, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0257-z.

<div id="Douglas--2017"></div>

Douglas, I., 2017: Flooding in African cities, scales of causes, teleconnections, risks, vulnerability and impacts. ''International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction'' , '''26''' , 34–42, doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.09.024.

<div id="Douville--2021"></div>

Douville, H. et al., 2021: ''Water Cycle Changes'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu and B. Zhou (ed.)]. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change '''In Press''' , Cambridge University Press. Available at: [[IPCC:Wg1:Downloads:Report:Ipcc_ar6_wgi_chapter_08.pdf|https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_08.pdf]] .

<div id="Douxchamps--2015"></div>

Douxchamps, S. et al., 2015: Linking agricultural adaptation strategies, food security and vulnerability: evidence from West Africa. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''16''' (5), 1305–1317, doi:10.1007/s10113-015-0838-6.

<div id="Dowd-Uribe--2018"></div>

Dowd-Uribe, B., M. Sanon, C. Roncoli and B. Orlove, 2018: Grounding the Nexus: Examining the Integration of Small-Scale Irrigators into a National Food Security Programme in Burkina Faso. ''Water Alternatives'' , '''11''' (2), 375–393.

<div id="Dowla--2018"></div>

Dowla, A., 2018: Climate change and microfinance. ''BUSINESS STRATEGY &amp; DEVELOPMENT'' , '''1''' (2), 78–87, doi:10.1002/bsd2.13.

<div id="Du--2021"></div>

Du, L. et al., 2021: Effects of anthropogenic revegetation on the water and carbon cycles of a desert steppe ecosystem. ''Agricultural and Forest Meteorology'' , '''300''' , 108339, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108339 .

<div id="du Plessis--2012"></div>

du Plessis, K. L. et al., 2012: The costs of keeping cool in a warming world: implications of high temperatures for foraging, thermoregulation and body condition of an arid-zone bird. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''18''' (10), 3063–3070, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02778.x .

<div id="du Toit--2015"></div>

du Toit, J. C. O., L. van den Berg and T. G. O’Connor, 2015: Fire effects on vegetation in a grassy dwarf shrubland at a site in the eastern Karoo, South Africa. ''African Journal of Range &amp; Forage Science'' , '''32''' (1), 13–20, doi:10.2989/10220119.2014.913077.

<div id="du Toit--2018"></div>

du Toit, M. J. et al., 2018: Urban green infrastructure and ecosystem services in sub-Saharan Africa. ''Landscape and Urban Planning'' , '''180''' , 249–261, doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.06.001.

<div id="Duarte--2013"></div>

Duarte, C. M. et al., 2013: The role of coastal plant communities for climate change mitigation and adaptation. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''3''' (11), 961–968, doi:10.1038/nclimate1970.

<div id="Dube--2021"></div>

Dube, K., L. Chapungu and J. M. Fitchett, 2021: Meteorological and Climatic Aspects of Cyclone Idai and Kenneth. In: ''Cyclones in Southern Africa: Volume 2: Foundational and Fundamental Topics'' [Nhamo, G. and K. Dube (eds.)]. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 19–36. ISBN 978-3-030-74262-1.

<div id="Dube--2018"></div>

Dube, K., K. Mearns, S. Mini and L. Chapungu, 2018: Tourists’ knowledge and perceptions on the impact of climate change on tourism in Okavango Delta, Botswana’. ''African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure'' , '''7''' (4), 1–18.

<div id="Dube--2018"></div>

Dube, K. and G. Nhamo, 2018: Climate variability, change and potential impacts on tourism: Evidence from the Zambian side of the Victoria Falls. ''Environmental Science &amp; Policy'' , '''84''' , 113–123, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.03.009 .

<div id="Dube--2019"></div>

Dube, K. and G. Nhamo, 2019: Climate change and potential impacts on tourism: evidence from the Zimbabwean side of the Victoria Falls. ''Environment, Development and Sustainability'' , '''21''' (4), 2025–2041, doi:10.1007/s10668-018-0118-y.

<div id="Dube--2020"></div>

Dube, K. and G. Nhamo, 2020: Evidence and impact of climate change on South African national parks. Potential implications for tourism in the Kruger National Park. ''Environmental Development'' , '''33''' , 100485, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2019.100485 .

<div id="Dube--2020"></div>

Dube, K., G. Nhamo and D. Chikodzi, 2020: Climate change-induced droughts and tourism: Impacts and responses of Western Cape province, South Africa. ''Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism'' , 100319, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2020.100319 .

<div id="Dube--2016"></div>

Dube, T., P. Moyo, M. Ncube and D. Nyathi, 2016: The Impact of Climate Change on Agro-Ecological Based Livelihoods in Africa: A Review. ''Journal of Sustainable Development'' , '''9''' (1), doi:10.5539/jsd.v9n1p256.

<div id="Duchoslav--2017"></div>

Duchoslav, J., 2017: Prenatal Temperature Shocks Reduce Cooperation: Evidence from Public Goods Games in Uganda. ''Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience'' , '''11''' , 249, doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00249.

<div id="Duffy--2012"></div>

Duffy, M., 2012: The “One Water” Approach. Water Online, 6 pp.

<div id="Dumenu--2016"></div>

Dumenu, W. K. and E. A. Obeng, 2016: Climate change and rural communities in Ghana: Social vulnerability, impacts, adaptations and policy implications. ''Environmental Science &amp; Policy'' , '''55''' , 208–217, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.10.010 .

<div id="Duncker--2017"></div>

Duncker, L. C., 2017: The Effect of Consumer Expectations and Perceptions Regarding Sanitation on Access to Clean Water. ''Journal of Ethical Urban Living'' , '''1''' (1), 19–36.

<div id="Duncombe--2018"></div>

Duncombe, R., 2018: ''Digital Technologies for Agricultural and Rural Development in the Global South'' . Business and Economics, CAB International, Oxfordshire, UK, 160 pp. ISBN 978178693340.

<div id="Dunning--2018"></div>

Dunning, C. M., E. Black and R. P. Allan, 2018: Later wet seasons with more intense rainfall over Africa under future climate change. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''31''' (23), 9719–9738, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0102.1 .

<div id="Durand--2019"></div>

Durand, B. et al., 2019: Rift Valley fever in northern Senegal : a modelling approach to analyse the processes underlying virus circulation recurrence. ''bioRxiv'' , 2019.2012.2023.886978, doi:10.1101/2019.12.23.886978.

<div id="Durand--2018"></div>

Durand, J.-L. et al., 2018: How accurately do maize crop models simulate the interactions of atmospheric CO2 concentration levels with limited water supply on water use and yield? ''European Journal of Agronomy'' , '''100''' , 67–75, doi:10.1016/j.eja.2017.01.002.

<div id="Dzavo--2019"></div>

Dzavo, T., T. J. Zindove, M. Dhliwayo and M. Chimonyo, 2019: Effects of drought on cattle production in sub-tropical environments. ''Trop Anim Health Prod'' , '''51''' (3), 669–675, doi:10.1007/s11250-018-1741-1.

<div id="Eastin--2018"></div>

Eastin, J., 2018: Climate change and gender equality in developing states. ''World Development'' , '''107''' , 289–305, doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.02.021.

<div id="Ebhuoma--2020"></div>

Ebhuoma, E. E., 2020: A framework for integrating scientific forecasts with indigenous systems of weather forecasting in southern Nigeria. ''Development in Practice'' , '''30''' (4), 472–484, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2020.1723494 .

<div id="Ebi--2017"></div>

Ebi, K. L. and M. Otmani Del Barrio, 2017: Lessons Learned on Health Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change: Experiences Across Low- and Middle-Income Countries. ''Environ Health Perspect'' , '''125''' (6), 065001, doi:10.1289/EHP405.

<div id="EBRD et al.--2021"></div>

EBRD et al., 2021: ''Joint report on multilateral development banks’ climate finance'' . World Bank Group, Washington DC, USA, 64 pp. Available at: https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/9234bfc633439d0172f6a6eb8df1b881-0020012021/original/2020-Joint-MDB-report-on-climate-finance-Report-final-web.pdf .

<div id="Edgar--2014"></div>

Edgar, G. J. et al., 2014: Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key features. ''Nature'' , '''506''' (7487), 216–220, doi:10.1038/nature13022.

<div id="Edo--2020"></div>

Edo, S., N. E. Osadolor and I. F. Dading, 2020: Growing external debt and declining export: The concurrent impediments in economic growth of Sub-Saharan African countries. ''International Economics'' , '''161''' , 173–187, doi:10.1016/j.inteco.2019.11.013.

<div id="Egeru--2012"></div>

Egeru, A., 2012: Role of indigenous knowledge in climate change adaptation: A case study of the Teso Sub-Region, Eastern Uganda. ''Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.'' , '''11''' (2), 217–224.

<div id="Egeru--2016"></div>

Egeru, A., 2016: Climate risk management information, sources and responses in a pastoral region in East Africa. ''Climate Risk Management'' , '''11''' , 1–14, doi:10.1016/j.crm.2015.12.001.

<div id="Egoh--2012"></div>

Egoh, B. N. et al., 2012: An African account of ecosystem service provision: Use, threats and policy options for sustainable livelihoods. ''Ecosystem Services'' , '''2''' , 71–81, doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.09.004.

<div id="Egondi--2012"></div>

Egondi, T. et al., 2012: Time-series analysis of weather and mortality patterns in Nairobi’s informal settlements. ''Global Health Action'' , '''5''' (1), 19065, doi:10.3402/gha.v5i0.19065.

<div id="Egondi--2015"></div>

Egondi, T., C. Kyobutungi and J. Rocklov, 2015: Temperature variation and heat wave and cold spell impacts on years of life lost among the urban poor population of Nairobi, Kenya. ''Int J Environ Res Public Health'' , '''12''' (3), 2735–2748, doi:10.3390/ijerph120302735.

<div id="Eitzinger--2011"></div>

Eitzinger, A. et al., 2011: ''Future climate scenarios for Uganda’s tea growing areas'' . International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Cali, Columbia.

<div id="Ekblom--2019"></div>

Ekblom, A. et al., 2019: Conservation through Biocultural Heritage—Examples from Sub-Saharan Africa. ''Land'' , '''8''' (1), doi:10.3390/land8010005.

<div id="El-Shafei--2018"></div>

El-Shafei, D. A., S. A. Bolbol, M. B. Awad Allah and A. E. Abdelsalam, 2018: Exertional heat illness: knowledge and behavior among construction workers. ''Environ Sci Pollut Res Int'' , '''25''' (32), 32269–32276, doi:10.1007/s11356-018-3211-8.

<div id="El-Tarabany--2017"></div>

El-Tarabany, M. S., A. A. El-Tarabany and M. A. Atta, 2017: Physiological and lactation responses of Egyptian dairy Baladi goats to natural thermal stress under subtropical environmental conditions. ''Int J Biometeorol'' , '''61''' (1), 61–68, doi:10.1007/s00484-016-1191-2.

<div id="Elboshy--2019"></div>

Elboshy, B. et al., 2019: A framework for pluvial flood risk assessment in Alexandria considering the coping capacity. ''Environment Systems and Decisions'' , '''39''' (1), 77–94, doi:10.1007/s10669-018-9684-7.

<div id="Elevitch--2018"></div>

Elevitch, C. R., D. N. Mazaroli and D. Ragone, 2018: Agroforestry Standards for Regenerative Agriculture. ''Sustainability'' , '''10''' (9), 3337, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093337 .

<div id="Elshirbiny--2020"></div>

Elshirbiny, H. and W. Abrahamse, 2020: Public risk perception of climate change in Egypt: a mixed methods study of predictors and implications. ''Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences'' , '''10''' , 242–254, doi:10.1007/s13412-020-00617-6.

<div id="Elum--2017"></div>

Elum, Z. A., D. M. Modise and A. Marr, 2017: Farmer’s perception of climate change and responsive strategies in three selected provinces of South Africa. ''Climate Risk Management'' , '''16''' , 246–257, doi:10.1016/j.crm.2016.11.001.

<div id="EMDAT and CRED--2020"></div>

[[#EMDAT%20and%20CRED--2020|EMDAT and CRED, 2020]] : EM-DAT Drought Disaster Occurances: Africa query [UCLouvain (ed.)], UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium. Available at: [http://www.emdat.be www.emdat.be] .

<div id="Emerton--2017"></div>

Emerton, L., 2017: ''Valuing the Benefits, Costs and Impacts of Ecosystem-based Adaptation Measures: A sourcebook of methods for decision-making'' . Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Bonn and Eschborn, Germany.

<div id="Endris--2019"></div>

Endris, H. S. et al., 2019: Future changes in rainfall associated with ENSO, IOD and changes in the mean state over Eastern Africa. ''Clim Dyn'' , '''52''' (3), 2029–2053, doi:10.1007/s00382-018-4239-7.

<div id="Enenkel--2020"></div>

Enenkel, M. et al., 2020: Emergencies do not stop at night: Advanced analysis of displacement based on satellite-derived nighttime light observations. ''IBM Journal of Research and Development'' , '''64''' (1/2), 8:1–8:12, doi:10.1147/JRD.2019.2954404.

<div id="Engdaw--2021"></div>

Engdaw, M. M., A. P. Ballinger, G. C. Hegerl and A. K. Steiner, 2021: Changes in temperature and heat waves over Africa using observational and reanalysis data sets. ''International Journal of Climatology'' , '''n/a''' (n/a), doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7295 .

<div id="Engelbrecht--2015"></div>

Engelbrecht, F. et al., 2015: Projections of rapidly rising surface temperatures over Africa under low mitigation. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''10''' (8), 085004, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/085004.

<div id="Engelbrecht--2009"></div>

Engelbrecht, F. A., J. L. McGregor and C. J. Engelbrecht, 2009: Dynamics of the Conformal-Cubic Atmospheric Model projected climate-change signal over southern Africa. ''International Journal of Climatology'' , '''29''' (7), 1013–1033, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1742 .

<div id="England--2018"></div>

England, M. I. et al., 2018: Climate change adaptation and cross-sectoral policy coherence in southern Africa. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''18''' (7), 2059–2071, doi:10.1007/s10113-018-1283-0.

<div id="Eniola--2021"></div>

Eniola, P. O., 2021: Menace and Mitigation of Health and Environmental Hazards of Charcoal Production in Nigeria. In: ''African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation'' [Oguge, N., D. Ayal, L. Adeleke and I. da Silva (eds.)]. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 2293–2310. ISBN 978-3-030-45106-6.

<div id="Enqvist--2019"></div>

Enqvist, J. P. and G. Ziervogel, 2019: Water governance and justice in Cape Town: An overview. ''WIREs Water'' , '''6''' (4), e1354, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1354 .

<div id="Ericksen--2008"></div>

Ericksen, P. J., 2008: Conceptualizing food systems for global environmental change research. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''18''' (1), 234–245, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.09.002 .

<div id="Eriksen--2011"></div>

Eriksen, S. et al., 2011: When not every response to climate change is a good one: Identifying principles for sustainable adaptation. ''Climate and Development'' , '''3''' (1), 7–20, doi:10.3763/cdev.2010.0060.

<div id="Escalera-vázquez--2017"></div>

Escalera-vázquez, L. H., N. Calderón-cortés and L. Zambrano-gonzález, 2017: Fish population responses to hydrological variation in a seasonal wetland in southeast México. ''Neotropical Ichthyology'' , '''15''' (June), 1–10, doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20160129.

<div id="ESPA Directorate--2018"></div>

[[#ESPA%20Directorate--2018|ESPA Directorate, 2018]] : ''Research into Results for the ESPA Directorate. Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation Programme Highlights 2009–2018'' . ESPA Directorate, Edinburgh, UK. Available at: https://www.espa.ac.uk/files/espa/ESPA%20Programme%20Highlights%20Report%202009_2018.pdf .

<div id="Estevão--2020"></div>

Estevão, M., 2020: Climate-Smart Fiscal Policy Can Foster a Lasting Economic Recovery. ''One Earth'' , '''3''' (3), 273–276, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.08.017 .

<div id="Etim--2020"></div>

Etim, E. and O. Daramola, 2020: The Informal Sector and Economic Growth of South Africa and Nigeria: A Comparative Systematic Review. ''Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity'' , '''6''' (4), doi:10.3390/joitmc6040134.

<div id="Evan--2016"></div>

Evan, A. T., C. Flamant, M. Gaetani and F. Guichard, 2016: The past, present and future of African dust. ''Nature'' , '''531''' (7595), 493–495, doi:10.1038/nature17149.

<div id="Evans--2020"></div>

Evans, M. et al., 2020: Reconciling model predictions with low reported cases of COVID-19 in Sub-Saharan Africa: Insights from Madagascar. ''Global Health Action'' , '''13''' (1), doi:10.1101/2020.07.15.20149195.

<div id="Evariste--2018"></div>

Evariste, F. F., S. Denis Jean, K. Victor and M. Claudia, 2018: Assessing climate change vulnerability and local adaptation strategies in adjacent communities of the Kribi-Campo coastal ecosystems, South Cameroon. ''Urban Climate'' , '''24''' , 1037–1051, doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2017.12.007.

<div id="Eyring--2021"></div>

Eyring, V. et al., 2021: ''Human Influence on the Climate System. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu and B. Zhou (ed.)]. Cambridge University Press, In press pp. Available at: [[IPCC:Wg1:Downloads:Report:Ipcc_ar6_wgi_chapter_03.pdf|https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_03.pdf]] .

<div id="Fabiyi--2013"></div>

Fabiyi, O. O. and J. Oloukoi, 2013: Indigenous knowledge system and local adaptation strategies to flooding in coastal rural communities of Nigeria. ''Journal of Indigenous Social Development'' , '''2''' (1), 1–19.

<div id="Failler--2018"></div>

Failler, P. et al., 2018: ''The IPBES regional assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services for Africa'' [Archer, E., L. Dziba, K. J. Mulongoy, M. A. Maoela and M. Walters (eds.)]. Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn, Germany, 77–130 pp.

<div id="Falchetta--2020"></div>

Falchetta, G., A. T. Hammad and S. Shayegh, 2020: Planning universal accessibility to public health care in sub-Saharan Africa. ''Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A'' , '''117''' (50), 31760–31769, doi:10.1073/pnas.2009172117.

<div id="Falco--2012"></div>

Falco, S. D. et al., 2012: Estimating the Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture in Low-Income Countries: Household Level Evidence from the Nile Basin, Ethiopia. ''Environmental and Resource Economics'' , '''52''' (4), 457–478, doi:10.1007/s10640-011-9538-y.

<div id="Fankhauser--2010"></div>

Fankhauser, S., 2010: The costs of adaptation. ''Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change'' , '''1''' (1), 23–30, doi:10.1002/wcc.14.

<div id="Fanzo--2018"></div>

Fanzo, J., C. Davis, R. McLaren and J. Choufani, 2018: The effect of climate change across food systems: Implications for nutrition outcomes. ''Global Food Security'' , '''18''' , 12–19, doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2018.06.001.

<div id="FAO--2016"></div>

[[#FAO--2016|FAO, 2016]] : ''The State of Food and Agriculture: Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security'' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 173 pp. Available at: [http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6030e.pdf www.fao.org/3/a-i6030e.pdf] .

<div id="FAO--2017"></div>

[[#FAO--2017|FAO, 2017]] : ''Cash+: FAO’s Approach'' Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, 20 pp. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7864e.pdf .

<div id="FAO--2018a"></div>

[[#FAO--2018a|FAO, 2018a]] : Climate change and its impacts on the work and activities of FAO forestry. FAO, Rome.

<div id="FAO--2018b"></div>

[[#FAO--2018b|FAO, 2018b]] : ''The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture: Meeting the sustainable development goals'' [Barange, M., J. Alder, U. Barg, S. Funge-Smith, P. Mannini, M. Taconet and J. Plummer (eds.)]. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA), FAO, Rome, Italy, 277 pp. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/i9540en/i9540en.pdf .

<div id="FAO--2019"></div>

[[#FAO--2019|FAO, 2019]] : ''The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture'' [Bélanger, J. and D. Pilling (eds.)]. FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Assessments, FAO Rome, 575 pp. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/CA3129EN/CA3129EN.pdf .

<div id="FAO and ECA--2018"></div>

[[#FAO%20and%20ECA--2018|FAO and ECA, 2018]] : ''Africa: Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition. Addressing the threat from climate variability and extremes for food security and nutrition'' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, 116 pp. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/CA2710EN/ca2710en.pdf .

<div id="FAO et al.--2020"></div>

FAO et al., 2020: ''The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020. Transforming food systems for affordable healthy diets'' . The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI), FAO, Rome, Italy, 320 pp. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9692en .

<div id="Farrell--2018"></div>

Farrell, A. D., K. Rhiney, A. Eitzinger and P. Umaharan, 2018: Climate adaptation in a minor crop species: is the cocoa breeding network prepared for climate change? ''Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems'' , '''42''' (7), 812–833, doi:10.1080/21683565.2018.1448924.

<div id="Fauset--2012"></div>

Fauset, S. et al., 2012: Drought-induced shifts in the floristic and functional composition of tropical forests in Ghana. ''Ecology Letters'' , '''15''' (10), 1120–1129, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01834.x .

<div id="Fava--2021"></div>

Fava, F. et al., 2021: ''Building Financial Resilience in Pastoral Communities in Africa'' . The Financial Protection Forum and Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance Program (DRFIP) and World Bank Group Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, Washington, DC. Available at: https://www.financialprotectionforum.org/publication/building-financial-resilience-in-pastoral-communities-in-africa .

<div id="Faye--2018"></div>

Faye, B. et al., 2018: Impacts of 1.5 versus 2.0°C on cereal yields in the West African Sudan Savanna. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13''' (3), 034014, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aaab40.

<div id="Feary--2016"></div>

Feary, S. et al., 2016: ''Earth’s cultural heritage'' . Protected Area Governance and Management, ANU Press, Canberra, Australia ISBN 9781925021691.

<div id="Fedele--2019"></div>

Fedele, G. et al., 2019: Transformative adaptation to climate change for sustainable social-ecological systems. ''Environmental Science &amp; Policy'' , '''101''' , 116–125, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.07.001 .

<div id="Fenton--2015"></div>

Fenton, A., J. Paavola and A. Tallontire, 2015: Microfinance and climate change adaptation: An overview of the current literature. ''Enterprise Development and Microfinance'' , '''26''' , 262–273, doi:10.3362/1755-1986.2015.023.

<div id="Fenton--2014"></div>

Fenton, A. et al., 2014: Debt relief and financing climate change action. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''4''' (8), 650–653, doi:10.1038/nclimate2303.

<div id="Fernández-Llamazares--2015"></div>

Fernández-Llamazares, Á. et al., 2015: Rapid ecosystem change challenges the adaptive capacity of Local Environmental Knowledge. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''31''' , 272–284, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.02.001 .

<div id="Ferrão--2017"></div>

Ferrão, J. L., J. M. Mendes, M. Painho and S. Zacarias, 2017: Malaria mortality characterization and the relationship between malaria mortality and climate in Chimoio, Mozambique. ''Malaria Journal'' , '''16''' (1), 212, doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1866-0.

<div id="Fieldman--2011"></div>

Fieldman, G., 2011: Neoliberalism, the production of vulnerability and the hobbled state: Systemic barriers to climate adaptation. ''Climate and Development'' , '''3''' (2), 159–174, doi:10.1080/17565529.2011.582278.

<div id="Filahi--2016"></div>

Filahi, S. et al., 2016: Trends in indices of daily temperature and precipitations extremes in Morocco. ''Theoretical and Applied Climatology'' , '''124''' (3-4), 959–972, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-015-1472-4 .

<div id="Filahi--2017"></div>

Filahi, S., Y. Tramblay, L. Mouhir and E. P. Diaconescu, 2017: Projected changes in temperature and precipitation indices in Morocco from high-resolution regional climate models. ''International Journal of Climatology'' , '''37''' (14), 4846–4863, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5127 .

<div id="Finney--2020"></div>

Finney, D. L. et al., 2020: Effects of Explicit Convection on Future Projections of Mesoscale Circulations, Rainfall, and Rainfall Extremes over Eastern Africa. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''33''' (7), 2701–2718, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0328.1.

<div id="Fiorella--2019"></div>

Fiorella, K. J. et al., 2019: A review of transactional sex for natural resources: Under-researched, overstated, or unique to fishing economies? ''Global public health'' , '''14''' (12), 1803–1814, doi:10.1080/17441692.2019.1625941.

<div id="Fischer--2016"></div>

Fischer, E. M. and R. Knutti, 2016: Observed heavy precipitation increase confirms theory and early models. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6''' (11), 986–991, doi:10.1038/nclimate3110.

<div id="Fischer--2012"></div>

Fischer, E. M., K. W. Oleson and D. M. Lawrence, 2012: Contrasting urban and rural heat stress responses to climate change. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''39''' (3), doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050576 .

<div id="Fisher--2015"></div>

Fisher, M. et al., 2015: Drought tolerant maize for farmer adaptation to drought in sub-Saharan Africa: Determinants of adoption in eastern and southern Africa. ''Climatic Change'' , '''133''' (2), 283–299, doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1459-2.

<div id="Fisher-Jeffes--2017"></div>

Fisher-Jeffes, L., K. Carden and N. Armitage, 2017: A water sensitive urban design framework for South Africa. ''Town and Regional Planning'' , '''71''' , 1–10, doi: https://doi.org/10.18820/2415-0495/trp71i1.1 .

<div id="Fitchett--2018"></div>

Fitchett, J. M., 2018: Recent emergence of CAT5 tropical cyclones in the South Indian Ocean. ''South African Journal of Science'' , '''114''' (11-12), 1–6, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2018/4426 http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2018/4426] .

<div id="Fitchett--2016"></div>

Fitchett, J. M., B. Grant and G. Hoogendoorn, 2016: Climate change threats to two low-lying South African coastal towns: Risks and perceptions. ''South African Journal of Science'' , '''112''' (n.5-6), 1–9, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2016/20150262 http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2016/20150262]

<div id="Fjelde--2012"></div>

Fjelde, H. and N. von Uexkull, 2012: Climate triggers: Rainfall anomalies, vulnerability and communal conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa. ''Political Geography'' , '''31''' (7), 444–453, doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2012.08.004.

<div id="Flatø--2017"></div>

Flatø, M., R. Muttarak and A. Pelser, 2017: Women, Weather, and Woes: The Triangular Dynamics of Female-Headed Households, Economic Vulnerability, and Climate Variability in South Africa. ''World Development'' , '''90''' , 41–62, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.015 .

<div id="Fleifel--2019"></div>

Fleifel, E., J. Martin and A. Khalid, 2019: Gender Specific Vulnerabilities to Water Insecurity. Available at: https://ic-sd.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/eliana-fleifel.pdf (accessed 30/10/2020).

<div id="Fleisher--2010"></div>

Fleisher, D. et al., 2010: Effects of CO2 and temperature on crops: Lessons from SPAR growth chambers. In: ''Handbook of Climate Change and Agroecosystems: Impacts, Adaptation, And Mitigation'' [Hillel, D. and C. Rosenzweig (eds.)]. Imperial College Press, Singapore, pp. 55–86.

<div id="Fluet-Chouinard--2018"></div>

Fluet-Chouinard, E., S. Funge-Smith and P. B. McIntyre, 2018: Global hidden harvest of freshwater fish revealed by household surveys. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''115''' (29), 7623, doi:10.1073/pnas.1721097115.

<div id="Fonta--2018"></div>

Fonta, W. M., E. T. Ayuk and T. van Huysen, 2018: Africa and the Green Climate Fund: current challenges and future opportunities. ''Climate Policy'' , '''18''' (9), 1210–1225, doi:10.1080/14693062.2018.1459447.

<div id="Fontaine--2013"></div>

Fontaine, B., S. Janicot and P.-A. Monerie, 2013: Recent changes in air temperature, heat waves occurrences, and atmospheric circulation in Northern Africa. ''J Geophys Res-Atmos'' , '''118''' (15), 8536–8552, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50667.

<div id="Food Security Information Network (FSIN)--2019"></div>

[[#Food%20Security%20Information%20Network%20(FSIN)--2019|Food Security Information Network (FSIN), 2019]] : ''Global Report on Food Crises'' . World Food Programme, Rome, Italy. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/knowledge4policy/publication/global-report-food-crises-2019_en .

<div id="Foran--2014"></div>

Foran, T. et al., 2014: Taking Complexity in Food Systems Seriously: An Interdisciplinary Analysis. ''World Development'' , '''61''' , 85–101, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.03.023 .

<div id="Ford--2014"></div>

Ford, J. D. et al., 2014: The status of climate change adaptation in Africa and Asia. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''15''' (5), 801–814, doi:10.1007/s10113-014-0648-2.

<div id="Ford--2016"></div>

Ford, J. D. et al., 2016: Including indigenous knowledge and experience in IPCC assessment reports. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6''' (4), 349–353, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2954 .

<div id="Fore--2020"></div>

Fore, H. H., Q. Dongyu, D. M. Beasley and T. A. Ghebreyesus, 2020: Child malnutrition and COVID-19: the time to act is now. ''The Lancet'' , '''396''' (10250), 517–518, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31648-2.

<div id="Forsyth--2019"></div>

Forsyth, G. et al., 2019: ''The Knysna fires of 2017: learning from this disaster'' . CSIR, Stellenbosch University &amp; Santam Insurance, Stellenbosch, South Africa. Available at: https://cisp.cachefly.net/assets/articles/attachments/78574_the_knysna_fires_of_2017_learnings_from_the_disaster.pdf .

<div id="Fotso-Nguemo--2017"></div>

Fotso-Nguemo, T. C. et al., 2017: On the added value of the regional climate model REMO in the assessment of climate change signal over Central Africa. ''Clim Dyn'' , '''49''' (11-12), 3813–3838, doi:10.1007/s00382-017-3547-7.

<div id="Frame--2018"></div>

Frame, B. et al., 2018: Adapting global shared socio-economic pathways for national and local scenarios. ''Climate Risk Management'' , '''21''' , 39–51, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2018.05.001 .

<div id="Frame--2017"></div>

Frame, D. et al., 2017: Population-based emergence of unfamiliar climates. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''7''' (6), 407–411, doi:10.1038/nclimate3297.

<div id="Frank--2021"></div>

Frank, S. et al., 2021: Land-based climate change mitigation potentials within the agenda for sustainable development. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''16''' (2), 024006, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abc58a.

<div id="Franke--2020"></div>

Franke, J. A. et al., 2020: The GGCMI Phase 2 experiment: global gridded crop model simulations under uniform changes in CO 2 , temperature, water, and nitrogen levels (protocol version 1.0). ''Geosci. Model Dev.'' , '''13''' (5), 2315–2336, doi:10.5194/gmd-13-2315-2020.

<div id="Franke--2021"></div>

Franke, J. A. et al., 2021: Agricultural breadbaskets shift poleward given adaptive farmer behavior under climate change. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''28''' (1), 167–181, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15868 .

<div id="Free--2020"></div>

Free, C. M. et al., 2020: Realistic fisheries management reforms could mitigate the impacts of climate change in most countries. ''PLOS ONE'' , '''15''' (3), e0224347, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224347.

<div id="Frihy--2016"></div>

Frihy, O., W. Moufaddal, E. Deabes and E. E. D. Helmy, 2016: Economic evaluation of using marine dredged material for erosion control along the northeast coast of the Nile Delta, Egypt. ''Arabian Journal of Geosciences'' , '''9''' (14), 637, doi:10.1007/s12517-016-2660-y.

<div id="Frölicher--2018"></div>

Frölicher, T. L., E. M. Fischer and N. Gruber, 2018: Marine heatwaves under global warming. ''Nature'' , '''560''' (7718), 360–364, doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0383-9.

<div id="Fuller--2018"></div>

Fuller, T. L. et al., 2018: Climate warming causes declines in crop yields and lowers school attendance rates in Central Africa. ''Science of The Total Environment'' , '''610-611''' , 503–510, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.041 .

<div id="Funge-Smith--2019"></div>

Funge-Smith, S. and A. Bennett, 2019: A fresh look at inland fisheries and their role in food security and livelihoods. ''Fish and Fisheries'' , '''20''' (6), 1176–1195, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12403 .

<div id="Funk--2018a"></div>

Funk, C. et al., 2018a: 18. Anthropogenic enhancement of moderate-to-strong El Niño events likely contributed to drought and poor harvests in southern Africa during 2016. ''Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc'' , '''99''' , S91-S96, doi:10.1175/bams-d-17-0112.1.

<div id="Funk--2017"></div>

Funk, C. et al., 2017: ''Climate Change Vulnerability, Impacts and Adaptation Assessment for East Africa: Summary for Policy Makers'' . USAID, Burlington, Vermont, 31 pp. Available at: https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2017_USAID-PREPARED-TetraTech_Vulnerability-Impacts-Adaptation-Assessment-East-Africa-Water.pdf .

<div id="Funk--2018b"></div>

Funk, C. et al., 2018b: Examining the role of unusually warm Indo-Pacific sea-surface temperatures in recent African droughts. ''Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society'' , '''144''' (S1), 360–383, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3266 .

<div id="Funk--2015"></div>

Funk, C., S. Shukla, A. Hoell and B. Livneh, 2015: 16. ASSESSING THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF EAST AFRICAN AND WEST PACIFIC WARMING TO THE 2014 BOREAL SPRING EAST AFRICAN DROUGHT. ''Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society'' , '''96''' (12), S77-S82.

<div id="Galle--2018"></div>

Galle, S. et al., 2018: AMMA-CATCH, a Critical Zone Observatory in West Africa Monitoring a Region in Transition. ''Vadose Zone Journal'' , '''17''' (1), 180062, doi: https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2018.03.0062 .

<div id="Gan--2016"></div>

Gan, T. Y. et al., 2016: Possible climate change/variability and human impacts, vulnerability of drought-prone regions, water resources and capacity building for Africa. ''Hydrological Sciences Journal'' , '''61''' (7), 1209–1226, doi:10.1080/02626667.2015.1057143.

<div id="Gannon--2018"></div>

Gannon, K. E. et al., 2018: Business experience of floods and drought-related water and electricity supply disruption in three cities in sub-Saharan Africa during the 2015/2016 El Niño. ''Global Sustainability'' , '''1''' (e14), 1–15, doi:10.1017/sus.2018.14.

<div id="Gao--2011"></div>

Gao, H. et al., 2011: On the causes of the shrinking of Lake Chad. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''6''' (3), doi:10.1088/1748-9326/6/3/034021.

<div id="García Criado--2020"></div>

García Criado, M. et al., 2020: Woody plant encroachment intensifies under climate change across tundra and savanna biomes. ''Global Ecology and Biogeography'' , '''29''' (5), 925–943, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13072 .

<div id="García--2014"></div>

García, L. E. et al., 2014: ''Beyond Downscaling: A Bottom-Up Approach to Climate Adaptation for Water Resources Management'' . World Bank Group, Washington DC.

<div id="García Molinos--2016"></div>

García Molinos, J. et al., 2016: Climate velocity and the future global redistribution of marine biodiversity. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6''' (1), 83–88, doi:10.1038/nclimate2769.

<div id="Garcia--2016"></div>

Garcia, R. A., M. Cabeza, R. Altwegg and M. B. Araújo, 2016: Do projections from bioclimatic envelope models and climate change metrics match? ''Global Ecology and Biogeography'' , '''25''' (1), 65–74, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12386 .

<div id="Garcia--2014"></div>

Garcia, R. A., M. Cabeza, C. Rahbek and M. B. Araújo, 2014: Multiple Dimensions of Climate Change and Their Implications for Biodiversity. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''344''' (6183), 1247579, doi:10.1126/science.1247579.

<div id="García-Pando--2014"></div>

García-Pando, C. P. et al., 2014: Soil dust aerosols and wind as predictors of seasonal meningitis incidence in Niger. ''Environmental health perspectives'' , '''122''' (7), 679–686, doi: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306640 .

<div id="Gasparrini--2015"></div>

Gasparrini, A. et al., 2015: Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: a multicountry observational study. ''Lancet'' , '''386''' (9991), 369–375, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62114-0.

<div id="Gates--2019"></div>

Gates, A. et al., 2019: Short-term association between ambient temperature and homicide in South Africa: a case-crossover study. ''Environmental Health'' , '''18:109''' , doi:10.1186/s12940-019-0549-4.

<div id="Gaythorpe--2020"></div>

Gaythorpe, K. A. M. et al., 2020: The effect of climate change on yellow fever disease burden in Africa. ''eLife'' , '''9''' , e55619, doi:10.7554/eLife.55619.

<div id="GCF--2018a"></div>

[[#GCF--2018a|GCF, 2018a]] : ''Programme for integrated development and adaptation to climate change in the Niger Basin (PIDACC/NB)'' . Green Climate Fund (GCF), Incheon, Republic of Korea, 3 pp. Available at: https://www.greenclimate.fund/project/fp092 .

<div id="GCF--2018b"></div>

[[#GCF--2018b|GCF, 2018b]] : ''Updated Gender Policy and Action Plan 2018–2020'' . Green Climate Fund, Manama, Bahrain, 24 pp. Available at: https://www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/gcf-b21-02.pdf .

<div id="Gebre--2021"></div>

Gebre, G. G. and D. B. Rahut, 2021: Prevalence of household food insecurity in East Africa: Linking food access with climate vulnerability. ''Climate Risk Management'' , '''33''' , 100333, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100333 .

<div id="Gebrechorkos--2019"></div>

Gebrechorkos, S. H., S. Hülsmann and C. Bernhofer, 2019: Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania. ''International Journal of Climatology'' , '''39''' (1), 18–30, doi:10.1002/joc.5777.

<div id="Gebremeskel Haile--2019"></div>

Gebremeskel Haile, G. et al., 2019: Droughts in East Africa: Causes, impacts and resilience. ''Earth-Science Reviews'' , '''193''' , 146–161, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.04.015 .

<div id="Gebresenbet--2012"></div>

Gebresenbet, F. and A. Kefale, 2012: Traditional coping mechanisms for climate change of pastoralists in South Omo, Ethiopia. ''Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.'' , '''11''' (4), 573–579.

<div id="GEF--2019"></div>

[[#GEF--2019|GEF, 2019]] : ''Mozambique: Building Resilience in the Coastal Zone through Ecosystem Based Approaches to Adaptation (EbA)'' . Global Environment Facility, Washington, DC, 2 pp. Available at: https://www.thegef.org/project/mozambique-building-resilience-coastal-zone-through-ecosystem-based-approaches-adaptation .

<div id="GEF and FAO--2021"></div>

[[#GEF%20and%20FAO--2021|GEF and FAO, 2021]] : ''Enhancing Climate Change Resilience in the Benguela Current Fisheries System'' . FAO and the GEF Partnering for Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment, '''2021''' , FAO and the GEF, FAO, Rome, Italy, 2 pp. Available at: http://www.fao.org/gef/projects/detail/en/c/1056798/ .

<div id="Gemenne--2017a"></div>

Gemenne, F. and J. Blocher, 2017a: How can migration serve adaptation to climate change? Challenges to fleshing out a policy ideal. ''The Geographical Journal'' , '''183''' (4), 336–347, doi:10.1111/geoj.12205.

<div id="Gemenne--2017b"></div>

Gemenne, F. and J. a. Blocher, 2017b: Climate change, natural disasters and population displacements in West Africa. ''Geo-Eco-Trop'' , '''41''' (3), 317–337.

<div id="Ghanem--2011"></div>

Ghanem, H., 2011: The State of Food and Agriculture: Women in Agriculture–Closing the Gender Gap for Development. ''Rome: Food and agricultural organization of the United Nations (FAO)'' .

<div id="Ghermandi--2019"></div>

Ghermandi, A., D. Obura, C. Knudsen and P. A. L. D. Nunes, 2019: Marine ecosystem services in the Northern Mozambique Channel: A geospatial and socio-economic analysis for policy support. ''Ecosystem Services'' , '''35''' , 1–12, doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.10.009.

<div id="Giannini--2019"></div>

Giannini, A. and A. Kaplan, 2019: The role of aerosols and greenhouse gases in Sahel drought and recovery. ''Climatic Change'' , '''152''' (3), 449–466, doi:10.1007/s10584-018-2341-9.

<div id="Giesen--2020"></div>

Giesen, C. et al., 2020: The impact of climate change on mosquito-borne diseases in Africa. ''Pathogens and Global Health'' , '''114''' (6), 287–301, doi:10.1080/20477724.2020.1783865.

<div id="Gilbert--2018"></div>

Gilbert, M. et al., 2018: Global distribution data for cattle, buffaloes, horses, sheep, goats, pigs, chickens and ducks in 2010. ''Scientific Data'' , '''5''' (1), 180227, doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.227.

<div id="Gillson--2013"></div>

Gillson, L., T. P. Dawson, S. Jack and M. A. McGeoch, 2013: Accommodating climate change contingencies in conservation strategy. ''Trends Ecol Evol'' , '''28''' (3), 135–142, doi:10.1016/j.tree.2012.10.008.

<div id="Giorgi--2019"></div>

Giorgi, F., F. Raffaele and E. Coppola, 2019: The response of precipitation characteristics to global warming from climate projections. ''Earth System Dynamics'' , '''10''' (1), 73–89, doi:10.5194/esd-10-73-2019.

<div id="Global Index Insurance Facility--2019"></div>

[[#Global%20Index%20Insurance%20Facility--2019|Global Index Insurance Facility, 2019]] : ''Zambia'' . Global Index Insurance Facility, Washington, DC, 2 pp. Available at: https://www.indexinsuranceforum.org/sites/default/files/29947_CountryProfile_Zambia_March30.pdf .

<div id="Global Parametrics--2021"></div>

[[#Global%20Parametrics--2021|Global Parametrics, 2021]] : Global Parametrics Natural Disaster Fund launched with Vision Fund initiative, Global Parametrics, London, UK. Available at: https://www.globalparametrics.com/news/global-parametrics-natural-disaster-fund-launched-with-vision-fund-initiative/ .

<div id="Godde--2021"></div>

Godde, C. M. et al., 2021: Impacts of climate change on the livestock food supply chain; a review of the evidence. ''Global Food Security'' , '''28''' , 100488, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100488 .

<div id="Godsmark--2019"></div>

Godsmark, C. N. et al., 2019: Priority focus areas for a sub-national response to climate change and health: A South African provincial case study. ''Environment International'' , '''122''' , 31–51, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.035 .

<div id="Golden--2016"></div>

Golden, C. D. et al., 2016: Nutrition: Fall in fish catch threatens human health. ''Nature'' , '''534''' (7607), 317–320, doi:10.1038/534317a.

<div id="Golden--2021"></div>

Golden, C. D. et al., 2021: Aquatic foods to nourish nations. ''Nature'' , '''598''' (7880), 315–320, doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03917-1.

<div id="Gone--2014"></div>

Gone, T., M. Balkew and T. Gebre-Michael, 2014: Comparative entomological study on ecology and behaviour of Anopheles mosquitoes in highland and lowland localities of Derashe District, southern Ethiopia. ''Parasites &amp; Vectors'' , '''7''' (1), doi:10.1186/s13071-014-0483-9.

<div id="Government of Algeria--2004"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Algeria--2004|Government of Algeria, 2004]] : Law No. 04-20 relative to the Prevention of Major Risks and the Management of Catastrophes in the Framework of Sustainable Development, Algeria.

<div id="Government of Benin--2018"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Benin--2018|Government of Benin, 2018]] : Regulating Climate Change, Benin.

<div id="Government of Burkina Faso--2015"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Burkina%20Faso--2015|Government of Burkina Faso, 2015]] : ''Burkina Faso National Climate Change Adaptation Plan (NAP)'' , Burkina Faso Ministry of Environment and Fishery Resources, UNFCCC, Ouagadougou. Available at: https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NAPC/Documents/Parties/PNA_Version_version%20finale%5BTransmission%5D.pdf .

<div id="Government of Cameroon--2015"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Cameroon--2015|Government of Cameroon, 2015]] : ''Plan National d’Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques du Cameroun'' , Cameroun Ministere de l’Environnement de Laprotection de la Nature et du Developpement Durable, Government of Cameroon, Yaounde. Available at: https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NAPC/Documents/Parties/PNACC_Cameroun_VF_Validée_24062015%20-%20FINAL.pdf .

<div id="Government of Cape Verde--2014"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Cape%20Verde--2014|Government of Cape Verde, 2014]] : Resolution no. 87/2014 (creating the Steering Committee of the project ‘Strengthening Capacity of Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change in the Water Sector in Cape Verde’), Cape Verde.

<div id="Government of Central African Republic--2008"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Central%20African%20Republic--2008|Government of Central African Republic, 2008]] : Law no. 08.222 (on the forestry code), Central African Republic.

<div id="Government of Ethiopia--2019"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Ethiopia--2019|Government of Ethiopia, 2019]] : ''Ethiopia’s Climate Resilient Green Economy: National Adaptation Plan'' , Commission, E. E. F. a. C. C., Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. Available at: [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=10&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi_r9-UnIDlAhWgSRUIHYosAQYQFjAJegQIARAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww4.unfccc.int%2Fsites%2FNAPC%2FDocuments%2FParties%2FFinal%2520Ethiopia-national-adaptation-plan%2520%25281%2529.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1u-dBNOG1S-N1MuQObwZ7o https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=10&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=2ahUKEwi_r9-UnIDlAhWgSRUIHYosAQYQFjAJegQIARAC&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww4.unfccc.int%2Fsites%2FNAPC%2FDocuments%2FParties%2FFinal%2520Ethiopia-national-adaptation-plan%2520%25281%2529.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1u-dBNOG1S-N1MuQObwZ7o] .

<div id="Government of Gabon--2016"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Gabon--2016|Government of Gabon, 2016]] : Decree No. 0122 setting the responsibilities, organization and functioning of the National Council on Climate Change, Gabon.

<div id="Government of Ghana--2018"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Ghana--2018|Government of Ghana, 2018]] : Public statement that a climate change law is under consideration, Ghana.

<div id="Government of Guinea Bissau--2011"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Guinea%20Bissau--2011|Government of Guinea Bissau, 2011]] : Law No. 1/2011 approving the Basic Legislation on Environment, Guinea Bissau.

<div id="Government of Ivory Coast--2012"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Ivory%20Coast--2012|Government of Ivory Coast, 2012]] : Decree No. 2012-1049 of 24 October 2012 establishing the organization and functioning of the National Commission for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, Ivory Coast.

<div id="Government of Kenya--2016"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Kenya--2016|Government of Kenya, 2016]] : Climate Change Act No 11 of 2016, Kenya.

<div id="Government of Kenya--2017"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Kenya--2017|Government of Kenya, 2017]] : ''National Climate Change Action Plan 2013–2017'' , Resources, M. o. E. a. N., Government Printer, Nairobi. Available at: http://www.environment.go.ke/wpcontent/uploads/2018/08/nationalclimatechangeactionplan2013-2017.pdf

<div id="Government of Lesotho--2008"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Lesotho--2008|Government of Lesotho, 2008]] : Lesotho: Environment Act 2008 (No. 10 of 2008), Lesotho.

<div id="Government of Liberia--2002"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Liberia--2002|Government of Liberia, 2002]] : Environmental Protection and Management Law of the Republic of Liberia, Liberia.

<div id="Government of Madagascar--2015"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Madagascar--2015|Government of Madagascar, 2015]] : Law no. 2015-031 on the National Policy of Risk Management and Catastrophes, Madagascar.

<div id="Government of Malawi--2017"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Malawi--2017|Government of Malawi, 2017]] : Environment Management Act, 2017 (No. 19 of 2017), Malawi.

<div id="Government of Malawi--2019"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Malawi--2019|Government of Malawi, 2019]] : ''Malawi 2019 Floods Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA)'' , 106 pp. Available at: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Malawi%202019%20Floods%20Post%20Disaster%20Needs%20Assessment%20Report.pdf (accessed 30/10/2020).

<div id="Government of Mali--2016"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Mali--2016|Government of Mali, 2016]] : Ordinance No. 2016-007 P-RM of 25 February 2016 establishing the Project to Strengthen Resilience to Food Insecurity and Decree No. 2011-107-PM-RM of March 11, 2011 establishing the National Climate Change Committee Mali, Mali.

<div id="Government of Morocco--2014"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Morocco--2014|Government of Morocco, 2014]] : Framework Law 99-12 on the National Charter for the Environment and Sustainable Development, Morocco.

<div id="Government of Mozambique--2014"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Mozambique--2014|Government of Mozambique, 2014]] : Law No. 15/2014 establishing the legal framework for disaster management, Mozambique.

<div id="Government of Mozambique--2019"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Mozambique--2019|Government of Mozambique, 2019]] : ''Mozambique Cyclone Idai: Post Disaster Needs Assessment'' . Government of Mozambique, Maputo. Available at: https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Climate%20and%20Disaster%20Resilience/PDNA/PDNA%20Mozambique%20Cyclone%20Idai%20-%20Post-Disaster%20Needs%20Assessment_Executive%20Summary.pdf .

<div id="Government of Niger--1998"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Niger--1998|Government of Niger, 1998]] : Law no. 98-56 (Framework Law on Environmental Management), Niger.

<div id="Government of Nigeria--2017"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Nigeria--2017|Government of Nigeria, 2017]] : Climate Change Bill 2017, Nigeria.

<div id="Government of Republic of Rwanda--2020"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Republic%20of%20Rwanda--2020|Government of Republic of Rwanda, 2020]] : ''Updated Nationally Determined Contribution'' Minister of Environment Republic of Rwanda, Rwanda, M. o. E. R. o., 96 pp. Available at: https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Rwanda%20First/Rwanda_Updated_NDC_May_2020.pdf .

<div id="Government of Rwanda--2012"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Rwanda--2012|Government of Rwanda, 2012]] : Law No. 16 of 22 May 2012, determining the Organisation, Functioning and Mission of the National Fund for Environment, Rwanda.

<div id="Government of Sierra Leone--2012"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Sierra%20Leone--2012|Government of Sierra Leone, 2012]] : The National Protected Area Authority and Conservation Trust Fund Act, 2012 (No. 11 of 2012), Sierra Leone.

<div id="Government of Somalia--2018"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Somalia--2018|Government of Somalia, 2018]] : ''Somalia Drought Impact and Needs Assessment (DINA) Vol. 2'' , '''2''' , 180 pp. Available at: https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/climate-and-disaster-resilience-/somalia-drought-impact-and-needs-assessment.html (accessed 10 July 2021).

<div id="Government of South Africa--2018"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20South%20Africa--2018|Government of South Africa, 2018]] : Climate Change Bill, South Africa.

<div id="Government of Tanzania--2004"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Tanzania--2004|Government of Tanzania, 2004]] : Environmental Management Act 20 of 2004, Tanzania.

<div id="Government of the Republic of Kenya--2018"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20the%20Republic%20of%20Kenya--2018|Government of the Republic of Kenya, 2018]] : ''National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya): 2018–2022'' . Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Forestry, M. o. E. a., Nairobi, Kenya, 110 pp. Available at: https://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/8737.pdf .

<div id="Government of the Republic of Zambia--2010"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20the%20Republic%20of%20Zambia--2010|Government of the Republic of Zambia, 2010]] : ''National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) Zambia'' . Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources, Ministry of Tourism, E. a. N. R., Lusaka, Zambia, 135 pp. Available at: https://www.adaptation-undp.org/sites/default/files/downloads/zambia-climate_change_response_strategy.pdf .

<div id="Government of the Seychelles--2015"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20the%20Seychelles--2015|Government of the Seychelles, 2015]] : Conservation and Climate Adaptation Trust of Seychelles Act 18 of 2015, Seychelles.

<div id="Government of The Seychelles--2020"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20The%20Seychelles--2020|Government of The Seychelles, 2020]] : ''Seychelles National Climate Change Strategy'' . Seychelles Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change, Seychelles, G. o. T., 32 pp. Available at: http://www.meecc.gov.sc/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/seychelles-national-climate-change-policy-may-2020.pdf .

<div id="Government of Togo--2008"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Togo--2008|Government of Togo, 2008]] : Law 2008-005 - Framework Law on the Environment, Togo.

<div id="Government of Togo--2016"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Togo--2016|Government of Togo, 2016]] : ''Plan National d’Adaption aux Changements Climatiques du Togo (PNACC)'' , Forestieres, M. d. l. E. e. d. R., Ministere de l’Environment et des Ressources Forestieres, Lome. Available at: https://www.preventionweb.net/files/12232_TogoNAPA.pdf .

<div id="Government of Uganda--2018"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Uganda--2018|Government of Uganda, 2018]] : Climate Change Bill 2018, Uganda.

<div id="Government of Zambia--2016"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Zambia--2016|Government of Zambia, 2016]] : Constitution of Zambia (Amendment) Act No. 2 of 2016, Zambia.

<div id="Government of Zimbabwe--2019"></div>

[[#Government%20of%20Zimbabwe--2019|Government of Zimbabwe, 2019]] : Draft Climate Change Bill, 2019, Zimbabwe.

<div id="Governmet of the United Republic of Tanzania--2011"></div>

[[#Governmet%20of%20the%20United%20Republic%20of%20Tanzania--2011|Governmet of the United Republic of Tanzania, 2011]] : ''National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan'' , President, O. o. t. V., Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 100 pp. Available at: http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/fileadmin/_migrated/content_uploads/TZ_CC_strategy_draft_Jan_2012_01.pdf .

<div id="Gownaris--2016"></div>

Gownaris, N. J. et al., 2016: Fisheries and water level fluctuations in the world’s largest desert lake. ''Ecohydrology'' , '''10''' (1), e1769, doi:10.1002/eco.1769.

<div id="Gownaris--2018"></div>

Gownaris, N. J. et al., 2018: Water level fluctuations and the ecosystem functioning of lakes. ''Journal of Great Lakes Research'' , '''44''' (6), 1154–1163, doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2018.08.005.

<div id="Grace--2018"></div>

Grace, K., V. Hertrich, D. Singare and G. Husak, 2018: Examining rural Sahelian out-migration in the context of climate change: An analysis of the linkages between rainfall and out-migration in two Malian villages from 1981 to 2009. ''World Development'' , '''109''' , 187–196, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.04.009 .

<div id="Graff Zivin--2014"></div>

Graff Zivin, J. and M. Neidell, 2014: Temperature and the Allocation of Time: Implications for Climate Change. ''Journal of Labor Economics'' , '''32''' (1), 1–26, doi:10.1086/671766.

<div id="Graham--2016"></div>

Graham, J. P., M. Hirai and S. S. Kim, 2016: An Analysis of Water Collection Labor among Women and Children in 24 Sub-Saharan African Countries. ''PLoS One'' , '''11''' (6), e0155981, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155981.

<div id="Granoff--2016"></div>

Granoff, I., J. R. Hogarth and A. Miller, 2016: Nested barriers to low-carbon infrastructure investment. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6''' (12), 1065–1071, doi:10.1038/nclimate3142.

<div id="Grant--2015"></div>

Grant, B. C., 2015: Investigating tourism and climate change: the case of St Francis Bay and Cape St Francis. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

<div id="Grasham--2019"></div>

Grasham, C. F., M. Korzenevica and K. J. Charles, 2019: On considering climate resilience in urban water security: A review of the vulnerability of the urban poor in sub-Saharan Africa. ''Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water'' , '''6''' (3), doi:10.1002/wat2.1344.

<div id="Gray--2012"></div>

Gray, C. and V. Mueller, 2012: Drought and population mobility in rural Ethiopia. ''World Dev'' , '''40''' (1), 134–145, doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.05.023.

<div id="Gray--2016"></div>

Gray, C. and E. Wise, 2016: Country-specific effects of climate variability on human migration. ''Climatic Change'' , '''135''' ((3–4)), 555–568, doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1592-y.

<div id="Gray--2016"></div>

Gray, C. L. et al., 2016: Local biodiversity is higher inside than outside terrestrial protected areas worldwide. ''Nature Communications'' , '''7''' (1), 12306, doi:10.1038/ncomms12306.

<div id="Gray Emma--2013"></div>

Gray Emma, F. and J. Bond William, 2013: Will woody plant encroachment impact the visitor experience and economy of conservation areas? : original research. ''Koedoe : African Protected Area Conservation and Science'' , '''55''' (1), 1–9, doi:10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1106.

<div id="Greatrex--2015"></div>

Greatrex, H. et al., 2015: ''Scaling up index insurance for smallholder farmers: Recent evidence and insights'' . CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), CCAFS, Copenhagen, Denmark, 32 pp. Available at: https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/53101/CCAFS_Report14.pdf .

<div id="Greene--2020"></div>

Greene, S. et al., 2020: ''Understanding local climate priorities. Applying a gender and generation focused planning tool in mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar'' . International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep29063 (accessed 2021/08/30/).

<div id="Greve--2019"></div>

Greve, P., M. L. Roderick, A. M. Ukkola and Y. Wada, 2019: The aridity Index under global warming. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''14''' (12), 124006, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab5046.

<div id="Griscom--2017"></div>

Griscom, B. W. et al., 2017: Natural climate solutions. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''114''' (44), 11645, doi:10.1073/pnas.1710465114.

<div id="Groth--2021"></div>

Groth, J. et al., 2021: Investigating environment-related migration processes in Ethiopia – A participatory Bayesian network. ''Ecosystems and People'' , '''17''' (1), 128–147, doi:10.1080/26395916.2021.1895888.

<div id="Gu--2015"></div>

Gu, D., P. Gerland, Pelletier and B. Cohen, 2015: ''Risks of Exposure and Vulnerability to Natural Disasters at the City Level: A Global Overview'' . Nations, U., 48 pp. Available at: https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2014-TechnicalPaper-NaturalDisaster.pdf .

<div id="Gu--2020"></div>

Gu, X. et al., 2020: Impacts of anthropogenic warming and uneven regional socio-economic development on global river flood risk. ''Journal of Hydrology'' , '''590''' , 125262, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125262 .

<div id="Guan--2017"></div>

Guan, K. et al., 2017: Assessing climate adaptation options and uncertainties for cereal systems in West Africa. ''Agricultural and Forest Meteorology'' , '''232''' , 291–305, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.07.021.

<div id="Gudoshava--2020"></div>

Gudoshava, M. et al., 2020: Projected effects of 1.5 C and 2 C global warming levels on the intra-seasonal rainfall characteristics over the Greater Horn of Africa. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''15''' (3), 034037, doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab6b33 .

<div id="Gulacha--2017"></div>

Gulacha, M. M. and D. M. M. Mulungu, 2017: Generation of climate change scenarios for precipitation and temperature at local scales using SDSM in Wami-Ruvu River Basin Tanzania. ''Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C'' , '''100''' , 62–72, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.10.003 .

<div id="Gumucio--2020"></div>

Gumucio, T., J. Hansen, S. Huyer and T. van Huysen, 2020: Gender-responsive rural climate services: a review of the literature. ''Climate and Development'' , '''12''' (3), 241–254, doi:10.1080/17565529.2019.1613216.

<div id="Güneralp--2015"></div>

Güneralp, B., İ. Güneralp and Y. Liu, 2015: Changing global patterns of urban exposure to flood and drought hazards. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''31''' , 217–225, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.01.002.

<div id="Gurewich--2020"></div>

Gurewich, D., A. Garg and N. R. Kressin, 2020: Addressing Social Determinants of Health Within Healthcare Delivery Systems: a Framework to Ground and Inform Health Outcomes. ''Journal of General Internal Medicine'' , '''35''' (5), 1571–1575, doi:10.1007/s11606-020-05720-6.

<div id="Gutiérrez--2021"></div>

Gutiérrez, J. M. et al., 2021: ''Atlas'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu and B. Zhou (ed.)]. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change '''In Press''' , Cambridge University Press. Available at: [[IPCC:Wg1:Downloads:Report:Ipcc_ar6_wgi_atlas.pdf|https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Atlas.pdf]] .

<div id="Habermann--2019"></div>

Habermann, E. et al., 2019: Warming and water deficit impact leaf photosynthesis and decrease forage quality and digestibility of a C4 tropical grass. ''Physiologia Plantarum'' , '''165''' (2), 383–402, doi:10.1111/ppl.12891.

<div id="Haensler--2013"></div>

Haensler, A., F. Saeed and D. Jacob, 2013: Assessing the robustness of projected precipitation changes over central Africa on the basis of a multitude of global and regional climate projections. ''Climatic Change'' , '''121''' (2), 349–363, doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0863-8.

<div id="Hagos--2014"></div>

Hagos, S. et al., 2014: Climate change, crop production and child under nutrition in Ethiopia; a longitudinal panel study. ''BMC public health'' , '''14''' , 884, doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-884.

<div id="Haile--2020"></div>

Haile, G. G. et al., 2020: Projected Impacts of Climate Change on Drought Patterns Over East Africa. ''Earth’s Future'' , '''8''' (7), e2020EF001502, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EF001502 .

<div id="Hall--2007"></div>

Hall, K., I. Meiklejohn and J. Arocena, 2007: The thermal responses of rock art pigments: Implications for rock art weathering in southern Africa. ''Geomorphology'' , '''91''' (1), 132–145, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.02.002 .

<div id="Hallegatte--2016"></div>

Hallegatte, S. et al., 2016: ''“Shock Waves” Managing the Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty'' . Climate Change and Development Series, The World Bank, Washington, DC, 227 pp. ISBN 978-1-4648-0674-2.

<div id="Hallegatte--2018"></div>

Hallegatte, S. et al., 2018: ''The Economics of (and Obstacles to) Aligning Development and Climate Change Adaptation: A World Bank Group Contribution to the Global Commission on Adaptation'' . Global Commission on Adaptation, Rotterdam and Washington, DC, 22 pp. Available at: https://gca.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/18_WP_GCA_Economics_1001_final.pdf .

<div id="Hallegatte--2017"></div>

Hallegatte, S. and J. Rozenberg, 2017: Climate change through a poverty lens. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''7''' (4), 250–256, doi:10.1038/nclimate3253.

<div id="Hambira--2015"></div>

Hambira, W. L. and J. Saarinen, 2015: Policy-makers’ perceptions of the tourism–climate change nexus: Policy needs and constraints in Botswana. ''Development Southern Africa'' , '''32''' (3), 350–362, doi:10.1080/0376835X.2015.1010716.

<div id="Hambira--2020"></div>

Hambira, W. L., J. Saarinen and O. Moses, 2020: Climate change policy in a world of uncertainty: changing environment, knowledge, and tourism in Botswana. ''African Geographical Review'' , '''39''' (3), 252–266, doi:10.1080/19376812.2020.1719366.

<div id="Hamed--2018"></div>

Hamed, Y. et al., 2018: Climate impact on surface and groundwater in North Africa: a global synthesis of findings and recommendations. ''Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration'' , '''3''' (1), doi:10.1007/s41207-018-0067-8.

<div id="Han--2019"></div>

Han, F., K. H. Cook and E. K. Vizy, 2019: Changes in intense rainfall events and dry periods across Africa in the twenty-first century. ''Clim Dyn'' , '''53''' (5), 2757–2777, doi:10.1007/s00382-019-04653-z.

<div id="Hannah--2020"></div>

Hannah, L. et al., 2020: 30% land conservation and climate action reduces tropical extinction risk by more than 50%. ''Ecography'' , '''43''' (7), 943–953, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05166 .

<div id="Hansen--2019a"></div>

Hansen, J. et al., 2019a: ''Scaling Climate Services to Enable Effective Adaptation Action'' . Adaptation, G. C. o., Rotterdam, the Netherlands &amp; Washington, DC, United States. Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/10568/105763 .

<div id="Hansen--2019b"></div>

Hansen, J. et al., 2019b: Climate risk management and rural poverty reduction. ''Agricultural Systems'' , '''172''' , 28–46, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.01.019 .

<div id="Hansen--2019c"></div>

Hansen, J. W. et al., 2019c: Climate Services Can Support African Farmers’ Context-Specific Adaptation Needs at Scale. ''Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems'' , '''3''' (21), 1–16, doi:10.3389/fsufs.2019.00021.

<div id="Harari--2018"></div>

Harari, M. and E. L. Ferrara, 2018: Conflict, Climate, and Cells: A Disaggregated Analysis. ''The Review of Economics and Statistics'' , '''100''' (4), 594–608, doi:10.1162/rest_a_00730.

<div id="Harkin--2020"></div>

Harkin, K. et al., 2020: Impacts of climate change on cultural heritage. ''MCCIP Sci. Rev'' , '''16''' , 24–39, doi:10.14465/2020.arc26.che.

<div id="Harmanny--2019"></div>

Harmanny, K. S. and Ž. Malek, 2019: Adaptations in irrigated agriculture in the Mediterranean region: an overview and spatial analysis of implemented strategies. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''19''' (5), 1401–1416, doi:10.1007/s10113-019-01494-8.

<div id="Harrington--2016"></div>

Harrington, L. J. et al., 2016: Poorest countries experience earlier anthropogenic emergence of daily temperature extremes. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''11''' (5), 055007, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/5/055007.

<div id="Harrington--2017"></div>

Harrington, L. J., D. J. Frame, E. Hawkins and M. Joshi, 2017: Seasonal cycles enhance disparities between low- and high-income countries in exposure to monthly temperature emergence with future warming. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''12''' (11), 114039, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa95ae.

<div id="Harrington--2020"></div>

Harrington, L. J. and F. E. L. Otto, 2020: Reconciling theory with the reality of African heatwaves. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''10''' (9), 796–798, doi:10.1038/s41558-020-0851-8.

<div id="Harris--2016"></div>

Harris, L. et al., 2016: Intersections of gender and water: comparative approaches to everyday gendered negotiations of water access in underserved areas of Accra, Ghana and Cape Town, South Africa. ''Journal of Gender Studies'' , '''26''' (5), 561–582, doi:10.1080/09589236.2016.1150819.

<div id="Harrison--2019"></div>

Harrison, L., C. Funk and P. Peterson, 2019: Identifying changing precipitation extremes in Sub-Saharan Africa with gauge and satellite products. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''14''' (8), 085007, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab2cae.

<div id="Harrod--2018a"></div>

Harrod, C., A. Ramirez, J. Valbo-Jorgensen and S. Funge-Smith, 2018a: How climate change impacts inland fisheries. In: ''Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture: synthesis of current knowledge, adaptation and mitigation options'' [Barange, M., T. Bahri, M. Beveridge, K. Cochrane, S. Funge-Smith and F. Poulain (eds.)]. FAO, Rome, pp. 375–391. ISBN 9789251306079.

<div id="Harrod--2018b"></div>

Harrod, C., A. Ramirez, J. Valbo-Jorgensen and S. F. Smith, 2018b: Current anthropogenic stress and projected effect of climate change on global inland fisheries. [Barange, M., T. Bahri, M. Beveridge, K. Cochrane and S. Funge-Smith (eds.)]. Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations, Rome, pp. 393–448. ISBN 9789251306079.

<div id="Harrod--2018c"></div>

Harrod, C., F. Simmance, S. Funge-Smith and J. Valbo-Jorgensen, 2018c: Options and opportunities for supporting inland fisheries to cope with climate change adaptation in other sectors. [Barange, M., T. Bahri, M. Beveridge, K. Cochrane and S. Funge-Smith (eds.)]. FAO, Rome, pp. 567–584. ISBN 9789251306079.

<div id="Harvey--2019"></div>

Harvey, B., L. Jones, L. Cochrane and R. Singh, 2019: The evolving landscape of climate services in sub-Saharan Africa: What roles have NGOs played. ''Climatic Change'' , '''157''' , 81–98, doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02410-z.

<div id="Hasegawa--2021"></div>

Hasegawa, T. et al., 2021: A global dataset for the projected impacts of climate change on four major crops. ''bioRxiv'' , 2021.2005.2027.444762, doi:10.1101/2021.05.27.444762.

<div id="Hastenrath--2010"></div>

Hastenrath, S., 2010: Climatic forcing of glacier thinning on the mountains of equatorial East Africa. ''International Journal of Climatology'' , '''30''' (1), 146–152, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1866 .

<div id="Havelaar--2015"></div>

Havelaar, A. H. et al., 2015: World Health Organization global estimates and regional comparisons of the burden of foodborne disease in 2010. ''PLoS medicine'' , '''12''' (12), e1001923.

<div id="Headey--2014"></div>

Headey, D. D. and T. S. Jayne, 2014: Adaptation to land constraints: Is Africa different? ''Food Policy'' , '''48''' , 18–33, doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.05.005.

<div id="Hearn--2016"></div>

Hearn, G., 2016: Managing road transport in a world of changing climate and land use. ''Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Municipal Engineer'' , '''169''' (3), 146–159, doi:10.1680/muen.15.00009.

<div id="Heilmayr--2020"></div>

Heilmayr, R., C. Echeverría and E. F. Lambin, 2020: Impacts of Chilean forest subsidies on forest cover, carbon and biodiversity. ''Nature Sustainability'' , '''3''' (9), 701–709, doi:10.1038/s41893-020-0547-0.

<div id="Hellberg--2019"></div>

Hellberg, S., 2019: Scarcity as a means of governing: Challenging neoliberal hydromentality in the context of the South African drought. ''Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space'' , '''3''' (1), 186–206, doi:10.1177/2514848619853551.

<div id="Hempson--2017"></div>

Hempson, G. P., S. Archibald and W. J. Bond, 2017: The consequences of replacing wildlife with livestock in Africa. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''7''' (1), 17196, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17348-4.

<div id="Henderson--2014"></div>

Henderson, J., A. Storeygard and U. Deichmann, 2014: 50 years of urbanization in Africa : examining the role of climate change. ''World Bank Policy Research Working Paper'' , (6925), doi:10.1596/1813-9450-6925.

<div id="Hendrix--2017"></div>

Hendrix, C. S., 2017: The streetlight effect in climate change research on Africa. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''43''' , 137–147, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.01.009.

<div id="Hendrix--2012"></div>

Hendrix, C. S. and I. Salehyan, 2012: Climate change, rainfall, and social conflict in Africa. ''Journal of Peace Research'' , '''49''' (1), 35–50, doi:10.1177/0022343311426165.

<div id="Henry--2004"></div>

Henry, S., B. Schoumaker and C. Beauchemin, 2004: The Impact of Rainfall on the First Out-Migration: A Multi-level Event-History Analysis in Burkina Faso. ''Population and Environment'' , '''25''' (5), 423–460, doi:10.1023/B:POEN.0000036928.17696.e8.

<div id="Henseler--2019"></div>

Henseler, M. and I. Schumacher, 2019: The impact of weather on economic growth and its production factors. ''Climatic Change'' , '''154''' (3), 417–433, doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02441-6.

<div id="Hepburn--2020"></div>

Hepburn, C. et al., 2020: Will COVID-19 fiscal recovery packages accelerate or retard progress on climate change? ''Oxford Review of Economic Policy'' , '''36''' (Supplement_1), S359-S381, doi:10.1093/oxrep/graa015.

<div id="Hermans-Neumann--2017"></div>

Hermans-Neumann, K., J. Priess and M. Herold, 2017: Human migration, climate variability, and land degradation: hotspots of socio-ecological pressure in Ethiopia. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''17''' (5), 1479–1492, doi:10.1007/s10113-017-1108-6.

<div id="Herrero--2016"></div>

Herrero, M. et al., 2016: Climate change and pastoralism: impacts, consequences and adaptation. ''Rev Sci Tech'' , '''35''' (2), 417–433, doi:10.20506/rst.35.2.2533.

<div id="Herslund--2016"></div>

Herslund, L. B. et al., 2016: A multi-dimensional assessment of urban vulnerability to climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa. ''Natural Hazards'' , '''82''' (2), 149–172, doi:10.1007/s11069-015-1856-x.

<div id="Hertig--2014"></div>

Hertig, E. et al., 2014: Statistical modelling of extreme precipitation indices for the Mediterranean area under future climate change. ''International Journal of Climatology'' , '''34''' (4), 1132–1156, doi:10.1002/joc.3751.

<div id="Heubes--2011"></div>

Heubes, J. et al., 2011: Modelling biome shifts and tree cover change for 2050 in West Africa. ''Journal of Biogeography'' , '''38''' (12), 2248–2258, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02560.x.

<div id="Hidalgo--2018"></div>

Hidalgo, M., V. Mihneva, M. Vasconcellos and M. Bernal, 2018: ''Climate change impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptations: Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea marine fisheries'' [Barange, M., T. Bahri, M. C. M. Beveridge, K. L. Cochrane, S. Funge-Smith and F. Poulain (eds.)]. Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture: synthesis of current knowledge, adaptation and mitigation options, FAO, Rome. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/i9705en/I9705EN.pdf .

<div id="Hill--2016"></div>

Hill, M. P. et al., 2016: Predicted decrease in global climate suitability masks regional complexity of invasive fruit fly species response to climate change. ''Biological Invasions'' , '''18''' (4), 1105–1119, doi:10.1007/s10530-016-1078-5.

<div id="Himanen--2016"></div>

Himanen, S. J., H. Mäkinen, K. Rimhanen and R. Savikko, 2016: Engaging Farmers in Climate Change Adaptation Planning: Assessing Intercropping as a Means to Support Farm Adaptive Capacity. ''Agriculture'' , '''6''' (3), doi:10.3390/agriculture6030034.

<div id="Hinkel--2012"></div>

Hinkel, J. et al., 2012: Sea-level rise impacts on Africa and the effects of mitigation and adaptation: an application of DIVA. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''12''' (1), 207–224, doi:10.1007/s10113-011-0249-2.

<div id="Hirvonen--2016"></div>

Hirvonen, K., 2016: Temperature Changes, Household Consumption, and Internal Migration: Evidence from Tanzania. ''American Journal of Agricultural Economics'' , '''98''' (4), 1230–1249, doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aaw042 .

<div id="Hlalele--2016"></div>

Hlalele, B., I. Mokhatle and R. Motlogeloa, 2016: Assessing Economic Impacts of Agricultural Drought: A Case of Thaba Nchu, South Africa. ''Journal of Earth Science and Climate Change'' , '''7''' (1), 327, doi:10.4172/2157-7617.1000327.

<div id="Hobday--2016"></div>

Hobday, A. J. et al., 2016: A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves. ''Progress in Oceanography'' , '''141''' , 227–238, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014 .

<div id="Hodgson--2000"></div>

Hodgson, G. M., 2000: What Is the Essence of Institutional Economics? ''Journal of Economic Issues'' , '''34''' (2), 317–329, doi:10.1080/00213624.2000.11506269.

<div id="Hoegh-Guldberg--2014"></div>

Hoegh-Guldberg, O. et al., 2014: ''The Ocean'' [Barros, V. R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea and L. L. White (eds.)]. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Part B: Regional Aspects Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, USA: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, 1655–1731 pp. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap30_FINAL.pdf .

<div id="Hoegh-Guldberg--2018"></div>

Hoegh-Guldberg, O. et al., 2018: ''Impacts of 1.5'' ° ''C global warming on natural and human systems'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P. R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J. B. R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/02/SR15_Chapter3_Low_Res.pdf .

<div id="Hoffmann--2020"></div>

Hoffmann, R. et al., 2020: A meta-analysis of country-level studies on environmental change and migration. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''10''' (10), 904–912, doi:10.1038/s41558-020-0898-6.

<div id="Hole--2009"></div>

Hole, D. G. et al., 2009: Projected impacts of climate change on a continent-wide protected area network. ''Ecol Lett'' , '''12''' (5), 420–431, doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01297.x.

<div id="Hooli--2016"></div>

Hooli, L. J., 2016: Resilience of the poorest: coping strategies and indigenous knowledge of living with the floods in Northern Namibia. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''16''' (3), 695–707, doi:10.1007/s10113-015-0782-5.

<div id="Hope--2019"></div>

Hope, M., 2019: Cyclones in Mozambique may reveal humanitarian challenges of responding to a new climate reality. ''The Lancet Planetary Health'' , '''3''' (8), e338-e339, doi: [https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196%2819%2930131-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30131-7] .

<div id="Houéménou--2020"></div>

Houéménou, H. et al., 2020: Degradation of groundwater quality in expanding cities in West Africa. A case study of the unregulated shallow aquifer in Cotonou. ''Journal of Hydrology'' , '''582''' , 124438, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124438 .

<div id="Hove--2018"></div>

Hove, M. and T. Gweme, 2018: Women’s food security and conservation farming in Zaka District-Zimbabwe. ''Journal of Arid Environments'' , '''149''' , 18–29, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.10.010 .

<div id="Hoveka--2016"></div>

Hoveka, L. N. et al., 2016: Effects of climate change on the future distributions of the top five freshwater invasive plants in South Africa. ''South African Journal of Botany'' , '''102''' , 33–38, doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2015.07.017.

<div id="Howard--2016"></div>

Howard, G., R. Calow, A. Macdonald and J. Bartram, 2016: Climate Change and Water and Sanitation: Likely Impacts and Emerging Trends for Action. ''Annual Review of Environment and Resources'' , '''41''' (1), 253–276, doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085856.

<div id="Howells--2013"></div>

Howells, M. et al., 2013: Integrated analysis of climate change, land-use, energy and water strategies. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''3''' (7), 621–626, doi:10.1038/nclimate1789.

<div id="Hsiang--2013a"></div>

Hsiang, S. M., M. Burke and E. Miguel, 2013a: Quantifying the influence of climate on human conflict. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''341''' (6151), 1235367, doi:10.1126/science.1235367.

<div id="Hsiang--2013b"></div>

Hsiang, S. M., M. Burke and E. Miguel, 2013b: ''Reconciling Temperature-conflict Results in Kenya'' . UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. Available at: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/9ct8g2zr .

<div id="Hsiang--2014"></div>

Hsiang, S. M. and A. S. Jina, 2014: ''The causal effect of environmental catastrophe on long-run economic growth: Evidence from 6,700 cyclones'' . National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. Available at: https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w20352/w20352.pdf .

<div id="Hu--2019"></div>

Hu, L., J.-J. Luo, G. Huang and M. C. Wheeler, 2019: Synoptic Features Responsible for Heat Waves in Central Africa, a Region with Strong Multidecadal Trends. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''32''' (22), 7951–7970, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0807.1 .

<div id="Hua--2016"></div>

Hua, W. et al., 2016: Possible causes of the Central Equatorial African long-term drought. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''11''' (12), 124002, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/12/124002.

<div id="Hubau--2020"></div>

Hubau, W. et al., 2020: Asynchronous carbon sink saturation in African and Amazonian tropical forests. ''Nature'' , '''579''' (7797), 80–87, doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2035-0.

<div id="Huber-Lee--2015"></div>

Huber-Lee, A. et al., 2015: Reference Investment Scenario. In: ''Enhancing the Climate Resilience of Africa’s Infrastructure: The Power and Water Sectors'' [Cervigni, R., R. Liden, J. E. Neumann and K. M. Strzepek (eds.)]. The World Bank, Washington, DC, pp. 77–83. ISBN 978-1-4648-0466-3.

<div id="Hufe--2017"></div>

Hufe, P. and D. F. Heuermann, 2017: The local impacts of large-scale land acquisitions: a review of case study evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies'' , '''35''' (2), 168–189, doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1307505.

<div id="Hughes--2019"></div>

Hughes, D. A., 2019: Facing a future water resources management crisis in sub-Saharan Africa. ''Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies'' , '''23''' , doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2019.100600.

<div id="Hughes--2018"></div>

Hughes, T. P. et al., 2018: Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''359''' (6371), 80, doi:10.1126/science.aan8048.

<div id="Huldén--2014"></div>

Huldén, L., R. McKitrick and L. Huldén, 2014: Average household size and the eradication of malaria. ''J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. A Stat. Soc.'' , '''177''' (3), 725–742.

<div id="Hulme--2017"></div>

Hulme, M., 2017: Climate Change and the Significance of Religion. ''Economic and Political Weekly'' , '''52''' (28), 14–17.

<div id="Hummel--2016"></div>

Hummel, D., 2016: Climate change, land degradation and migration in Mali and Senegal – some policy implications. ''Migration and Development'' , '''5''' (2), 211–233, doi:10.1080/21632324.2015.1022972.

<div id="Humphrey--2021"></div>

Humphrey, G. J., L. Gillson and G. Ziervogel, 2021: How changing fire management policies affect fire seasonality and livelihoods. ''Ambio'' , '''50''' (2), 475–491, doi:10.1007/s13280-020-01351-7.

<div id="Hunter--2020"></div>

Hunter, N. B., M. A. North, D. C. Roberts and R. Slotow, 2020: A systematic map of responses to climate impacts in urban Africa. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''15''' (10), 103005, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab9d00.

<div id="Hunter--2018"></div>

Hunter, R. e., K. Nordin and M. Thom, 2018: ''Inclusive insurance enhanced through the use of client data; typologies, use cases and adoption challenges'' . insight2impact, Nairobi, Kenya. Available at: https://cenfri.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Inclusive-insurance-enhanced-through-the-use-of-client-data_i2i-FSDA_October-2018_SINGLE.pdf .

<div id="Huntingford--2013"></div>

Huntingford, C. et al., 2013: Simulated resilience of tropical rainforests to CO2-induced climate change. ''Nature Geoscience'' , '''6''' (4), 268–273, doi:10.1038/ngeo1741.

<div id="Huntjens--2015"></div>

Huntjens, P. and K. Nachbar, 2015: ''Climate Change as a Threat Multiplier for Human Disaster and Conflict. The Hague Institute for Global Justice'' . '''Working Paper 9''' . Available at: http://www.thehagueinstituteforglobaljustice.org/working-paper-9 (accessed 30/10/2020).

<div id="Hurrell--2003"></div>

Hurrell, J. W., Y. Kushnir, G. Ottersen and M. Visbeck, 2003: ''An Overview of the North Atlantic Oscillation'' . The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact, vol. 134, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.

<div id="Ide--2020"></div>

Ide, T., M. Brzoska, J. F. Donges and C.-F. Schleussner, 2020: Multi-method evidence for when and how climate-related disasters contribute to armed conflict risk. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''62''' , 102063, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102063 .

<div id="IDMC--2018"></div>

[[#IDMC--2018|IDMC, 2018]] : ''Global Report on Internal Displacement – GRID 2018'' . Internal Displacment Monitoring Centre, Norwegian Refugee Council, Geneva, Switzerland.

<div id="IDMC--2019"></div>

[[#IDMC--2019|IDMC, 2019]] : ''Global Report on Internal Displacement GRID 2019'' . Internal Displacement Monitoring Center, Geneva, Switzerland, 159 pp. Available at: https://www.internal-displacement.org/global-report/grid2019/ .

<div id="IDMC--2020"></div>

[[#IDMC--2020|IDMC, 2020]] : ''Global Report on Internal Displacement GRID 2020.'' . Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Geneva, Switzerland, 136 pp. Available at: https://www.internal-displacement.org/sites/default/files/publications/documents/grid2021_idmc.pdf .

<div id="IDRC--2021"></div>

[[#IDRC--2021|IDRC, 2021]] : Open Access Policy for IDRC-Funded Project Outputs. Available at: https://www.idrc.ca/en/open-access-policy-idrc-funded-project-outputs .

<div id="IEA--2019"></div>

[[#IEA--2019|IEA, 2019]] : ''Africa Energy Outlook 2019'' . World Energy Outlook Special Report, International Energy Agency, Paris. Available at: https://www.iea.org/reports/africa-energy-outlook-2019 .

<div id="IEA--2021"></div>

[[#IEA--2021|IEA, 2021]] : ''Sustainable Recovery Tracker'' . IEA, Paris, 25 pp. Available at: https://www.iea.org/reports/sustainable-recovery-tracker .

<div id="Ifejika Speranza--2010"></div>

Ifejika Speranza, C., 2010: Drought Coping and Adaptation Strategies: Understanding Adaptations to Climate Change in Agro-pastoral Livestock Production in Makueni District, Kenya. ''The European Journal of Development Research'' , '''22''' (5), 623–642, doi:10.1057/ejdr.2010.39.

<div id="IFPRI--2016"></div>

[[#IFPRI--2016|IFPRI, 2016]] : ''2016 Global Nutrition Report. From Promise to Impact: Ending Malnutrition by 2030'' . International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC. Available at: http://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/130354/filename/130565.pdf .

<div id="IIED--2015"></div>

[[#IIED--2015|IIED, 2015]] : ''Vulnerable Communities: Getting their Needs and Knowledge into Climate Policy'' . IIED Briefing, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), London, UK. Available at: https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/17328IIED.pdf .

<div id="Iizumi--2021"></div>

Iizumi, T. et al., 2021: Rising temperatures and increasing demand challenge wheat supply in Sudan. ''Nature Food'' , '''2''' (1), 19–27, doi:10.1038/s43016-020-00214-4.

<div id="Iizumi--2020"></div>

Iizumi, T. et al., 2020: Climate change adaptation cost and residual damage to global crop production. ''Climate Research'' , '''80''' (3), 203–218.

<div id="Iizumi--2018"></div>

Iizumi, T. et al., 2018: Crop production losses associated with anthropogenic climate change for 1981–2010 compared with preindustrial levels. ''International Journal of Climatology'' , '''38''' (14), 5405–5417, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5818 .

<div id="ILEC and UNEP--2016"></div>

[[#ILEC%20and%20UNEP--2016|ILEC and UNEP, 2016]] : ''Transboundary Lakes and Reservoirs: Status and Trends, Summary for Policy Makers.'' , United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi. Available at: https://www.unep.org/resources/report/transboundary-lakes-and-reservoirs-status-and-future-trends-volume-2-lake-basins .

<div id="ILO--2018a"></div>

[[#ILO--2018a|ILO, 2018a]] : ''The employment Impact of climate change adaptation'' . International Labour Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_645572.pdf .

<div id="ILO--2018b"></div>

[[#ILO--2018b|ILO, 2018b]] : ''Women and men in the informal economy: a statistical picture'' . '''3''' , International Labour Office, Geneva, Switzerland, 164 pp. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_626831.pdf .

<div id="ILO--2019"></div>

[[#ILO--2019|ILO, 2019]] : ''Skills for a greener future: a global view'' . International Labout Office, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_732214.pdf .

<div id="Iloka Nnamdi--2016"></div>

Iloka Nnamdi, G., 2016: Indigenous knowledge for disaster risk reduction : an African perspective : original research. ''Jamba : Journal of Disaster Risk Studies'' , '''8''' (1), 1–7, doi:10.4102/jamba.v8i1.272.

<div id="İlseven--2019"></div>

İlseven, S. et al., 2019: Attitude and risk perception of climate change in farming communities in Tripoli, Libya. ''Chimica Oggi/Chemistry Today'' , 91–96.

<div id="Ingram--2011"></div>

Ingram, J., 2011: A food systems approach to researching food security and its interactions with global environmental change. ''Food Security'' , '''3''' (4), 417–431, doi:10.1007/s12571-011-0149-9.

<div id="InsurResilience--2021"></div>

[[#InsurResilience--2021|InsurResilience, 2021]] : Tripartite Agreement: A public-private partnership between BMZ, UNDP and IDF leveraging financing, expertise and risk capital for the fulfilment of Vision 2025, InsurResilience Global Partnership, Bonn, Germany. Available at: https://annualreport.insuresilience.org/tripartite-agreement/ .

<div id="IPBES--2018"></div>

[[#IPBES--2018|IPBES, 2018]] : ''Summary for policymakers of the regional assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services for Africa of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.'' [E. Archer, L. E. D., K. J. Mulongoy, M. A. Maoela, M. Walters, R. Biggs, M-C. Cormier-Salem, F. DeClerck, M. C. Diaw, A. E. Dunham, P. Failler, C. Gordon, K. A. Harhash, R. Kasisi, F. Kizito, W. D. Nyingi, N. Oguge, B. Osman-Elasha, L. C. Stringer, L. Tito de Morais, A. Assogbadjo, B. N. Egoh, M. W. Halmy, K. Heubach, A. Mensah, L. Pereira and N. Sitas (ed.)]. IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany, 49 pp. Available at: https://ipbes.net/sites/default/files/spm_africa_2018_digital.pdf .

<div id="IPBES--2020"></div>

[[#IPBES--2020|IPBES, 2020]] : ''IPBES workshop on biodiversity and pandemics: Executive summary'' . Intergovernmental SciencePolicy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), Bonn, Germany. Available at: https://ipbes.net/sites/default/files/2020-10/IPBES%20Pandemics%20Workshop%20Report%20Executive%20Summary%20Final.pdf .

<div id="IPCC--2014a"></div>

[[#IPCC--2014a|IPCC, 2014a]] : ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' [Field, C. B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L.White (ed.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1132 pp. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-PartA_FINAL.pdf .

<div id="IPCC--2014b"></div>

[[#IPCC--2014b|IPCC, 2014b]] : ''Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' [Pachauri, R. K. and L. A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/ .

<div id="IPCC--2018a"></div>

[[#IPCC--2018a|IPCC, 2018a]] : ''Annex I: Glossary [Matthews, J.B.R. (ed.)]'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H. O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P. R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J. B. R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty, In press pp. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf .

<div id="IPCC--2018b"></div>

[[#IPCC--2018b|IPCC, 2018b]] : ''Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (ed.)]. In Press pp. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/download/ (accessed 25/10/2020).

<div id="IPCC--2018c"></div>

[[#IPCC--2018c|IPCC, 2018c]] : ''Summary for Policymakers'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H. O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P. R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J. B. R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty, In press pp. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf (accessed 25/10/2020).

<div id="IPCC--2019a"></div>

[[#IPCC--2019a|IPCC, 2019a]] : ''Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems'' [Skea, J., E. Calvo Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H. O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, P. Zhai, R. Slade, S. Connors, R. van Diemen, M. Ferrat, E. Haughey, S. Luz, S. Neogi, M. Pathak, J. Petzold, J. Portugal Pereira, P. Vyas, E. Huntley, K. Kissick, M. Belkacemi and J. Malley (eds.)]. Shukla, P. R., In press pp. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl-report-download-page/ (accessed 25/10/2020).

<div id="IPCC--2019b"></div>

[[#IPCC--2019b|IPCC, 2019b]] : ''IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate'' [Pörtner, H.-O., D. C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama and N. M. Weyer (eds.)]. In press pp. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/download/ (accessed 25/10/2020).

<div id="IPCC--2019c"></div>

[[#IPCC--2019c|IPCC, 2019c]] : ''Summary for Policymakers. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate'' [H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. R., V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (ed.)]. Cambridge University Press, In press pp.

<div id="IPCC--2019d"></div>

[[#IPCC--2019d|IPCC, 2019d]] : ''Technical Summary'' [H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. R., V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (ed.)]. IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate '''In press''' , 39–69 pp. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/04_SROCC_TS_FINAL.pdf (accessed 30/10/2020).

<div id="IPCC--2021"></div>

[[#IPCC--2021|IPCC, 2021]] : ''Summary for Policymakers'' [MassonDelmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu and B. Zhou (ed.)]. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, '''In press''' , Cambridge University Press. Available at: [[IPCC:Wg1:Downloads:Report:Ipcc_ar6_wgi_spm.pdf|https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf]] (accessed 16/08/2021).

<div id="Irwin--2006"></div>

Irwin, A. et al., 2006: The commission on social determinants of health: tackling the social roots of health inequities. ''PLoS Med'' , '''3''' (6), e106, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030106.

<div id="Islam--2017"></div>

Islam, N. S. and J. Winkel, 2017: ''Climate Change and Social Inequality'' . Building Resilience to Climate Change – An Opportunity to Reduce Inequalities, UNITED NATIONS, New York, USA, 32 pp. Available at: https://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2017/wp152_2017.pdf .

<div id="Iyakaremye--2021"></div>

Iyakaremye, V., G. Zeng and G. Zhang, 2021: Changes in extreme temperature events over Africa under 1.5 and 2.0°C global warming scenarios. ''International Journal of Climatology'' , '''41''' (2), 1506–1524, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6868 .

<div id="Jack--2016"></div>

Jack, C., P. Wolski, I. Pinto and V. Indasi, 2016: Southern Africa: Tools for observing and modelling climate. In: ''Africa’s climate: Helping decision-makers make sense of climate information'' . Future Climate for Africa, Cape Town, South Africa, pp. 23–30.

<div id="Jacobs--2020"></div>

Jacobs, K. L. and R. B. Street, 2020: The next generation of climate services. ''Climate Services'' , '''20''' , 100199, doi:10.1016/j.cliser.2020.100199.

<div id="Jafino--2020"></div>

Jafino, B. A., B. Walsh, J. Rozenberg and S. Hallegatte, 2020: ''Revised Estimates of the Impact of Climate Change on Extreme Poverty by 2030'' . Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020, World Bank Group, Group, W. B., Washington DC, USA, 17 pp. Available at: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/706751601388457990/pdf/Revised-Estimates-of-the-Impact-of-Climate-Change-on-Extreme-Poverty-by-2030.pdf .

<div id="Jaka--2018"></div>

Jaka, H. and E. Shava, 2018: Resilient rural women’s livelihoods for poverty alleviation and economic empowerment in semi-arid regions of Zimbabwe. ''Jamba'' , '''10''' (1), 524, doi:10.4102/jamba.v10i1.524.

<div id="Jaksa--2006"></div>

Jaksa, M. F., 2006: Putting the Sustainable Back in Sustainable Development: Recognizing and Enforcing Indigenous Property Rights as a Pathway to Global Environmental Sustainability Notes &amp; Comments. ''Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation'' , '''21''' (1), 157–206.

<div id="Jaramillo--2011"></div>

Jaramillo, J. et al., 2011: Some Like It Hot: The Influence and Implications of Climate Change on Coffee Berry Borer (Hypothenemus hampei) and Coffee Production in East Africa. ''PLoS ONE'' , '''6''' (9), e24528-e24528, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024528.

<div id="Jarvis--2012"></div>

Jarvis, A., J. Ramirez-Villegas, B. V. H. Campo and C. Navarro-Racines, 2012: Is Cassava the Answer to African Climate Change Adaptation? ''Tropical Plant Biology'' , '''5''' (1), 9–29, doi:10.1007/s12042-012-9096-7.

<div id="Jasechko--2015"></div>

Jasechko, S. and R. G. Taylor, 2015: Intensive rainfall recharges tropical groundwaters. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''10''' (12), doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124015.

<div id="Jayasinghe--2020"></div>

Jayasinghe, S. L. and L. Kumar, 2020: Climate Change May Imperil Tea Production in the Four Major Tea Producers According to Climate Prediction Models. ''Agronomy'' , '''10''' (10), doi:10.3390/agronomy10101536.

<div id="Jayne--2019a"></div>

Jayne, T. S. et al., 2019a: Are medium-scale farms driving agricultural transformation in sub-Saharan Africa? ''Agricultural Economics'' , '''50''' (S1), 75–95, doi:10.1111/agec.12535.

<div id="Jayne--2019b"></div>

Jayne, T. S., S. Snapp, F. Place and N. Sitko, 2019b: Sustainable agricultural intensification in an era of rural transformation in Africa. ''Global Food Security'' , '''20''' , 105–113, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2019.01.008 .

<div id="Jean--2016"></div>

Jean, N. et al., 2016: Combining satellite imagery and machine learning to predict poverty. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''353''' (6301), 790–794, doi:10.1126/science.aaf7894.

<div id="Jenkins--2018"></div>

Jenkins, W., E. Berry and L. B. Kreider, 2018: Religion and Climate Change. ''Annual Review of Environment and Resources'' , '''43''' (1), 85–108, doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-025855.

<div id="Jensen--2013"></div>

Jensen, K. M. and R. B. Lange, 2013: ''Transboundary Water Governance in a Shifting Development Context New Development Finance, Development Spaces and Commitment to Cooperation: A Comparative Study of the Mekong And the Zambezi River Basins'' . '''20''' , Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS), DIIS, Copenhagen, 134 pp. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep13303 (accessed 2021/09/01/).

<div id="Jin--2020"></div>

Jin, C., B. Wang and J. Liu, 2020: Future Changes and Controlling Factors of the Eight Regional Monsoons Projected by CMIP6 Models. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''33''' (21), 9307–9326, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0236.1.

<div id="Jin--2018"></div>

Jin, L. et al., 2018: Modeling future flows of the Volta River system: Impacts of climate change and socio-economic changes. ''Sci Total Environ'' , '''637-638''' , 1069–1080, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.350.

<div id="Jiri--2015"></div>

Jiri, O., P. Mafongoya and P. Chivenge, 2015: Indigenous knowledge systems, seasonal ‘quality’and climate change adaptation in Zimbabwe. ''Climate Research'' , '''66''' (2), 103–111, doi: https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01334 .

<div id="Jiri--2017"></div>

Jiri, O., P. L. Mafongoya and P. Chivenge, 2017: Building climate change resilience through adaptation in smallholder farming systems in semi-arid Zimbabwe. ''International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management'' , '''9''' (2), 151–165, doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-07-2016-0092.

<div id="Jiri--2016"></div>

Jiri, O., P. L. Mafongoya, C. Mubaya and O. Mafongoya, 2016: Seasonal climate prediction and adaptation using indigenous knowledge systems in agriculture systems in Southern Africa: a review. ''Journal of Agricultural Science'' , '''8''' (5), 156.

<div id="Jones--2010"></div>

Jones, B. F. and B. A. Olken, 2010: Climate Shocks and Exports. ''American Economic Review'' , '''100''' (2), 454–459, doi:10.1257/aer.100.2.454.

<div id="Jones--2020"></div>

Jones, H. P. et al., 2020: Global hotspots for coastal ecosystem-based adaptation. ''PLoS One'' , '''15''' (5), e0233005, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233005.

<div id="Jones--2015"></div>

Jones, L. et al., 2015: Ensuring climate information guides long-term development. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''5''' (9), 812–814, doi:10.1038/nclimate2701.

<div id="Kaag--2019"></div>

Kaag, M., G. Baltissen, G. Steel and A. Lodder, 2019: Migration, Youth, and Land in West Africa: Making the Connections Work for Inclusive Development. ''Land'' , '''8''' (4), 60, doi:10.3390/land8040060.

<div id="Kaczan--2020"></div>

Kaczan, D. J. and J. Orgill-Meyer, 2020: The impact of climate change on migration: a synthesis of recent empirical insights. ''Climatic Change'' , '''158''' (3), 281–300, doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02560-0.

<div id="Kagunyu--2016"></div>

Kagunyu, A., S. Wandibba and J. G. Wanjohi, 2016: The use of indigenous climate forecasting methods by the pastoralists of Northern Kenya. ''Pastoralism'' , '''6''' (1), doi:10.1186/s13570-016-0054-0.

<div id="Kahn--2021"></div>

Kahn, M. E. et al., 2021: Long-term macroeconomic effects of climate change: A cross-country analysis. ''Energy Economics'' , '''104''' , 105624, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105624 .

<div id="Kakinuma--2020"></div>

Kakinuma, K. et al., 2020: Flood-induced population displacements in the world. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''15''' (12), 124029, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abc586.

<div id="Kaky--2017"></div>

Kaky, E. and F. Gilbert, 2017: Predicting the distributions of Egypt’s medicinal plants and their potential shifts under future climate change. ''PLOS ONE'' , '''12''' (11), e0187714, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187714.

<div id="Kalacska--2017"></div>

Kalacska, M., J. Arroyo-Mora, O. Lucanus and M. Kishe-Machumu, 2017: Land Cover, Land Use, and Climate Change Impacts on Endemic Cichlid Habitats in Northern Tanzania. ''Remote Sensing'' , '''9''' (6), doi:10.3390/rs9060623.

<div id="Kalkuhl--2020"></div>

Kalkuhl, M. and L. Wenz, 2020: The impact of climate conditions on economic production. Evidence from a global panel of regions. ''Journal of Environmental Economics and Management'' , '''103''' , 102360, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2020.102360 .

<div id="Kam--2021"></div>

Kam, P. M. et al., 2021: Global warming and population change both heighten future risk of human displacement due to river floods. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''16''' (4), 044026, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abd26c.

<div id="Kamwendo--2014"></div>

Kamwendo, G. and J. Kamwendo, 2014: Indigenous Knowledge-Systems and Food Security: Some Examples from Malawi. ''Journal of Human Ecology'' , '''48''' (1), 97–101, doi:10.1080/09709274.2014.11906778.

<div id="Kangalawe--2017"></div>

Kangalawe, R. Y. M., 2017: Climate change impacts on water resource management and community livelihoods in the southern highlands of Tanzania. ''Climate and Development'' , '''9''' (3), 191–201, doi:10.1080/17565529.2016.1139487.

<div id="Kangalawe--2017"></div>

Kangalawe, R. Y. M. et al., 2017: Climate change and variability impacts on agricultural production and livelihood systems in Western Tanzania. ''Climate and Development'' , '''9''' (3), 202–216, doi:10.1080/17565529.2016.1146119.

<div id="Karmaoui--2016"></div>

Karmaoui, A. et al., 2016: Analysis of the Water Supply-demand Relationship in the Middle Draa Valley, Morocco, under Climate Change and Socio-economic Scenarios. ''Journal of Scientific Research and Reports'' , '''9''' (4), 1–10, doi:10.9734/jsrr/2016/21536.

<div id="Karuri--2016"></div>

Karuri, S. W. and R. W. Snow, 2016: Forecasting paediatric malaria admissions on the Kenya Coast using rainfall. ''Glob Health Action'' , '''9''' , 29876, doi:10.3402/gha.v9.29876.

<div id="Kaspar--2015"></div>

Kaspar, F. et al., 2015: The SASSCAL contribution to climate observation, climate data management and data rescue in Southern Africa. ''Advances in science and research'' , '''12''' , 171–177, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-12-171-2015 .

<div id="Keahey--2018"></div>

Keahey, J., 2018: Gendered livelihoods and social change in post-apartheid South Africa. ''Gender, Place &amp; Culture'' , '''25''' (4), 525–546, doi:10.1080/0966369x.2018.1460328.

<div id="Keeling--2012"></div>

Keeling, A., K. Dain and L. Hadley, 2012: ''Diabetes and Climate Change Report'' . International Diabetes Foundation (IDF), (IDF), I. D. F. Available at: https://www.idf.org/our-activities/advocacy-awareness/resources-and-tools/144:diabetes-and-climate-change-report.html (accessed 30/10/2020).

<div id="Kendon--2019"></div>

Kendon, E. J. et al., 2019: Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale. ''Nature communications'' , '''10''' (1794), 1–14, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9 .

<div id="Kennedy--2017"></div>

Kennedy, J. et al., 2017: Global and regional climate in 2016. ''Weather'' , '''72''' (8), 219–225, doi:10.1002/wea.3042.

<div id="Kent--2015"></div>

Kent, C., R. Chadwick and D. P. Rowell, 2015: Understanding Uncertainties in Future Projections of Seasonal Tropical Precipitation. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''28''' (11), 4390–4413, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00613.1.

<div id="Kharin--2018"></div>

Kharin, V. V. et al., 2018: Risks from Climate Extremes Change Differently from 1.5°C to 2.0°C Depending on Rarity. ''Earth’s Future'' , '''6''' (5), 704–715, doi:10.1002/2018ef000813.

<div id="Khedr--2019"></div>

Khedr, M., 2019: Challenges and Issues in Water, Climate Change, and Food Security in Egypt. In: ''Conventional Water Resources and Agriculture in Egypt'' [Negm, A. M. (ed.)]. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 229–243. ISBN 978-3-319-95065-5.

<div id="Kibret--2015"></div>

Kibret, S. et al., 2015: Malaria impact of large dams in sub-Saharan Africa: maps, estimates and predictions. ''Malaria Journal'' , '''14''' (1), 339–339, doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0873-2.

<div id="Kibret--2017"></div>

Kibret, S. et al., 2017: The Influence of Dams on Malaria Transmission in Sub-Saharan Africa. ''EcoHealth'' , '''14''' (2), 408–419, doi:10.1007/s10393-015-1029-0.

<div id="Kichamu--2017"></div>

Kichamu, E. A., J. S. Ziro, G. Palaniappan and H. Ross, 2017: Climate change perceptions and adaptations of smallholder farmers in Eastern Kenya. ''Environment, Development and Sustainability'' , '''20''' (6), 2663–2680, doi:10.1007/s10668-017-0010-1.

<div id="Kienberger--2014"></div>

Kienberger, S. and M. Hagenlocher, 2014: Spatial-explicit modeling of social vulnerability to malaria in East Africa. ''Int. J. Health Geogr.'' , '''13''' , 29, doi:10.1186/1476-072X-13-29.

<div id="Kifani--2018"></div>

Kifani, S. et al., 2018: ''Chapter 8: Climate change impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptations: Eastern Central Atlantic marine fisheries'' [Barange, M., T. Bahri, M. Beveridge, K. Cochrane, S. Funge-Smith and F. Poulain (eds.)]. Impacts of Climate Change on Fisheries and Aquaculture: Synthesis of Current Knowledge, Adaptation and Mitigation Options, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture, Rome, Italy, 159–183 pp. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/i9705en/I9705EN.pdf (accessed 30/10/2020).

<div id="Kihila--2017"></div>

Kihila, J. M., 2017: Indigenous coping and adaptation strategies to climate change of local communities in Tanzania: a review. ''Climate and Development'' , '''10''' (5), 406–416, doi:10.1080/17565529.2017.1318739.

<div id="Kilungu--2017"></div>

Kilungu, H., R. Leemans, P. K. Munishi and B. Amelung, 2017: Climate change threatens major tourist attractions and tourism in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. In: ''Climate Change Adaptation in Africa'' [Leal Filho, W., S. Belay, J. Kalangu, W. Menas, P. Munishi and K. Musiyiwa (eds.)]. Springer, Cham, pp. 375–392. ISBN 978-3-319-49520-0.

<div id="Kilungu--2019"></div>

Kilungu, H. et al., 2019: Forty Years of Climate and Land-Cover Change and its Effects on Tourism Resources in Kilimanjaro National Park. ''Tourism Planning &amp; Development'' , '''16''' (2), 235–253, doi:10.1080/21568316.2019.1569121.

<div id="Kim--2019"></div>

Kim, Y. et al., 2019: Suicide and Ambient Temperature: A Multi-Country Multi-City Study. ''Environ Health Perspect'' , '''127''' (11), 117007, doi:10.1289/ehp4898.

<div id="Kimaro--2018"></div>

Kimaro, E. G., S. M. Mor and J.-A. L. M. L. Toribio, 2018: Climate change perception and impacts on cattle production in pastoral communities of northern Tanzania. ''Pastoralism'' , '''8''' (1), 19, doi:10.1186/s13570-018-0125-5.

<div id="Kimaro--2017"></div>

Kimaro, E. G., J.-A. L. M. L. Toribio and S. M. Mor, 2017: Climate change and cattle vector-borne diseases: Use of participatory epidemiology to investigate experiences in pastoral communities in Northern Tanzania. ''Preventive Veterinary Medicine'' , '''147''' , 79–89, doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.08.010.

<div id="Kimirei--2020"></div>

Kimirei, I. A. et al., 2020: Trends in Ecological Changes: Implications for East and Southern Africa. In: ''Ecological Changes in the Zambezi River Basin'' [Ndebele-Murisa, M., I. A. Kimirei, C. P. Mubaya and T. Bere (eds.)]. CODESRIA, Dakar, pp. 49–82. ISBN 978-2-86978-713-1.

<div id="Kishiwa--2018"></div>

Kishiwa, P., J. Nobert, V. Kongo and P. Ndomba, 2018: Assessment of impacts of climate change on surface water availability using coupled SWAT and WEAP models: case of upper Pangani River Basin, Tanzania. ''Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences'' , '''378''' , 23–27, doi:10.5194/piahs-378-23-2018.

<div id="Kissler--2020"></div>

Kissler, S. M. et al., 2020: Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the post-pandemic period. ''medRxiv'' , 2020.2003.2004.20031112, doi:10.1101/2020.03.04.20031112.

<div id="Kita--2019"></div>

Kita, S. M., 2019: Barriers or enablers? Chiefs, elite capture, disasters, and resettlement in rural Malawi. ''Disasters'' , '''43''' (1), 135–156, doi:10.1111/disa.12295.

<div id="Kiwanuka-Tondo--2019"></div>

Kiwanuka-Tondo, J., F. Semazzi and K. Pettiway, 2019: Climate risk communication of navigation safety and climate conditions over Lake Victoria basin: Exploring perceptions and knowledge of indigenous communities. ''Cogent Social Sciences'' , '''5''' (1), 1588485, doi:10.1080/23311886.2019.1588485.

<div id="Kjellstrom--2016"></div>

Kjellstrom, T. et al., 2016: Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts. ''Annual Review of Public Health'' , '''37''' (1), 97–112, doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021740.

<div id="Kjellstrom--2018"></div>

Kjellstrom, T. et al., 2018: Estimating population heat exposure and impacts on working people in conjunction with climate change. ''Int J Biometeorol'' , '''62''' (3), 291–306, doi:10.1007/s00484-017-1407-0.

<div id="Kjellstrom--2014"></div>

Kjellstrom, T. et al., 2014: ''Occupational Heat Stress Contribution to WHO project on “Global assessment of the health impacts of climate change”, which started in 2009'' . ClimateChip Technical Report, Ruby Coast Research Centre, Mapua, Nelson, New Zealand, 52 pp. Available at: http://climatechip.org/sites/default/files/publications/TP2014_4_Occupational_Heat_Stress_WHO.pdf .

<div id="Klerkx--2019"></div>

Klerkx, L., E. Jakku and P. Labarthe, 2019: A review of social science on digital agriculture, smart farming and agriculture 4.0: New contributions and a future research agenda. ''NJAS – Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences'' , '''90-91''' , 100315, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2019.100315 .

<div id="Kloos--2015"></div>

Kloos, J. and N. Baumert, 2015: Preventive resettlement in anticipation of sea level rise: a choice experiment from Alexandria, Egypt. ''Natural Hazards'' , '''76''' (1), 99–121, doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1475-y.

<div id="Klotter--2018"></div>

Klotter, D., S. E. Nicholson, A. K. Dezfuli and L. Zhou, 2018: New Rainfall Datasets for the Congo Basin and Surrounding Regions. ''Journal of Hydrometeorology'' , '''19''' (8), 1379–1396, doi:10.1175/jhm-d-18-0015.1.

<div id="Klutse--2018"></div>

Klutse, N. A. B. et al., 2018: Potential impact of 1.5°C and 2°C global warming on consecutive dry and wet days over West Africa. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13''' (5), 055013, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aab37b.

<div id="KNOMAD--2016"></div>

[[#KNOMAD--2016|KNOMAD, 2016]] : ''Migration and Development Brief 26: Migration and Remittances Recent Developments and Outlook'' . World Bank, The Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD), Washington, DC, 48 pp. Available at: http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/661301460400427908/MigrationandDevelopmentBrief26.pdf .

<div id="Knorr--2016"></div>

Knorr, W., A. Arneth and L. Jiang, 2016: Demographic controls of future global fire risk. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6''' (8), 781–785, doi:10.1038/nclimate2999.

<div id="Knorr--2017"></div>

Knorr, W. et al., 2017: Wildfire air pollution hazard during the 21st century. ''Atmos. Chem. Phys.'' , '''17''' (14), 9223–9236, doi:10.5194/acp-17-9223-2017.

<div id="Knox--2010"></div>

Knox, J. W., J. A. Rodríguez Díaz, D. J. Nixon and M. Mkhwanazi, 2010: A preliminary assessment of climate change impacts on sugarcane in Swaziland. ''Agricultural Systems'' , '''103''' (2), 63–72, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2009.09.002 .

<div id="Kohlitz--2017"></div>

Kohlitz, J., J. Chong and J. Willetts, 2017: Climate change vulnerability and resilience of water, sanitation, and hygiene services: A theoretical perspective. ''Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development'' , '''7''' , washdev2017134, doi:10.2166/washdev.2017.134.

<div id="Koks--2019"></div>

Koks, E. E. et al., 2019: A global multi-hazard risk analysis of road and railway infrastructure assets. ''Nat Commun'' , '''10''' (1), 2677, doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10442-3.

<div id="Kolawole--2016"></div>

Kolawole, O. D. et al., 2016: Climate Variability and Rural Livelihoods: How Households Perceive and Adapt to Climatic Shocks in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. ''Weather, Climate, and Society'' , '''8''' (2), 131–145, doi:10.1175/WCAS-D-15-0019.1.

<div id="Kolding--2016"></div>

Kolding, J., P. van Zwieten, F. Marttin and F. Poulain, 2016: ''Fisheries in the Drylands of sub-Saharan Africa: “fish come with the rains” - Building resilience for sheries-dependent livelihoods to enhance food security and nutrition in the drylands'' . FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 64 pp. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5616e.pdf .

<div id="Kolding--2019"></div>

Kolding, J. et al., 2019: ''Freshwater small pelagic fish and their fisheries in major African lakes and reservoirs in relation to food security and nutrition'' . FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper, FAO, Rome, Italy, 122 pp. Available at: http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/CA0843EN/ .

<div id="Kolusu--2019"></div>

Kolusu, S. R. et al., 2019: The El Niño event of 2015–2016: climate anomalies and their impact on groundwater resources in East and Southern Africa. ''Hydrology and Earth System Sciences'' , '''23''' (3), 1751–1762, doi:10.5194/hess-23-1751-2019.

<div id="Kotchoni--2019"></div>

Kotchoni, D. O. V. et al., 2019: Relationships between rainfall and groundwater recharge in seasonally humid Benin: a comparative analysis of long-term hydrographs in sedimentary and crystalline aquifers. ''Hydrogeology Journal'' , '''27''' (2), 447–457, doi:10.1007/s10040-018-1806-2.

<div id="Koubi--2019"></div>

Koubi, V., 2019: Climate Change and Conflict. ''Annual Review of Political Science'' , '''22''' (1), 343–360, doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070830.

<div id="Kraemer--2021"></div>

Kraemer, B. M. et al., 2021: Climate change drives widespread shifts in lake thermal habitat. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''11''' (6), 521–529, doi:10.1038/s41558-021-01060-3.

<div id="Kraemer--2019"></div>

Kraemer, M. U. G. et al., 2019: Past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. ''Nature Microbiology'' , '''4''' (5), 854–863, doi:10.1038/s41564-019-0376-y.

<div id="Krell--2021"></div>

Krell, N. T. et al., 2021: Smallholder farmers’ use of mobile phone services in central Kenya. ''Climate and Development'' , '''13''' (3), 215–227, doi:10.1080/17565529.2020.1748847.

<div id="Kroon--2016"></div>

Kroon, F. J., P. Thorburn, B. Schaffelke and S. Whitten, 2016: Towards protecting the Great Barrier Reef from land-based pollution. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''22''' (6), 1985–2002, doi:10.1111/gcb.13262.

<div id="Kruczkiewicz--2021"></div>

Kruczkiewicz, A. et al., 2021: Opinion: Compound risks and complex emergencies require new approaches to preparedness. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''118''' (19), e2106795118, doi:10.1073/pnas.2106795118.

<div id="Kruger--2017a"></div>

Kruger, A. C. and M. Nxumalo, 2017a: Historical rainfall trends in South Africa: 1921–2015. ''Water SA'' , '''43''' (2), 285–297, doi: https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v43i2.12 .

<div id="Kruger--2017b"></div>

Kruger, A. C. and M. Nxumalo, 2017b: Surface temperature trends from homogenized time series in South Africa: 1931–2015. ''International Journal of Climatology'' , '''37''' (5), 2364–2377, doi:10.1002/joc.4851.

<div id="Kuhl--2021"></div>

Kuhl, L., 2021: Policy making under scarcity: reflections for designing socially just climate adaptation policy. ''One Earth'' , '''4''' (2), 202–212, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.01.008 .

<div id="Kula--2013"></div>

Kula, N., A. Haines and R. Fryatt, 2013: Reducing Vulnerability to Climate Change in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Need for Better Evidence. ''PLoS medicine'' , '''10''' (1), 5, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001374.

<div id="Kulp--2019"></div>

Kulp, S. A. and B. H. Strauss, 2019: New elevation data triple estimates of global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding. ''Nature Communications'' , '''10''' (1), 4844, doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z.

<div id="Kumi--2018"></div>

Kumi, N. and B. J. Abiodun, 2018: Potential impacts of 1.5°C and 2°C global warming on rainfall onset, cessation and length of rainy season in West Africa. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13''' (5), 055009, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aab89e.

<div id="Kummu--2021"></div>

Kummu, M. et al., 2021: Climate change risks pushing one-third of global food production outside the safe climatic space. ''One Earth'' , '''4''' (5), 720–729, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.04.017 .

<div id="Kundzewicz--2014"></div>

Kundzewicz, Z. W. et al., 2014: Flood risk and climate change: global and regional perspectives. ''Hydrological Sciences Journal'' , '''59''' (1), 1–28, doi:10.1080/02626667.2013.857411.

<div id="Kuper--2016"></div>

Kuper, H. et al., 2016: Social protection for people with disabilities in Tanzania: a mixed methods study. ''Oxford Development Studies'' , '''44''' (4), 441–457, doi:10.1080/13600818.2016.1213228.

<div id="Kupika--2019"></div>

Kupika, O. L., E. Gandiwa, G. Nhamo and S. Kativu, 2019: Local Ecological Knowledge on Climate Change and Ecosystem-Based Adaptation Strategies Promote Resilience in the Middle Zambezi Biosphere Reserve, Zimbabwe. ''Scientifica'' , '''2019''' , 3069254, doi:10.1155/2019/3069254.

<div id="Kuran--2020"></div>

Kuran, C. H. A. et al., 2020: Vulnerability and vulnerable groups from an intersectionality perspective. ''International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction'' , '''50''' , 101826, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101826 .

<div id="Kusangaya--2014"></div>

Kusangaya, S., M. L. Warburton, E. Archer van Garderen and G. P. W. Jewitt, 2014: Impacts of climate change on water resources in southern Africa: A review. ''Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C'' , '''67-69''' , 47–54, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2013.09.014 .

<div id="Kynast-Wolf--2010"></div>

Kynast-Wolf, G. et al., 2010: Seasonal patterns of cardiovascular disease mortality of adults in Burkina Faso, West Africa. ''Trop Med Int Health'' , '''15''' (9), 1082–1089, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02586.x.

<div id="Kyriakarakos--2020"></div>

Kyriakarakos, G., A. T. Balafoutis and D. Bochtis, 2020: Proposing a Paradigm Shift in Rural Electrification Investments in Sub-Saharan Africa through Agriculture. ''Sustainability'' , '''12''' (8), doi:10.3390/su12083096.

<div id="LaCanne--2018"></div>

LaCanne, C. E. and J. G. Lundgren, 2018: Regenerative agriculture: merging farming and natural resource conservation profitably. ''PeerJ'' , '''6''' (e4428), doi:10.7717/peerj.4428.

<div id="Läderach--2013"></div>

Läderach, P., A. Martinez-Valle, G. Schroth and N. Castro, 2013: Predicting the future climatic suitability for cocoa farming of the world’s leading producer countries, Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire. ''Climatic Change'' , '''119''' (3-4), 841–854, doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0774-8.

<div id="Lakhraj-Govender--2019"></div>

Lakhraj-Govender, R. and S. W. Grab, 2019: Rainfall and river flow trends for the Western Cape Province, South Africa. ''South African Journal of Science'' , '''115''' (9/10), 1–6, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2019/6028 http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2019/6028]

<div id="Lakhraj-Govender--2019"></div>

Lakhraj-Govender, R. and S. W. Grab, 2019: Assessing the impact of El Niño–Southern Oscillation on South African temperatures during austral summer. ''International Journal of Climatology'' , '''39''' (1), 143–156, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5791 .

<div id="Lallo--2018"></div>

Lallo, C. H. O. et al., 2018: Characterizing heat stress on livestock using the temperature humidity index (THI)—prospects for a warmer Caribbean. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''18''' (8), 2329–2340, doi:10.1007/s10113-018-1359-x.

<div id="Lammers--2020"></div>

Lammers, P. L., T. Richter and J. Mantilla-Contreras, 2020: From Safety Net to Point of No Return—Are Small-Scale Inland Fisheries Reaching Their Limits? ''Sustainability'' , '''12''' (18), doi:10.3390/su12187299.

<div id="Landrigan--2018"></div>

Landrigan, P. J. et al., 2018: The ''Lancet'' Commission on pollution and health. ''The Lancet'' , '''391''' (10119), 462–512, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32345-0.

<div id="Laneri--2015"></div>

Laneri, K. et al., 2015: Dynamical malaria models reveal how immunity buffers effect of climate variability. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America'' , '''112''' (28), 8786–8791, doi:10.1073/pnas.1419047112.

<div id="Langat--2017"></div>

Langat, P., L. Kumar and R. Koech, 2017: Temporal Variability and Trends of Rainfall and Streamflow in Tana River Basin, Kenya. ''Sustainability'' , '''9''' (11), doi:10.3390/su9111963.

<div id="Lapointe--2018"></div>

Lapointe, D. et al., 2018: Predicted impacts of climate warming on aerobic performance and upper thermal tolerance of six tropical freshwater fishes spanning three continents. ''Conserv Physiol'' , '''6''' (1), coy056, doi:10.1093/conphys/coy056.

<div id="Lasage--2015"></div>

Lasage, R. and P. H. Verburg, 2015: Evaluation of small scale water harvesting techniques for semi-arid environments. ''Journal of Arid Environments'' , '''118''' , 48–57, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.02.019 .

<div id="Laufkötter--2020"></div>

Laufkötter, C., J. Zscheischler and T. L. Frölicher, 2020: High-impact marine heatwaves attributable to human-induced global warming. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''369''' (6511), 1621–1625, doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba0690 .

<div id="Laurance--2015"></div>

Laurance, W. F., S. Sloan, L. Weng and J. A. Sayer, 2015: Estimating the Environmental Costs of Africa’s Massive “Development Corridors”. ''Current Biology'' , '''25''' (24), 3202–3208, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.10.046 .

<div id="Laurie--2018"></div>

Laurie, S. M., M. Faber and N. Claasen, 2018: Incorporating orange-fleshed sweet potato into the food system as a strategy for improved nutrition: The context of South Africa. ''Food Research International'' , '''104''' , 77–85, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.016 .

<div id="Lawlor--2019"></div>

Lawlor, K., S. Handa and D. Seidenfeld, 2019: Cash Transfers Enable Households to Cope with Agricultural Production and Price Shocks: Evidence from Zambia. ''The Journal of Development Studies'' , '''55''' (2), 209–226, doi:10.1080/00220388.2017.1393519.

<div id="Lazenby--2018"></div>

Lazenby, M. J., M. C. Todd, R. Chadwick and Y. Wang, 2018: Future Precipitation Projections over Central and Southern Africa and the Adjacent Indian Ocean: What Causes the Changes and the Uncertainty? ''Journal of Climate'' , '''31''' (12), 4807–4826, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0311.1.

<div id="Le Maitre--2020"></div>

Le Maitre, D. C. et al., 2020: Impacts of Plant Invasions on Terrestrial Water Flows in South Africa. In: ''Biological Invasions in South Africa'' [van Wilgen, B. W., J. Measey, D. M. Richardson, J. R. Wilson and T. A. Zengeya (eds.)]. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 431–457. ISBN 978-3-030-32394-3.

<div id="Leal Filho--2018"></div>

Leal Filho, W. et al., 2018: Strengthening climate change adaptation capacity in Africa-case studies from six major African cities and policy implications. ''Environmental Science &amp; Policy'' , '''86''' , 29–37, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.05.004 .

<div id="Leck--2018"></div>

Leck, H. et al., 2018: Towards Risk-Sensitive and Transformative Urban Development in Sub Saharan Africa. ''Sustainability'' , '''10''' (8), doi:10.3390/su10082645.

<div id="Leck--2015"></div>

Leck, H. and D. Roberts, 2015: What lies beneath: understanding the invisible aspects of municipal climate change governance. ''Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability'' , '''13''' , 61–67, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.02.004 .

<div id="Leck--2018"></div>

Leck, H. and D. Simon, 2018: Local Authority Responses to Climate Change in South Africa: The Challenges of Transboundary Governance. ''Sustainability'' , '''10''' (7), 2542, doi:10.3390/su10072542.

<div id="Lee--2016"></div>

Lee, A. T. K. and P. Barnard, 2016: Endemic birds of the Fynbos biome: a conservation assessment and impacts of climate change. ''Bird Conservation International'' , '''26''' (1), 52–68, doi:10.1017/S0959270914000537.

<div id="Lee--2018"></div>

Lee, K. W. and M. Hong, 2018: Relative Effectiveness of Various Development Finance Flows: A Comparative Study. ''KD Journal of Economic Policy'' , '''40''' (3), 91–115, doi:10.23895/KDIJEP.2018.40.3.91.

<div id="Lee--2015"></div>

Lee, T. M. et al., 2015: Predictors of public climate change awareness and risk perception around the world. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''5''' (11), 1014–1020, doi:10.1038/nclimate2728.

<div id="Leedale--2016"></div>

Leedale, J., A. Jones, C. Caminade and A. Morse, 2016: A dynamic, climate-driven model of Rift Valley fever. ''Geospatial health'' , '''11''' , 394, doi:10.4081/gh.2016.394.

<div id="Lefore--2021"></div>

Lefore, N., A. Closas and P. Schmitter, 2021: Solar for all: A framework to deliver inclusive and environmentally sustainable solar irrigation for smallholder agriculture. ''Energy Policy'' , '''154''' , 112313, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112313 .

<div id="Lelieveld--2016"></div>

Lelieveld, J. et al., 2016: Strongly increasing heat extremes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in the 21st century. ''Climatic Change'' , '''137''' (1-2), 245–260, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1665-6 .

<div id="Lempert--2015"></div>

Lempert, R. et al., 2015: Adaptation to Climate Change in Infrastructure Planning. In: ''Enhancing the Climate Resilience of Africa’s Infrastructure: The Power and Water Sectors'' [Cervigni, R., R. Liden, J. E. Neumann and K. M. Strzepek (eds.)]. The World Bank, Washington, DC, pp. 103–130. ISBN 978-1-4648-0466-3.

<div id="Leone--2013"></div>

Leone, M. et al., 2013: A time series study on the effects of heat on mortality and evaluation of heterogeneity into European and Eastern-Southern Mediterranean cities: results of EU CIRCE project. ''Environmental health : a global access science source'' , '''12''' , 55, doi:10.1186/1476-069x-12-55.

<div id="Lequechane--2020"></div>

Lequechane, J. D. et al., 2020: Mozambique’s response to cyclone Idai: how collaboration and surveillance with water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions were used to control a cholera epidemic. ''Infectious Diseases of Poverty'' , '''9''' (1), 68, doi:10.1186/s40249-020-00692-5.

<div id="Leßmeister--2015"></div>

Leßmeister, A. et al., 2015: Substitution of the most important and declining wild food species in southeast Burkina Faso. ''Flora et Vegetatio Sudano-Sambesica'' , '''18''' , 11–20, doi: https://doi.org/10.21248/fvss.18.29 .

<div id="Levy--2015"></div>

Levy, B. S. and J. A. Patz, 2015: Climate Change, Human Rights, and Social Justice. ''Ann Glob Health'' , '''81''' (3), 310–322, doi:10.1016/j.aogh.2015.08.008.

<div id="Levy--2016"></div>

Levy, K., A. P. Woster, R. S. Goldstein and E. J. Carlton, 2016: Untangling the impacts of climate change on waterborne diseases: a systematic review of relationships between diarrheal diseases and temperature, rainfall, flooding, and drought. ''Environmental science &amp; technology'' , '''50''' (10), 4905–4922, doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b06186 .

<div id="Lewin--2012"></div>

Lewin, P. A., M. Fisher and B. Weber, 2012: Do rainfall conditions push or pull rural migrants: evidence from Malawi. ''Agricultural Economics'' , '''43''' (2), 191–204, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2011.00576.x .

<div id="Lewis--2019"></div>

Lewis, S. L., C. E. Wheeler, E. T. Mitchard and A. Koch, 2019: Restoring natural forests is the best way to remove atmospheric carbon. ''Nature'' , '''568''' , 25–28, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01026-8 .

<div id="Li--2021"></div>

Li, C. et al., 2021: Changes in Annual Extremes of Daily Temperature and Precipitation in CMIP6 Models. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''34''' (9), 3441–3460, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-19-1013.1.

<div id="Li--2018"></div>

Li, D., G. Christakos, X. Ding and J. Wu, 2018: Adequacy of TRMM satellite rainfall data in driving the SWAT modeling of Tiaoxi catchment (Taihu lake basin, China). ''Journal of Hydrology'' , '''556''' , 1139–1152, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.01.006 .

<div id="Li--2014"></div>

Li, J., M. Mullan and J. Helgeson, 2014: Improving the practice of economic analysis of climate change adaptation. ''Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis'' , '''5''' (3), 445, doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/jbca-2014-9004 .

<div id="Lieber--2021"></div>

Lieber, M. et al., 2021: The Synergistic Relationship Between Climate Change and the HIV/AIDS Epidemic: A Conceptual Framework. ''AIDS and Behavior'' , '''25''' (7), 2266–2277, doi:10.1007/s10461-020-03155-y.

<div id="Liebmann--2014"></div>

Liebmann, B. et al., 2014: Understanding Recent Eastern Horn of Africa Rainfall Variability and Change. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''27''' (23), 8630–8645, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-13-00714.1.

<div id="Lindley--2019"></div>

Lindley, S. J., P. A. Cook, M. Dennis and A. Gilchrist, 2019: Biodiversity, Physical Health and Climate Change: A Synthesis of Recent Evidence. In: ''Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change'' [Marselle, M. R., J. Stadler, H. Korn, K. N. Irvine and A. Bonn (eds.)]. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 17–46. ISBN 978-3-030-02317-1.

<div id="Linke--2018"></div>

Linke, A. M. et al., 2018: Drought, Local Institutional Contexts, and Support for Violence in Kenya. ''Journal of Conflict Resolution'' , '''62''' (7), 1544–1578, doi:10.1177/0022002717698018.

<div id="Lipper--2014"></div>

Lipper, L. et al., 2014: Climate-smart agriculture for food security. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''4''' (12), 1068–1072, doi:10.1038/nclimate2437.

<div id="Liu--2017"></div>

Liu, B., Y. L. Siu and G. Mitchell, 2017: A quantitative model for estimating risk from multiple interacting natural hazards: an application to northeast Zhejiang, China. ''Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment'' , '''31''' , 1319–1340, doi:10.1007/s00477-016-1250-6.

<div id="Liu--2018a"></div>

Liu, J. et al., 2018a: Nexus approaches to global sustainable development. ''Nature Sustainability'' , '''1''' (9), 466–476, doi:10.1038/s41893-018-0135-8.

<div id="Liu--2018b"></div>

Liu, W. et al., 2018b: Global Freshwater Availability Below Normal Conditions and Population Impact Under 1.5 and 2°C Stabilization Scenarios. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''45''' (18), 9803–9813, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078789 .

<div id="Liu--2018c"></div>

Liu, W. et al., 2018c: Global drought and severe drought-affected populations in 1.5 and 2 C warmer worlds. ''Earth System Dynamics'' , '''9''' (1), 267–283, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-267-2018 .

<div id="Liverpool-Tasie--2020"></div>

Liverpool-Tasie, L. S. O. et al., 2020: Perceptions and exposure to climate events along agricultural value chains: Evidence from Nigeria. ''Journal of Environmental Management'' , '''264''' (January), doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110430.

<div id="Liwenga--2015"></div>

Liwenga, E. et al., 2015: Climate related projections on future water resources and human adaptation in the Great Ruaha River Basin in Tanzania. University of Dar-es-salaam, Dar-es-salaam, Tanzania.

<div id="Lobell--2011"></div>

Lobell, D. B., M. Bänziger, C. Magorokosho and B. Vivek, 2011: Nonlinear heat effects on African maize as evidenced by historical yield trials. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''1''' (1), 42–45, doi:10.1038/nclimate1043.

<div id="Loevinsohn--2015"></div>

Loevinsohn, M., 2015: The 2001-03 Famine and the Dynamics of HIV in Malawi: A Natural Experiment. ''PLoS One'' , '''10''' (9), e0135108, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135108.

<div id="Longo-Mbenza--1999"></div>

Longo-Mbenza, B. et al., 1999: Hematocrit and stroke in black Africans under tropical climate and meteorological influence. ''Ann Med Interne (Paris)'' , '''150''' (3), 171–177.

<div id="Loucks--2017"></div>

Loucks, D. P. and E. van Beek, 2017: Water Resource Systems Modeling: Its Role in Planning and Management. In: ''Water Resource Systems Planning and Management: An Introduction to Methods, Models, and Applications'' . Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 51–72. ISBN 978-3-319-44234-1.

<div id="Lovelock--2019"></div>

Lovelock, C. E. and C. M. Duarte, 2019: Dimensions of Blue Carbon and emerging perspectives. ''Biology Letters'' , '''15''' (3), 20180781, doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0781.

<div id="Lovschal--2017"></div>

Lovschal, M. et al., 2017: Fencing bodes a rapid collapse of the unique Greater Mara ecosystem. ''Sci Rep'' , '''7''' , 41450, doi:10.1038/srep41450.

<div id="Low--2019"></div>

Low, A. J. et al., 2019: Association between severe drought and HIV prevention and care behaviors in Lesotho: A population-based survey 2016–2017. ''PLoS medicine'' , '''16''' (1), e1002727, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002727.

<div id="Lowe--2019"></div>

Lowe, B. S. et al., 2019: Adapting to change in inland fisheries: analysis from Lake Tanganyika, East Africa. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''19''' (6), 1765–1776, doi:10.1007/s10113-019-01516-5.

<div id="Ludwig--2013"></div>

Ludwig, F. et al., 2013: ''Climate change impacts on the Congo Basin region'' [Haensler, A., D. Jacob, P. Kabat and F. Ludwig (eds.)]. Climate Change Scenarios for the Congo Basin, Climate Service Centre, Hamburg, Germany.

<div id="Lumbroso--2018"></div>

Lumbroso, D., 2018: How can policy makers in sub-Saharan Africa make early warning systems more effective? The case of Uganda. ''International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction'' , '''27''' , 530–540, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.11.017 .

<div id="Lumbroso--2020"></div>

Lumbroso, D., 2020: Flood risk management in Africa. ''Journal of Flood Risk Management'' , '''13''' (3), doi:10.1111/jfr3.12612.

<div id="Lund Schlamovitz--2020"></div>

Lund Schlamovitz, J. and P. Becker, 2020: Differentiated vulnerabilities and capacities for adaptation to water shortage in Gaborone, Botswana. ''International Journal of Water Resources Development'' , '''37''' (2), 278–299, doi:10.1080/07900627.2020.1756752.

<div id="Lunga--2016"></div>

Lunga, W. and C. Musarurwa, 2016: Exploiting indigenous knowledge commonwealth to mitigate disasters: from the archives of vulnerable communities in Zimbabwe. ''Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.'' , '''15''' (1), 22–29.

<div id="Lunga--2019"></div>

Lunga, W., P. Pathias Bongo, D. van Niekerk and C. Musarurwa, 2019: Disability and disaster risk reduction as an incongruent matrix: Lessons from rural Zimbabwe. ''Jamba'' , '''11''' (1), 648, doi:10.4102/jamba.v11i1.648.

<div id="Luo--2019"></div>

Luo, X. et al., 2019: Hydrological Simulation Using TRMM and CHIRPS Precipitation Estimates in the Lower Lancang-Mekong River Basin. ''Chinese geographical science'' , '''29''' (1), 13–25, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-019-1014-6 .

<div id="Lurie--2006"></div>

Lurie, M. N., 2006: The Epidemiology of Migration and HIV/AIDS in South Africa. ''Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies'' , '''32''' (4), 649–666.

<div id="Lutz--2014"></div>

Lutz, W., R. Muttarak and E. Striessnig, 2014: Universal education is key to enhanced climate adaptation. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''346''' (6213), 1061–1062, doi:10.1126/science.1257975.

<div id="Lwasa--2018"></div>

Lwasa, S., K. Buyana, P. Kasaija and J. Mutyaba, 2018: Scenarios for adaptation and mitigation in urban Africa under 1.5°C global warming. ''Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability'' , '''30''' , 52–58, doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2018.02.012.

<div id="Lwasa--2014"></div>

Lwasa, S. et al., 2014: Urban and peri-urban agriculture and forestry: Transcending poverty alleviation to climate change mitigation and adaptation. ''Urban Climate'' , '''7''' , 92–106, doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2013.10.007.

<div id="Lyon--2017"></div>

Lyon, B., T. Dinku, A. Raman and M. C. Thomson, 2017: Temperature suitability for malaria climbing the Ethiopian Highlands. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''12''' (6), 064015, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa64e6.

<div id="Lyon--2017"></div>

Lyon, B. and N. Vigaud, 2017: Unraveling East Africa’s Climate Paradox. In: ''Climate Extremes'' [Wang, S. S., J. Yoon, C. C. Funk and R. R. Gillies (eds.)]. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc, Washington, DC, pp. 265–281. ISBN 9781119068020.

<div id="M’Bra--2018"></div>

M’Bra, R. K. et al., 2018: Impact of climate variability on the transmission risk of malaria in northern Côte d’Ivoire. ''PLOS ONE'' , '''13''' (6), e0182304, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182304.

<div id="Maarleveld--2013"></div>

Maarleveld, T. J. and U. Guérin, 2013: ''Manual for Activities directed at Underwater Cultural Heritage'' [Egger, B. (ed.)]. UNESCO, France, 351 pp. Available at: http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/underwater/pdf/UCH-Manual.pdf (accessed 2019/03/22/08:30:46).

<div id="Mabuya--2020"></div>

Mabuya, B. and M. Scholes, 2020: The Three Little Houses: A Comparative Study of Indoor and Ambient Temperatures in Three Low-Cost Housing Types in Gauteng and Mpumalanga, South Africa. ''International journal of environmental research and public health'' , '''17''' (10), 3524, doi:10.3390/ijerph17103524.

<div id="Macamo--2016"></div>

Macamo, C. C. F. et al., 2016: Mangrove’s response to cyclone Eline (2000): What is happening 14 years later. ''Aquatic Botany'' , '''134''' , 10–17, doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2016.05.004.

<div id="MacDonald--2012"></div>

MacDonald, A. M., H. C. Bonsor, B. É. Ó. Dochartaigh and R. G. Taylor, 2012: Quantitative maps of groundwater resources in Africa. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''7''' (2), doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/2/024009.

<div id="Mach--2019"></div>

Mach, K. J. et al., 2019: Climate as a risk factor for armed conflict. ''Nature'' , '''571''' , 193–197, doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1300-6.

<div id="Macháček--2019"></div>

Macháček, J., 2019: Typology of Environmental Impacts of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in African Great Lakes Region. ''Sustainability'' , '''11''' (11), doi:10.3390/su11113027.

<div id="Mackinnon--2019"></div>

Mackinnon, E. et al., 2019: 21st century research in urban WASH and health in sub-Saharan Africa: methods and outcomes in transition. ''Int J Environ Health Res'' , '''29''' (4), 457–478, doi:10.1080/09603123.2018.1550193.

<div id="MacVicar--2017"></div>

MacVicar, S. et al., 2017: Whether weather matters: Evidence of association between in utero meteorological exposures and foetal growth among Indigenous and non-Indigenous mothers in rural Uganda. ''PLoS One'' , '''12''' (6), e0179010, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179010.

<div id="Madonsela--2019"></div>

Madonsela, B., S. Koop, K. Van Leeuwen and K. Carden, 2019: Evaluation of Water Governance Processes Required to Transition towards Water Sensitive Urban Design—An Indicator Assessment Approach for the City of Cape Town. ''Water'' , '''11''' (2), 14, doi:10.3390/w11020292.

<div id="Mafongoya--2019"></div>

Mafongoya, P. et al., 2019: Climate Change and Rapidly Evolving Pests and Diseases in Southern Africa. In: ''New Frontiers in Natural Resources Management in Africa'' [Ayuk, E. and N. Unuigbe (eds.)]. Springer, Cham, Switzerland AG, pp. 41–57. ISBN 978-3-030-11857-0.

<div id="Mafongoya--2017"></div>

Mafongoya, P. L., O. Jiri, C. P. Mubaya and O. Mafongoya, 2017: Using indigenous knowledge for seasonal quality prediction in managing climate risk in sub-Saharan Africa. In: ''Indigenous knowledge systems and climate change management in Africa'' [Mafongoya, P. L. and O. C. Ajayi (eds.)]. The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 43.

<div id="Mahe--2013"></div>

Mahe, G. et al., 2013: The rivers of Africa: witness of climate change and human impact on the environment. ''Hydrological Processes'' , '''27''' (15), 2105–2114, doi:10.1002/hyp.9813.

<div id="Mahl--2020"></div>

Mahl, D. et al., 2020: “We are a Bit Blind About it”: A Qualitative Analysis of Climate Change-Related Perceptions and Communication Across South African Communities. ''Environmental Communication'' , '''14''' (6), 802–815, doi:10.1080/17524032.2020.1736116.

<div id="Mahmood--2019"></div>

Mahmood, R., S. Jia and W. Zhu, 2019: Analysis of climate variability, trends, and prediction in the most active parts of the Lake Chad basin, Africa. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''9''' (1), 6317, doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42811-9.

<div id="Maidment--2015"></div>

Maidment, R. I., R. P. Allan and E. Black, 2015: Recent observed and simulated changes in precipitation over Africa. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''42''' (19), 8155–8164, doi:10.1002/2015gl065765.

<div id="Maire--2021"></div>

Maire, E. et al., 2021: Micronutrient supply from global marine fisheries under climate change and overfishing. ''Current Biology'' , '''31''' (18), 4132–4138.e4133, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.067 .

<div id="Makaka--2006"></div>

Makaka, G. and E. Meyer, 2006: Temperature Stability of Traditional and Low-cost Modern Housing in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. ''Journal of Building Physics'' , '''30''' (1), 71–86, doi:10.1177/1744259106065674.

<div id="Makara--2018"></div>

Makara, S., 2018: Decentralisation and good governance in Africa: A critical review. ''African Journal of Political Science and International Relations'' , '''12''' (2), 22–32, doi: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPSIR2016.0973 .

<div id="Makate--2019"></div>

Makate, C., 2019: Local institutions and indigenous knowledge in adoption and scaling of climate-smart agricultural innovations among sub-Saharan smallholder farmers. ''International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management'' , '''12''' (2), 270–287, doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-07-2018-0055.

<div id="Makate--2019"></div>

Makate, C., M. Makate, N. Mango and S. Siziba, 2019: Increasing resilience of smallholder farmers to climate change through multiple adoption of proven climate-smart agriculture innovations. Lessons from Southern Africa. ''Journal of Environmental Management'' , '''231''' , 858–868, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.069 .

<div id="Makina--2016"></div>

Makina, A. and T. Moyo, 2016: Mind the gap: institutional considerations for gender-inclusive climate change policy in Sub-Saharan Africa. ''Local Environment'' , '''21''' (10), 1185–1197, doi:10.1080/13549839.2016.1189407.

<div id="Makondo--2018"></div>

Makondo, C. C. and D. S. G. Thomas, 2018: Climate change adaptation: Linking indigenous knowledge with western science for effective adaptation. ''Environmental Science &amp; Policy'' , '''88''' , 83–91, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.06.014 .

<div id="Malherbe--2013"></div>

Malherbe, J., F. A. Engelbrecht and W. A. Landman, 2013: Projected changes in tropical cyclone climatology and landfall in the Southwest Indian Ocean region under enhanced anthropogenic forcing. ''Clim Dyn'' , '''40''' (11), 2867–2886, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1635-2 .

<div id="Malhi--2014"></div>

Malhi, Y. et al., 2014: Tropical Forests in the Anthropocene. ''Annual Review of Environment and Resources'' , '''39''' (1), 125–159, doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-030713-155141.

<div id="Manatsa--2013"></div>

Manatsa, D. and S. K. Behera, 2013: On the Epochal Strengthening in the Relationship between Rainfall of East Africa and IOD. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''26''' (15), 5655–5673, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-12-00568.1.

<div id="Manes--2021"></div>

Manes, S. et al., 2021: Endemism increases species’ climate change risk in areas of global biodiversity importance. ''Biological Conservation'' , '''257''' , 109070, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109070 .

<div id="Manuamorn--2020"></div>

Manuamorn, O. P. and R. Biesbroek, 2020: Do direct-access and indirect-access adaptation projects differ in their focus on local communities? A systematic analysis of 63 Adaptation Fund projects. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''20''' (4), 139, doi:10.1007/s10113-020-01716-4.

<div id="Manzanedo--2020"></div>

Manzanedo, R. D. and P. Manning, 2020: COVID-19: Lessons for the climate change emergency. ''Science of the Total Environment'' , '''742''' , 140563–140563, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140563.

<div id="Mapfumo--2017"></div>

Mapfumo, P. et al., 2017: Pathways to transformational change in the face of climate impacts: an analytical framework. ''Climate and Development'' , '''9''' (5), 439–451, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2015.1040365 .

<div id="Marais--2019"></div>

Marais, E. A. et al., 2019: Air Quality and Health Impact of Future Fossil Fuel Use for Electricity Generation and Transport in Africa. ''Environmental Science &amp; Technology'' , '''53''' (22), 13524–13534, doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b04958.

<div id="Marais--2016"></div>

Marais, E. A. and C. Wiedinmyer, 2016: Air Quality Impact of Diffuse and Inefficient Combustion Emissions in Africa (DICE-Africa). ''Environmental Science &amp; Technology'' , '''50''' (19), 10739–10745, doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b02602.

<div id="Marchetta--2019"></div>

Marchetta, F., D. E. Sahn and L. Tiberti, 2019: The Role of Weather on Schooling and Work of Young Adults in Madagascar. ''American Journal of Agricultural Economics'' , '''101''' (4), 1203–1227, doi:10.1093/ajae/aaz015.

<div id="Marchiori--2012"></div>

Marchiori, L., J.-F. Maystadt and I. Schumacher, 2012: The impact of weather anomalies on migration in sub-Saharan Africa. ''Journal of Environmental Economics and Management'' , '''63''' (3), 355–374, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2012.02.001 .

<div id="Marcotullio--2021"></div>

Marcotullio, P. J., C. Keßler and B. M. Fekete, 2021: The future urban heat-wave challenge in Africa: Exploratory analysis. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''66''' , 102190, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102190 .

<div id="Markandya--2018"></div>

Markandya, A. et al., 2018: Health co-benefits from air pollution and mitigation costs of the Paris Agreement: a modelling study. ''The Lancet Planetary Health'' , '''2''' (3), e126-e133, doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30029-9.

<div id="Markham--2016"></div>

Markham, A., E. Osipova, K. Lafrenz Samuels and A. Caldas, 2016: ''World Heritage and Tourism in a Changing Climate.'' , United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.

<div id="Martens--2021"></div>

Martens, C. et al., 2021: Large uncertainties in future biome changes in Africa call for flexible climate adaptation strategies. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''27''' (2), 340–358, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15390 .

<div id="Martin--2008"></div>

Martin, V. et al., 2008: The impact of climate change on the epidemiology and control of Rift Valley fever. ''Rev Sci Tech'' , '''27''' (2), 413–426.

<div id="Martínez-Capel--2017"></div>

Martínez-Capel, F., L. García-López and M. Beyer, 2017: Integrating Hydrological Modelling and Ecosystem Functioning for Environmental Flows in Climate Change Scenarios in the Zambezi River (Zambezi Region, Namibia). ''River Research and Applications'' , '''33''' (2), 258–275, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.3058 .

<div id="Marzeion--2014"></div>

Marzeion, B. and A. Levermann, 2014: Loss of cultural world heritage and currently inhabited places to sea-level rise. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''9''' (3), doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/3/034001.

<div id="Masih--2014"></div>

Masih, I., S. Maskey, F. E. F. Mussá and P. Trambauer, 2014: A review of droughts on the African continent: a geospatial and long-term perspective. ''Hydrology and Earth System Sciences'' , '''18''' (9), 3635–3649, doi:10.5194/hess-18-3635-2014.

<div id="Masson--2019"></div>

Masson, V. L., C. Benoudji, S. S. Reyes and G. Bernard, 2019: How violence against women and girls undermines resilience to climate risks in Chad. ''Disasters'' , '''43 Suppl 3''' (Suppl 3), S245-s270, doi:10.1111/disa.12343.

<div id="Masters--2010"></div>

Masters, G. and L. Norgrove, 2010: ''Climate change and invasive alien species'' . '''1''' , CABI, Switzerland, 30 pp. Available at: https://www.cabi.org/Uploads/CABI/expertise/invasive-alien-species-working-paper.pdf .

<div id="Mastrorillo--2016"></div>

Mastrorillo, M. et al., 2016: The influence of climate variability on internal migration flows in South Africa. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''39''' , 155–169, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.04.014 .

<div id="Masubelele--2014"></div>

Masubelele, M. L., M. T. Hoffman, W. J. Bond and J. Gambiza, 2014: A 50 year study shows grass cover has increased in shrublands of semi-arid South Africa. ''Journal of Arid Environments'' , '''104''' , 43–51, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2014.01.011 .

<div id="Masullo--2015"></div>

Masullo, I., G. Larsen, L. Brown and L. Dougherty-Choux, 2015: ''“Direct Access” To Climate Finance: Lessons Learned By National Institutions'' . World Resources Institute, 1–32 pp. Available at: https://wriorg.s3.amazonaws.com/s3 fs-public/22DIRECT_ACCESS_TO_CLIMATE_FINANCE_LESSONS_LEARNED_BY_NATIONAL_INSTITUTIONS.pdf (accessed 30/10/2020).

<div id="Mathews--1995"></div>

Mathews, E. H., P. G. Richards, S. L. Van Wyk and P. G. Rousseau, 1995: Energy efficiency of ultra-low-cost housing. ''Building and Environment'' , '''30''' (3), 427–432, doi:10.1016/0360-1323(94)00061-V.

<div id="Matlin--2018"></div>

Matlin, S. A. et al., 2018: Migrants’ and refugees’ health: towards an agenda of solutions. ''Public Health Rev.'' , '''39''' (1), 55, doi:10.1186/s40985-018-0104-9.

<div id="Maúre--2018"></div>

Maúre, G. et al., 2018: The southern African climate under 1.5°C and 2°C of global warming as simulated by CORDEX regional climate models. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13''' (6), 065002, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aab190.

<div id="Maurin--2014"></div>

Maurin, O. et al., 2014: Savanna fire and the origins of the ‘underground forests’ of Africa. ''New Phytologist'' , '''204''' (1), 201–214, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12936 .

<div id="Mavah--2018"></div>

Mavah, G. A. et al., 2018: Food and livelihoods in park-adjacent communities: The case of the Odzala Kokoua National Park. ''Biological Conservation'' , '''222''' , 44–51, doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.03.036.

<div id="Mawren--2021"></div>

Mawren, D., J. Hermes and C. J. C. Reason, 2021: Marine heatwaves in the Mozambique Channel. ''Clim Dyn'' , doi:10.1007/s00382-021-05909-3.

<div id="Maystadt--2014"></div>

Maystadt, J.-F. and O. Ecker, 2014: Extreme Weather and Civil War: Does Drought Fuel Conflict in Somalia through Livestock Price Shocks? ''American Journal of Agricultural Economics'' , '''96''' (4), 1157–1182, doi:10.1093/ajae/aau010.

<div id="Maystadt--2014"></div>

Maystadt, J. F., M. Calderone and L. You, 2014: Local warming and violent conflict in North and South Sudan. ''Journal of Economic Geography'' , '''15''' (3), 649–671, doi:10.1093/jeg/lbu033.

<div id="Mba--2018"></div>

Mba, W. P. et al., 2018: Consequences of 1.5°C and 2°C global warming levels for temperature and precipitation changes over Central Africa. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13''' (5), 055011, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aab048.

<div id="Mbakaya--2020"></div>

Mbakaya, B. C., F. W. Kalembo and M. Zgambo, 2020: Use, adoption, and effectiveness of tippy-tap handwashing station in promoting hand hygiene practices in resource-limited settings: a systematic review. ''BMC public health'' , '''20''' (1), 1005, doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09101-w.

<div id="Mbaye--2017"></div>

Mbaye, L. M., 2017: ''Climate change, natural disasters, and migration'' . African Development Bank, Côte d’Ivoire.

<div id="Mbereko--2018"></div>

Mbereko, A., M. J. Chimbari and S. Mukaratirwa, 2018: The political ecology of stakeholder-driven climate change adaptation: Case study from Ntalale ward, Gwanda district, in Zimbabwe. ''Jamba'' , '''10''' (1), 419, doi:10.4102/jamba.v10i1.419.

<div id="Mbow--2014"></div>

Mbow, C. et al., 2014: Achieving mitigation and adaptation to climate change through sustainable agroforestry practices in africa. ''Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability'' , '''6''' , 8–14, doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2013.09.002.

<div id="McCarl--2015"></div>

McCarl, B. A. et al., 2015: Climate change vulnerability and adaptation strategies in Egypt’s agricultural sector. ''Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change'' , '''20''' (7), 1097–1109, doi:10.1007/s11027-013-9520-9.

<div id="McCarl--2016"></div>

McCarl, B. A., A. W. Thayer and J. P. H. Jones, 2016: The challenge of climate change adaptation for agriculture: An economically oriented review. ''Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics'' , '''48''' (4), 321–344, doi:10.1017/aae.2016.27.

<div id="McCartney--2019"></div>

McCartney, M. P. et al., 2019: Rethinking irrigation modernisation: realising multiple objectives through the integration of fisheries. ''Marine and Freshwater Research'' , '''70''' (9), 1201–1210, doi: https://doi.org/10.1071/MF19161 .

<div id="McClanahan--2014"></div>

McClanahan, T. R. et al., 2014: Biogeography and change among regional coral communities across the Western Indian Ocean. ''PLoS One'' , '''9''' (4), e93385, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093385.

<div id="McCleery--2018"></div>

McCleery, R. et al., 2018: Animal diversity declines with broad-scale homogenization of canopy cover in African savannas. ''Biological Conservation'' , '''226''' , 54–62, doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.07.020.

<div id="McCord--2016"></div>

McCord, G. C., 2016: Malaria ecology and climate change. ''Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top.'' , '''225''' (3), 459–470, doi:10.1140/epjst/e2015-50097-1.

<div id="McCord--2015"></div>

McCord, P. F., M. Cox, M. Schmitt-Harsh and T. Evans, 2015: Crop diversification as a smallholder livelihood strategy within semi-arid agricultural systems near Mount Kenya. ''Land Use Policy'' , '''42''' , 738–750, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.10.012 .

<div id="McDonald--2014"></div>

McDonald, R. I. et al., 2014: Water on an urban planet: Urbanization and the reach of urban water infrastructure. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''27''' , 96–105, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.022.

<div id="McDonnell--2015"></div>

McDonnell, L. H. and L. J. Chapman, 2015: At the edge of the thermal window: effects of elevated temperature on the resting metabolism, hypoxia tolerance and upper critical thermal limit of a widespread African cichlid. ''Conserv Physiol'' , '''3''' (1), cov050, doi:10.1093/conphys/cov050.

<div id="McIntyre--2016"></div>

McIntyre, P. B., C. A. Reidy and C. Revenga, 2016: Linking freshwater fishery management to global food security and biodiversity conservation. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''113''' (45), doi:10.1073/pnas.1521540113.

<div id="McKechnie--2021"></div>

McKechnie, A. E., I. A. Rushworth, F. Myburgh and S. J. Cunningham, 2021: Mortality among birds and bats during an extreme heat event in eastern South Africa. ''Austral Ecology'' , '''46''' (4), 687–691, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.13025 .

<div id="McNicol--2018"></div>

McNicol, I. M., C. M. Ryan and E. T. A. Mitchard, 2018: Carbon losses from deforestation and widespread degradation offset by extensive growth in African woodlands. ''Nature Communications'' , '''9''' (1), 3045, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05386-z.

<div id="McOmber--2019"></div>

McOmber, C., C. Audia and F. Crowley, 2019: Building resilience by challenging social norms: integrating a transformative approach within the BRACED consortia. ''Disasters'' , '''43 Suppl 3''' , S271-s294, doi:10.1111/disa.12341.

<div id="Meadow--2015"></div>

Meadow, A. M. et al., 2015: Moving toward the deliberate coproduction of climate science knowledge. ''Climate, and Society'' , '''7''' (2), 179–191, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-14-00050.1 .

<div id="Mechler--2020"></div>

Mechler, R. et al., 2020: Loss and Damage and limits to adaptation: recent IPCC insights and implications for climate science and policy. ''Sustainability Science'' , '''15''' (4), 1245–1251, doi:10.1007/s11625-020-00807-9.

<div id="Meissner--2016"></div>

Meissner, R. and I. Jacobs, 2016: Theorising complex water governance in Africa: the case of the proposed Epupa Dam on the Kunene River. ''International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics'' , '''16''' (1), 21–48, doi:10.1007/s10784-014-9250-9.

<div id="Mekonnen--2016"></div>

Mekonnen, M. M. and A. Y. Hoekstra, 2016: Four billion people facing severe water scarcity. ''Science Advances'' , '''2''' (2), e1500323, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500323.

<div id="Melillo--2016"></div>

Melillo, J. M. et al., 2016: Protected areas’ role in climate-change mitigation. ''Ambio'' , '''45''' (2), 133–145, doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0693-1.

<div id="Meque--2021"></div>

Meque, A. et al., 2021: Numerical weather prediction and climate modelling: Challenges and opportunities for improving climate services delivery in Southern Africa. ''Climate Services'' , '''23''' , 100243, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2021.100243 .

<div id="Mercy Corps--2019"></div>

[[#Mercy%20Corps--2019|Mercy Corps, 2019]] : ''Climate Information Services Research Initiative: Final Report. A Learning Agenda for Climate Information Services in Sub-Saharan Africa (USAID)'' . Mercy Corps, Washington DC, USA. Available at: https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2020_USAID_Mercy-CorpsC-CISRI.pdf .

<div id="Meresa--2018"></div>

Meresa, H. K. and M. T. Gatachew, 2018: Climate change impact on river flow extremes in the Upper Blue Nile River basin. ''Journal of Water and Climate Change'' , '''10''' (4), 759–781, doi:10.2166/wcc.2018.154.

<div id="Merkens--2016"></div>

Merkens, J.-L., L. Reimann, J. Hinkel and A. T. Vafeidis, 2016: Gridded population projections for the coastal zone under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. ''Global and Planetary Change'' , '''145''' , 57–66, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.08.009 .

<div id="Mersha--2016"></div>

Mersha, A. A. and F. Van Laerhoven, 2016: A gender approach to understanding the differentiated impact of barriers to adaptation: responses to climate change in rural Ethiopia. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''16''' (6), 1701–1713, doi:10.1007/s10113-015-0921-z.

<div id="Mertz--2001"></div>

Mertz, O., A. Lykke and A. Reenberg, 2001: Importance and seasonality of vegetable consumption and marketing in Burkina Faso. ''Economic Botany'' , '''55''' (2), 276–289, doi:10.1007/BF02864565.

<div id="Messerli--2014"></div>

Messerli, P. et al., 2014: The geography of large-scale land acquisitions: Analysing socio-ecological patterns of target contexts in the global South. ''Applied Geography'' , '''53''' , 449–459, doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.07.005.

<div id="Messina--2019"></div>

Messina, J. P. et al., 2019: The current and future global distribution and population at risk of dengue. ''Nature Microbiology'' , '''4''' (9), 1508–1515, doi:10.1038/s41564-019-0476-8.

<div id="Meyer--2015"></div>

Meyer, C., H. Kreft, R. Guralnick and W. Jetz, 2015: Global priorities for an effective information basis of biodiversity distributions. ''Nature Communications'' , '''6''' , doi:10.1038/ncomms9221.

<div id="Mfitumukiza--2020"></div>

Mfitumukiza, D. et al., 2020: The role of indigenous knowledge (IK) in adaptation to drought by agropastoral smallholder farmers in Uganda. ''Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.'' , '''19''' (1), 44–52.

<div id="Midgley--2015"></div>

Midgley, G. F. and W. J. Bond, 2015: Future of African terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystems under anthropogenic climate change. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''5''' (9), 823–829, doi:10.1038/nclimate2753.

<div id="Miguel--2004"></div>

Miguel, E., S. Satyanath and E. Sergenti, 2004: Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict: An Instrumental Variables Approach. ''Journal of Political Economy'' , '''112''' (4), 725–753, doi:10.1086/421174.

<div id="Miller--2017"></div>

Miller, J. D. and M. Hutchins, 2017: The impacts of urbanisation and climate change on urban flooding and urban water quality: A review of the evidence concerning the United Kingdom. ''Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies'' , '''12''' , 345–362, doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2017.06.006.

<div id="Milne--2015"></div>

Milne, R., S. J. Cunningham, A. T. K. Lee and B. Smit, 2015: The role of thermal physiology in recent declines of birds in a biodiversity hotspot. ''Conservation Physiology'' , '''3''' (1), doi:10.1093/conphys/cov048.

<div id="Minoli--2019"></div>

Minoli, S. et al., 2019: Global Response Patterns of Major Rainfed Crops to Adaptation by Maintaining Current Growing Periods and Irrigation. ''Earth’s Future'' , '''7''' (12), 1464–1480, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EF001130 .

<div id="Minsker--2015"></div>

Minsker, B. et al., 2015: Progress and Recommendations for Advancing Performance-Based Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure Design. ''Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management'' , '''141''' (12), A4015006, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000521.

<div id="Missirian--2017"></div>

Missirian, A. and W. Schlenker, 2017: Asylum applications respond to temperature fluctuations. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''358''' (6370), 1610–1614, doi:10.1126/science.aao0432.

<div id="Mitchell--2016"></div>

Mitchell, D., 2016: Human Influences on Heat-Related Health Indicators During the 2015 Egyptian Heat Wave. ''Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society'' , '''97''' , S70-S74, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0132.1.

<div id="Moat--2019"></div>

Moat, J., T. W. Gole and A. P. Davis, 2019: Least concern to endangered: Applying climate change projections profoundly influences the extinction risk assessment for wild Arabica coffee. ''Glob Chang Biol'' , '''25''' (2), 390–403, doi:10.1111/gcb.14341.

<div id="Mogomotsi--2020"></div>

Mogomotsi, P. K., A. Sekelemani and G. E. Mogomotsi, 2020: Climate change adaptation strategies of small-scale farmers in Ngamiland East, Botswana. ''Climatic Change'' , '''159''' , 441–460, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02645-w .

<div id="Mohmmed--2018"></div>

Mohmmed, A. et al., 2018: Assessing drought vulnerability and adaptation among farmers in Gadaref region, Eastern Sudan. ''Land Use Policy'' , '''70''' , 402–413, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.11.027 .

<div id="Mohsin--2019"></div>

Mohsin, M. et al., 2019: Developing low carbon economies: An aggregated composite index based on carbon emissions. ''Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments'' , '''35''' , 365–374, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2019.08.003 .

<div id="Mokadem--2018"></div>

Mokadem, N. et al., 2018: Impact of climate change on groundwater and the extinction of ancient “Foggara” and springs systems in arid lands in North Africa: a case study in Gafsa basin (Central of Tunisia). ''Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration'' , '''3''' (1), 28, doi:10.1007/s41207-018-0070-0.

<div id="Mokhatla--2015"></div>

Mokhatla, M. M., D. Rödder and G. J. Measey, 2015: Assessing the effects of climate change on distributions of Cape Floristic Region amphibians. ''South African Journal of Science'' , '''111''' (11), 1–7, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2015/20140389 http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2015/20140389] .

<div id="Mölg--2009a"></div>

Mölg, T., J. C. H. Chiang, A. Gohm and N. J. Cullen, 2009a: Temporal precipitation variability versus altitude on a tropical high mountain: Observations and mesoscale atmospheric modelling. ''Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society'' , '''135''' (643), 1439–1455, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.461 .

<div id="Mölg--2009b"></div>

Mölg, T. et al., 2009b: Quantifying Climate Change in the Tropical Midtroposphere over East Africa from Glacier Shrinkage on Kilimanjaro. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''22''' (15), 4162–4181, doi:10.1175/2009JCLI2954.1.

<div id="Moncrieff--2016"></div>

Moncrieff, G. R. et al., 2016: The future distribution of the savannah biome: model-based and biogeographic contingency. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'' , '''371''' (1703), 20150311, doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0311.

<div id="Moore--2015"></div>

Moore, F. and D. Diaz, 2015: Temperature Impacts on Economic Growth Warrant Stringent Mitigation Policy. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''5''' , doi:10.1038/nclimate2481.

<div id="Moore--2017a"></div>

Moore, F. C., U. Baldos, T. Hertel and D. Diaz, 2017a: New science of climate change impacts on agriculture implies higher social cost of carbon. ''Nature Communications'' , '''8''' (1), doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01792-x.

<div id="Moore--2017b"></div>

Moore, S. M. et al., 2017b: El Niño and the shifting geography of cholera in Africa. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''114''' (17), 4436–4441, doi:10.1073/pnas.1617218114.

<div id="Moosa--2014"></div>

Moosa, C. S. and N. Tuana, 2014: Mapping a Research Agenda Concerning Gender and Climate Change: A Review of the Literature. ''Hypatia'' , '''29''' (3), 677–694, doi:10.1111/hypa.12085.

<div id="Mora--2017"></div>

Mora, C. et al., 2017: Global risk of deadly heat. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''7''' (7), 501–506, doi:10.1038/nclimate3322.

<div id="Mordecai--2019"></div>

Mordecai, E. A. et al., 2019: Thermal biology of mosquito-borne disease. ''Ecology Letters'' , '''22''' (10), 1690–1708, doi:10.1111/ele.13335.

<div id="Mordecai--2013"></div>

Mordecai, E. A. et al., 2013: Optimal temperature for malaria transmission is dramatically lower than previously predicted. ''Ecol. Lett.'' , '''16''' (1), 22–30, doi:10.1111/ele.12015.

<div id="Mordecai--2020"></div>

Mordecai, E. A. et al., 2020: Climate change could shift disease burden from malaria to arboviruses in Africa. ''The Lancet Planetary Health'' , '''4''' (9), e416-e423, doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30178-9.

<div id="Moron--2016"></div>

Moron, V. et al., 2016: Trends of mean temperatures and warm extremes in northern tropical Africa (1961–2014) from observed and PPCA-reconstructed time series. ''J Geophys Res-Atmos'' , '''121''' (10), 5298–5319, doi:10.1002/2015jd024303.

<div id="Morrison--2008"></div>

Morrison, S. F., K. Nakamura and C. J. Madden, 2008: Central control of thermogenesis in mammals. ''Exp Physiol'' , '''93''' (7), 773–797, doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2007.041848.

<div id="Morrissey--2013"></div>

Morrissey, J. W., 2013: Understanding the relationship between environmental change and migration: The development of an effects framework based on the case of northern Ethiopia. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''23''' (6), 1501–1510, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.07.021 .

<div id="Mouhamed--2013"></div>

Mouhamed, L., S. B. Traore, A. Alhassane and B. Sarr, 2013: Evolution of some observed climate extremes in the West African Sahel. ''Weather and Climate Extremes'' , '''1''' , 19–25, doi:10.1016/j.wace.2013.07.005.

<div id="Moustahfid--2018"></div>

Moustahfid, H., F. Marsac and A. Gangopadhyay, 2018: ''Climate change impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptations: Western Indian Ocean marine fisheries'' [Barange, M., T. Bahri, M. Beveridge, K. Cochrane, S. Funge-Smith and F. Poulain (eds.)]. Impacts of Climate Change on Fisheries and Aquaculture: Synthesis of Current Knowledge, Adaptation and Mitigation Options, FAO, Rome, Italy, 251–259 pp. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/i9705en/I9705EN.pdf .

<div id="Mpandeli--2018"></div>

Mpandeli, S. et al., 2018: Climate Change Adaptation through the Water-Energy-Food Nexus in Southern Africa. ''Int J Environ Res Public Health'' , '''15''' (10), doi:10.3390/ijerph15102306.

<div id="Mrema--2012"></div>

Mrema, S., A. Shamte, M. Selemani and H. Masanja, 2012: The influence of weather on mortality in rural Tanzania: a time-series analysis 1999–2010. ''Glob Health Action'' , '''5''' , 33–43, doi:10.3402/gha.v5i0.19068.

<div id="Muchuru--2018"></div>

Muchuru, S. and G. Nhamo, 2018: Climate change adaptation and the African fisheries: evidence from the UNFCCC National Communications. ''Environment, Development and Sustainability'' , '''20''' (4), 1687–1705, doi:10.1007/s10668-017-9960-6.

<div id="Muchuru--2019"></div>

Muchuru, S. and G. Nhamo, 2019: A review of climate change adaptation measures in the African crop sector. ''Climate and Development'' , '''11''' (10), 873–885, doi:10.1080/17565529.2019.1585319.

<div id="Mudombi--2017"></div>

Mudombi, S., C. Fabricius, V. van Zyl-Bulitta and A. Patt, 2017: The use of and obstacles to social learning in climate change adaptation initiatives in South Africa. ''Jamba (Potchefstroom, South Africa)'' , '''9''' (1), 292–292, doi:10.4102/jamba.v9i1.292.

<div id="Mueller--2020"></div>

Mueller, V., C. Gray and D. Hopping, 2020: Climate-Induced migration and unemployment in middle-income Africa. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''65''' , 102183, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102183 .

<div id="Mugambiwa--2018"></div>

Mugambiwa, S. S., 2018: Adaptation measures to sustain indigenous practices and the use of indigenous knowledge systems to adapt to climate change in Mutoko rural district of Zimbabwe. ''Jamba-J. Disaster Risk Stud.'' , '''10''' (1), 1–9, doi:10.4102/jamba.v10i1.388.

<div id="Mugwedi--2018"></div>

Mugwedi, L. F. et al., 2018: Restoration planning for climate change mitigation and adaptation in the city of Durban, South Africa. ''International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services &amp; Management'' , '''14''' (1), 132–144, doi:10.1080/21513732.2018.1483967.

<div id="Muhati--2018"></div>

Muhati, G. L., D. Olago and L. Olaka, 2018: Participatory scenario development process in addressing potential impacts of anthropogenic activities on the ecosystem services of Mt. Marsabit forest, Kenya. ''Global Ecology and Conservation'' , '''14''' , doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00402.

<div id="Mukeka--2018"></div>

Mukeka, J. M., J. O. Ogutu, E. Kanga and E. Roskaft, 2018: Characteristics of Human-Wildlife Conflicts in Kenya: Examples of Tsavo and Maasai Mara Regions. ''Environment and Natural Resources Research'' , '''8''' (3), doi:10.5539/enrr.v8n3p148.

<div id="Muller--2016"></div>

Muller, A. M. and A. Wright, 2016: ''Unlocking Africa’s Transboundary Water Potential'' Bank, A. D., Abidjan. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2856605 .

<div id="Müller--2021"></div>

Müller, C. et al., 2021: Exploring uncertainties in global crop yield projections in a large ensemble of crop models and CMIP5 and CMIP6 climate scenarios. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''16''' (3), 034040, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abd8 fc.

<div id="Muller--2013"></div>

Muller, C. and S. E. Shackleton, 2013: Perceptions of climate change and barriers to adaptation amongst commonage and commercial livestock farmers in the semi-arid Eastern Cape Karoo. ''African Journal of Range &amp; Forage Science'' , '''31''' (1), 1–12, doi:10.2989/10220119.2013.845606.

<div id="Muller--2018"></div>

Muller, M., 2018: Cape Town’s drought: don’t blame climate change. ''Nature'' , '''559''' (7713), 174–176, doi:10.1038/d41586-018-05649-1.

<div id="Müller Schmied--2016"></div>

Müller Schmied, H. et al., 2016: Variations of global and continental water balance components as impacted by climate forcing uncertainty and human water use. ''Hydrology and Earth System Sciences'' , '''20''' (7), 2877–2898, doi:10.5194/hess-20-2877-2016.

<div id="Mulwa--2020"></div>

Mulwa, C. K. and M. Visser, 2020: Farm diversification as an adaptation strategy to climatic shocks and implications for food security in northern Namibia. ''World Development'' , '''129''' , 104906, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104906 .

<div id="Mumba--2016"></div>

Mumba, M. et al., 2016: Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) of African Mountain Ecosystems: Experiences from Mount Elgon, Uganda. In: ''Climate Change Adaptation Strategies – An Upstream-downstream Perspective'' [Salzmann, N., C. Huggel, S. U. Nussbaumer and G. Ziervogel (eds.)]. Springer, Cham, pp. 121–140. ISBN 978-3-319-40773-9.

<div id="Mumtaz--2017"></div>

Mumtaz, Z. and P. Whiteford, 2017: Social safety nets in the development of a welfare system in Pakistan: an analysis of the Benazir Income Support Programme. ''Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration'' , '''39''' (1), 16–38, doi:10.1080/23276665.2017.1290902.

<div id="Munday--2019"></div>

Munday, C. and R. Washington, 2019: Controls on the diversity in climate model projections of early summer drying over Southern Africa. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''32''' (12), 3707–3725, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0463.1.

<div id="Mureithi--2016"></div>

Mureithi, S. M. et al., 2016: Benefits Derived from Rehabilitating a Degraded Semi-Arid Rangeland in Communal Enclosures, Kenya. ''Land Degradation &amp; Development'' , '''27''' (8), 1853–1862, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2341 .

<div id="Muriithi--2017"></div>

Muriithi, S. M., 2017: African small and medium enterprises (SMEs) contributions, challenges and solutions. ''European Journal of Research and Reflection in Management Sciences'' , '''5''' (1), 36–48.

<div id="Muringai--2021"></div>

Muringai, R. T., P. L. Mafongoya and R. Lottering, 2021: Climate Change and Variability Impacts on Sub-Saharan African Fisheries: A Review. ''Reviews in Fisheries Science &amp; Aquaculture'' , '''29''' (4), 706–720, doi:10.1080/23308249.2020.1867057.

<div id="Muringai--2019a"></div>

Muringai, R. T., D. Naidoo, P. Mafongoya and S. Lottering, 2019a: The Impacts of Climate Change on the Livelihood and Food Security of Small-Scale Fishers in Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. ''Journal of Asian and African Studies'' , '''55''' (2), 298–313, doi:10.1177/0021909619875769.

<div id="Muringai--2019b"></div>

Muringai, R. T., D. Naidoo, P. Mafongoya and M. Sibanda, 2019b: Small-scale fishers’ perceptions of climate change and its consequences on fisheries: the case of Sanyathi fishing basin, Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. ''Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa'' , '''74''' (3), 248–257, doi:10.1080/0035919x.2019.1639564.

<div id="Murray--2013"></div>

Murray, N. E., M. B. Quam and A. Wilder-Smith, 2013: Epidemiology of dengue: past, present and future prospects. ''Clin Epidemiol'' , '''5''' , 299–309, doi:10.2147/clep.s34440.

<div id="Murray--2018"></div>

Murray, R., D. Louw, B. van der Merwe and I. Peters, 2018: Windhoek, Namibia: from conceptualising to operating and expanding a MAR scheme in a fractured quartzite aquifer for the city’s water security. ''Sustainable Water Resources Management'' , '''4''' (2), 217–223, doi:10.1007/s40899-018-0213-0.

<div id="Murray--2019"></div>

Murray, U., 2019: ''Gender and NDCs: Country Progress and Key Findings'' . UNDP, Nairobi, Kenya. Available at: https://www.international-climate-initiative.com/fileadmin/Dokumente/2020/200302_undp-ndcsp-gender-ndc-country-progress-key-findings.pdf .

<div id="Musa--2014"></div>

Musa, Z. N., I. Popescu and A. Mynett, 2014: The Niger Delta’s vulnerability to river floods due to sea level rise. ''Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences'' , '''14''' (12), 3317–3329, doi:10.5194/nhess-14-3317-2014.

<div id="Musah-Surugu--2019"></div>

Musah-Surugu, I. J., A. Ahenkan and J. N. Bawole, 2019: Too weak to lead: motivation, agenda setting and constraints of local government to implement decentralized climate change adaptation policy in Ghana. ''Environment, Development and Sustainability'' , '''21''' (2), 587–607, doi:10.1007/s10668-017-0049-z.

<div id="Musengimana--2016"></div>

Musengimana, G., F. K. Mukinda, R. Machekano and H. Mahomed, 2016: Temperature Variability and Occurrence of Diarrhoea in Children under Five-Years-Old in Cape Town Metropolitan Sub-Districts. ''Int J Environ Res Public Health'' , '''13''' (9), doi:10.3390/ijerph13090859.

<div id="Mushawemhuka--2018"></div>

Mushawemhuka, W., J. M. Rogerson and J. Saarinen, 2018: Nature-based tourism operators’ perceptions and adaptation to climate change in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe. ''Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series'' , (42), 115–127, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bog-2018-0034 http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bog-2018-0034] .

<div id="Musinguzi--2015"></div>

Musinguzi, L. et al., 2015: Fishers’ perceptions of climate change, impacts on their livelihoods and adaptation strategies in environmental change hotspots: a case of Lake Wamala, Uganda. ''Environment, Development and Sustainability'' , '''18''' (4), 1255–1273, doi:10.1007/s10668-015-9690-6.

<div id="Musinguzi--2018"></div>

Musinguzi, L., V. Natugonza, J. Efitre and R. Ogutu-Ohwayo, 2018: The role of gender in improving adaptation to climate change among small-scale fishers. ''Climate and Development'' , '''10''' (6), 556–576, doi:10.1080/17565529.2017.1372262.

<div id="Mutabazi--2015"></div>

Mutabazi, K. D., T. S. Amjath-Babu and S. Sieber, 2015: Influence of livelihood resources on adaptive strategies to enhance climatic resilience of farm households in Morogoro, Tanzania: an indicator-based analysis. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''15''' (7), 1259–1268, doi:10.1007/s10113-015-0800-7.

<div id="Mutandwa--2019"></div>

Mutandwa, E., B. Hanyani-Mlambo and J. Manzvera, 2019: Exploring the link between climate change perceptions and adaptation strategies among smallholder farmers in Chimanimani district of Zimbabwe. ''International Journal of Social Economics'' , '''46''' (7), 850–860, doi:10.1108/ijse-12-2018-0654.

<div id="Mutenje--2019"></div>

Mutenje, M. J. et al., 2019: A cost-benefit analysis of climate-smart agriculture options in Southern Africa: Balancing gender and technology. ''Ecological Economics'' , '''163''' , 126–137, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.05.013 .

<div id="Muthige--2018"></div>

Muthige, M. S. et al., 2018: Projected changes in tropical cyclones over the South West Indian Ocean under different extents of global warming. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13''' (6), 065019, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aabc60.

<div id="Muthuwatta--2018"></div>

Muthuwatta, L. et al., 2018: Understanding the impacts of climate change in the Tana River Basin, Kenya. ''Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences'' , '''379''' , 37–42, doi:10.5194/piahs-379-37-2018.

<div id="Mutula--2014"></div>

Mutula, S., C. Stilwell and E. F. Elia, 2014: Indigenous Knowledge use in seasonal weather forecasting in Tanzania: the case of semi-arid central Tanzania. ''South African Journal of Libraries and Information Science'' , '''80''' (1), 18–27.

<div id="Muyambo--2017"></div>

Muyambo, F., Y. T. Bahta and A. J. Jordaan, 2017: The role of indigenous knowledge in drought risk reduction: A case of communal farmers in South Africa. ''Jamba'' , '''9''' (1), 420, doi:10.4102/jamba.v9i1.420.

<div id="Mvula--2014"></div>

Mvula, P. et al., 2014: ''Towards Defragmenting the Management System of Lake Chilwa Basin, Malawi'' . Defragmenting African Resource Management, vol. 1, LIT Verlag, Zurich, Switzerland. ISBN 978-3643903983.

<div id="Mwanga--2019"></div>

Mwanga, E., 2019: The Role of By-Laws in Enhancing the Integration of Indigenous Knowledge. ''Carbon &amp; Climate Law Review'' , '''13''' (1), 19–30, doi:10.21552/cclr/2019/1/5.

<div id="Mwaniki--2017"></div>

Mwaniki, F. and R. B. Stevenson, 2017: Farmers’ uses of indigenous knowledge and practices to cope with climate change in Kilifi County, Kenya. ''International Journal of Climate Change: impacts and responses'' , '''9''' (4), 53–65, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1835-7156/CGP/v09i04/53-65 http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1835-7156/CGP/v09i04/53-65] .

<div id="Mwenge Kahinda--2016"></div>

Mwenge Kahinda, J., R. Meissner and F. A. Engelbrecht, 2016: Implementing Integrated Catchment Management in the upper Limpopo River basin: A situational assessment. ''Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C'' , '''93''' , 104–118, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2015.10.003 .

<div id="Mweya--2016"></div>

Mweya, C. N. et al., 2016: Climate Change Influences Potential Distribution of Infected Aedes aegypti Co-Occurrence with Dengue Epidemics Risk Areas in Tanzania. ''PLOS ONE'' , '''11''' (9), e0162649, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162649.

<div id="Mweya--2017"></div>

Mweya, C. N., L. E. G. Mboera and S. I. Kimera, 2017: Climate Influence on Emerging Risk Areas for Rift Valley Fever Epidemics in Tanzania. ''Am J Trop Med Hyg'' , '''97''' (1), 109–114, doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0444.

<div id="Myers--2014"></div>

Myers, S. S. et al., 2014: Increasing CO2 threatens human nutrition. ''Nature'' , '''510''' , 139, doi:10.1038/nature13179.

<div id="Myhre--2019"></div>

Myhre, G. et al., 2019: Frequency of extreme precipitation increases extensively with event rareness under global warming. ''Sci Rep'' , '''9''' (1), 16063, doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52277-4.

<div id="Nachmany--2017"></div>

Nachmany, M., A. Abeysinghe and S. Barakat, 2017: Climate change legislation in the least developing countries. In: ''Trends in Climate Change Legislation'' [Averchenkova, A. F., Sam and M. Nachmany (eds.)]. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK, pp. 59–82. ISBN 9781786435774.

<div id="Naess--2015"></div>

Naess, L. O. et al., 2015: Climate policy meets national development contexts: Insights from Kenya and Mozambique. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''35''' , 534–544, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.08.015 .

<div id="Nago--2020"></div>

Nago, M. and M. Krott, 2020: Systemic failures in north–south climate change knowledge transfer: a case study of the Congo Basin. ''Climate Policy'' , 1–14, doi:10.1080/14693062.2020.1820850.

<div id="Naicker--2017"></div>

Naicker, N. et al., 2017: Indoor Temperatures in Low Cost Housing in Johannesburg, South Africa. ''Int J Environ Res Public Health'' , '''14''' (11), doi:10.3390/ijerph14111410.

<div id="Naidoo--2019"></div>

Naidoo, R. et al., 2019: Evaluating the impacts of protected areas on human well-being across the developing world. ''Science Advances'' , '''5''' (4), eaav3006, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav3006.

<div id="Nair--2016"></div>

Nair, M. K., L. F. Augustine and A. Konapur, 2016: Food-Based Interventions to Modify Diet Quality and Diversity to Address Multiple Micronutrient Deficiency. ''Frontiers in Public Health'' , '''3''' (277), doi:10.3389/fpubh.2015.00277.

<div id="Namara--2017"></div>

Namara, R. E. and M. Giordano, 2017: ''Economic Rationale for Cooperation on International Waters in Africa'' . World Bank Group, Washington DC.

<div id="Nangombe--2019"></div>

Nangombe, S. S. et al., 2019: High-Temperature Extreme Events Over Africa Under 1.5 and 2°C of Global Warming. ''J Geophys Res-Atmos'' , '''124''' (8), 4413–4428, doi:10.1029/2018jd029747.

<div id="Nantima--2019"></div>

Nantima, N. et al., 2019: The importance of a One Health approach for prioritising zoonotic diseases to focus on capacity-building efforts in Uganda. ''Rev Sci Tech'' , '''38''' (1), 315–325, doi:10.20506/rst.38.1.2963.

<div id="Narayan--2016"></div>

Narayan, S. et al., 2016: The Effectiveness, Costs and Coastal Protection Benefits of Natural and Nature-Based Defences. ''PLoS One'' , '''11''' (5), e0154735, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154735.

<div id="Narayanan--2017"></div>

Narayanan, S. and N. Gerber, 2017: Social safety nets for food and nutrition security in India. ''Global Food Security'' , '''15''' , 65–76, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.05.001 .

<div id="Nardone--2010"></div>

Nardone, A. et al., 2010: Effects of climate changes on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems. ''Livestock Science'' , '''130''' (1-3), 57–69, doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.011.

<div id="Nashwan--2019"></div>

Nashwan, M. S. and S. Shahid, 2019: Spatial distribution of unidirectional trends in climate and weather extremes in Nile river basin. ''Theoretical and Applied Climatology'' , '''137''' (1-2), 1181–1199, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-018-2664-5 .

<div id="Nashwan--2018"></div>

Nashwan, M. S., S. Shahid and N. Abd Rahim, 2018: Unidirectional trends in annual and seasonal climate and extremes in Egypt. ''Theoretical and Applied Climatology'' , '''136''' (1-2), 457–473, doi:10.1007/s00704-018-2498-1.

<div id="Nath--2020"></div>

Nath, I. B., 2020: ''The food problem and the aggregate productivity consequences of climate change'' . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA. ISBN 9788578110796.

<div id="Natugonza--2016"></div>

Natugonza, V. et al., 2016: Implications of climate warming for hydrology and water balance of small shallow lakes: A case of Wamala and Kawi, Uganda. ''Aquatic Ecosystem Health &amp; Management'' , '''19''' (4), 327–335, doi:10.1080/14634988.2016.1142167.

<div id="Natugonza--2015"></div>

Natugonza, V. et al., 2015: The responses of Nile tilapia ''Oreochromis niloticus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) in Lake Wamala (Uganda) to changing climatic conditions. ''Lakes Reserv Res Manage'' , '''20''' (2), 101–119, doi:10.1111/lre.12091.

<div id="Nawrotzki--2018"></div>

Nawrotzki, R. J. and J. DeWaard, 2018: Putting trapped populations into place: climate change and inter-district migration flows in Zambia. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''18''' (2), 533–546, doi:10.1007/s10113-017-1224-3.

<div id="Ncube--2018"></div>

Ncube, B., 2018: Insights into indigenous knowledge strategies for coping and adapting to drought in agriculture: A Karoo scenario, South Africa. ''Indilinga African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems'' , '''17''' (1), 92–108.

<div id="Ndebele-Murisa--2014"></div>

Ndebele-Murisa, M. R., 2014: Associations between Climate, Water Environment and Phytoplankton Production in African Lakes. In: ''Phytoplankton: Biology, Classification and Environmental Impacts'' [Teresa, M. S. (ed.)]. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. , NewYork, pp. 37–64. ISBN 978-1-62948-655-0.

<div id="Ndetto--2014"></div>

Ndetto, E. L. and A. Matzarakis, 2014: Urban atmospheric environment and human biometeorological studies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. ''Air Quality, Atmosphere &amp; Health'' , '''8''' (2), 175–191, doi:10.1007/s11869-014-0261-z.

<div id="Ndhlovu--2017"></div>

Ndhlovu, N. and O. Saito, 2017: Assessing the Sensitivity of Small-Scale Fishery Groups to Climate Change in Lake Kariba , Zimbabwe. ''Sustainability'' , '''9''' (2209), 1–18, doi:10.3390/su9122209.

<div id="Ndoro--2015"></div>

Ndoro, W., 2015: Heritage laws: Whose heritage are we protecting? ''South African Archaeological Bulletin'' , '''70''' (202), 136–137, doi:10.3316/informit.750186185776460.

<div id="Neate-Clegg--2021"></div>

Neate-Clegg, M. H. C. et al., 2021: Afrotropical montane birds experience upslope shifts and range contractions along a fragmented elevational gradient in response to global warming. ''PLOS ONE'' , '''16''' (3), e0248712, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248712.

<div id="Nemakonde--2021"></div>

Nemakonde, L. D., D. Van Niekerk, P. Becker and S. Khoza, 2021: Perceived Adverse Effects of Separating Government Institutions for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation Within the Southern African Development Community Member States. ''International Journal of Disaster Risk Science'' , '''12''' (1), 1–12, doi:10.1007/s13753-020-00303-9.

<div id="Nematchoua--2019"></div>

Nematchoua, M. K., J. A. Orosa and S. Reiter, 2019: Climate change: Variabilities, vulnerabilities and adaptation analysis – A case of seven cities located in seven countries of Central Africa. ''Urban Climate'' , '''29''' , 100486, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2019.100486 .

<div id="Neumann--2015"></div>

Neumann, B., A. T. Vafeidis, J. Zimmermann and R. J. Nicholls, 2015: Future coastal population growth and exposure to sea-level rise and coastal flooding-a global assessment. ''PLoS One'' , '''10''' (3), e0118571, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118571.

<div id="Neuzil--2019"></div>

Neuzil, K. M., A. J. Pollard and A. A. Marfin, 2019: Introduction of Typhoid Conjugate Vaccines in Africa and Asia. ''Clin Infect Dis'' , '''68''' (Suppl 1), S27-s30, doi:10.1093/cid/ciy878.

<div id="New--2020"></div>

New, M., S. Dorbor, R. C. Odoulami and D. Maslo, 2020: Towards attribution-based climate insurance: Redefining who should pay for weather-related insurance. In: ''Criminology and Climate: Insurance, Finance and the Regulation of Harmscapes'' , 1st ed. [Holley, C., L. Phelan and C. Shearing (eds.)]. Routledge, London, pp. 15. ISBN 9780429201172.

<div id="Newbery--2016"></div>

Newbery, F., A. Qi and B. D. L. Fitt, 2016: Modelling impacts of climate change on arable crop diseases: progress, challenges and applications. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' , '''32''' , 101–109, doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2016.07.002.

<div id="Newbold--2018"></div>

Newbold, T., 2018: Future effects of climate and land-use change on terrestrial vertebrate community diversity under different scenarios. ''Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'' , '''285''' (1881), 20180792, doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.0792.

<div id="Nguvava--2019"></div>

Nguvava, M., B. J. Abiodun and F. Otieno, 2019: Projecting drought characteristics over East African basins at specific global warming levels. ''Atmospheric Research'' , '''228''' , 41–54, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.05.008 .

<div id="Nhamo--2019"></div>

Nhamo, G. and O. Agyepong Adelaide, 2019: Climate change adaptation and local government : institutional complexities surrounding Cape Town’s Day Zero. ''Jamba : Journal of Disaster Risk Studies'' , '''11''' (3), 1–9, doi:10.4102/jamba.v11i3.717.

<div id="Nhamo--2019"></div>

Nhamo, G. and S. Muchuru, 2019: Climate adaptation in the public health sector in Africa: Evidence from United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change National Communications. ''Jamba'' , '''11''' (1), 644, doi:10.4102/jamba.v11i1.644.

<div id="Nhamo--2018"></div>

Nhamo, L. et al., 2018: The water-energy-food nexus: Climate risks and opportunities in Southern Africa. ''Water'' , '''10''' (5), doi:10.3390/w10050567.

<div id="Niang--2014"></div>

Niang, I. et al., 2014: ''Africa. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' [Barros, V. R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (ed.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1199–1266 pp. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf .

<div id="Nicholson--2015"></div>

Nicholson, S. E., 2015: Long-term variability of the East African ‘short rains’ and its links to large-scale factors. ''International Journal of Climatology'' , '''35''' (13), 3979–3990, doi:10.1002/joc.4259.

<div id="Nicholson--2017"></div>

Nicholson, S. E., 2017: Climate and climatic variability of rainfall over eastern Africa. ''Reviews of Geophysics'' , '''55''' (3), 590–635, doi:10.1002/2016rg000544.

<div id="Nicholson--2018"></div>

Nicholson, S. E., C. Funk and A. H. Fink, 2018: Rainfall over the African continent from the 19th through the 21st century. ''Global and Planetary Change'' , '''165''' , 114–127, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.12.014 .

<div id="Nielsen--2010"></div>

Nielsen, J. Ø. and A. Reenberg, 2010: Cultural barriers to climate change adaptation: A case study from Northern Burkina Faso. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''20''' (1), 142–152, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.10.002.

<div id="Nijsten--2018"></div>

Nijsten, G.-J. et al., 2018: Transboundary aquifers of Africa: Review of the current state of knowledge and progress towards sustainable development and management. ''Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies'' , '''20''' , 21–34, doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2018.03.004.

<div id="Nikiema--2017"></div>

Nikiema, P. M. et al., 2017: Multi-model CMIP5 and CORDEX simulations of historical summer temperature and precipitation variabilities over West Africa. ''International Journal of Climatology'' , '''37''' (5), 2438–2450, doi:10.1002/joc.4856.

<div id="Nikulin--2018"></div>

Nikulin, G. et al., 2018: The effects of 1.5 and 2 degrees of global warming on Africa in the CORDEX ensemble. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13''' (6), 065003, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aab1b1.

<div id="Niño-Zarazúa--2012"></div>

Niño-Zarazúa, M., A. Barrientos, S. Hickey and D. Hulme, 2012: Social Protection in Sub-Saharan Africa: Getting the Politics Right. ''World Development'' , '''40''' (1), 163–176, doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.04.004.

<div id="Nkiaka--2019"></div>

Nkiaka, E. et al., 2019: Identifying user needs for weather and climate services to enhance resilience to climate shocks in sub-Saharan Africa. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''14''' (12), 123003, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab4dfe.

<div id="Nkomwa--2014"></div>

Nkomwa, E. C. et al., 2014: Assessing indigenous knowledge systems and climate change adaptation strategies in agriculture: A case study of Chagaka Village, Chikhwawa, Southern Malawi. ''Physics and Chemistry of the Earth'' , '''67-69''' , 164–172, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2013.10.002 .

<div id="Nkotagu--1996"></div>

Nkotagu, H., 1996: Application of environmental isotopes to groundwater recharge studies in a semi-arid fractured crystalline basement area of Dodoma, Tanzania. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences'' , '''22''' (4), 443–457, doi: [https://doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362%2896%2900022-X https://doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(96)00022-X] .

<div id="Noritomo--2020"></div>

Noritomo, Y. and K. Takahashi, 2020: Can Insurance Payouts Prevent a Poverty Trap? Evidence from Randomised Experiments in Northern Kenya. ''The Journal of Development Studies'' , '''56''' (11), 2079–2096, doi:10.1080/00220388.2020.1736281.

<div id="Norström--2020"></div>

Norström, V. A. et al., 2020: Principles for knowledge co-production in sustainability research. ''Nature Sustainability'' , '''3''' (3), 182–190, doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0448-2.

<div id="Norton--2020"></div>

Norton, A. et al., 2020: Harnessing employment-based social assistance programmes to scale up nature-based climate action. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'' , '''375''' (1794), 20190127, doi:doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0127.

<div id="Nouaceur--2016"></div>

Nouaceur, Z. and O. Murărescu, 2016: Rainfall Variability and Trend Analysis of Annual Rainfall in North Africa. ''International Journal of Atmospheric Sciences'' , '''2016''' , 1–12, doi:10.1155/2016/7230450.

<div id="Numbere--2019"></div>

Numbere, A. O., 2019: Mangrove Habitat Loss and the Need for the Establishment of Conservation and Protected Areas in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. In: ''Habitats of the World-Biodiversity and Threats'' [Musarella, C. M., A. C. Ortiz and R. Q. Canas (eds.)]. IntechOpen, London, UK, pp. 49–63. ISBN 978-1-78984-487-0.

<div id="Nuñez--2021"></div>

Nuñez, M. A. et al., 2021: Should tree invasions be used in treeless ecosystems to mitigate climate change? ''Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment'' , '''19''' (6), 334–341, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2346 .

<div id="Nunfam--2019a"></div>

Nunfam, V. F. et al., 2019a: Perceptions of climate change and occupational heat stress risks and adaptation strategies of mining workers in Ghana. ''Sci Total Environ'' , '''657''' , 365–378, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.480.

<div id="Nunfam--2019b"></div>

Nunfam, V. F. et al., 2019b: Climate change and occupational heat stress risks and adaptation strategies of mining workers: Perspectives of supervisors and other stakeholders in Ghana. ''Environ Res'' , '''169''' , 147–155, doi:10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.004.

<div id="Nuvey--2020"></div>

Nuvey, F. S. et al., 2020: Poor mental health of livestock farmers in Africa: a mixed methods case study from Ghana. ''BMC public health'' , '''20''' (1), 825, doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08949-2.

<div id="Nwamarah--2018"></div>

Nwamarah, U., 2018: ''Gap analysis report: African Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)'' [Dorsouma, A.-H., G. Phillips, S. Wade, G. Jeal, S. Bruton, S. Borrini and G. Esambe (eds.)]. African Development Bank, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, 66 pp. Available at: https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Events/Cop24/african_ndcs_gap_analysis_report.pdf .

<div id="Nyadzi--2021"></div>

Nyadzi, E., S. E. Werners, R. Biesbroek and F. Ludwig, 2021: Techniques and skills of indigenous weather and seasonal climate forecast in Northern Ghana. ''Climate and Development'' , '''13''' (6), 551–562, doi:10.1080/17565529.2020.1831429.

<div id="Nyagumbo--2017"></div>

Nyagumbo, I., S. Mkuhlani, W. Mupangwa and D. Rodriguez, 2017: Planting date and yield benefits from conservation agriculture practices across Southern Africa. ''Agricultural Systems'' , '''150''' , 21–33, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2016.09.016 .

<div id="Nyahunda--2020"></div>

Nyahunda, L., J. C. Makhubele, V. Mabvurira and F. K. Matlakala, 2020: Vulnerabilities and Inequalities Experienced by Women in the Climate Change Discourse in South Africa’s Rural Communities: Implications for Social Work. ''The British Journal of Social Work'' , doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcaa118.

<div id="Nyangiwe--2018"></div>

Nyangiwe, N., M. Yawa and V. Muchenje, 2018: Driving forces for changes in geographic range of cattle ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Africa: A review. ''SA J. An. Sci.'' , '''48''' (5), 829, doi:10.4314/sajas.v48i5.4.

<div id="Nyantakyi-Frimpong--2015"></div>

Nyantakyi-Frimpong, H. and R. Bezner-Kerr, 2015: The relative importance of climate change in the context of multiple stressors in semi-arid Ghana. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''32''' , 40–56, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.03.003.

<div id="Nyantakyi-Frimpong--2017"></div>

Nyantakyi-Frimpong, H. et al., 2017: Agroecology and healthy food systems in semi-humid tropical Africa: Participatory research with vulnerable farming households in Malawi. ''Acta tropica'' , '''175''' , 42–49, doi: [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2] 016.10.022.

<div id="Nyasimi--2018"></div>

Nyasimi, M. et al., 2018: Inclusion of Gender in Africa’s Climate Change Policies and Strategies. In: ''Handbook of Climate Change Communication'' [Leal Filho, W., E. Manolas, A. Azul, U. Azeiteiro and H. McGhie (eds.)]. Springer, Cham, pp. 171–185. ISBN 978-3-319-69837-3.

<div id="Nyasimi--2017"></div>

Nyasimi, M. et al., 2017: Adoption and Dissemination Pathways for Climate-Smart Agriculture Technologies and Practices for Climate-Resilient Livelihoods in Lushoto, Northeast Tanzania. ''Climate'' , '''5''' (3), doi:10.3390/cli5030063.

<div id="Nyboer--2017"></div>

Nyboer, E. A. and L. J. Chapman, 2017: Elevated temperature and acclimation time affect metabolic performance in the heavily exploited Nile perch of Lake Victoria. ''The Journal of Experimental Biology'' , '''220''' (20), 3782–3793, doi:10.1242/jeb.163022.

<div id="Nyboer--2018"></div>

Nyboer, E. A. and L. J. Chapman, 2018: Cardiac plasticity influences aerobic performance and thermal tolerance in a tropical, freshwater fish at elevated temperatures. ''J Exp Biol'' , '''221''' (Pt 15), jeb178087, doi:10.1242/jeb.178087.

<div id="Nyboer--2019"></div>

Nyboer, E. A., C. Liang and L. J. Chapman, 2019: Assessing the vulnerability of Africa’s freshwater fishes to climate change: A continent-wide trait-based analysis. ''Biological Conservation'' , '''236''' , 505–520, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.05.003 .

<div id="Nyiwul--2021"></div>

Nyiwul, L., 2021: Climate change adaptation and inequality in Africa: Case of water, energy and food insecurity. ''Journal of Cleaner Production'' , '''278''' , 123393, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123393 .

<div id="Nziguheba--2015"></div>

Nziguheba, G. et al., 2015: Phosphorus in smallholder farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa: implications for agricultural intensification. ''Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems'' , '''104''' (3), 321–340, doi:10.1007/s10705-015-9729-y.

<div id="O’Connor--2014"></div>

O’Connor, T. G., J. R. Puttick and M. T. Hoffman, 2014: Bush encroachment in southern Africa: changes and causes. ''African Journal of Range &amp; Forage Science'' , '''31''' (2), 67–88, doi:10.2989/10220119.2014.939996.

<div id="O’Loughlin--2014"></div>

O’Loughlin, J., A. M. Linke and F. D. Witmer, 2014: Effects of temperature and precipitation variability on the risk of violence in sub-Saharan Africa, 1980–2012. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''111''' (47), 16712–16717, doi:10.1073/pnas.1411899111.

<div id="O’Loughlin--2012"></div>

O’Loughlin, J. et al., 2012: Climate variability and conflict risk in East Africa, 1990–2009. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' '''109''' (45), 18344–18349, doi:10.1073/pnas.1205130109.

<div id="O’Neill--2016"></div>

O’Neill, B. C. et al., 2016: The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6. ''Geosci. Model Dev.'' , '''9''' (9), 3461–3482, doi:10.5194/gmd-9-3461-2016.

<div id="Oba--2014"></div>

Oba, G., 2014: ''Climate change adaptation in Africa: an historical ecology'' . Routledge, London. ISBN 9781315794907.

<div id="Obiero--2019"></div>

Obiero, K. et al., 2019: The Contribution of Fish to Food and Nutrition Security in Eastern Africa: Emerging Trends and Future Outlooks. ''Sustainability'' , '''11''' (6), doi:10.3390/su11061636.

<div id="Obradovich--2018"></div>

Obradovich, N., R. Migliorini, M. P. Paulus and I. Rahwan, 2018: Empirical evidence of mental health risks posed by climate change. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''115''' (43), 10953–10958, doi:10.1073/pnas.1801528115.

<div id="Obura--2017"></div>

Obura, D. et al., 2017: ''Coral reef status report for the Western Indian Ocean. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN)/International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI)'' . 144 pp. Available at: https://nairobiconvention.org/clearinghouse/sites/default/files/Coral%20reef%20status%20report%20for%20the%20Western%20Indian%20Ocean%20%282017%29.pdf (accessed 30/10/2020).

<div id="Odei Erdiaw-Kwasie--2020"></div>

Odei Erdiaw-Kwasie, M., M. Abunyewah, J. Edusei and E. Buernor Alimo, 2020: Citizen participation dilemmas in water governance: An empirical case of Kumasi, Ghana. ''World Development Perspectives'' , '''20''' , 100242, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2020.100242 .

<div id="Oduniyi--2019"></div>

Oduniyi, O. S. and S. S. Tekana, 2019: Adoption of agroforestry practices and climate change mitigation strategies in North West province of South Africa. ''International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management'' , '''11''' (5), 716–729, doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-02-2019-0009.

<div id="Oduor--2019"></div>

Oduor, F. O., J. Boedecker, G. Kennedy and C. Termote, 2019: Exploring agrobiodiversity for nutrition: Household on-farm agrobiodiversity is associated with improved quality of diet of young children in Vihiga, Kenya. ''PLOS ONE'' , '''14''' (8), e0219680, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219680.

<div id="OECD--2020"></div>

[[#OECD--2020|OECD, 2020]] : ''Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised by Developed Countries in 2013–18'' . Climate Finance and the USD 100 Billion Goal, OECD Publishing, Paris. ISBN 978-92-64-68312-9.

<div id="OECD--2021"></div>

[[#OECD--2021|OECD, 2021]] : ''Water Governance in African Cities'' . OECD Studies on Water, OECD Publishing, Paris, 110 pp. ISBN 9789264715431.

<div id="OECD/SWAC--2020"></div>

[[#OECD/SWAC--2020|OECD/SWAC, 2020]] : ''Africa’s Urbanisation Dynamics 2020: Africapolis, Mapping a New Urban Geography'' . West African Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris. ISBN 9789264314306.

<div id="OGAR--2019"></div>

OGAR, J. N. and S. A. Bassey, 2019: African Environmental Ethics. ''RAIS Journal for Social Sciences'' , '''3''' (1), doi:10.5281/zenodo.3066462.

<div id="Ogden--2017"></div>

Ogden, N. H., 2017: Climate change and vector-borne diseases of public health significance. ''FEMS Microbiol Lett'' , '''364''' (19), doi:10.1093/femsle/fnx186.

<div id="Ogega--2020"></div>

Ogega, O. M. et al., 2020: Heavy precipitation events over East Africa in a changing climate: results from CORDEX RCMs. ''Clim Dyn'' , '''55''' (3), 993–1009, doi:10.1007/s00382-020-05309-z.

<div id="Oguntunde--2017"></div>

Oguntunde, P. G., B. J. Abiodun and G. Lischeid, 2017: Impacts of climate change on hydro-meteorological drought over the Volta Basin, West Africa. ''Global and Planetary Change'' , '''155''' , 121–132, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.07.003 .

<div id="Ogutu-Ohwayo--2016"></div>

Ogutu-Ohwayo, R. et al., 2016: Implications of climate variability and change for African lake ecosystems, fisheries productivity, and livelihoods. ''Journal of Great Lakes Research'' , '''42''' (3), 498–510, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2016.03.004 .

<div id="OKACOM--2020"></div>

[[#OKACOM--2020|OKACOM, 2020]] : ''Realising the Benefits of Transboundary Water Cooperation in the Cubango-Okavango River Basin'' . The Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission (OKACOM), Gaborone, Botswana, 24 pp. Available at: https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/water/activities/Benefits_cooperation/OKACOM_Policy_Document_June_2020.pdf .

<div id="OKO Finance--2021"></div>

[[#OKO%20Finance--2021|OKO Finance, 2021]] : OKO raises $1.2 million to bring innovative insurance to smallholder farmers across Africa, OKO Finance, Uganda. Available at: https://www.oko.finance/post/oko-raises-1-2-million-to-bring-innovative-insurance-to-smallholder-farmers-across-africa .

<div id="Okonya--2017"></div>

Okonya, J. S., O. C. Ajayi and P. L. Mafongoya, 2017: The role of indigenous knowledge in seasonal weather forecasting and planning of farm activities by rural crop farmers in Uganda. In: ''Indigenous knowledge systems and climate change management in Africa'' [Mafongoya, P. L. and O. C. Ajayi (eds.)]. The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 239.

<div id="Okoye--2017"></div>

Okoye, J. and K. Oni, 2017: Promotion of indigenous food preservation and processing knowledge and the challenge of food security in Africa. ''Journal of Food Security'' , '''5''' (3), 75–87, doi: https://doi.org/10.12691/jfs-5-3-3 .

<div id="Okpara--2017a"></div>

Okpara, J. N. et al., 2017a: The applicability of Standardized Precipitation Index: drought characterization for early warning system and weather index insurance in West Africa. ''Natural Hazards'' , '''89''' (2), 555–583, doi:10.1007/s11069-017-2980-6.

<div id="Okpara--2017b"></div>

Okpara, U. T., L. C. Stringer and A. J. Dougill, 2017b: Using a novel climate-water conflict vulnerability index to capture double exposures in Lake Chad. ''Reg Environ Change'' , '''17''' (2), 351–366, doi:10.1007/s10113-016-1003-6.

<div id="Oladipo--2015"></div>

Oladipo, J. A., 2015: Seeing through the opaque glass, darkly: farmers’ perception of climate change. ''Climate and Development'' , '''8''' (2), 122–132, doi:10.1080/17565529.2015.1034227.

<div id="Olago--2007"></div>

Olago, D. et al., 2007: Climatic, socio-economic, and health factors affecting human vulnerability to cholera in the Lake Victoria Basin, East Africa. ''AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment'' , '''36''' (4), 350–358, doi:10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[350:CSAHFA]2.0.CO;2.

<div id="Olago--2021"></div>

Olago, D. O. et al., 2021: Lentic-Lotic Water System Response to Anthropogenic and Climatic Factors in Kenya and Their Sustainable Management. In: ''Climate Change and Water Resources in Africa'' , pp. 193–218. ISBN 978-3-030-61224-5; 978-3-030-61225-2.

<div id="Olaka--2019"></div>

Olaka, L. A., J. O. Ogutu, M. Y. Said and C. Oludhe, 2019: Projected Climatic and Hydrologic Changes to Lake Victoria Basin Rivers under Three RCP Emission Scenarios for 2015–2100 and Impacts on the Water Sector. ''Water'' , '''11''' (7), 1449, doi:10.3390/w11071449.

<div id="Olawuyi--2018"></div>

Olawuyi, D. S., 2018: From technology transfer to technology absorption: addressing climate technology gaps in Africa. ''Journal of Energy &amp; Natural Resources Law'' , '''36''' (1), 61–84, doi:10.1080/02646811.2017.1379667.

<div id="Olazabal--2019"></div>

Olazabal, M. et al., 2019: A cross-scale worldwide analysis of coastal adaptation planning. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''14''' (12), 124056, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab5532.

<div id="Oliver--2018"></div>

Oliver, E. C. J. et al., 2018: Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century. ''Nature Communications'' , '''9''' (1), 1324, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03732-9.

<div id="Olmstead--2014"></div>

Olmstead, S. M., 2014: Climate change adaptation and water resource management: A review of the literature. ''Energy Economics'' , '''46''' , 500–509, doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2013.09.005.

<div id="Ologeh--2018"></div>

Ologeh, I. O., J. B. Akarakiri and F. A. Adesina, 2018: Constraints and Limits to Climate Change Adaptation Efforts in Nigeria. In: ''Limits to Climate Change Adaptation'' [Leal Filho, W. and J. Nalau (eds.)]. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 159–174. ISBN 978-3-319-64599-5.

<div id="Oluwatimilehin--2021"></div>

Oluwatimilehin, I. A. and A. Ayanlade, 2021: Agricultural community-based impact assessment and farmers’ perception of climate change in selected Ecological Zones in Nigeria. ''Agriculture &amp; Food Security'' , '''10''' (1), 3, doi:10.1186/s40066-020-00275-5.

<div id="Omari-Motsumi--2019"></div>

Omari-Motsumi, K., M. Barnett and L. Schalatek, 2019: ''Broken Connections and Systemic Barriers: Overcoming the Challenge of the ‘Missing Middle’ in Adaptation Finance'' . Global Commission on Adaptation, Africa Adaptation Initiative, Cape Town, 1–58 pp. Available at: https://gca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Missing_Middle_Adaptation_Finance_Background_Paper.pdf .

<div id="Omonijo--2017"></div>

Omonijo, A. G., 2017: Assessing seasonal variations in urban thermal comfort and potential health risks using Physiologically Equivalent Temperature: A case of Ibadan, Nigeria. ''Urban Climate'' , '''21''' , 87–105, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2017.05.006 .

<div id="Onwutuebe--2019"></div>

Onwutuebe, C. J., 2019: Patriarchy and Women Vulnerability to Adverse Climate Change in Nigeria. ''SAGE Open'' , '''9''' (1), doi:10.1177/2158244019825914.

<div id="Onyango--2016a"></div>

Onyango, E., O. Sahin, C. Chu and B. Mackey, 2016a: An Integrated Modelling Approach to Climate Change and Malaria Vulnerability Assessments. ''International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software'' .

<div id="Onyango--2016b"></div>

Onyango, E. A. et al., 2016b: An integrated risk and vulnerability assessment framework for climate change and malaria transmission in East Africa. ''Malaria Journal'' , '''15''' (1), 551, doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1600-3.

<div id="Onyekuru--2014"></div>

Onyekuru, A. N. and R. Marchant, 2014: Climate change impact and adaptation pathways for forest dependent livelihood systems in Nigeria. ''Africa Journal of Agricultural Research'' , '''9''' (24), 1819–1832, doi: https://doi.org/DOI:10.5897/AJAR2013.8315 .

<div id="Onyutha--2016"></div>

Onyutha, C. et al., 2016: Analyses of rainfall trends in the Nile River Basin. ''Journal of Hydro-environment Research'' , '''13''' , 36–51, doi:10.1016/j.jher.2015.09.002.

<div id="Onywere--2012"></div>

Onywere, S. M., J. M. Mironga and I. Simiyu, 2012: Use of Remote Sensing Data in Evaluating the Extent of Anthropogenic

<div id="Oppenheimer--2019"></div>

Oppenheimer, M. et al., 2019: ''Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities'' [Pörtner, H. O., D. C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama and N. M. Weyer (eds.)]. IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, In press pp. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/12/SROCC_FullReport_FINAL.pdf .

<div id="Oppenheimer--2014"></div>

Oppenheimer, M. et al., 2014: ''Emergent risks and key vulnerabilities'' [Field, C. B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L.White (ed.)]. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1039–1099 pp. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap19_FINAL.pdf .

<div id="Ordway--2017"></div>

Ordway, E. M., G. P. Asner and E. F. Lambin, 2017: Deforestation risk due to commodity crop expansion in sub-Saharan Africa. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''12''' (4), 044015, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa6509.

<div id="Ortega-Cisneros--2018"></div>

Ortega-Cisneros, K. et al., 2018: Evaluating the effects of climate change in the southern Benguela upwelling system using the Atlantis modelling framework. ''Fisheries Oceanography'' , '''27''' (5), 489–503, doi:10.1111/fog.12268.

<div id="Ortiz-Bobea--2021"></div>

Ortiz-Bobea, A. et al., 2021: Anthropogenic climate change has slowed global agricultural productivity growth. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''11''' (4), 306–312, doi:10.1038/s41558-021-01000-1.

<div id="Oruonye--2010"></div>

Oruonye, D. E., 2010: The impact of climate change on the Bade fishing festival of Yobe State, Nigeria. ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'' , '''3''' (3), 29–32.

<div id="Osima--2018"></div>

Osima, S. et al., 2018: Projected climate over the Greater Horn of Africa under 1.5°C and 2°C global warming. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13''' (6), 065004, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aaba1b.

<div id="Oswald--2020"></div>

Oswald, K. N. et al., 2020: Increasing temperatures increase the risk of reproductive failure in a near threatened alpine ground-nesting bird, the Cape Rockjumper Chaetops frenatus. ''Ibis'' , '''162''' (4), 1363–1369, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12846 .

<div id="Otieno--2013"></div>

Otieno, V. O. and R. O. Anyah, 2013: CMIP5 simulated climate conditions of the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA). Part II: projected climate. ''Clim Dyn'' , '''41''' (7-8), 2099–2113, doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1694-z.

<div id="Otto--2018"></div>

Otto, F. E. et al., 2018: Anthropogenic influence on the drivers of the Western Cape drought 2015–2017. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13''' (12), 124010, doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aae9 f9.

<div id="Otto--2020"></div>

Otto, F. E. L. et al., 2020: Challenges to Understanding Extreme Weather Changes in Lower Income Countries. ''Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society'' , '''101''' (10), E1851-E1860, doi:10.1175/bams-d-19-0317.1.

<div id="Otto--2017"></div>

Otto, I. M. et al., 2017: Social vulnerability to climate change: a review of concepts and evidence. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''17''' (6), 1651–1662, doi:10.1007/s10113-017-1105-9.

<div id="Otzelberger--2014"></div>

Otzelberger, A., 2014: ''Tackling the Double Injustice of Climate Change and Gender Inequality'' . CARE Climate Change, CARE International. Available at: https://www.carefrance.org/ressources/themas/1/4442,CARE_COP20_Tackling-double-injustic.pdf (accessed 30/10/2020).

<div id="Ouhamdouch--2019"></div>

Ouhamdouch, S. et al., 2019: Evaluation of climate change impact on groundwater from semi-arid environment (Essaouira Basin, Morocco) using integrated approaches. ''Environmental Earth Sciences'' , '''78''' (15), doi:10.1007/s12665-019-8470-2.

<div id="Ouweneel--2020"></div>

Ouweneel, B., K. Winter and K. Carden, 2020: How different Cape Town residential suburbs helped avert Day Zero. ''H2Open Journal'' , '''3''' (1), 118–134, doi:10.2166/h2oj.2020.018.

<div id="Ovalle-Rivera--2015"></div>

Ovalle-Rivera, O. et al., 2015: Projected shifts in Coffea arabica suitability among major global producing regions due to climate change. ''PLoS One'' , '''10''' (4), e0124155, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124155.

<div id="Overland--2021"></div>

Overland, I. et al., 2021: Funding flows for climate change research on Africa: where do they come from and where do they go? ''Climate and Development'' , doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2021.1976609 .

<div id="Owen--2020"></div>

Owen, G., 2020: What makes climate change adaptation effective? A systematic review of the literature. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''62''' , 102071, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102071 .

<div id="Oyero--2007"></div>

Oyero, O., 2007: Dynamics of indigenous language in environmental communication. ''Lagos Papers in English Studies'' , '''1''' (1), 228–235.

<div id="Ozaki--2016"></div>

Ozaki, M., 2016: ''Disaster Risk Financing in Bangladesh'' . ADB South Asia Working Paper Series, '''46''' , Asian Development Bank, Metro Manila, Philippines. Available at: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/198561/sawp-046.pdf .

<div id="Ozor--2020"></div>

Ozor, N. and A. Nyambane, 2020: ''Nationally Determined Contributions Implementation Index and Tracking Tools for Africa'' . The Pan Africa Climate Justice Alliance (PACJA). Available at: https://www.pacja.org/docs/publications/NDC%20Implementation%20Report%20-final.pdf (accessed 10/07/2021).

<div id="Paalo--2021"></div>

Paalo, S. A. and A. K. Issifu, 2021: De-internationalizing Hybrid Peace: State-Traditional Authority Collaboration and Conflict Resolution in Northern Ghana. ''Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding'' , '''15''' (3), 406–424, doi:10.1080/17502977.2020.1856551.

<div id="Padowski--2016"></div>

Padowski, J. C., L. Carrera and J. W. Jawitz, 2016: Overcoming urban water insecurity with infrastructure and institutions. ''Water Resources Management'' , '''30''' (13), 4913–4926, doi:10.1007/s11269-016-1461-0.

<div id="Paige--2014"></div>

Paige, S. B. et al., 2014: Beyond bushmeat: animal contact, injury, and zoonotic disease risk in Western Uganda. ''Ecohealth'' , '''11''' (4), 534–543, doi:10.1007/s10393-014-0942-y.

<div id="Palmer--2016"></div>

Palmer, M. A., J. G. Kramer, J. Boyd and D. Hawthorne, 2016: Practices for facilitating interdisciplinary synthetic research: the National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center (SESYNC). ''Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability'' , '''19''' , 111–122, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2016.01.002 .

<div id="Pandit--2018"></div>

Pandit, R. et al., 2018: ''Summary for policymakers of the assessment report on land degradation and restoration of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services'' . The Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn, Germany. Available at: https://www.ipbes.net/system/tdf/spm_3bi_ldr_digital.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=28335 .

<div id="Panitz--2013"></div>

Panitz, H.-J. et al., 2013: COSMO-CLM (CCLM) climate simulations over CORDEX-Africa domain: analysis of the ERA-Interim driven simulations at 0.44° and 0.22° resolution. ''Clim Dyn'' , '''42''' (11-12), 3015–3038, doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1834-5.

<div id="Panthou--2018"></div>

Panthou, G. et al., 2018: Rainfall intensification in tropical semi-arid regions: the Sahelian case. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13''' (6), 064013, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac334.

<div id="Panthou--2014"></div>

Panthou, G., T. Vischel and T. Lebel, 2014: Recent trends in the regime of extreme rainfall in the Central Sahel. ''International Journal of Climatology'' , '''34''' (15), 3998–4006, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3984 .

<div id="Park--2020"></div>

Park, S. et al., 2020: Recent ENSO influence on East African drought during rainy seasons through the synergistic use of satellite and reanalysis data. ''ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing'' , '''162''' , 17–26, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.02.003 .

<div id="Parkes--2019"></div>

Parkes, B., J. Cronin, O. Dessens and B. Sultan, 2019: Climate change in Africa: costs of mitigating heat stress. ''Climatic Change'' , '''154''' (3), 461–476, doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02405-w.

<div id="Parmar--2019"></div>

Parmar, A. et al., 2019: Exposure to air pollutants and heat stress among resource-poor women entrepreneurs in small-scale cassava processing. ''Environmental Monitoring and Assessment'' , '''191''' (11), doi:10.1007/s10661-019-7811-7.

<div id="Parrado--2020"></div>

Parrado, R. et al., 2020: Fiscal effects and the potential implications on economic growth of sea-level rise impacts and coastal zone protection. ''Climatic Change'' , '''160''' (2), 283–302, doi:10.1007/s10584-020-02664-y.

<div id="Partey--2018"></div>

Partey, S. T., R. B. Zougmoré, M. Ouédraogo and B. M. Campbell, 2018: Developing climate-smart agriculture to face climate variability in West Africa: Challenges and lessons learnt. ''Journal of Cleaner Production'' , '''187''' , 285–295, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.199.

<div id="Pascale--2020"></div>

Pascale, S., S. B. Kapnick, T. L. Delworth and W. F. Cooke, 2020: Increasing risk of another Cape Town “Day Zero” drought in the 21st century. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''117''' (47), 29495, doi:10.1073/pnas.2009144117.

<div id="Pasgaard--2015"></div>

Pasgaard, M. et al., 2015: Geographical imbalances and divides in the scientific production of climate change knowledge. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''35''' , 279–288, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.09.018 .

<div id="Pasquini--2020"></div>

Pasquini, L., 2020: The urban governance of climate change adaptation in least-developed African countries and in small cities: the engagement of local decision-makers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Karonga, Malawi. ''Climate and Development'' , '''12''' (5), 408–419, doi:10.1080/17565529.2019.1632166.

<div id="Pasquini--2014"></div>

Pasquini, L. and R. M. Cowling, 2014: Opportunities and challenges for mainstreaming ecosystem-based adaptation in local government: evidence from the Western Cape, South Africa. ''Environment, Development and Sustainability'' , '''17''' (5), 1121–1140, doi:10.1007/s10668-014-9594-x.

<div id="Pasquini--2015"></div>

Pasquini, L., G. Ziervogel, R. M. Cowling and C. Shearing, 2015: What enables local governments to mainstream climate change adaptation? Lessons learned from two municipal case studies in the Western Cape, South Africa. ''Climate and Development'' , '''7''' , 60–70, doi:10.1080/17565529.2014.886994.

<div id="Paterson--2017"></div>

Paterson, S. K. et al., 2017: Size does matter: City scale and the asymmetries of climate change adaptation in three coastal towns. ''Geoforum'' , '''81''' , 109–119, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.02.014 .

<div id="Patricola--2010"></div>

Patricola, C. M. and K. H. Cook, 2010: Northern African climate at the end of the twenty-first century: An integrated application of regional and global climate models. ''Clim Dyn'' , '''35''' , 193–212, doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0623-7.

<div id="Patrut--2018"></div>

Patrut, A. et al., 2018: The demise of the largest and oldest African baobabs. ''Nature Plants'' , '''4''' (7), 423–426, doi:10.1038/s41477-018-0170-5.

<div id="Paul--2016"></div>

Paul, C. J., E. S. Weinthal, M. F. Bellemare and M. A. Jeuland, 2016: Social capital, trust, and adaptation to climate change: Evidence from rural Ethiopia. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''36''' , 124–138, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.12.003 .

<div id="Paul--2017"></div>

Paul, M. and M. wa G ĩ th ĩ nji, 2017: Small farms, smaller plots: land size, fragmentation, and productivity in Ethiopia. ''The Journal of Peasant Studies'' , '''45''' (4), 757–775, doi:10.1080/03066150.2016.1278365.

<div id="Pauline--2017"></div>

Pauline, N. M., C. Vogel, S. Grab and E. T. Liwenga, 2017: Smallholder farmers in the Great Ruaha River sub-Basin of Tanzania: coping or adapting to rainfall variability? ''Climate and Development'' , '''9''' (3), 217–230, doi:10.1080/17565529.2016.1184607.

<div id="Payne--2016"></div>

Payne, Benjamin L. and J. Bro-Jørgensen, 2016: Disproportionate Climate-Induced Range Loss Forecast for the Most Threatened African Antelopes. ''Current Biology'' , '''26''' (9), 1200–1205, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.02.067 .

<div id="Paz--2015"></div>

Paz, M., A. Avendaño, A. Caballero and V. Gozalo, 2015: ''Joining the dots of Informality and Climate Change: A Discussion Paper for Practitioners'' [Konrad Adenauer Foundation (ed.)]. 40 pp. Available at: https://www.kas.de/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=6139364e-b294-8198-153f-1cdf2f91f034&groupId=252038 (accessed 30/10/2020).

<div id="Paz--2009"></div>

Paz, S., 2009: Impact of temperature variability on cholera incidence in southeastern Africa, 1971–2006. ''Ecohealth'' , '''6''' (3), 340–345, doi:10.1007/s10393-009-0264-7.

<div id="Pecl--2017"></div>

Pecl, G. T. et al., 2017: Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well-being. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''355''' (6332), doi:10.1126/science.aai9214.

<div id="Peer--2018"></div>

Peer, N. et al., 2018: Latitudinal gradients and poleward expansion of mangrove ecosystems in South Africa: 50 years after Macnae’s first assessment. ''African Journal of Marine Science'' , '''40''' (2), 101–120, doi:10.2989/1814232X.2018.1466728.

<div id="Peirson--2021"></div>

Peirson, A. E. and G. Ziervogel, 2021: Sanitation Upgrading as Climate Action: Lessons for Local Government from a Community Informal Settlement Project in Cape Town. ''Sustainability'' , '''13''' (15), doi:10.3390/su13158598.

<div id="Penney--2017"></div>

Penney, R., G. Wilson and L. Rodwell, 2017: Managing sino-ghanaian fi shery relations : A political ecology approach. ''Marine Policy'' , '''79''' (December 2016), 46–53, doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.02.008.

<div id="Peprah--2017"></div>

Peprah, K., 2017: Sustainable production of afforestation and reforestation to salvage land degradation in Asunafo District, Ghana. ''J. Degrade. Min. Land Manage.'' , '''5''' (1), 955–964, doi: https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2017.051.955 .

<div id="Perez--2015"></div>

Perez, C. et al., 2015: How resilient are farming households and communities to a changing climate in Africa? A gender-based perspective. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''34''' , 95–107, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.06.003.

<div id="Péron--2015"></div>

Péron, G. and R. Altwegg, 2015: Twenty-five years of change in southern African passerine diversity: nonclimatic factors of change. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''21''' (9), 3347–3355, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12909 .

<div id="Petesch--2018"></div>

Petesch, P. et al., 2018: Local normative climate shaping agency and agricultural livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa. ''Journal of Gender, Agriculture and Food Security'' , '''3''' (1), 108–130, doi: https://doi.org/10.19268/JGAFS.312018.5 .

<div id="Petrova--2018"></div>

Petrova, I. Y., C. C. van Heerwaarden, C. Hohenegger and F. Guichard, 2018: Regional co-variability of spatial and temporal soil moisture–precipitation coupling in North Africa: an observational perspective. ''Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.'' , '''22''' (6), 3275–3294, doi:10.5194/hess-22-3275-2018.

<div id="Peyre--2015"></div>

Peyre, M. et al., 2015: A Systematic Scoping Study of the Socio-Economic Impact of Rift Valley Fever: Research Gaps and Needs. ''Zoonoses and Public Health'' , '''62''' (5), 309–325, doi:10.1111/zph.12153.

<div id="Pham-Duc--2020"></div>

Pham-Duc, B. et al., 2020: The Lake Chad hydrology under current climate change. ''Sci Rep'' , '''10''' (1), 5498, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-62417-w.

<div id="Phillips--2020"></div>

Phillips, C. A. et al., 2020: Compound climate risks in the COVID-19 pandemic. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''10''' (7), 586–588, doi:10.1038/s41558-020-0804-2.

<div id="Phillips--2015"></div>

Phillips, H., 2015: The capacity to adapt to climate change at heritage sites—The development of a conceptual framework. ''Environmental Science &amp; Policy'' , '''47''' , 118–125, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2014.11.003 .

<div id="Phipps--2017"></div>

Phipps, W. L. et al., 2017: Due South: A first assessment of the potential impacts of climate change on Cape vulture occurrence. ''Biological Conservation'' , '''210''' , 16–25, doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.03.028.

<div id="Phiri--2021"></div>

Phiri, D., M. Simwanda and V. Nyirenda, 2021: Mapping the impacts of cyclone Idai in Mozambique using Sentinel-2 and OBIA approach. ''South African Geographical Journal'' , '''103''' (2), 237–258, doi:10.1080/03736245.2020.1740104.

<div id="Piao--2020"></div>

Piao, S. et al., 2020: Characteristics, drivers and feedbacks of global greening. ''Nature Reviews Earth &amp; Environment'' , '''1''' (1), 14–27, doi:10.1038/s43017-019-0001-x.

<div id="Pienaar--2017"></div>

Pienaar, G. W. and D. A. Hughes, 2017: Linking hydrological uncertainty with equitable allocation for water resources decision-making. ''Water Resources Management'' , '''31''' (1), 269–282, doi:10.1007/s11269-016-1523-3.

<div id="Pigott--2017"></div>

Pigott, D. M. et al., 2017: Local, national, and regional viral haemorrhagic fever pandemic potential in Africa: a multistage analysis. ''Lancet'' , '''390''' (10113), 2662–2672, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32092-5.

<div id="Pinceel--2016"></div>

Pinceel, T., B. Vanschoenwinkel, L. Brendonck and F. Buschke, 2016: Modelling the sensitivity of life history traits to climate change in a temporary pool crustacean. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''6''' (1), 29451, doi:10.1038/srep29451.

<div id="Pinto--2015"></div>

Pinto, I. et al., 2015: Evaluation and projections of extreme precipitation over southern Africa from two CORDEX models. ''Climatic Change'' , '''135''' (3-4), 655–668, doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1573-1.

<div id="Pittelkow--2015"></div>

Pittelkow, C. M. et al., 2015: Productivity limits and potentials of the principles of conservation agriculture. ''Nature'' , '''517''' (7534), 365–368, doi:10.1038/nature13809.

<div id="Plisnier--2018"></div>

Plisnier, P.-D., M. Nshombo, H. Mgana and G. Ntakimazi, 2018: Monitoring climate change and anthropogenic pressure at Lake Tanganyika. ''Journal of Great Lakes Research'' , '''44''' (6), 1194–1208, doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2018.05.019.

<div id="Polley--2013"></div>

Polley, H. W. et al., 2013: Climate Change and North American Rangelands: Trends, Projections, and Implications. ''Rangeland Ecology &amp; Management'' , '''66''' (5), 493–511, doi:10.2111/REM-D-12-00068.1.

<div id="Popelka--2020"></div>

Popelka, S. J. and L. C. Smith, 2020: Rivers as political borders: a new subnational geospatial dataset. ''Water Policy'' , '''22''' (3), 293–312, doi:10.2166/wp.2020.041.

<div id="Potts--2008"></div>

Potts, D., 2008: The urban informal sector in sub-Saharan Africa: from bad to good (and back again?). ''Development Southern Africa'' , '''25''' (2), 151–167, doi:10.1080/03768350802090527.

<div id="Poudel--2020"></div>

Poudel, S., S. Funakawa, H. Shinjo and B. Mishra, 2020: Understanding households’ livelihood vulnerability to climate change in the Lamjung district of Nepal. ''Environment, Development and Sustainability'' , '''22''' (6), doi:10.1007/s10668-019-00566-3.

<div id="Pouramin--2020"></div>

Pouramin, P., N. Nagabhatla and M. Miletto, 2020: A Systematic Review of Water and Gender Interlinkages: Assessing the Intersection With Health. ''Frontiers in Water'' , '''2''' , doi:10.3389/frwa.2020.00006.

<div id="Powell--2013"></div>

Powell, B., P. Maundu, H. V. Kuhnlein and T. Johns, 2013: Wild Foods from Farm and Forest in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. ''Ecology of Food and Nutrition'' , '''52''' (6), 451–478, doi:10.1080/03670244.2013.768122.

<div id="Pozniak--2020"></div>

Pozniak, A. et al., 2020: HIV continuity of care after Cyclone Idai in Mozambique. ''The Lancet HIV'' , '''7''' (3), e159-e160, doi:10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30045-X.

<div id="Pragna--2018"></div>

Pragna, P. et al., 2018: Summer season induced rhythmic alterations in metabolic activities to adapt to heat stress in three indigenous (Osmanabadi, Malabari and Salem Black) goat breeds. ''Biological Rhythm Research'' , '''49''' (4), 551–565, doi:10.1080/09291016.2017.1386891.

<div id="Pratt--2017"></div>

Pratt, C. F., K. L. Constantine and S. T. Murphy, 2017: Economic impacts of invasive alien species on African smallholder livelihoods. ''Global Food Security'' , '''14''' , 31–37, doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2017.01.011.

<div id="Prinz--2018"></div>

Prinz, R. et al., 2018: Mapping the loss of Mt. Kenya’s Glaciers: An example of the challenges of satellite monitoring of very small glaciers. ''Geosciences'' , '''8''' (5), doi:10.3390/geosciences8050174.

<div id="Prinz--2016"></div>

Prinz, R. et al., 2016: Climatic controls and climate proxy potential of Lewis Glacier, Mt. Kenya. ''The Cryosphere'' , '''10''' (1), 133–148, doi:10.5194/tc-10-133-2016.

<div id="Probert--2019"></div>

Probert, J. R. et al., 2019: Anthropogenic modifications to fire regimes in the wider Serengeti-Mara ecosystem. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''25''' (10), 3406–3423, doi:10.1111/gcb.14711.

<div id="Protopopoff--2009"></div>

Protopopoff, N. et al., 2009: Ranking malaria risk factors to guide malaria control efforts in African highlands. ''PLoS One'' , '''4''' (11), e8022, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008022.

<div id="Pula--2021"></div>

[[#Pula--2021|Pula, 2021]] : Pula Global Insuretech, Pula Global Insuretech, Nairobi, Kenya. Available at: https://www.pula-advisors.com/ .

<div id="Quandt--2017"></div>

Quandt, A., H. Neufeldt and J. T. McCabe, 2017: The role of agroforestry in building livelihood resilience to floods and drought in semiarid Kenya. ''Ecology and Society'' , '''22''' (3), doi:10.5751/es-09461-220310.

<div id="Quesada--2018"></div>

Quesada, B., A. Arneth, E. Robertson and N. d. Noblet-Ducoudré, 2018: Potential strong contribution of future anthropogenic land-use and land-cover change to the terrestrial carbon cycle. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13''' (6), 064023, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac4c3.

<div id="Ragavan--2020"></div>

Ragavan, M. I., L. E. Marcil and A. Garg, 2020: Climate Change as a Social Determinant of Health. ''Pediatrics'' , '''145''' (5), e20193169, doi:10.1542/peds.2019-3169.

<div id="Rahimi--2021"></div>

Rahimi, J. et al., 2021: Heat stress will detrimentally impact future livestock production in East Africa. ''Nature Food'' , '''2''' (2), 88–96, doi:10.1038/s43016-021-00226-8.

<div id="Rai--2016"></div>

Rai, N., S. Best and M. Soanes, 2016: ''Unlocking climate finance for decentralised energy access'' . Working Paper, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), IIED, London, 48 pp. Available at: https://pubs.iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/migrate/16621IIED.pdf ?

<div id="Raleigh--2012"></div>

Raleigh, C. and D. Kniveton, 2012: Come rain or shine: An analysis of conflict and climate variability in East Africa. ''Journal of Peace Research'' , '''49''' (1), 51–64, doi:10.1177/0022343311427754.

<div id="Ralston--2015"></div>

Ralston, L., 2015: Conflict and Climate: a Micro-level Analysis. ''CEGA Working Paper'' .

<div id="Ramin--2009"></div>

Ramin, B., 2009: ''Slums, climate change and human health in sub-Saharan Africa'' . Bulletin of the World Health Organization, '''86''' , World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 886 pp.

<div id="Ramutsindela--2019"></div>

Ramutsindela, M. and B. Büscher, 2019: Environmental Governance and the (Re-)Making of the African State. In: ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics'' . Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. ISBN 9780190228637.

<div id="Ranasinghe--2021"></div>

Ranasinghe, R. et al., 2021: ''Climate Change Information for Regional Impact and for Risk Assessment'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu and B. Zhou (ed.)]. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change '''In Press''' , Cambridge University Press. Available at: [[IPCC:Wg1:Downloads:Report:Ipcc_ar6_wgi_chapter_12.pdf|https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_12.pdf]] .

<div id="Randell--2016"></div>

Randell, H. and C. Gray, 2016: Climate variability and educational attainment: Evidence from rural Ethiopia. ''Glob Environ Change'' , '''41''' , 111–123, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.09.006.

<div id="Randell--2019"></div>

Randell, H. and C. Gray, 2019: Climate change and educational attainment in the global tropics. ''Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A'' , '''116''' (18), 8840–8845, doi:10.1073/pnas.1817480116.

<div id="Rankoana--2016a"></div>

Rankoana, S., 2016a: Perceptions of Climate Change and the Potential for Adaptation in a Rural Community in Limpopo Province, South Africa. ''Sustainability'' , '''8''' (8), 672, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su8080672 .

<div id="Rankoana--2016b"></div>

Rankoana, S. A., 2016b: Rainfall scarcity and its impacts on subsistence farming: the role of gender and religious rituals in adaptation to change. ''Agenda'' , '''30''' (3), 124–131, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2016.1259867 .

<div id="Rannow--2014"></div>

Rannow, S. et al., 2014: Managing protected areas under climate change: challenges and priorities. ''Environ Manage'' , '''54''' (4), 732–743, doi:10.1007/s00267-014-0271-5.

<div id="Rao--2017"></div>

Rao, N. et al., 2017: Gendered vulnerabilities to climate change: insights from the semi-arid regions of Africa and Asia. ''Climate and Development'' , '''11''' (1), 14–26, doi:10.1080/17565529.2017.1372266.

<div id="Rao--2019"></div>

Rao, N. et al., 2019: A qualitative comparative analysis of women’s agency and adaptive capacity in climate change hotspots in Asia and Africa. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''9''' (12), 964–971, doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0638-y.

<div id="Rao--2020"></div>

Rao, N. et al., 2020: Managing risk, changing aspirations and household dynamics: Implications for wellbeing and adaptation in semi-arid Africa and India. ''World Development'' , '''125''' , 104667, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104667 .

<div id="Rao--2016"></div>

Rao, S. et al., 2016: A multi-model assessment of the co-benefits of climate mitigation for global air quality. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''11''' (12), 124013, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/12/124013.

<div id="Rapolaki--2018"></div>

Rapolaki, R. S. and C. J. C. Reason, 2018: Tropical storm Chedza and associated floods over south-eastern Africa. ''Natural Hazards'' , '''93''' (1), 189–217, doi:10.1007/s11069-018-3295-y.

<div id="Rauner--2020a"></div>

Rauner, S. et al., 2020a: Coal-exit health and environmental damage reductions outweigh economic impacts. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''10''' (4), 308–312, doi:10.1038/s41558-020-0728-x.

<div id="Rauner--2020b"></div>

Rauner, S. et al., 2020b: Air quality co-benefits of ratcheting up the NDCs. ''Climatic Change'' , '''163''' (3), 1481–1500, doi:10.1007/s10584-020-02699-1.

<div id="Ravera--2016"></div>

Ravera, F. et al., 2016: Gender perspectives in resilience, vulnerability and adaptation to global environmental change. ''Ambio'' , '''45''' (Suppl 3), 235–247, doi:10.1007/s13280-016-0842-1.

<div id="Rawlins--2018"></div>

Rawlins, J. M., W. J. De Lange and G. C. G. Fraser, 2018: An Ecosystem Service Value Chain Analysis Framework: A Conceptual Paper. ''Ecological Economics'' , '''147''' , 84–95, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.12.023 .

<div id="Ray--2019"></div>

Ray, D. K. et al., 2019: Climate change has likely already affected global food production. ''PLoS One'' , '''14''' (5), e0217148, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217148.

<div id="Ray--2011"></div>

Ray, R. S. et al., 2011: Impaired respiratory and body temperature control upon acute serotonergic neuron inhibition. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''333''' (6042), 637–642, doi:10.1126/science.1205295.

<div id="Reason--2005"></div>

Reason, C. J. C. and M. Rouault, 2005: Links between the Antarctic Oscillation and winter rainfall over western South Africa. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''32''' (7), doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022419 .

<div id="Record--2013"></div>

Record, S., N. D. Charney, R. M. Zakaria and A. M. Ellison, 2013: Projecting global mangrove species and community distributions under climate change. ''Ecosphere'' , '''4''' (3), art34, doi: https://doi.org/10.1890/ES12-00296.1 .

<div id="Reed--2015"></div>

Reed, M. S. et al., 2015: Reorienting land degradation towards sustainable land management: Linking sustainable livelihoods with ecosystem services in rangeland systems. ''Journal of Environmental Management'' , '''151''' , 472–485, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.11.010 .

<div id="Rehbein--2020"></div>

Rehbein, J. A. et al., 2020: Renewable energy development threatens many globally important biodiversity areas. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''26''' (5), 3040–3051, doi:10.1111/gcb.15067.

<div id="Reid--2014"></div>

Reid, H., 2014: ''Ecosystem-and community-based adaptation: learning from natural resource management'' . IIED Briefing Paper-International Institute for Environment and Development, IIED London, UK, 4 pp. Available at: http://pubs.iied.org/17243IIED .

<div id="Reid--2016"></div>

Reid, H., 2016: Ecosystem- and community-based adaptation: learning from community-based natural resource management. ''Climate and Development'' , '''8''' (1), 4–9, doi:10.1080/17565529.2015.1034233.

<div id="Reid--2018"></div>

Reid, H. et al., 2018: [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-16|Chapter 16]] – A Framework for Assessing the Effectiveness of Ecosystem-Based Approaches to Adaptation. In: ''Resilience'' [Zommers, Z. and K. Alverson (eds.)]. Elsevier, pp. 207–216. ISBN 978-0-12-811891-7.

<div id="Reid--2019"></div>

Reid, H. et al., 2019: ''Is ecosystem-based adaptation effective? Perceptions and lessons learned from 13 project sites'' . IIED Research

<div id="Reimann--2018"></div>

Reimann, L. et al., 2018: Mediterranean UNESCO World Heritage at risk from coastal flooding and erosion due to sea-level rise. ''Nature Communications'' , '''9''' (1), doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06645-9.

<div id="Reinecke--2019"></div>

Reinecke, R. et al., 2019: Spatially distributed sensitivity of simulated global groundwater heads and flows to hydraulic conductivity, groundwater recharge, and surface water body parameterization. ''Hydrology and Earth System Sciences'' , '''23''' (11), 4561–4582, doi:10.5194/hess-23-4561-2019.

<div id="Reizenberg--2019"></div>

Reizenberg, J.-L. et al., 2019: Variation in thermal tolerances of native freshwater fishes in South Africa’s Cape Fold Ecoregion: examining the east-west gradient in species’ sensitivity to climate warming. ''J Fish Biol'' , '''94''' (1), 103–112, doi:10.1111/jfb.13866.

<div id="Rennkamp--2015"></div>

Rennkamp, B. and A. Boyd, 2015: Technological capability and transfer for achieving South Africa’s development goals. ''Climate Policy'' , '''15''' (1), 12–29, doi:10.1080/14693062.2013.831299.

<div id="Rentschler--2020"></div>

Rentschler, J. and M. Salhab, 2020: ''People in Harm’s Way : Flood Exposure and Poverty in 189 Countries'' . Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, Washington, DC. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/34655 .

<div id="Revi--2020"></div>

Revi, A. et al., 2020: Transformative Adaptation in Cities. ''One Earth'' , '''3''' (4), 384–387, doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2020.10.002.

<div id="Rhodes--2017"></div>

Rhodes, C. J., 2017: The Imperative for Regenerative Agriculture. ''Science Progress'' , '''100''' (1), 80–129, doi:10.3184/003685017x14876775256165.

<div id="Rigaud--2018"></div>

Rigaud, K. K. et al., 2018: ''Groundswell: Preparing for Internal Climate Migration'' . The World Bank, Washington, DC. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29461 .

<div id="Rigden--2020"></div>

Rigden, A. J., V. Ongoma and P. Huybers, 2020: Kenyan tea is made with heat and water: how will climate change influence its yield? ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''15''' (4), 044003, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab70be.

<div id="Rippke--2016"></div>

Rippke, U. et al., 2016: Timescales of transformational climate change adaptation in sub-Saharan African agriculture. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6''' (6), 605–609, doi:10.1038/nclimate2947.

<div id="Ritzema--2017"></div>

Ritzema, R. S. et al., 2017: Is production intensification likely to make farm households food-adequate? A simple food availability analysis across smallholder farming systems from East and West Africa. ''Food Security'' , '''9''' (1), 115–131, doi:10.1007/s12571-016-0638-y.

<div id="Roberts--2020"></div>

Roberts, C. M., B. C. O’Leary and J. P. Hawkins, 2020: Climate change mitigation and nature conservation both require higher protected area targets. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'' , '''375''' (1794), 20190121, doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0121.

<div id="Roberts--2017"></div>

Roberts, C. M. et al., 2017: Marine reserves can mitigate and promote adaptation to climate change. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''114''' (24), 6167–6175, doi:10.1073/pnas.1701262114.

<div id="Roberts--2010"></div>

Roberts, D., 2010: Prioritizing climate change adaptation and local level resilience in Durban, South Africa. ''Environment and Urbanization'' , '''22''' (2), 397–413, doi:10.1177/0956247810379948.

<div id="Roberts--2013"></div>

Roberts, M. J. and W. Schlenker, 2013: Identifying Supply and Demand Elasticities of Agricultural Commodities: Implications for the US Ethanol Mandate. ''American Economic Review'' , '''103''' (6), 2265–2295, doi:10.1257/aer.103.6.2265.

<div id="Robilliard--2020"></div>

Robilliard, A.-S., 2020: ''What’s New About Income Inequality in Africa?'' Issue Brief, World Inequality Lab, Lab, W. I., 9 pp. Available at: https://wid.world/document/whats-new-about-income-inequality-in-africa/ (accessed 10/07/2020).

<div id="Robinson--2021"></div>

Robinson, A. L. and J. Gottlieb, 2021: How to Close the Gender Gap in Political Participation: Lessons from Matrilineal Societies in Africa. ''British Journal of Political Science'' , '''51''' (1), 68–92, doi:10.1017/S0007123418000650.

<div id="Robinson--2020"></div>

Robinson, S.-a., 2020: Climate change adaptation in SIDS: A systematic review of the literature pre and post the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. ''WIREs Climate Change'' , '''11''' (4), e653, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.653 .

<div id="Robledo--2012"></div>

Robledo, C., N. Clot, A. Hammill and B. Riché, 2012: The role of forest ecosystems in community-based coping strategies to climate hazards: Three examples from rural areas in Africa. ''Forest Policy and Economics'' , '''24''' , 20–28, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.04.006 .

<div id="Rodina--2019"></div>

Rodina, L., 2019: Planning for water resilience: Competing agendas among Cape Town’s planners and water managers. ''Environmental Science &amp; Policy'' , '''99''' , 10–16, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2019.05.016.

<div id="Rohat--2019"></div>

Rohat, G. et al., 2019: Projections of Human Exposure to Dangerous Heat in African Cities Under Multiple Socioeconomic and Climate Scenarios. ''Earth’s Future'' , '''7''' (5), 528–546, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EF001020 .

<div id="Rojas-Downing--2017"></div>

Rojas-Downing, M. M., A. P. Nejadhashemi, T. Harrigan and S. A. Woznicki, 2017: Climate change and livestock: Impacts, adaptation, and mitigation. ''Climate Risk Management'' , '''16''' , 145–163, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.02.001 .

<div id="Roncoli--2002"></div>

Roncoli, C., K. Ingram and P. Kirshen, 2002: Reading the Rains: Local Knowledge and Rainfall Forecasting in Burkina Faso. ''Society &amp; Natural Resources'' , '''15''' (5), 409–427, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920252866774 .

<div id="Rosenzweig--2014"></div>

Rosenzweig, C. et al., 2014: Assessing agricultural risks of climate change in the 21st century in a global gridded crop model intercomparison. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''111''' (9), 3268, doi:10.1073/pnas.1222463110.

<div id="Rosenzweig--2020"></div>

Rosenzweig, C. et al., 2020: Climate change responses benefit from a global food system approach. ''Nature Food'' , '''1''' (2), 94–97, doi:10.1038/s43016-020-0031-z.

<div id="Roson--2016"></div>

Roson, R. and M. Sartori, 2016: ''Estimation of Climate Change Damage Functions for 140 Regions in the GTAP9 Database'' . Policy Research Working Paper, World Bank, Washington, DC. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/24643 .

<div id="Ross-Gillespie--2018"></div>

Ross-Gillespie, V., M. D. Picker, H. F. Dallas and J. A. Day, 2018: The role of temperature in egg development of three aquatic insects Lestagella penicillata (Ephemeroptera), Aphanicercella scutata (Plecoptera), Chimarra ambulans (Trichoptera) from South Africa. ''Journal of Thermal Biology'' , '''71''' , 158–170, doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.11.008.

<div id="Rother--2020"></div>

Rother, H.-A., 2020: Controlling and preventing climate-sensitive noncommunicable diseases in urban sub-Saharan Africa. ''Science of The Total Environment'' , '''722''' , 137772, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137772.

<div id="Rother--2020"></div>

Rother, H.-A., C. E. Sabel and S. Vardoulakis, 2020: A Collaborative Framework Highlighting Climate-Sensitive Non-communicable Diseases in Urban Sub-Saharan Africa. In: ''Africa and the Sustainable Development Goals'' [Ramutsindela, M. and D. Mickler (eds.)]. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 267–278.

<div id="Rouabhi--2019"></div>

Rouabhi, A., M. Hafsi and P. Monneveux, 2019: Climate change and farming systems in the region of Setif (Algeria). ''Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development (JAEID)'' , '''113''' (1), 79–95, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.12895/jaeid.20191.928 http://dx.doi.org/10.12895/jaeid.20191.928] .

<div id="Roudier--2014"></div>

Roudier, P., A. Ducharne and L. Feyen, 2014: Climate change impacts on runoff in West Africa: a review. ''Hydrology and Earth System Sciences'' , '''18''' (7), 2789–2801, doi:10.5194/hess-18-2789-2014.

<div id="Rowell--2015"></div>

Rowell, D. P., B. B. B. Booth, S. E. Nicholson and P. Good, 2015: Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''28''' (24), 9768–9788, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-15-0140.1.

<div id="Roxy--2016"></div>

Roxy, M. K. et al., 2016: A reduction in marine primary productivity driven by rapid warming over the tropical Indian Ocean. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''43''' (2), 826–833, doi:10.1002/2015gl066979.

<div id="Roy--2018a"></div>

Roy, J. et al., 2018a: ''Sustainable development, poverty eradication and reducing inequalities'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P. R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J. B. R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty, '''In Press''' . Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_Chapter5_Low_Res.pdf .

<div id="Roy--2018b"></div>

Roy, M. et al., 2018b: Climate change and declining levels of green structures: Life in informal settlements of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. ''Landscape and Urban Planning'' , '''180''' , 282–293, doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.11.011.

<div id="Rozenberg--2019"></div>

Rozenberg, J. et al., 2019: ''From A Rocky Road to Smooth Sailing: Building Transport Resilience to Natural Disasters'' . The World Bank, The World Bank, Washington, DC, 44 pp. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/31913 .

<div id="Rozenberg--2015"></div>

Rozenberg, J. and S. Hallegatte, 2015: ''The impacts of climate change on poverty in 2030 and the potential from rapid, inclusive, and climate-informed development'' . The World Bank, Washington DC. Available at: [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwib1sa_oYDlAhVimVwKHfwzDMgQFjABegQIAxAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2FThe-impacts-of-climate-change-on-poverty-in-2030-Rozenberg-Hallegatte%2F9e9cbc9e3cf040fd749ce9d58c0b8c31fdae47be&usg=AOvVaw3SaJdptXEfBdMKTZj9-Xj1 https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=2&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=2ahUKEwib1sa_oYDlAhVimVwKHfwzDMgQFjABegQIAxAB&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2FThe-impacts-of-climate-change-on-poverty-in-2030-Rozenberg-Hallegatte%2F9e9cbc9e3cf040fd749ce9d58c0b8c31fdae47be&amp;usg=AOvVaw3SaJdptXEfBdMKTZj9-Xj1] .

<div id="Ruhl--2010"></div>

Ruhl, J. B., 2010: Climate Change Adaptation and the Structural Transformation of Environmental Law. ''Environmental Law'' , '''40''' (2), 363–436.

<div id="Rumble--2019"></div>

Rumble, O., 2019: Facilitating African Climate Change Adaptation through Framework Laws. ''Carbon &amp; Climate Law Review (CCLR)'' , '''2019''' (4), 237–245.

<div id="Rurinda--2014"></div>

Rurinda, J. et al., 2014: Sources of vulnerability to a variable and changing climate among smallholder households in Zimbabwe: A participatory analysis. ''Climate Risk Management'' , '''3''' , 65–78, doi:10.1016/j.crm.2014.05.004.

<div id="Russo--2016"></div>

Russo, S., A. F. Marchese, J. Sillmann and G. Immé, 2016: When will unusual heat waves become normal in a warming Africa? ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''11''' (5), 054016, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/5/054016.

<div id="Ryan--2019"></div>

Ryan, S. J., C. J. Carlson, E. A. Mordecai and L. R. Johnson, 2019: Global expansion and redistribution of Aedes-borne virus transmission risk with climate change. ''PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases'' , '''13''' (3), e0007213, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007213.

<div id="Ryan--2020"></div>

Ryan, S. J., C. A. Lippi and F. Zermoglio, 2020: Shifting transmission risk for malaria in Africa with climate change: a framework for planning and intervention. ''Malaria Journal'' , '''19''' (1), 170, doi:10.1186/s12936-020-03224-6.

<div id="Ryan--2015"></div>

Ryan, S. J. et al., 2015: Mapping Physiological Suitability Limits for Malaria in Africa Under Climate Change. ''Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases'' , '''15''' (12), 718–725, doi:10.1089/vbz.2015.1822.

<div id="Saarinen--2012"></div>

Saarinen, J., W. L. Hambira, J. Atlhopheng and H. Manwa, 2012: Tourism industry reaction to climate change in Kgalagadi South District, Botswana. ''Development Southern Africa'' , '''29''' (2), 273–285, doi:10.1080/0376835x.2012.675697.

<div id="Sadoine--2018"></div>

Sadoine, M. L. et al., 2018: The associations between malaria, interventions, and the environment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ''Malar J'' , '''17''' (1), 73, doi:10.1186/s12936-018-2220-x.

<div id="SAIA--2018"></div>

[[#SAIA--2018|SAIA, 2018]] : ''Accelerating our journey to Future-proofing our industry'' . South African Insurance Association (SAIA), Pretoria, 68 pp. Available at: https://www.saia.co.za/index.php?id=2030 .

<div id="Sala--2018"></div>

Sala, E., S. Giakoumi and P. Linwood, 2018: No-take marine reserves are the most effective protected areas in the ocean. ''ICES Journal of Marine Science'' , '''75''' (3), 1166–1168, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsx059.

<div id="Salack--2019"></div>

Salack, S. et al., 2019: Designing Transnational Hydroclimatological Observation Networks and Data Sharing Policies in West Africa. ''Data Science Journal (DSJ)'' , '''18''' (1), doi: [https://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2019-033 http://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2019-033] .

<div id="Salas--2020"></div>

Salas, R. N., J. M. Shultz and C. G. Solomon, 2020: The Climate Crisis and Covid-19 — A Major Threat to the Pandemic Response. ''New England Journal of Medicine'' , '''383''' (11), e70, doi:10.1056/NEJMp2022011.

<div id="Salick--2009"></div>

Salick, J. and N. Ross, 2009: Traditional peoples and climate change. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''19''' (2), 137–190, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.01.004.

<div id="Salih--2020"></div>

Salih, A. A. M., M. Baraibar, K. K. Mwangi and G. Artan, 2020: Climate change and locust outbreak in East Africa. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''10''' (7), 584–585, doi:10.1038/s41558-020-0835-8.

<div id="Samy--2016"></div>

Samy, A. M. and A. T. Peterson, 2016: Climate Change Influences on the Global Potential Distribution of Bluetongue Virus. ''PLOS ONE'' , '''11''' (3), e0150489, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150489.

<div id="Sango--2015"></div>

Sango, I. and N. Godwell, 2015: Climate change trends and environmental impacts in the Makonde Communal Lands, Zimbabwe. ''South African Journal of Science'' , '''111''' (7/8), 1–6, doi:10.17159/sajs.2015/20140266.

<div id="Sanogo--2017"></div>

Sanogo, K. et al., 2017: Farmers’ perceptions of climate change impacts on ecosystem services delivery of parklands in southern Mali. ''Agroforestry Systems'' , '''91''' (2), 345–361, doi:10.1007/s10457-016-9933-z.

<div id="Sanogo--2015"></div>

Sanogo, S. et al., 2015: Spatio-temporal characteristics of the recent rainfall recovery in West Africa. ''International Journal of Climatology'' , '''35''' (15), 4589–4605, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4309 .

<div id="Santam--2018"></div>

[[#Santam--2018|Santam, 2018]] : ''Santam integrated report 2018'' . Santam Group, Cape Town. Available at: https://www.santam.co.za/media/2684712/santam_ir_-2018.pdf .

<div id="Sanya--2012"></div>

Sanya, T., 2012: Sustainable architecture evaluation method in an African context: transgressing discipline boundaries with a systems approach. ''Sustainability Science'' , '''7''' (1), 55–65, doi:10.1007/s11625-011-0137-1.

<div id="Sapiains--2021"></div>

Sapiains, R. et al., 2021: Exploring the contours of climate governance: An interdisciplinary systematic literature review from a southern perspective. ''Environmental Policy and Governance'' , '''31''' (1), 46–59, doi:10.1002/eet.1912.

<div id="Saraswat--2016"></div>

Saraswat, C. and P. Kumar, 2016: Climate justice in lieu of climate change: a sustainable approach to respond to the climate change injustice and an awakening of the environmental movement. ''Energy, Ecology and Environment'' , '''1''' (2), 67–74, doi:10.1007/s40974-015-0001-8.

<div id="Satterthwaite--2017"></div>

Satterthwaite, D., 2017: The impact of urban development on risk in sub-Saharan Africa’s cities with a focus on small and intermediate urban centres. ''International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction'' , '''26''' , 16–23, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.09.025 .

<div id="Satterthwaite--2020"></div>

Satterthwaite, D. et al., 2020: Building Resilience to Climate Change in Informal Settlements. ''One Earth'' , '''2''' (2), 143–156, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.02.002 .

<div id="Satterthwaite--2017"></div>

Satterthwaite, D. and S. Bartlett, 2017: Editorial: The full spectrum of risk in urban centres: changing perceptions, changing priorities. ''Environment and Urbanization'' , '''29''' (1), 3–14, doi:10.1177/0956247817691921.

<div id="Saulnier-Talbot--2014"></div>

Saulnier-Talbot, E. et al., 2014: Small changes in climate can profoundly alter the dynamics and ecosystem services of tropical crater lakes. ''PLoS One'' , '''9''' (1), e86561, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086561.

<div id="Savary--2019"></div>

Savary, S. et al., 2019: The global burden of pathogens and pests on major food crops. ''Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution'' , '''3''' (3), 430–439, doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0793-y.

<div id="Savvidou--2021"></div>

Savvidou, G., A. Atteridge, K. Omari-Motsumi and C. H. Trisos, 2021: Quantifying international public finance for climate change adaptation in Africa. ''Climate Policy'' , '''21''' (8), 1020–1036, doi:10.1080/14693062.2021.1978053.

<div id="Scannell--2016"></div>

Scannell, H. A. et al., 2016: Frequency of marine heatwaves in the North Atlantic and North Pacific since 1950. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''43''' (5), 2069–2076, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL067308 .

<div id="Schaeffer--2013"></div>

Schaeffer, M. et al., 2013: ''Africa’s Adaptation Gap Technical Report: Climate-change impacts, adaptation challenges and costs for Africa'' [Schaeffer, M., R. Munang, J. Andrews, S. Adams and C. Baxter (eds.)]. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya, 58 pp. Available at: https://climateanalytics.org/media/schaeffer_et_al__2013__africao__s_a_daptation_gap_technical_report.pdf .

<div id="Schäfer--2015"></div>

Schäfer, M. P., O. Dietrich and B. Mbilinyi, 2015: Streamflow and lake water level changes and their attributed causes in Eastern and Southern Africa: state of the art review. ''International Journal of Water Resources Development'' , '''32''' (6), 853–880, doi:10.1080/07900627.2015.1091289.

<div id="Schagerl--2016"></div>

Schagerl, M. and R. W. Renaut, 2016: Dipping into the Soda Lakes of East Africa. In: ''Soda Lakes of East Africa'' [Schagerl, M. (ed.)]. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, pp. 3–24. ISBN 978-3-319-28620-4.

<div id="Scheerens--2020"></div>

Scheerens, C. et al., 2020: Tackling adverse health effects of climate change and migration through intersectoral capacity building in Sub-Saharan Africa. ''BJGP Open'' , '''4''' (2), bjgpopen20X101065, doi:10.3399/bjgpopen20X101065.

<div id="Scheff--2017"></div>

Scheff, J., R. Seager, H. Liu and S. Coats, 2017: Are Glacials Dry? Consequences for Paleoclimatology and for Greenhouse Warming. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''30''' (17), 6593–6609, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0854.1.

<div id="Scheffran--2014"></div>

Scheffran, J., T. Ide and J. Schilling, 2014: Violent climate or climate of violence? Concepts and relations with focus on Kenya and Sudan. ''The International Journal of Human Rights'' , '''18''' (3), 369–390, doi:10.1080/13642987.2014.914722.

<div id="Scheiter--2016"></div>

Scheiter, S. and P. Savadogo, 2016: Ecosystem management can mitigate vegetation shifts induced by climate change in West Africa. ''Ecological Modelling'' , '''332''' , 19–27, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.03.022 .

<div id="Schilling--2012"></div>

Schilling, J., K. P. Freier, E. Hertig and J. Scheffran, 2012: Climate change, vulnerability and adaptation in North Africa with focus on Morocco. ''Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment'' , '''156''' , 12–26, doi:10.1016/j.agee.2012.04.021.

<div id="Schilling--2020"></div>

Schilling, J., E. Hertig, Y. Tramblay and J. Scheffran, 2020: Climate change vulnerability, water resources and social implications in North Africa. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''20''' (1), 15, doi:10.1007/s10113-020-01597-7.

<div id="Schlegel--2017"></div>

Schlegel, R. W., E. C. J. Oliver, T. Wernberg and A. J. Smit, 2017: Nearshore and offshore co-occurrence of marine heatwaves and cold-spells. ''Progress in Oceanography'' , '''151''' , 189–205, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2017.01.004 .

<div id="Schlenker--2010"></div>

Schlenker, W. and D. B. Lobell, 2010: Robust negative impacts of climate change on African agriculture. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''5''' (1), 014010, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/5/1/014010.

<div id="Schleussner--2016a"></div>

Schleussner, C. F., J. F. Donges, R. V. Donner and H. J. Schellnhuber, 2016a: Armed-conflict risks enhanced by climate-related disasters in ethnically fractionalized countries. ''Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A'' , '''113''' (33), 9216–9221, doi:10.1073/pnas.1601611113.

<div id="Schleussner--2016b"></div>

Schleussner, C. F. et al., 2016b: Science and policy characteristics of the Paris Agreement temperature goal. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6''' , 827–835, doi:10.1038/nclimate3096.

<div id="Schmeier--2017"></div>

Schmeier, S., 2017: Joint institutional arrangements for governing shared water resources: A comparative analysis of state practice. In: ''Routledge Handbook of Water Law and Policy'' [Rieu-Clarke, A., A. Allan and S. Hendry (eds.)]. Routledge, London, pp. 260–274. ISBN 1315651130.

<div id="Schmitt Olabisi--2018"></div>

Schmitt Olabisi, L. et al., 2018: Using participatory modeling processes to identify sources of climate risk in West Africa. ''Environment Systems and Decisions'' , '''38''' (1), 23–32, doi:10.1007/s10669-017-9653-6.

<div id="Schroth--2016"></div>

Schroth, G. et al., 2016: Vulnerability to climate change of cocoa in West Africa: Patterns, opportunities and limits to adaptation. ''Science of the Total Environment'' , '''556''' , 231–241, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.024.

<div id="Schroth--2014"></div>

Schroth, G. and F. Ruf, 2014: Farmer strategies for tree crop diversification in the humid tropics. A review. ''Agronomy for Sustainable Development'' , '''34''' (1), 139–154, doi:10.1007/s13593-013-0175-4.

<div id="Schulz--2004"></div>

Schulz, A. and M. Northridge, 2004: Social Determinants of Health: Implications for Environmental Health Promotion. ''Health Education &amp; Behavior'' , '''31''' (4), 455–471, doi: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1090198104265598 .

<div id="Schuman--2018"></div>

Schuman, S., J. V. Dokken, D. van Niekerk and R. A. Loubser, 2018: Religious beliefs and climate change adaptation: A study of three rural South African communities. ''Jamba'' , '''10''' (1), 509, doi:10.4102/jamba.v10i1.509.

<div id="Schut--2016"></div>

Schut, M. et al., 2016: Sustainable intensification of agricultural systems in the Central African Highlands: The need for institutional innovation. ''Agricultural Systems'' , '''145''' , 165–176, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2016.03.005 .

<div id="Schweikert--2015"></div>

Schweikert, A. et al., 2015: Road Infrastructure and Climate Change: Impacts and Adaptations for South Africa. ''Journal of Infrastructure Systems'' , '''21''' (3), 04014046, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000235.

<div id="Scotford--2019"></div>

Scotford, E. and S. Minas, 2019: Probing the hidden depths of climate law: Analysing national climate change legislation. ''Review of European, Comparative &amp; International Environmental Law'' , '''28''' (1), 67–81, doi:10.1111/reel.12259.

<div id="Scotford--2017"></div>

Scotford, E., S. Minas and A. Macintosh, 2017: Climate change and national laws across Commonwealth countries. ''Commonwealth Law Bulletin'' , '''43''' (3-4), 318–361, doi:10.1080/03050718.2017.1439361.

<div id="Scott--2017"></div>

Scott, A. A. et al., 2017: Temperature and heat in informal settlements in Nairobi. ''PLoS One'' , '''12''' (11), e0187300, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187300.

<div id="Scovronick--2012"></div>

Scovronick, N. and B. Armstrong, 2012: The impact of housing type on temperature-related mortality in South Africa, 1996–2015. ''Environ Res'' , '''113''' , 46–51, doi:10.1016/j.envres.2012.01.004.

<div id="Scovronick--2018"></div>

Scovronick, N. et al., 2018: The association between ambient temperature and mortality in South Africa: A time-series analysis. ''Environmental Research'' , '''161''' , 229–235, doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.001.

<div id="Seaman--2014"></div>

Seaman, J. A., G. E. Sawdon, J. Acidri and C. Petty, 2014: The Household Economy Approach. Managing the impact of climate change on poverty and food security in developing countries. ''Climate Risk Management'' , '''4-5''' , 59–68, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2014.10.001 .

<div id="Seif-Ennasr--2016"></div>

Seif-Ennasr, M. et al., 2016: Climate change and adaptive water management measures in Chtouka Ait Baha region (Morocco). ''Sci Total Environ'' , '''573''' , 862–875, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.170.

<div id="Selig--2018"></div>

Selig, E. R. et al., 2018: Mapping global human dependence on marine ecosystems. ''Conservation Letters'' , '''12''' (2), doi:10.1111/conl.12617.

<div id="Selormey--2019"></div>

Selormey, E. E., M. Z. Dome, L. Osse and C. Logan, 2019: ''Change ahead: Experience and awareness of climate change in Africa'' . Pan African Profiles: Afrobarometer Policy Paper, '''60''' , Afrobarometer, Accra, Ghana, 1–30 pp. Available at: https://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/publications/Policy%20papers/ab_r7_policypaperno60_experience_and_awareness_of_climate_change_in_africa.pdf .

<div id="Semakula--2017a"></div>

Semakula, H. M. et al., 2017a: Prediction of future malaria hotspots under climate change in sub-Saharan Africa. ''Clim. Change'' , '''143''' (3-4), 415–428.

<div id="Semakula--2017b"></div>

Semakula, H. M. et al., 2017b: Prediction of future malaria hotspots under climate change in sub-Saharan Africa. ''Climatic Change'' , '''143''' (3-4), 415–428, doi:10.1007/s10584-017-1996-y.

<div id="Semenza--2018"></div>

Semenza, J. C. and J. E. Suk, 2018: Vector-borne diseases and climate change: a European perspective. ''FEMS Microbiology Letters'' , '''365''' (2), doi:10.1093/femsle/fnx244.

<div id="Seneviratne--2021"></div>

Seneviratne, S. I. et al., 2021: ''Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu and B. Zhou (ed.)]. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change '''In Press''' , Cambridge University Press. Available at: [[IPCC:Wg1:Downloads:Report:Ipcc_ar6_wgi_chapter_11.pdf|https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_11.pdf]] .

<div id="Seo--2008"></div>

Seo, D., C. J. Patrick and P. J. Kennealy, 2008: Role of Serotonin and Dopamine System Interactions in the Neurobiology of Impulsive Aggression and its Comorbidity with other Clinical Disorders. ''Aggression and violent behavior'' , '''13''' (5), 383–395, doi:10.1016/j.avb.2008.06.003.

<div id="Serdeczny--2017"></div>

Serdeczny, O. et al., 2017: Climate change impacts in Sub-Saharan Africa: from physical changes to their social repercussions. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''17''' (6), 1585–1600, doi:10.1007/s10113-015-0910-2.

<div id="Sesmero--2018"></div>

Sesmero, J., J. Ricker-Gilbert and A. Cook, 2018: How Do African Farm Households Respond to Changes in Current and Past Weather Patterns? A Structural Panel Data Analysis from Malawi. ''American Journal of Agricultural Economics'' , '''100''' (1), 115–144, doi:10.1093/ajae/aax068.

<div id="Seti--2016"></div>

Seti, V., E. Bornman and P. Alvarez-Mosquera, 2016: Opinions on indigenous languages as languages of learning and teaching in Africa. ''International Journal of Communication and Linguistic Studies'' , '''14''' (1), 17–31.

<div id="Sewe--2015"></div>

Sewe, M. et al., 2015: The association of weather variability and under five malaria mortality in KEMRI/CDC HDSS in Western Kenya 2003 to 2008: a time series analysis. ''Int J Environ Res Public Health'' , '''12''' (2), 1983–1997, doi:10.3390/ijerph120201983.

<div id="Shabani--2012"></div>

Shabani, F., L. Kumar and S. Taylor, 2012: Climate Change Impacts on the Future Distribution of Date Palms: A Modeling Exercise Using CLIMEX. ''PLOS ONE'' , '''7''' (10), e48021, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048021.

<div id="Shackleton--2015"></div>

Shackleton, S. et al., 2015: Why is socially-just climate change adaptation in sub-Saharan Africa so challenging? A review of barriers identified from empirical cases. ''Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change'' , '''6''' (3), 321–344, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.335 .

<div id="Shaffer--2014"></div>

Shaffer, L. J., 2014: Making sense of local climate change in rural Tanzania through knowledge co-production. ''Journal of Ethnobiology'' , '''34''' (3), 315–334, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-34.3.315 http://dx.doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-34.3.315] .

<div id="Shao--2013"></div>

Shao, Y., M. Klose and K.-H. Wyrwoll, 2013: Recent global dust trend and connections to climate forcing. ''J Geophys Res-Atmos'' , '''118''' (19), 11,107–11,118, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50836 .

<div id="Shelton--2018"></div>

Shelton, J. M. et al., 2018: Vulnerability of Cape Fold Ecoregion freshwater fishes to climate change and other human impacts. ''Aquatic Conserv: Mar Freshw Ecosyst'' , '''28''' (1), 68–77, doi:10.1002/aqc.2849.

<div id="Shepherd--2019"></div>

Shepherd, N., 2019: Making Sense of “Day Zero”: Slow Catastrophes, Anthropocene Futures, and the Story of Cape Town’s Water Crisis. ''Water'' , '''11''' (9), 1744, doi:10.3390/w11091744.

<div id="Sherman--2014"></div>

Sherman, M. H. and J. Ford, 2014: Stakeholder engagement in adaptation interventions: an evaluation of projects in developing nations. ''Climate Policy'' , '''14''' (3), 417–441, doi:10.1080/14693062.2014.859501.

<div id="Shi--2016"></div>

Shi, L. et al., 2016: Roadmap towards justice in urban climate adaptation research. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6''' (2), 131–137, doi:10.1038/nclimate2841.

<div id="Shiferaw--2014"></div>

Shiferaw, B. et al., 2014: Managing vulnerability to drought and enhancing livelihood resilience in sub-Saharan Africa: Technological, institutional and policy options. ''Weather and Climate Extremes'' , '''3''' , 67–79, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2014.04.004 .

<div id="Shikuku--2017"></div>

Shikuku, K. M. et al., 2017: Smallholder farmers’ attitudes and determinants of adaptation to climate risks in East Africa. ''Climate Risk Management'' , '''16''' , 234–245, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.03.001 .

<div id="Shukla--2019"></div>

Shukla, P. R. et al., 2019: ''Technical Summary'' [P.R. Shukla, J. S., E. Calvo Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, P. Zhai, R. Slade, R. v. D. S. Connors, M. Ferrat, E. Haughey, S. Luz, S. Neogi, M. Pathak, J. Petzold, J. Portugal Pereira, P. Vyas, and K. K. E. Huntley, M, Belkacemi, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems, In Press pp. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2020/07/03_Technical-Summary-TS_V2.pdf .

<div id="Shukla--2021"></div>

Shukla, R. et al., 2021: Dynamic vulnerability of smallholder agricultural systems in the face of climate change for Ethiopia. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''16''' (4), 044007, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abdb5c.

<div id="Shumsky--2014"></div>

Shumsky, S. A., G. M. Hickey, B. Pelletier and T. Johns, 2014: Understanding the contribution of wild edible plants to rural social-ecological resilience in semi-arid Kenya. ''Ecology and Society'' , '''19''' (4), doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-06924-190434 http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-06924-190434] .

<div id="Siam--2017"></div>

Siam, M. S. and E. A. B. Eltahir, 2017: Climate change enhances interannual variability of the Nile river flow. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''7''' (5), 350–354, doi:10.1038/nclimate3273.

<div id="Siderius--2018"></div>

Siderius, C. et al., 2018: Hydrological response and complex impact pathways of the 2015/2016 El Niño in Eastern and Southern Africa. ''Earth’s Future'' , '''6''' (1), 2–22, doi:10.1002/2017ef000680.

<div id="Siderius--2021"></div>

Siderius, C. et al., 2021: High Stakes Decisions Under Uncertainty: Dams, Development and Climate Change in the Rufji River Basin. In: ''Climate Risk in Africa: Adaptation and Resilience'' [D. Conway, K. V. (ed.)]. Springer International Publishing.

<div id="Siders--2019"></div>

Siders, A. R., 2019: Adaptive capacity to climate change: A synthesis of concepts, methods, and findings in a fragmented field. ''WIREs Climate Change'' , '''10''' (3), e573, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.573 .

<div id="Sierra-Correa--2015"></div>

Sierra-Correa, P. C. and J. R. Cantera Kintz, 2015: Ecosystem-based adaptation for improving coastal planning for sea-level rise: A systematic review for mangrove coasts. ''Marine Policy'' , '''51''' , 385–393, doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2014.09.013.

<div id="Sietsma--2021"></div>

Sietsma, A. J., J. D. Ford, M. W. Callaghan and J. C. Minx, 2021: Progress in climate change adaptation research. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''16''' (5), 054038, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abf7 f3.

<div id="Silva--2017"></div>

Silva, R. A. et al., 2017: Future global mortality from changes in air pollution attributable to climate change. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''7''' , 647, doi:10.1038/nclimate3354.

<div id="Silvestri--2012"></div>

Silvestri, S. et al., 2012: Climate change perception and adaptation of agro-pastoral communities in Kenya. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''12''' (4), 791–802, doi:10.1007/s10113-012-0293-6.

<div id="Simon--2015"></div>

Simon, D. and H. Leck, 2015: Editorial overview: Sustainability challenges: Assessing climate change adaptation in Africa. ''Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability'' , '''13''' , iv-viii, doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2015.03.002.

<div id="Simple--2018"></div>

Simple, O. et al., 2018: Influence of Climatic Factors on Malaria Epidemic in Gulu District, Northern Uganda: A 10-Year Retrospective Study. ''Malar. Res. Treat.'' , '''2018''' , 5482136, doi:10.1155/2018/5482136.

<div id="Simpson--2020"></div>

Simpson, N. P., 2020: Insurance in the Anthropocene: Exposure, Solvency and Manoeuvrability. In: ''Criminology and Climate: Insurance, Finance and the Regulation of Harmscapes'' , 1 ed. [Holley, C., L. Phelan and C. D. Shearing (eds.)]. Routledge, London, UK, pp. 135–152. ISBN 9780429201172.

<div id="Simpson--2021a"></div>

Simpson, N. P. et al., 2021a: Climate Change Literacy in Africa. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''11''' (11), 937–944, doi:10.1038/s41558-021-01171-x.

<div id="Simpson--2021b"></div>

Simpson, N. P. et al., 2021b: A framework for complex climate change risk assessment. ''One Earth'' , '''4''' (4), 489–501, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.03.005 .

<div id="Simpson--2021c"></div>

Simpson, N. P., C. Rabenold, M. Sowman and C. D. Shearing, 2021c: Adoption rationales and effects of off-grid renewable energy access for African youth: A case study from Tanzania. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews'' , '''141''' (110793), 17, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110793 .

<div id="Simpson--2019a"></div>

Simpson, N. P., C. D. Shearing and B. Dupont, 2019a: Climate gating: A case study of emerging responses to Anthropocene Risks. ''Climate Risk Management'' , '''26''' , 100196, doi:10.1016/j.crm.2019.100196.

<div id="Simpson--2020a"></div>

Simpson, N. P., C. D. Shearing and B. Dupont, 2020a: Gated Adaptation during the Cape Town Drought: Mentalities, Transitions and Pathways to Partial Nodes of Water Security. ''Society &amp; Natural Resources'' , '''33''' (8), 1041–1049, doi:10.1080/08941920.2020.1712756.

<div id="Simpson--2020b"></div>

Simpson, N. P., C. D. Shearing and B. Dupont, 2020b: ‘Partial functional redundancy’: An expression of household level resilience in response to climate risk. ''Climate Risk Management'' , '''28''' , 100216, doi:10.1016/j.crm.2020.100216.

<div id="Simpson--2019b"></div>

Simpson, N. P., K. J. Simpson, C. D. Shearing and L. R. Cirolia, 2019b: Municipal finance and resilience lessons for urban infrastructure management: a case study from the Cape Town drought. ''International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development'' , '''11''' (3), 257–276, doi:10.1080/19463138.2019.1642203.

<div id="Singh--2018"></div>

Singh, C. et al., 2018: The utility of weather and climate information for adaptation decision-making: current uses and future prospects in Africa and India. ''Climate and Development'' , '''10''' (5), 389–405, doi:10.1080/17565529.2017.1318744.

<div id="Sintayehu--2020"></div>

Sintayehu, D. W., A. Egeru, W. T. Ng and E. Cherenet, 2020: Regional dynamics in distribution of Prosopis juliflora under predicted climate change in Africa. ''Tropical Ecology'' , '''61''' (4), 437–445, doi:10.1007/s42965-020-00101-w.

<div id="Sitati--2021"></div>

Sitati, A. et al., 2021: Climate change adaptation in conflict-affected countries: A systematic assessment of evidence. ''Discover Sustainability'' , '''2''' (1), 1–15, doi:10.1007/s43621-021-00052-9.

<div id="Slim--2004"></div>

Slim, H. et al., 2004: ''Le littoral de la Tunisie. Étude géoarchéologique et historique'' . vol. 1, Persée-Portail des revues scientifiques en SHS.

<div id="Slingsby--2017"></div>

Slingsby, J. A. et al., 2017: Intensifying postfire weather and biological invasion drive species loss in a Mediterranean-type biodiversity hotspot. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''114''' (18), 4697, doi:10.1073/pnas.1619014114.

<div id="Slingsby--2020"></div>

Slingsby, J. A., G. R. Moncrieff, A. J. Rogers and E. C. February, 2020: Altered ignition catchments threaten a hyperdiverse fire-dependent ecosystem. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''26''' (2), 616–628, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14861 .

<div id="Sloan--2017"></div>

Sloan, S., B. Bertzky and W. F. Laurance, 2017: African development corridors intersect key protected areas. ''African Journal of Ecology'' , '''55''' (1-7), doi:10.1111/aje.12377.

<div id="Sloat--2020"></div>

Sloat, L. L. et al., 2020: Climate adaptation by crop migration. ''Nature Communications'' , '''11''' (1), 1243, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15076-4.

<div id="Sloat--2018"></div>

Sloat, L. L. et al., 2018: Increasing importance of precipitation variability on global livestock grazing lands. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''8''' (3), 214–218, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0081-5.

<div id="Smit--2015"></div>

Smit, I. P. J. and H. H. T. Prins, 2015: Predicting the Effects of Woody Encroachment on Mammal Communities, Grazing Biomass and Fire Frequency in African Savannas. ''PLOS ONE'' , '''10''' (9), e0137857, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137857.

<div id="Smith--2016"></div>

Smith, A. et al., 2016: Synergistic effects of climate and land-use change on representation of African bats in priority conservation areas. ''Ecological Indicators'' , '''69''' , 276–283, doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.04.039.

<div id="Smith--2014"></div>

Smith, K. R. et al., 2014: Human health: impacts, adaptation, and co-benefits. In: ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change'' [Field, C. B., V. R. Barros, D. J. Dokken, K. J. Mach, M. D. Mastrandrea, T. E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K. L. Ebi, Y. O. Estrada, R. C. Genova, B. Girma, E. S. Kissel, A. N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P. R. Mastrandrea and L. L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 709–754.

<div id="Snow--2016"></div>

Snow, J. T. et al., 2016: ''A New Vision for Weather and Climate Services in Africa'' . UNDP, New York, USA. Available at: https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/WeatherAndClimateServicesAfrica.pdf .

<div id="Snowdon--2021"></div>

Snowdon, R. J., B. Wittkop, T.-W. Chen and A. Stahl, 2021: Crop adaptation to climate change as a consequence of long-term breeding. ''Theoretical and Applied Genetics'' , '''134''' (6), 1613–1623, doi:10.1007/s00122-020-03729-3.

<div id="Soliev--2015"></div>

Soliev, I., K. Wegerich and J. Kazbekov, 2015: The Costs of Benefit Sharing: Historical and Institutional Analysis of Shared Water Development in the Ferghana Valley, the Syr Darya Basin. ''Water'' , '''7''' (6), 2728–2752, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w7062728 .

<div id="Somanathan--2015"></div>

Somanathan, E., R. Somanathan, A. Sudarshan and M. Tewari, 2015: ''The Impact of Temperature on Productivity and Labor Supply: Evidence from Indian Manufacturing'' . Indian Statistics Institute, Deli. Available at: https://www.isid.ac.in/~pu/dispapers/dp14-10.pdf .

<div id="Soneja--2016"></div>

Soneja, S. et al., 2016: Extreme precipitation events and increased risk of campylobacteriosis in Maryland, USA. ''Environmental research'' , '''149''' , 216–221.

<div id="Sonwa--2017"></div>

Sonwa, D. J. et al., 2017: Drivers of climate risk in African agriculture. ''Climate and Development'' , '''9''' (5), 383–398, doi:10.1080/17565529.2016.1167659.

<div id="Sorensen--2015"></div>

Sorensen, J. P. et al., 2015: Emerging contaminants in urban groundwater sources in Africa. ''Water Res'' , '''72''' , 51–63, doi:10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.002.

<div id="Soultan--2019"></div>

Soultan, A., M. Wikelski and K. Safi, 2019: Risk of biodiversity collapse under climate change in the Afro-Arabian region. ''Sci Rep'' , '''9''' (1), 955, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37851-6.

<div id="Spalding-Fecher--2017"></div>

Spalding-Fecher, R., B. Joyce and H. Winkler, 2017: Climate change and hydropower in the Southern African Power Pool and Zambezi River Basin: System-wide impacts and policy implications. ''Energy Policy'' , '''103''' , 84–97, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.12.009.

<div id="Spalding-Fecher--2014"></div>

Spalding-Fecher, R. et al., 2014: ''Water Supply and Demand Scenarios for the Zambezi River Basin. Climate Change and Upstream Development Impacts on New Hydropower Projects in the Zambezi Project'' . Climate &amp; Development Knowledge Network (CDKN), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 92 pp. Available at: http://www.au.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/119/Hydro-Zambezi/HZ-Water_Supply_and_Demand_Scenarios_Report.pdf .

<div id="Spencer--2015"></div>

Spencer, D., 2015: ''“TO PROTECT HER HONOUR” Child marriage in emergencies – the fatal confusion between protecting girls and sexual violence'' . Gender and Protection in Humanitarian Contexts: Critical Issues Series, CARE International UK, London, UK. Available at: https://insights.careinternational.org.uk/media/k2/attachments/CARE_Child-marriage-in-emergencies_2015.pdf .

<div id="Speranza--2009"></div>

Speranza, I. C. et al., 2009: Indigenous knowledge related to climate variability and change: insights from droughts in semi-arid areas of former Makueni District, Kenya. ''Climatic Change'' , '''100''' (2), 295–315, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9713-0 .

<div id="Spinoni--2021"></div>

Spinoni, J. et al., 2021: Global exposure of population and land-use to meteorological droughts under different Warming Levels and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways: A Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment-based study. ''International Journal of Climatology'' , '''41''' (15), 6825–6853, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7302 .

<div id="Spinoni--2020"></div>

Spinoni, J. et al., 2020: Future Global Meteorological Drought Hot Spots: A Study Based on CORDEX Data. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''33''' (9), 3635–3661, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0084.1.

<div id="Spinoni--2019"></div>

Spinoni, J. et al., 2019: A new global database of meteorological drought events from 1951 to 2016. ''Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies'' , '''22''' , 100593, doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2019.100593.

<div id="Spinoni--2014"></div>

Spinoni, J. et al., 2014: World drought frequency, duration, and severity for 1951–2010. ''International Journal of Climatology'' , '''34''' (8), 2792–2804, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3875 .

<div id="Squire--2017"></div>

Squire, S. A. and U. Ryan, 2017: Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges. ''Parasites &amp; vectors'' , '''10''' (1), 195–195, doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2111-y.

<div id="Sridharan--2019"></div>

Sridharan, V. et al., 2019: Resilience of the Eastern African electricity sector to climate driven changes in hydropower generation. ''Nat Commun'' , '''10''' (1), 302, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08275-7.

<div id="Sserumaga--2020"></div>

Sserumaga, J. P. et al., 2020: Aflatoxin-producing fungi associated with pre-harvest maize contamination in Uganda. ''International Journal of Food Microbiology'' , '''313''' , 108376, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108376 .

<div id="St Louis--2008"></div>

St Louis, M. E. and J. J. Hess, 2008: Climate change: impacts on and implications for global health. ''Am J Prev Med'' , '''35''' (5), 527–538, doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.08.023.

<div id="Stafford--2017"></div>

Stafford, W. et al., 2017: The economics of landscape restoration: Benefits of controlling bush encroachment and invasive plant species in South Africa and Namibia. ''Ecosystem Services'' , '''27''' , 193–202, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.11.021 .

<div id="Stanimirova--2019"></div>

Stanimirova, R. et al., 2019: Sensitivity of Global Pasturelands to Climate Variation. ''Earth’s Future'' , '''7''' (12), 1353–1366, doi:10.1029/2019EF001316.

<div id="Stark--2016"></div>

Stark, L. and D. Landis, 2016: Violence against children in humanitarian settings: A literature review of population-based approaches. ''Soc Sci Med'' , '''152''' , 125–137, doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.01.052.

<div id="Sterk--2020"></div>

Sterk, G. and J. J. Stoorvogel, 2020: Desertification–Scientific Versus Political Realities. ''Land'' , '''9''' (5), doi:10.3390/land9050156.

<div id="Stevens--2016"></div>

Stevens, N., B. F. N. Erasmus, S. Archibald and W. J. Bond, 2016: Woody encroachment over 70 years in South African savannahs: overgrazing, global change or extinction aftershock? ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'' , '''371''' (1703), 20150437, doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0437.

<div id="Stevens--2017"></div>

Stevens, N., C. E. R. Lehmann, B. P. Murphy and G. Durigan, 2017: Savanna woody encroachment is widespread across three continents. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''23''' (1), 235–244, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13409 .

<div id="Stevenson--2012"></div>

Stevenson, J. et al., 2012: Novel vectors of malaria parasites in the western highlands of Kenya. ''Emerg. Infect. Dis.'' , '''18''' (9), 1547–1549, doi:10.3201/eid1809.120283.

<div id="Steynor--2020a"></div>

Steynor, A., J. Lee and A. Davison, 2020a: Transdisciplinary co-production of climate services: a focus on process. ''Social Dynamics'' , '''46''' (3), 414–433, doi:10.1080/02533952.2020.1853961.

<div id="Steynor--2020b"></div>

Steynor, A. et al., 2020b: Learning from climate change perceptions in southern African cities. ''Climate Risk Management'' , '''27''' , 100202, doi:10.1016/j.crm.2019.100202.

<div id="Steynor--2016"></div>

Steynor, A. et al., 2016: Co-exploratory climate risk workshops: Experiences from urban Africa. ''Climate Risk Management'' , '''13''' , 95–102, doi:10.1016/j.crm.2016.03.001.

<div id="Steynor--2020"></div>

Steynor, A. and L. [[#Pasquini--2020|Pasquini, 2020]] : Using environmental psychology to increase the use of climate information. UK Department for International Development (DFID), London, UK.

<div id="Stokstad--2019"></div>

Stokstad, E., 2019: After 20 years, Golden Rice nears approval. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''366''' (6468), 934–934, doi:10.1126/science.366.6468.934.

<div id="Stratton--2018"></div>

Stratton, R. A. et al., 2018: A Pan-African convection-permitting regional climate simulation with the met office unified model: CP4-Africa. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''31''' (9), 3485–3508, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0503.1 .

<div id="Street--2016"></div>

Street, R. B., 2016: Towards a leading role on climate services in Europe: A research and innovation roadmap. ''Climate Services'' , '''1''' , 2–5, doi:10.1016/j.cliser.2015.12.001.

<div id="Stringer--2020"></div>

Stringer, L. C. et al., 2020: Adaptation and development pathways for different types of farmers. ''Environmental Science and Policy'' , '''104''' , 174–189, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2019.10.007.

<div id="Stringer--2021"></div>

Stringer, L. C. et al., 2021: Climate change impacts on water security in global drylands. ''One Earth'' , '''4''' (6), 851–864, doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2021.05.010.

<div id="Strydom--2016"></div>

Strydom, S. and M. J. Savage, 2016: A spatio-temporal analysis of fires in South Africa. ''South African Journal of Science'' , '''112''' (11-12), 1–8, doi:10.17159/sajs.2016/20150489.

<div id="Suckall--2015"></div>

Suckall, N., E. Fraser, P. Forster and D. Mkwambisi, 2015: Using a migration systems approach to understand the link between climate change and urbanisation in Malawi. ''Applied Geography'' , '''63''' , 244–252, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.07.004 .

<div id="Sulieman--2019"></div>

Sulieman, H. and H. Young, 2019: ''Transforming pastoralist mobility in West Darfur: Understanding continuity and change'' . Feinstein

<div id="Sullivan--2020"></div>

Sullivan, M. J. P. et al., 2020: Long-term thermal sensitivity of Earth’s tropical forests. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''368''' (6493), 869, doi:10.1126/science.aaw7578.

<div id="Sultan--2019"></div>

Sultan, B., D. Defrance and T. Iizumi, 2019: Evidence of crop production losses in West Africa due to historical global warming in two crop models. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''9''' (1), 12834, doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49167-0.

<div id="Sultan--2016"></div>

Sultan, B. and M. Gaetani, 2016: Agriculture in West Africa in the Twenty-First Century: Climate Change and Impacts Scenarios, and Potential for Adaptation. ''Frontiers in Plant Science'' , '''7''' , 1262.

<div id="Sultan--2020"></div>

Sultan, B. et al., 2020: Current needs for climate services in West Africa: Results from two stakeholder surveys. ''Climate Services'' , '''18''' , 100166, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2020.100166 .

<div id="Sun--2019"></div>

Sun, Q. et al., 2019: Global heat stress on health, wildfires, and agricultural crops under different levels of climate warming. ''Environment International'' , '''128''' , 125–136, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.025 .

<div id="Sun--2021"></div>

Sun, Q. et al., 2021: A Global, Continental, and Regional Analysis of Changes in Extreme Precipitation. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''34''' (1), 243–258, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0892.1.

<div id="Sunderland--2013"></div>

Sunderland, T. et al., 2013: ''Food security and nutrition'' . Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia.

<div id="Surminski--2016"></div>

Surminski, S., L. M. Bouwer and J. Linnerooth-Bayer, 2016: How insurance can support climate resilience. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6''' (4), 333–334, doi:10.1038/nclimate2979.

<div id="Sussman--2014"></div>

Sussman, F., A. Grambsch, J. Li and C. P. Weaver, 2014: Introduction to a special issue entitled Perspectives on Implementing Benefit-Cost Analysis in Climate Assessment. ''Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis'' , '''5''' (3), 333–346, doi:10.1515/jbca-2014-9000.

<div id="Sutherland--2021"></div>

Sutherland, C. et al., 2021: Socio-technical analysis of a sanitation innovation in a peri-urban household in Durban, South Africa. ''Science of The Total Environment'' , '''755''' , 143284, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143284 .

<div id="Swanepoel--2019"></div>

Swanepoel, E. and S. Sauka, 2019: ''Ecosystem-based Adaptation in South African Coastal Cities: Challenges and Opportunities'' . SAIIA Policy Briefing No 186, South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), Cape Town, South Africa. Available at: https://saiia.org.za/research/ecosystem-based-adaptation-in-south-african-coastal-cities-challenges-and-opportunities/ .

<div id="Swann--2016"></div>

Swann, A. L. S., F. M. Hoffman, C. D. Koven and J. T. Randerson, 2016: Plant responses to increasing CO2 reduce estimates of climate impacts on drought severity. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''113''' (36), 10019-10024, doi:10.1073/pnas.1604581113.

<div id="SWECO--2019"></div>

[[#SWECO--2019|SWECO, 2019]] : ''Rwanda’s pilot towards green urbanisation: mid term feasibility study'' . SWECO GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany, 157 pp. Available at: https://greencitykigali.org/wp-content/uploads/Mid-Term-Feasibility-Study.pdf .

<div id="Swis Re--2019"></div>

[[#Swis%20Re--2019|Swis Re, 2019]] : Natural Catastrophes: Tracking the protection gap, Swis Re, Online. Available at: http://files.swissre.com/natcat-protection-gap-map/index.html .

<div id="Sylla--2015a"></div>

Sylla, M. B., N. Elguindi, F. Giorgi and D. Wisser, 2015a: Projected robust shift of climate zones over West Africa in response to anthropogenic climate change for the late 21st century. ''Climatic Change'' , '''134''' (1-2), 241–253, doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1522-z.

<div id="Sylla--2018"></div>

Sylla, M. B. et al., 2018: Projected Heat Stress Under 1.5°C and 2°C Global Warming Scenarios Creates Unprecedented Discomfort for Humans in West Africa. ''Earth’s Future'' , '''6''' (7), 1029–1044, doi:10.1029/2018ef000873.

<div id="Sylla--2013"></div>

Sylla, M. B., F. Giorgi, E. Coppola and L. Mariotti, 2013: Uncertainties in daily rainfall over Africa: assessment of gridded observation products and evaluation of a regional climate model simulation. ''International Journal of Climatology'' , '''33''' (7), 1805–1817, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3551 .

<div id="Sylla--2015b"></div>

Sylla, M. B. et al., 2015b: Projected Changes in the Annual Cycle of High-Intensity Precipitation Events over West Africa for the Late Twenty-First Century. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''28''' (16), 6475–6488, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-14-00854.1.

<div id="Sylla--2016"></div>

Sylla, M. B. et al., 2016: Climate Change over West Africa: Recent Trends and Future Projections. In: ''Adaptation to Climate Change and Variability in Rural West Africa'' [Yaro, J. A. and J. Hesselberg (eds.)]. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 25–40. ISBN 978-3-319-31497-6.

<div id="Szopa--2021"></div>

Szopa, S. et al., 2021: ''Short-Lived Climate Forcers'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (ed.)]. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Cambridge University Press, In Press pp. Available at: [[IPCC:Wg1:Downloads:Report:Ipcc_ar6_wgi_chapter_06.pdf|https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_06.pdf]] .

<div id="Tadesse--2015"></div>

Tadesse, M. A., B. A. Shiferaw and O. Erenstein, 2015: Weather index insurance for managing drought risk in smallholder agriculture: lessons and policy implications for sub-Saharan Africa. ''Agricultural and Food Economics'' , '''3''' (1), 26, doi:10.1186/s40100-015-0044-3.

<div id="Takakura--2019"></div>

Takakura, J. y. et al., 2019: Dependence of economic impacts of climate change on anthropogenically directed pathways. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''9''' (10), 737–741, doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0578-6.

<div id="Tamatamah--2020"></div>

Tamatamah, R. and T. Mwedzi, 2020: Environmental Flow Analysis of the Zambezi River Basin. In: ''Ecological Changes in the Zambezi River Basin'' [Ndebele-Murisa, M., I. A. Kimirei, C. P. Mubaya and T. Bere (eds.)]. CODESRIA, Dakar, pp. 183–210. ISBN 978-2-86978-713-1.

<div id="Tamoffo--2019"></div>

Tamoffo, A. T. et al., 2019: Daily characteristics of Central African rainfall in the REMO model. ''Theoretical and Applied Climatology'' , '''137''' (3-4), 2351–2368, doi:10.1007/s00704-018-2745-5.

<div id="Tanarhte--2012"></div>

Tanarhte, M., P. Hadjinicolaou and J. Lelieveld, 2012: Intercomparison of temperature and precipitation data sets based on observations in the Mediterranean and the Middle East. ''J Geophys Res-Atmos'' , '''117''' (D12), doi:10.1029/2011jd017293.

<div id="Tankari--2017"></div>

Tankari, M. R., 2017: Cash crops reduce the welfare of farm households in Senegal. ''Food Security'' , '''9''' (5), 1105–1115, doi:10.1007/s12571-017-0727-6.

<div id="Tanoue--2016"></div>

Tanoue, M., Y. Hirabayashi and H. Ikeuchi, 2016: Global-scale river flood vulnerability in the last 50 years. ''Scientific Reports'' , '''6''' (1), 36021, doi:10.1038/srep36021.

<div id="Tariku--2021"></div>

Tariku, T. B. et al., 2021: Global warming impact to River Basin of Blue Nile and the optimum operation of its multi-reservoir system for hydropower production and irrigation. ''Sci Total Environ'' , '''767''' , 144863, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144863.

<div id="Tarusarira--2017"></div>

Tarusarira, J., 2017: African Religion, Climate Change, and Knowledge Systems. ''The Ecumenical Review'' , '''69''' (3), 398–410, doi:10.1111/erev.12302.

<div id="Tatem--2017"></div>

Tatem, A. J., 2017: WorldPop, open data for spatial demography. ''Scientific Data'' , '''4''' (1), 170004, doi:10.1038/sdata.2017.4.

<div id="Tatsumi--2011"></div>

Tatsumi, K. et al., 2011: Estimation of potential changes in cereals production under climate change scenarios. ''Hydrological Processes'' , '''25''' (17), 2715–2725, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8012 .

<div id="Taye--2015"></div>

Taye, M. T., P. Willems and P. Block, 2015: Implications of climate change on hydrological extremes in the Blue Nile basin: A review. ''Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies'' , '''4''' , 280–293, doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2015.07.001.

<div id="Taylor--2016"></div>

Taylor, A., 2016: Institutional inertia in a changing climate. ''International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management'' , '''8''' (2), 194–211, doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-03-2014-0033.

<div id="Taylor--2016"></div>

Taylor, A., H. Davies, G. Oelofse and S. Roux, 2016: ''Urban Adaptation'' . Climate Change: Law and Governance in South Africa, Juta, Cape Town, South Africa, 1–38 pp.

<div id="Taylor--2021a"></div>

Taylor, A. et al., 2021a: Understanding and supporting climate-sensitive decision processes in southern African cities. ''Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability'' , '''51''' , 77–84, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2021.03.006 .

<div id="Taylor--2014"></div>

Taylor, A. and C. Peter, 2014: Strengthening climate resilience in African cities: A framework for working with informality. Available at: https://media.africaportal.org/documents/CDKN_ACC_WP_final_web-res.pdf (accessed 30/10/2020).

<div id="Taylor--2021b"></div>

Taylor, A., G. Siame and B. Mwalukanga, 2021b: Integrating Climate Risks into Strategic Urban Planning in Lusaka, Zambia. In: ''Climate Risk in Africa: Adaptation and Resilience'' [Conway, D. and K. Vincent (eds.)]. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 115–129. ISBN 978-3-030-61160-6.

<div id="Taylor--2017"></div>

Taylor, C. M. et al., 2017: Frequency of extreme Sahelian storms tripled since 1982 in satellite observations. ''Nature'' , '''544''' (7651), 475–478, doi:10.1038/nature22069.

<div id="Taylor--2019"></div>

Taylor, R. G., G. Favreau, B. R. Scanlon and K. G. Villholth, 2019: Topical Collection: Determining groundwater sustainability from long-term piezometry in Sub-Saharan Africa. ''Hydrogeology Journal'' , '''27''' (2), 443–446, doi:10.1007/s10040-019-01946-9.

<div id="Taylor--2006"></div>

Taylor, R. G. et al., 2006: Recent glacial recession in the Rwenzori Mountains of East Africa due to rising air temperature. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''33''' (10), n/a-n/a, doi:10.1029/2006gl025962.

<div id="Taylor--2013"></div>

Taylor, R. G. et al., 2013: Ground water and climate change. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''3''' (4), 322–329, doi:10.1038/nclimate1744.

<div id="Taylor--2012"></div>

Taylor, S., L. Kumar, N. Reid and D. J. Kriticos, 2012: Climate Change and the Potential Distribution of an Invasive Shrub, Lantana camara L. ''PLOS ONE'' , '''7''' (4), e35565, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035565.

<div id="Tebaldi--2021"></div>

Tebaldi, C. et al., 2021: Climate model projections from the Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) of CMIP6. ''Earth Syst. Dynam.'' , '''12''' (1), 253–293, doi:10.5194/esd-12-253-2021.

<div id="Tellman--2021"></div>

Tellman, B. et al., 2021: Satellite imaging reveals increased proportion of population exposed to floods. ''Nature'' , '''596''' (7870), 80–86, doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03695-w.

<div id="Tendall--2015"></div>

Tendall, D. M. et al., 2015: Food system resilience: Defining the concept. ''Global Food Security'' , '''6''' , 17–23, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2015.08.001 .

<div id="Tesfamariam--2017"></div>

Tesfamariam, Y. and N. Zinyengere, 2017: Climate, Gender, and Ethnicity: A Study on Vulnerability and Adaptation of Eritrean Farmers. In: ''Beyond Agricultural Impacts'' [Zinyengere, N., T. F. Theodory, M. Gebreyes and C. I. Speranza (eds.)]. Academic Press, London, UK, pp. 169–191. ISBN 9780128126240.

<div id="Tesfaye--2019"></div>

Tesfaye, A. et al., 2019: Estimating the economic value of climate services for strengthening resilience of smallholder farmers to climate risks in Ethiopia: A choice experiment approach. ''Ecological Economics'' , '''162''' , 157–168, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.04.019 .

<div id="Tesfaye--2016"></div>

Tesfaye, K. et al., 2016: Targeting drought-tolerant maize varieties in southern Africa: a geospatial crop modeling approach using big data. ''International Food and Agribusiness Management Review'' , '''19''' (A), 75–92.

<div id="The Global Commission on Adaptation--2019"></div>

[[#The%20Global%20Commission%20on%20Adaptation--2019|The Global Commission on Adaptation, 2019]] : ''Adapt Now: A Global Call for Leadership on Climate Resilience'' . The Global Commission on Adaptation, Washington, DC. Available at: https://cdn.gca.org/assets/2019-09/GlobalCommission_Report_FINAL.pdf .

<div id="Theis--2018"></div>

Theis, S., N. Lefore, R. Meinzen-Dick and E. Bryan, 2018: What happens after technology adoption? Gendered aspects of small-scale irrigation technologies in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Tanzania. ''Agriculture and Human Values'' , '''35''' (3), 671–684, doi:10.1007/s10460-018-9862-8.

<div id="Thiault--2019"></div>

Thiault, L. et al., 2019: Escaping the perfect storm of simultaneous climate change impacts on agriculture and marine fisheries. ''Science Advances'' , '''5''' (11), eaaw9976, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw9976.

<div id="Thierfelder--2017"></div>

Thierfelder, C. et al., 2017: How climate-smart is conservation agriculture (CA)? – its potential to deliver on adaptation, mitigation and productivity on smallholder farms in southern Africa. ''Food Security'' , '''9''' (3), 537–560, doi:10.1007/s12571-017-0665-3.

<div id="Thiery--2017"></div>

Thiery, W. et al., 2017: Early warnings of hazardous thunderstorms over Lake Victoria. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''12''' (7), 074012, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa7521.

<div id="Thiery--2021"></div>

Thiery, W. et al., 2021: Intergenerational inequities in exposure to climate extremes. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''374''' (6564), 158–160, doi:10.1126/science.abi7339.

<div id="Thivierge--2016"></div>

Thivierge, M.-N. et al., 2016: Predicted Yield and Nutritive Value of an Alfalfa–Timothy Mixture under Climate Change and Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. ''Agronomy Journal'' , '''108''' (2), 585–603, doi:10.2134/agronj2015.0484.

<div id="Thomas--2021"></div>

Thomas, A. et al., 2021: Global evidence of constraints and limits to human adaptation. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''21''' (3), 85, doi:10.1007/s10113-021-01808-9.

<div id="Thomas--2018"></div>

Thomas, N. and S. Nigam, 2018: Twentieth-Century Climate Change over Africa: Seasonal Hydroclimate Trends and Sahara Desert Expansion. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''31''' (9), 3349–3370, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0187.1.

<div id="Thompson--2017"></div>

Thompson, J. R., A. Crawley and D. G. Kingston, 2017: Future river flows and flood extent in the Upper Niger and Inner Niger Delta: GCM-related uncertainty using the CMIP5 ensemble. ''Hydrological Sciences Journal'' , '''62''' (14), 2239–2265, doi:10.1080/02626667.2017.1383608.

<div id="Thompson-Hall--2016"></div>

Thompson-Hall, M., E. R. Carr and U. Pascual, 2016: Enhancing and expanding intersectional research for climate change adaptation in agrarian settings. ''Ambio'' , '''45''' (3), 373–382, doi:10.1007/s13280-016-0827-0.

<div id="Thomson--2006"></div>

Thomson, M. C. et al., 2006: Potential of environmental models to predict meningitis epidemics in Africa. ''Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health'' , '''11''' (6), 781–788, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01630.x .

<div id="Thorn--2015"></div>

Thorn, J., T. F. Thornton and A. Helfgott, 2015: Autonomous adaptation to global environmental change in peri-urban settlements: Evidence of a growing culture of innovation and revitalisation in Mathare Valley Slums, Nairobi. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''31''' , 121–131, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.12.009.

<div id="Thorn--2020"></div>

Thorn, J. P. R. et al., 2020: A systematic review of participatory scenario planning to envision mountain social-ecological systems futures. ''Ecology and Society'' , '''25''' (3), 1–55, doi:10.5751/ES-11608-250306.

<div id="Thornton--2014"></div>

Thornton, P. K. and M. Herrero, 2014: Climate change adaptation in mixed crop–livestock systems in developing countries. ''Global Food Security'' , '''3''' (2), 99–107, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2014.02.002 .

<div id="Thornton--2015"></div>

Thornton, P. K. and M. Herrero, 2015: Adapting to climate change in the mixed crop and livestock farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''5''' (9), 830–836, doi:10.1038/nclimate2754.

<div id="Thornton--2018"></div>

Thornton, P. K. et al., 2018: A qualitative evaluation of CSA options in mixed crop-livestock systems in developing countries. In: ''Climate Smart Agriculture'' [Lipper, L., N. McCarthy, D. Zilberman, S. Asfaw and G. Branca (eds.)]. Springer, Cham, pp. 385–423.

<div id="Thwing--2017"></div>

Thwing, J. et al., 2017: Declines in Malaria Burden and All-Cause Child Mortality following Increases in Control Interventions in Senegal, 2005–2010. ''Am J Trop Med Hyg'' , '''97''' (3_Suppl), 89–98, doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0953.

<div id="Tiedemann--2017"></div>

Tiedemann, M. et al., 2017: Does upwelling intensity determine larval fish habitats in upwelling ecosystems? The case of Senegal and Mauritania. ''Fisheries Oceanography'' , '''26''' (6), 655–667, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/fog.12224 .

<div id="Tiepolo--2014"></div>

Tiepolo, M., 2014: Flood risk reduction and climate change in large cities south of the Sahara. In: ''Climate change vulnerability in southern African cities'' [Macchi, S. and M. Tiepolo (eds.)]. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 19–36.

<div id="Tierney--2017"></div>

Tierney, J. E., P. B. deMenocal and P. D. Zander, 2017: A climatic context for the out-of-Africa migration. ''Geology'' , '''45''' (11), 1023–1026, doi:10.1130/g39457.1.

<div id="Tiitmamer--2020"></div>

Tiitmamer, N., 2020: South Sudan’s devastating floods: why there is a need for urgent resilience measures. The Sudd Institute, Juba, South Sudan.

<div id="Timm Hoffman--2019"></div>

Timm Hoffman, M., R. F. Rohde and L. Gillson, 2019: Rethinking catastrophe? Historical trajectories and modelled future vegetation change in southern Africa. ''Anthropocene'' , '''25''' , 100189, doi:10.1016/j.ancene.2018.12.003.

<div id="Tompkins--2016"></div>

Tompkins, A. M. and L. Caporaso, 2016: Assessment of malaria transmission changes in Africa, due to the climate impact of land use change using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 earth system models. ''Geospat. Health'' , '''11''' (1 Suppl), 380, doi:10.4081/gh.2016.380.

<div id="Tonnang--2014"></div>

Tonnang, H. E. Z. et al., 2014: Zoom in at African country level: potential climate induced changes in areas of suitability for survival of malaria vectors. ''Int. J. Health Geogr.'' , '''13''' , 12, doi:10.1186/1476-072X-13-12.

<div id="Torabi--2019"></div>

Torabi, M. and S. M. Noori, 2019: Religious Leaders and the Environmental Crisis. ''The Ecumenical Review'' , '''71''' (3), 344–355, doi:10.1111/erev.12434.

<div id="Toreti--2020"></div>

Toreti, A. et al., 2020: Narrowing uncertainties in the effects of elevated CO2 on crops. ''Nature Food'' , '''1''' (12), 775–782, doi:10.1038/s43016-020-00195-4.

<div id="Totin--2018"></div>

Totin, E. et al., 2018: Can scenario planning catalyse transformational change? Evaluating a climate change policy case study in Mali. ''Futures'' , '''96''' , 44–56, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2017.11.005 .

<div id="Toure--2017"></div>

Toure, A., B. Diekkrüger, A. Mariko and A. Cissé, 2017: Assessment of Groundwater Resources in the Context of Climate Change and Population Growth: Case of the Klela Basin in Southern Mali. ''Climate'' , '''5''' (3), 45, doi:10.3390/cli5030045.

<div id="Tourre--2019"></div>

Tourre, Y. M. et al., 2019: Malaria in Burkina Faso (West Africa) during the twenty-first century. ''Environmental Monitoring and Assessment'' , '''191''' (2), 273, doi:10.1007/s10661-019-7410-7.

<div id="Tozer--2020"></div>

Tozer, L. et al., 2020: Whose city? Whose nature? Towards inclusive nature-based solution governance. ''Cities'' , '''107''' , 102892, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102892 .

<div id="Trabacchi--2015"></div>

Trabacchi, C. and F. Mazza, 2015: ''Emerging solutions to drive private investment in climate resilience'' . Climate Policy Initiative, Australia. Available at: https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Finance-for-Climate-Resilience.pdf .

<div id="Trærup--2011"></div>

Trærup, S. L. M., R. A. Ortiz and A. Markandya, 2011: The costs of climate change: a study of cholera in Tanzania. ''International journal of environmental research and public health'' , '''8''' (12), 4386–4405, doi:10.3390/ijerph8124386.

<div id="Tramblay--2020"></div>

Tramblay, Y., G. Villarini and W. Zhang, 2020: Observed changes in flood hazard in Africa. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''15''' (10), 1040b1045, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abb90b.

<div id="Traore--2013"></div>

Traore, B. et al., 2013: Effects of climate variability and climate change on crop production in southern Mali. ''European Journal of Agronomy'' , '''49''' , 115–125, doi:10.1016/j.eja.2013.04.004.

<div id="Trisos--2021"></div>

Trisos, C. H., J. Auerbach and M. Katti, 2021: Decoloniality and anti-oppressive practices for a more ethical ecology. ''Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution'' , '''5''' (9), 1205–1212, doi:10.1038/s41559-021-01460-w.

<div id="Trisos--2020"></div>

Trisos, C. H., C. Merow and A. L. Pigot, 2020: The projected timing of abrupt ecological disruption from climate change. ''Nature'' , '''580''' (7804), 496–501, doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2189-9.

<div id="Troeger--2018"></div>

Troeger, C. et al., 2018: Rotavirus Vaccination and the Global Burden of Rotavirus Diarrhea Among Children Younger Than 5 Years. ''JAMA Pediatr'' , '''172''' (10), 958–965, doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.1960.

<div id="Trugman--2018"></div>

Trugman, A. T., D. Medvigy, J. S. Mankin and W. R. L. Anderegg, 2018: Soil Moisture Stress as a Major Driver of Carbon Cycle Uncertainty. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''45''' (13), 6495–6503, doi:10.1029/2018GL078131.

<div id="Tsan--2021"></div>

Tsan, M., S. Totapally, M. Hailu and B. Addom, 2021: ''The Digitalisation of African Agriculture Report, 2018–2019'' . CTA, CTA, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Available at: https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/101498/CTA-Digitalisation-report.pdf .

<div id="Tume--2019"></div>

Tume, S. J. P., J. N. Kimengsi and Z. N. Fogwe, 2019: Indigenous Knowledge and Farmer Perceptions of Climate and Ecological Changes in the Bamenda Highlands of Cameroon: Insights from the Bui Plateau. ''Climate'' , '''7''' (12), 138, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/cli7120138 .

<div id="Turpie--2008"></div>

Turpie, J. K., C. Marais and J. N. Blignaut, 2008: The working for water programme: Evolution of a payments for ecosystem services mechanism that addresses both poverty and ecosystem service delivery in South Africa. ''Ecological Economics'' , '''65''' (4), 788–798, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.12.024 .

<div id="Tusting--2020"></div>

Tusting, L. et al., 2020: Environmental temperature and growth faltering in African children: a cross-sectional study. ''The Lancet Planetary Health'' , '''4''' , e116-e123, doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30037-1.

<div id="Tyukavina--2018"></div>

Tyukavina, A. et al., 2018: Congo Basin forest loss dominated by increasing smallholder clearing. ''Science Advances'' , '''4''' (11), eaat2993, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat2993.

<div id="Uhe--2018"></div>

Uhe, P. et al., 2018: Attributing drivers of the 2016 Kenyan drought. ''International Journal of Climatology'' , '''38''' , e554-e568, doi:10.1002/joc.5389.

<div id="UK Space Agency--2020"></div>

[[#UK%20Space%20Agency--2020|UK Space Agency, 2020]] : ''Space for Finance in Developing Countries'' . UK Space Agency International Partnership Programme UK Space Agency, Swindon, United Kingdom, 64 pp. Available at: https://www.spacefordevelopment.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/118601_UKSA_Finance-Report-2019_EL_v9.pdf .

<div id="Ukkola--2020"></div>

Ukkola, A. M. et al., 2020: Robust Future Changes in Meteorological Drought in CMIP6 Projections Despite Uncertainty in Precipitation. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''47''' (11), e2020GL087820, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087820 .

<div id="Ulrichs--2019"></div>

Ulrichs, M., R. Slater and C. Costella, 2019: Building resilience to climate risks through social protection: from individualised models to systemic transformation. ''Disasters'' , '''43''' (Suppl 3), S368-s387, doi:10.1111/disa.12339.

<div id="UN Environment--2019"></div>

[[#UN%20Environment--2019|UN Environment, 2019]] : ''Global Environment Outlook – GEO-6: Healthy Planet, Healthy People'' [Ekins, P., J. Gupta and P. Boileau (eds.)]. UNEP, Cambridge University Press, Nairobi, 745 pp. Available at: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/27539/GEO6_2019.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y .

<div id="UN-Habitat--2014"></div>

[[#UN-Habitat--2014|UN-Habitat, 2014]] : ''The State of African Cities 2014: Reimagining Sustainable Urban Transitions'' . UN-Habitat, Nairobi, Kenya, 200 pp. Available at: https://unhabitat.org/state-of-african-cities-2014-re-imagining-sustainable-urban-transitions .

<div id="UN-Habitat--2016"></div>

[[#UN-Habitat--2016|UN-Habitat, 2016]] : ''World Cities Report 2016'' . Urbanization and Development: Emerging Futures, UN-Habitat, Nairobi, Kenya, 49 pp. Available at: http://wcr.unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/WCR-2016_-Abridged-version-1.pdf .

<div id="UN-Water--2006"></div>

[[#UN-Water--2006|UN-Water, 2006]] : ''Gender, Water and Sanitation: A Policy Brief'' . Available at: https://www.unwater.org/publications/gender-water-sanitation-policy-brief/ (accessed 30/10/2020).

<div id="UNAIDS--2020"></div>

[[#UNAIDS--2020|UNAIDS, 2020]] : ''UNAIDS data 2020'' . Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), 436 pp. Available at: https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2020_aids-data-book_en.pdf (accessed 10/07/2021).

<div id="UNCCD--2020"></div>

[[#UNCCD--2020|UNCCD, 2020]] : Great Green Wall receives over $10b to regreen The Sahel – France, World Bank Listed Among Donors. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), Bonn, Germany, 13 pp.

<div id="UNCTAD--2020"></div>

[[#UNCTAD--2020|UNCTAD, 2020]] : ''Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Coastal Transport Infrastructure: A Compilation of Policies and Practices'' . Transport and Trade Facilitation Series, '''12''' , United Nations, New York, USA. Available at: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/dtltlb2019d1_en.pdf .

<div id="UNDESA--2019a"></div>

[[#UNDESA--2019a|UNDESA, 2019a]] : ''Revision of World Urbanization Prospects'' . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Dynamics, New York. Available at: https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/ .

<div id="UNDESA--2019b"></div>

[[#UNDESA--2019b|UNDESA, 2019b]] : ''World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision'' . UN, New York. Available at: https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Report.pdf .

<div id="UNDP--2016"></div>

[[#UNDP--2016|UNDP, 2016]] : ''Climate Information &amp; Early Warning Systems Communications Toolkit'' . UNDP Programme on Climate Information for Resilient Development in Africa, UNDP. Available at: https://www.adaptation-undp.org/sites/default/files/resources/communications-toolkit-v3.docx (accessed 8 July 2021).

<div id="UNDP--2020"></div>

[[#UNDP--2020|UNDP, 2020]] : The 2019 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/2018-MPI .

<div id="UNECA--2016"></div>

[[#UNECA--2016|UNECA, 2016]] : ''Economic Report on Africa 2016: Greening Africa’s Industrialization'' . United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), UNECA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 254 pp. Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/10855/23017 .

<div id="UNEP--2010"></div>

[[#UNEP--2010|UNEP, 2010]] : ''Africa Water Atlas'' . UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya.

<div id="UNEP--2015"></div>

[[#UNEP--2015|UNEP, 2015]] : ''Africa’s Adaptation Gap 2: Bridiging the gap – mobilising resources – technical report'' [Schaeffer, M., F. Baarsch and R. Munang (eds.)]. United Nations Environment Programme, 67 pp. Available at: http://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/9092 (accessed 25/10/2020).

<div id="UNEP--2016a"></div>

[[#UNEP--2016a|UNEP, 2016a]] : ''The Adaptation Finance Gap Report'' [Olhoff, A., B. Dickson, D. Puig, K. Alverson and S. Bee (eds.)]. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya. Available at: https://unepdtu.org/publications/the-adaptation-finance-gap-report/

<div id="UNEP--2016b"></div>

[[#UNEP--2016b|UNEP, 2016b]] : ''Options for Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EBA) in Coastal Environments: A Guide for Environmental Managers and Planners'' . UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya, 103 pp. Available at: https://www.unep-wcmc.org/system/dataset_file_fields/files/000/000/380/original/Options_for_Ecosystem_based_Adaptation_in_Coastal_Environments_low-res.pdf?1462462607 .

<div id="UNEP--2019"></div>

[[#UNEP--2019|UNEP, 2019]] : ''Tanzania: Ecosystem-based adaptation'' . UNEP, Dodoma, Tanzania, 2 pp. Available at: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/28427/EbA_Tanzania.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y .

<div id="UNEP--2020"></div>

[[#UNEP--2020|UNEP, 2020]] : ''Angola: Ecosystem-based Adaptation 2016–2020'' . UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya, 2 pp. Available at: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/32051/AngolaEBA.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y .

<div id="UNEP--2021"></div>

[[#UNEP--2021|UNEP, 2021]] : ''Adaptation Gap Report 2020'' . United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, 120 pp. Available at: https://www.unep.org/adaptation-gap-report-2020 .

<div id="UNEP PSI--2021"></div>

[[#UNEP%20PSI--2021|UNEP PSI, 2021]] : The Nairobi Declaration on Sustainable Insurance. UN Environment Programme’s Principles for Sustainable Insurance Initiative (PSI), Nairobi, Kenya, 1 pp.

<div id="UNEP-FI--2019a"></div>

[[#UNEP-FI--2019a|UNEP-FI, 2019a]] : ''African insurance and UN leaders meet in Lagos to drive collaborative action for sustainable development'' . UN Environment’s Principles for Sustainable Insurance Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland, 4 pp. Available at: https://www.unepfi.org/psi/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/2nd-PSI-African-market-event-outcome-document.pdf .

<div id="UNEP-FI--2019b"></div>

[[#UNEP-FI--2019b|UNEP-FI, 2019b]] : ''African insurance industry leaders and UN Environment agree on key collaborative initiatives for sustainable development'' . UNEP-FI, Nairobi, Kenya. Available at: https://www.unepfi.org/psi/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/2nd-PSI-African-market-event-outcome-document.pdf .

<div id="UNESCO--2003"></div>

[[#UNESCO--2003|UNESCO, 2003]] : ''Convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage'' . UNESCO, Paris, 15 pp. Available at: https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/15164-EN.pdf .

<div id="UNESCO--2021"></div>

[[#UNESCO--2021|]] [[#UNESCO--2021|UNESCO, 2021]] : Sanké mon, collective fishing rite of the Sanké. Available at: https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/sank-mon-collective-fishing-rite-of-the-sank-00289 .

<div id="UNESCO--2021"></div>

[[#UNESCO--2021|]] [[#UNESCO--2021|UNESCO, 2021]] : Enkipaata, Eunoto and Olng’esherr, three male rites of passage of the Maasai community. Available at: https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/enkipaata-eunoto-and-olng-esherr-three-male-rites-of-passage-of-the-maasai-community-01390 .

<div id="UNESCO--2018b"></div>

[[#UNESCO--2018b|UNESCO, 2018b]] : ''World Heritage for Sustainable Development in Africa'' [Edmond, M. and O. Ishanlosen (eds.)]. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, France, 274 pp.

<div id="UNESCO and UN-Water--2020"></div>

[[#UNESCO%20and%20UN-Water--2020|UNESCO and UN-Water, 2020]] : ''United Nations World Water Development Report 2020: Water and Climate Change'' . UNESCO, Paris 219 pp. ISBN 978-92-3-100371-4.

<div id="UNESCO Institute of Statistics--2018"></div>

[[#UNESCO%20Institute%20of%20Statistics--2018|UNESCO Institute of Statistics, 2018]] : ''One in five children, adolescents and youth is out of school'' . ''The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization'' , Montreal, 13 pp. Available at: http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/fs48-one-five-children-adolescents-youth-out-school-2018-en.pdf .

<div id="UNFCCC--2007"></div>

[[#UNFCCC--2007|UNFCCC, 2007]] : ''Climate change: Impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptation in developing countries'' . United Nations Climate Change Secretariat (UNFCCC), Bonn, Germany. Available at: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/publications/impacts.pdf (accessed 2014/02/24/15:53:19).

<div id="UNFCCC--2009"></div>

[[#UNFCCC--2009|UNFCCC, 2009]] : ''Copenhagen Accord'' . United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Copenhagen, Denmark, 43 pp. Available at: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/11a01.pdf .

<div id="UNFCCC--2018"></div>

[[#UNFCCC--2018|UNFCCC, 2018]] : ''2018 Biennial Assessment and Overview of Climate Finance Flows'' . United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Standing Committee on Finance, Benn, Germany, 172 pp. Available at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/2018%20BA%20Technical%20Report%20Final%20Feb%202019.pdf .

<div id="UNFCCC Adaptation Committee--2019"></div>

[[#UNFCCC%20Adaptation%20Committee--2019|UNFCCC Adaptation Committee, 2019]] : ''Various approaches to long-term adaptation planning'' . United Nations Climate Change Secretariat, Bonn, Germany, 11 pp. Available at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/variousapproaches%20.pdf .

<div id="UNFCCC Paris Agreement--2015"></div>

[[#UNFCCC%20Paris%20Agreement--2015|UNFCCC Paris Agreement, 2015]] : ''Adoption of the Paris Agreement'' . United Nations Climate Change Secretariat (UNFCCC), Bonn, Germany. Available at: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf .

<div id="UNICEF--2019"></div>

UNICEF, WHO and WBG, 2019: ''Levels and trends in child malnutrition: Key findings of the 2019 Edition Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates'' [United Nations Children’s Fund, World Health Organization and World Bank Group (eds.)]. World Health Organization, Geneva, 15 pp. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1269729/retrieve .

<div id="UNISDR Sendai Framework--2015"></div>

[[#UNISDR%20Sendai%20Framework--2015|UNISDR Sendai Framework, 2015]] : Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 24 pp.

<div id="United Nations General Assembly--2015"></div>

[[#United%20Nations%20General%20Assembly--2015|United Nations General Assembly, 2015]] : ''Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development'' , New York, USA. Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld (accessed 15/10/2015).

<div id="UNWTO--2008"></div>

[[#UNWTO--2008|UNWTO, 2008]] : ''Climate change and tourism: Resoponding to Global Challenges'' . World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), Madrid, Spain.

<div id="Urban--2015"></div>

Urban, M. C., 2015: Accelerating extinction risk from climate change. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''348''' (6234), 571, doi:10.1126/science.aaa4984.

<div id="Valencia-Quintana--2020"></div>

Valencia-Quintana, R. et al., 2020: Environment Changes, Aflatoxins, and Health Issues, a Review. ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health'' , '''17''' (21), 7850, doi:10.3390/ijerph17217850.

<div id="van Baalen--2018"></div>

van Baalen, S. and M. Mobjörk, 2018: Climate Change and Violent Conflict in East Africa: Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Research to Probe the Mechanisms. ''International Studies Review'' , '''20''' (4), 547–575, doi:10.1093/isr/vix043.

<div id="van de Giesen--2014"></div>

van de Giesen, N., R. Hut and J. Selker, 2014: The trans-African hydro-meteorological observatory (TAHMO). ''Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water'' , '''1''' (4), 341–348, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1034 .

<div id="van den Berg--2019"></div>

van den Berg, H. et al., 2019: Linking water quality monitoring and climate-resilient water safety planning in two urban drinking water utilities in Ethiopia. ''J Water Health'' , '''17''' (6), 989–1001, doi:10.2166/wh.2019.059.

<div id="van der Linden--2019"></div>

van der Linden, N. et al., 2019: The use of an ‘acclimatisation’ heatwave measure to compare temperature-related demand for emergency services in Australia, Botswana, Netherlands, Pakistan, and USA. ''PLoS One'' , '''14''' (3), e0214242, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214242.

<div id="van der Lingen--2018"></div>

van der Lingen, C. D. and I. Hampton, 2018: ''Climate change impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptations: Southeast Atlantic and Southwest Indian Ocean marine fisheries'' [Barange, M., T. Bahri, M. Beveridge, K. Cochrane, S. Funge-Smith and F. Poulain (eds.)]. Impacts of Climate Change on Fisheries and Aquaculture: Synthesis of Current Knowledge, Adaptation and Mitigation Options, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture, Rome, Italy, 219–250 pp. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/i9705en/I9705EN.pdf .

<div id="Van Der Ree--2015"></div>

Van Der Ree, R., D. J. Smith and C. Grilo, 2015: ''Handbook of road ecology'' . John Wiley &amp; Sons, West Sussex, UK. ISBN 978-1-118-56818-7.

<div id="van der Zwaan--2018"></div>

van der Zwaan, B. et al., 2018: An integrated assessment of pathways for low-carbon development in Africa. ''Energy Policy'' , '''117''' , 387–395, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.03.017.

<div id="Van Hout--2019"></div>

Van Hout, M. C. and R. Mhlanga-Gunda, 2019: Prison health situation and health rights of young people incarcerated in sub-Saharan African prisons and detention centres: a scoping review of extant literature. ''BMC international health and human rights'' , '''19''' (1), 17, doi:10.1186/s12914-019-0200-z.

<div id="van Oort--2018"></div>

van Oort, P. A. J. and S. J. Zwart, 2018: Impacts of climate change on rice production in Africa and causes of simulated yield changes. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''24''' (3), 1029–1045, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13967 .

<div id="van Weezel--2019"></div>

van Weezel, S., 2019: On climate and conflict: Precipitation decline and communal conflict in Ethiopia and Kenya. ''Journal of Peace Research'' , '''56''' (4), 514–528, doi:10.1177/0022343319826409.

<div id="van Wilgen--2016"></div>

van Wilgen, N. J. et al., 2016: Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns in South Africa’s national parks. ''International Journal of Climatology'' , '''36''' (2), 706–721, doi:10.1002/joc.4377.

<div id="van Wyk--2017"></div>

van Wyk, L., 2017: ''Cultural and heritage sensitive adaptation measures and principles in climate change adaptation plans for South African metropolitan cities'' . Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, South Africa, Stellenbosch, 9 pp. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319136126_CULTURAL_AND_HERITAGE_SENSITIVE_ADAPTATION_MEASURES_AND_PRINCIPLES_IN_CLIMATE_CHANGE_ADAPTATION_PLANS_FOR_SOUTH_AFRICAN_METROPOLITAN_CITIES (accessed 2019/01/31/03:57:32).

<div id="van Wyk--2017"></div>

van Wyk, L., L. C. Duncker and P. du Plessis, 2017: Harvesting Renewable Water: Part 1: Rainwater. In: ''The Green Bulding Handbook South Africa: The Essential Guide'' [Van Wyk, L. V. (ed.)]. Alive2green, Cape Town, South Africa, pp. 52–65.

<div id="Vaughan--2018"></div>

Vaughan, C., S. Dessai and C. Hewitt, 2018: Surveying Climate Services: What Can We Learn from a Bird’s-Eye View? ''Weather, Climate, and Society'' , '''10''' (2), 373–395, doi:10.1175/WCAS-D-17-0030.1.

<div id="Vaughan--2019"></div>

Vaughan, C. et al., 2019: Evaluating agricultural weather and climate services in Africa: Evidence, methods, and a learning agenda. ''Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change'' , '''10''' (4), e586, doi:10.1002/wcc.586.

<div id="Veettil--2019"></div>

Veettil, B. K. and U. Kamp, 2019: Global Disappearance of Tropical Mountain Glaciers: Observations, Causes, and Challenges. ''Geosciences'' , '''9''' (5), 196, doi:10.3390/geosciences9050196.

<div id="Veldman--2015"></div>

Veldman, J. W. et al., 2015: Where Tree Planting and Forest Expansion are Bad for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. ''BioScience'' , '''65''' (10), 1011–1018, doi:10.1093/biosci/biv118.

<div id="Vellinga--2018"></div>

Vellinga, M. and S. F. Milton, 2018: Drivers of interannual variability of the East African “Long Rains”. ''Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society'' , '''144''' (712), 861–876, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3263 .

<div id="Venema--2017"></div>

Venema, H. D. and J. Temmer, 2017: ''Water supply and sanitation systems'' . Building a Climate-Resilient City, Prairie Climate Centre, International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and the University of Winnipeg, 10 pp. Available at: https://www.iisd.org/library/building-climate-resilient-city-water-supply-and-sanitation-systems (accessed 15/10/2020).

<div id="Venter--2018"></div>

Venter, Z. S., M. D. Cramer and H. J. Hawkins, 2018: Drivers of woody plant encroachment over Africa. ''Nature Communications'' , '''9''' (1), 2272, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04616-8.

<div id="Verner--2018"></div>

Verner, D. et al., 2018: ''Climate Variability, Drought, and Drought Management in Tunisia’s Agricultural Sector'' . World Bank, Washington, DC. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/30603 .

<div id="Vicedo-Cabrera--2021"></div>

Vicedo-Cabrera, A. M. et al., 2021: The burden of heat-related mortality attributable to recent human-induced climate change. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''11''' (6), 492–500, doi:10.1038/s41558-021-01058-x.

<div id="Vidya--2020"></div>

Vidya, P. J. et al., 2020: Increased cyclone destruction potential in the Southern Indian Ocean. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''16''' (1), 014027, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abceed.

<div id="Viles--2012"></div>

Viles, H. A. and N. A. Cutler, 2012: Global environmental change and the biology of heritage structures. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''18''' (8), 2406–2418, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02713.x .

<div id="Villamayor-Tomas--2015"></div>

Villamayor-Tomas, S. et al., 2015: The water-energy-food security nexus through the lenses of the value chain and the institutional analysis and development frameworks. ''Water Alternatives'' , '''8''' (1), 735–755.

<div id="Vincent--2020a"></div>

Vincent, K. et al., 2020a: Addressing power imbalances in co-production. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''10''' (10), 877–878, doi:10.1038/s41558-020-00910-w.

<div id="Vincent--2021"></div>

Vincent, K. and D. Conway, 2021: Key Issues and Progress in Understanding Climate Risk in Africa. In: ''Climate Risk in Africa: Adaptation and Resilience'' [Conway, D. and K. Vincent (eds.)]. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 1–16. ISBN 978-3-030-61160-6.

<div id="Vincent--2020b"></div>

Vincent, K. et al., 2020b: Re-balancing climate services to inform climate-resilient planning – A conceptual framework and illustrations from sub-Saharan Africa. ''Climate Risk Management'' , '''29''' , 100242, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2020.100242 .

<div id="Vincent--2021"></div>

Vincent, K. and G. Cundill, 2021: The evolution of empirical adaptation research in the global South from 2010 to 2020. ''Climate and Development'' , 1–14, doi:10.1080/17565529.2021.1877104.

<div id="Vincent--2018"></div>

Vincent, K., M. Daly, C. Scannell and B. Leathes, 2018: What can climate services learn from theory and practice of co-production? ''Climate Services'' , '''12''' , 48–58, doi:10.1016/j.cliser.2018.11.001.

<div id="Vizy--2012"></div>

Vizy, E. K. and K. H. Cook, 2012: Mid-twenty-first-century changes in extreme events over northern and tropical Africa. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''25''' , 5748–5767, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00693.1.

<div id="Vizy--2018"></div>

Vizy, E. K., K. H. Cook and X. Sun, 2018: Decadal change of the south Atlantic ocean Angola–Benguela frontal zone since 1980. ''Clim Dyn'' , '''51''' (9), 3251–3273, doi:10.1007/s00382-018-4077-7.

<div id="Vogel--2019"></div>

Vogel, C., A. Steynor and A. Manyuchi, 2019: Climate services in Africa: Re-imagining an inclusive, robust and sustainable service. ''Climate Services'' , '''15''' , 100107, doi:10.1016/j.cliser.2019.100107.

<div id="von Lossow--2017"></div>

von Lossow, T., 2017: ''The River Congo – Africa’s sleeping giant: regional integration and intersectoral conflicts in the Congo Basin'' . Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik -SWP- Deutsches Institut für Internationale Politik und Sicherheit, Berlin. Available at: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-55100-9 .

<div id="von Uexkull--2016"></div>

von Uexkull, N., M. Croicu, H. Fjelde and H. Buhaug, 2016: Civil conflict sensitivity to growing-season drought. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' , '''113''' (44), 12391–12396, doi:10.1073/pnas.1607542113.

<div id="von Uexkull--2020"></div>

von Uexkull, N., M. d’Errico and J. Jackson, 2020: Drought, Resilience, and Support for Violence: Household Survey Evidence from DR Congo. ''Journal of Conflict Resolution'' , '''64''' (10), 1994–2021, doi:10.1177/0022002720923400.

<div id="Wada--2014"></div>

Wada, Y., D. Wisser and M. F. P. Bierkens, 2014: Global modeling of withdrawal, allocation and consumptive use of surface water and groundwater resources. ''Earth System Dynamics'' , '''5''' (1), 15–40, doi:10.5194/esd-5-15-2014.

<div id="Waha--2017"></div>

Waha, K. et al., 2017: Climate change impacts in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) region and their implications for vulnerable population groups. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''17''' (6), 1623–1638, doi:10.1007/s10113-017-1144-2.

<div id="Waha--2018"></div>

Waha, K. et al., 2018: Agricultural diversification as an important strategy for achieving food security in Africa. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''24''' (8), 3390–3400, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14158 .

<div id="Wainwright--2019"></div>

Wainwright, C. M. et al., 2019: ‘Eastern African Paradox’rainfall decline due to shorter not less intense Long Rains. ''npj Climate and Atmospheric Science'' , '''2''' (34), 1–9, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-019-0091-7 .

<div id="Wairore--2016"></div>

Wairore, J. N., S. M. Mureithi, O. V. Wasonga and G. Nyberg, 2016: Benefits Derived from Rehabilitating a Degraded Semi-Arid Rangeland in Private Enclosures in West Pokot County, Kenya. ''Land Degradation &amp; Development'' , '''27''' (3), 532–541, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2420 .

<div id="Walker--2018"></div>

Walker, J. T., 2018: The influence of climate change on waterborne disease and Legionella: a review. ''Perspectives in Public Health'' , '''138''' (5), 282–286, doi:10.1177/1757913918791198.

<div id="Wanderi--2019"></div>

Wanderi, H., 2019: Lamu Old Town: Balancing Economic Development with Heritage Conservation. ''JOURNAL OF WORLD HERITAGE STUDIES'' , '''Special issue 2019''' , 16–22, doi: [https://doi.org/10.15068/00157681 http://doi.org/10.15068/00157681] .

<div id="Wang--2020a"></div>

Wang, B., C. Jin and J. Liu, 2020a: Understanding Future Change of Global Monsoons Projected by CMIP6 Models. ''Journal of Climate'' , '''33''' (15), 6471–6489, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0993.1.

<div id="Wang--2020b"></div>

Wang, G. et al., 2020b: A Unique Feature of the 2019 Extreme Positive Indian Ocean Dipole Event. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''47''' (18), e2020GL088615, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088615 .

<div id="Wang--2016"></div>

Wang, H. et al., 2016: Detecting cross-equatorial wind change as a fingerprint of climate response to anthropogenic aerosol forcing. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''43''' (7), 3444–3450, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068521 .

<div id="Wang--2019"></div>

Wang, S.-J. and L.-Y. Zhou, 2019: Integrated impacts of climate change on glacier tourism. ''Advances in Climate Change Research'' , '''10''' (2), 71–79, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2019.06.006 .

<div id="Wangai--2016"></div>

Wangai, P. W., B. Burkhard and F. Müller, 2016: A review of studies on ecosystem services in Africa. ''International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment'' , '''5''' (2), 225–245, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2016.08.005 .

<div id="Wangui--2018"></div>

Wangui, E., 2018: Adaptation to Current and Future Climate in Pastoral Communities Across Africa. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

<div id="Ward--2020"></div>

Ward, M. et al., 2020: Just ten percent of the global terrestrial protected area network is structurally connected via intact land. ''Nature Communications'' , '''11''' (1), 4563, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18457-x.

<div id="Warren--2019"></div>

Warren, M., 2019: Why Cyclone Idai is one of the Southern Hemisphere’s most devastating storms. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-00981-6 (accessed 2019/03).

<div id="Warren--2018"></div>

Warren, R. et al., 2018: The projected effect on insects, vertebrates, and plants of limiting global warming to 1.5°C rather than 2°C. ''Science (New York, N.Y.)'' , '''360''' (6390), 791, doi:10.1126/science.aar3646.

<div id="WASH Alliance International--2015"></div>

[[#WASH%20Alliance%20International--2015|WASH Alliance International, 2015]] : ''Accelerating WASH in Ethiopia: Best practices from the 2011–2015 WASH Programme'' . Available at: https://wash-alliance.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/36/2016/08/Best-Practice-Etiopia.pdf (accessed 30/10/2020).

<div id="Watson--2018"></div>

Watson, J. E. M. et al., 2018: The exceptional value of intact forest ecosystems. ''Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution'' , '''2''' (4), 599–610, doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0490-x.

<div id="Watts--2015"></div>

Watts, N. et al., 2015: Health and climate change: policy responses to protect public health. ''Lancet'' , '''386''' (10006), 1861–1914, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60854-6.

<div id="Watts--2018"></div>

Watts, N. et al., 2018: The ''Lancet'' Countdown on health and climate change: from 25 years of inaction to a global transformation for public health. ''Lancet'' , '''391''' (10120), 581–630, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32464-9.

<div id="Weber--2019"></div>

Weber, E. J., 2019: Weather Index Insurance in Sub-Saharan Africa. ''SSRN 3396489'' , 1–11, doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3396489 .

<div id="Weber--2020"></div>

Weber, T. et al., 2020: Analysis of Compound Climate Extremes and Exposed Population in Africa Under Two Different Emission Scenarios. ''Earth’s Future'' , '''8''' (9), e2019EF001473, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EF001473 .

<div id="Weber--2018"></div>

Weber, T. et al., 2018: Analyzing Regional Climate Change in Africa in a 1.5, 2, and 3°C Global Warming World. ''Earth’s Future'' , '''6''' (4), 643–655, doi:10.1002/2017ef000714.

<div id="Weetman--2018"></div>

Weetman, D. et al., 2018: Aedes Mosquitoes and Aedes-Borne Arboviruses in Africa: Current and Future Threats. ''Int J Environ Res Public Health'' , '''15''' (2), doi:10.3390/ijerph15020220.

<div id="WEF--2021"></div>

[[#WEF--2021|WEF, 2021]] : ''Unlocking the potential of Earth Observation to address Africa’s critical challenges'' . World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland, 31 pp. Available at: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Digital_Earth_Africa_Unlocking_the_potential_of_Earth_Observation_to_address_Africa_2021.pdf .

<div id="Weiler--2019"></div>

Weiler, F. and F. A. Sanubi, 2019: Development and Climate Aid to Africa: Comparing Aid Allocation Models for Different Aid Flows. ''Africa Spectrum'' , '''54''' (3), 244–267, doi:10.1177/0002039720905598.

<div id="Weindl--2015"></div>

Weindl, I. et al., 2015: Livestock in a changing climate: production system transitions as an adaptation strategy for agriculture. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''10''' (9), 094021, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094021.

<div id="Weinzierl--2013"></div>

Weinzierl, T. and J. Schilling, 2013: On demand, development and dependence: A review of current and future implications of socioeconomic changes for Integrated Water Resource Management in the Okavango Catchment of Southern Africa. ''Land'' , '''2''' (1), 60–80, doi:10.3390/land2010060.

<div id="Weiser--2010"></div>

Weiser, S. D. et al., 2010: Food insecurity as a barrier to sustained antiretroviral therapy adherence in Uganda. ''PLoS One'' , '''5''' (4), e10340, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010340.

<div id="Weiss--2020"></div>

Weiss, D. J. et al., 2020: Global maps of travel time to healthcare facilities. ''Nature Medicine'' , '''26''' (12), 1835–1838, doi:10.1038/s41591-020-1059-1.

<div id="Wenta--2019"></div>

Wenta, J., J. McDonald and J. S. McGee, 2019: Enhancing resilience and justice in climate adaptation laws. ''Transnational Environmental Law'' , '''8''' (1), 89–118, doi:10.1017/S2047102518000286.

<div id="Wenz--2016"></div>

Wenz, L. and A. Levermann, 2016: Enhanced economic connectivity to foster heat stress-related losses. ''Sci Adv'' , '''2''' (6), e1501026, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501026.

<div id="Werners--2021"></div>

Werners, S. E. et al., 2021: Adaptation pathways: A review of approaches and a learning framework. ''Environmental Science &amp; Policy'' , '''116''' , 266–275, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.11.003 .

<div id="Wessels--2021"></div>

Wessels, C., C. Merow and C. H. Trisos, 2021: Climate change risk to southern African wild food plants. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''21''' (2), 29, doi:10.1007/s10113-021-01755-5.

<div id="West--2013"></div>

West, J. J. et al., 2013: Co-benefits of mitigating global greenhouse gas emissions for future air quality and human health. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''3''' (10), 885–889, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2009 .

<div id="Westervelt--2016"></div>

Westervelt, D. M. et al., 2016: Quantifying PM2.5-meteorology sensitivities in a global climate model. ''Atmospheric Environment'' , '''142''' , 43–56, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.07.040.

<div id="Weston--2015"></div>

Weston, P., R. Hong, C. Kaboré and C. A. Kull, 2015: Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration Enhances Rural Livelihoods in Dryland West Africa. ''Environmental Management'' , '''55''' (6), 1402–1417, doi:10.1007/s00267-015-0469-1.

<div id="Weyant--2018"></div>

Weyant, C. et al., 2018: Anticipated burden and mitigation of carbon-dioxide-induced nutritional deficiencies and related diseases: A simulation modeling study. ''PLoS Med'' , '''15''' (7), e1002586, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002586.

<div id="WFP--2020"></div>

[[#WFP--2020|WFP, 2020]] : ''R4 Rural Resilience Initiative Annual Report'' . World Food Programme, Rome, Italy, 124 pp. Available at: https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000128425/download/?_ga=2.70893520.1511863330.1626445093-1538420741.1626445093 .

<div id="White--2019"></div>

White, R. and S. Wahba, 2019: Addressing constraints to private financing of urban (climate) infrastructure in developing countries. ''International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development'' , '''11''' (3), 245–256, doi:10.1080/19463138.2018.1559970.

<div id="Whitmee--2015"></div>

Whitmee, S. et al., 2015: Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on planetary health. ''The Lancet'' , '''386''' (10007), 1973–2028, doi: [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736%2815%2960901-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-1] .

<div id="WHO--2014"></div>

[[#WHO--2014|WHO, 2014]] : ''Quantitative risk assessment of the effects of climate change on selected causes of death, 2030s and 2050s'' [Hales, S., S. Kovats, S. Lloyd and D. Campbell-Lendrum (eds.)]. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/134014/9789241507691_eng.pdf .

<div id="WHO--2015"></div>

[[#WHO--2015|WHO, 2015]] : ''Operational framework for building climate resilient health systems'' [World Health Organization (ed.)]. World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland, 54 pp. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/189951/9789241565073_eng.pdf .

<div id="WHO--2016"></div>

[[#WHO--2016|WHO, 2016]] : ''El Niño and health. Global Report'' . World Health Organisation (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: https://www.who.int/hac/crises/el-nino/who_el_nino_and_health_global_report_21jan2016.pdf (accessed 25/10/2020).

<div id="Wichmann--2017"></div>

Wichmann, J., 2017: Heat effects of ambient apparent temperature on all-cause mortality in Cape Town, Durban and Johannesburg, South Africa: 2006–2010. ''Sci Total Environ'' , '''587-588''' , 266–272, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.135.

<div id="Wiederkehr--2018"></div>

Wiederkehr, C., M. Beckmann and K. Hermans, 2018: Environmental change, adaptation strategies and the relevance of migration in Sub-Saharan drylands. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''13''' (11), 113003, doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aae6de .

<div id="Wigley--2020a"></div>

Wigley, A. S. et al., 2020a: Measuring the availability and geographical accessibility of maternal health services across sub-Saharan Africa. ''BMC Medicine'' , '''18''' (1), 237, doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01707-6.

<div id="Wigley--2020b"></div>

Wigley, B. J. et al., 2020b: Grasses continue to trump trees at soil carbon sequestration following herbivore exclusion in a semiarid African savanna. ''Ecology'' , '''101''' (5), e03008, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3008 .

<div id="Wijesinghe--2021"></div>

Wijesinghe, A. and J. P. R. Thorn, 2021: Governance of Urban Green Infrastructure in Informal Settlements of Windhoek, Namibia. ''Sustainability'' , '''13''' (16), doi:10.3390/su13168937.

<div id="Wilkinson--2020"></div>

Wilkinson, A., 2020: Local response in health emergencies: key considerations for addressing the COVID-19 pandemic in informal urban settlements. ''Environment and Urbanization'' , '''32''' (2), 503–522, doi:10.1177/0956247820922843.

<div id="Williams--2019a"></div>

Williams, D. S. et al., 2019a: Vulnerability of informal settlements in the context of rapid urbanization and climate change. ''Environment and Urbanization'' , '''31''' (1), 157–176, doi:10.1177/0956247818819694.

<div id="Williams--2019b"></div>

Williams, P. A., O. Crespo and M. Abu, 2019b: Adapting to changing climate through improving adaptive capacity at the local level – The case of smallholder horticultural producers in Ghana. ''Climate Risk Management'' , '''23''' , 124–135, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2018.12.004 .

<div id="Williams--2020"></div>

Williams, P. A., L. Sikutshwa and S. Shackleton, 2020: Acknowledging Indigenous and Local Knowledge to Facilitate Collaboration in Landscape Approaches—Lessons from a Systematic Review. ''Land'' , '''9''' (9), doi:10.3390/land9090331.

<div id="Williams--2021"></div>

Williams, P. A. et al., 2021: Feasibility assessment of climate change adaptation options across Africa: an evidence-based review. ''Environmental Research Letters'' , '''16''' (7), doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac092d.

<div id="Wilson--2014"></div>

Wilson, J., 2014: The History of the Level of Lake Chilwa. ''The Society of Malawi Journal'' , '''67''' (2), 41–45.

<div id="Winrock--2018"></div>

[[#Winrock--2018|Winrock, 2018]] : ''Assessing Sustainability and Effectiveness of Climate Information Services in Africa Final Report'' . Washington, DC, USA. Available at: https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/assessing-sustainability-and-effectiveness-climate-information-services-africa-final (accessed 21 June 2020).

<div id="Wiru--2019"></div>

Wiru, K. et al., 2019: The influence of apparent temperature on mortality in the middle belt of Ghana. ''Environmental Epidemiology'' , '''3''' (p 295 ), doi:10.1097/01.EE9.0000609192.22657.a7.

<div id="Wisner--2016"></div>

Wisner, B., 2016: Vulnerability as Concept, Model, Metric, and Tool. Oxford University Press.

<div id="Wisner--2015"></div>

Wisner, B. et al., 2015: Small Cities and Towns in Africa: Insights into Adaptation Challenges and Potentials. In: ''Urban Vulnerability and Climate Change in Africa: A Multidisciplinary Approach'' [Pauleit, S., A. Coly, S. Fohlmeister, P. Gasparini, G. Jørgensen, S. Kabisch, W. J. Kombe, S. Lindley, I. Simonis and K. Yeshitela (eds.)]. Springer International Publishing, pp. 153–196. ISBN 978-3-319-03982-4.

<div id="Witmer--2017"></div>

Witmer, F. D. et al., 2017: Subnational violent conflict forecasts for sub-Saharan Africa, 2015–65, using climate-sensitive models. ''Journal of Peace Research'' , '''54''' (2), 175–192, doi:10.1177/0022343316682064.

<div id="Witt--2018"></div>

Witt, A., T. Beale and W. Van Wilgen Brian, 2018: An assessment of the distribution and potential ecological impacts of invasive alien plant species in eastern Africa. ''Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa'' , '''73''' (3), 217–236, doi:10.1080/0035919X.2018.1529003.

<div id="WMO--2021"></div>

[[#WMO--2021|WMO, 2021]] : ''First Report of the WMO COVID-19 Task Team: Review on Meteorological and Air Quality Factors Affecting the COVID-19 Pandemic'' . World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Geneva. Available at: https://library.wmo.int/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=21857#.YNHse-gzaHs .

<div id="Wojewska--2021"></div>

Wojewska, A. N., C. Singh and C. P. Hansen, 2021: A policy tool for monitoring and evaluation of participation in adaptation projects. ''Climate Risk Management'' , '''33''' , 100326, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100326 .

<div id="Wolski--2014"></div>

Wolski, P. et al., 2014: Attribution of floods in the Okavango basin, Southern Africa. ''Journal of Hydrology'' , '''511''' , 350–358, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.01.055 .

<div id="Wong--2014"></div>

Wong, P. P. et al., 2014: Coastal Systems and Low-Lying Areas. In: ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' [Field, C. B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea and L. L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 361–409.

<div id="Woodhouse--2017"></div>

Woodhouse, P. et al., 2017: African farmer-led irrigation development: re-framing agricultural policy and investment? ''The Journal of Peasant Studies'' , '''44''' (1), 213–233, doi:10.1080/03066150.2016.1219719.

<div id="Woodroffe--2017"></div>

Woodroffe, R., R. Groom and J. W. McNutt, 2017: Hot dogs: High ambient temperatures impact reproductive success in a tropical carnivore. ''Journal of Animal Ecology'' , '''86''' (6), 1329–1338, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12719 .

<div id="Woolway--2021"></div>

Woolway, R. I. et al., 2021: Lake heatwaves under climate change. ''Nature'' , '''589''' (7842), 402–407, doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03119-1.

<div id="Woolway--2020"></div>

Woolway, R. I. and S. C. Maberly, 2020: Climate velocity in inland standing waters. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''10''' (12), 1124–1129, doi:10.1038/s41558-020-0889-7.

<div id="World Bank--2015"></div>

[[#World%20Bank--2015|World Bank, 2015]] : ''Promoting Green Urban Development in African Cities: Kampala, Uganda'' . Urban Environmental Profile, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, Bank, W., Washington, DC. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/22941/Promoting0gree0nvironmental0profile.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y .

<div id="World Bank--2017a"></div>

[[#World%20Bank--2017a|World Bank, 2017a]] : ''Kariba Dam Rehabilitation Project (RI): Overview'' . World Bank Group, Bank, W., Washington, DC, 3 pp. Available at: https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P146515?lang=en&tab=overview .

<div id="World Bank--2017b"></div>

[[#World%20Bank--2017b|World Bank, 2017b]] : ''Sierra Leone Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment of August 14th, 2017 Landslides and Floods in the Western Area'' . Economic and Sector Work (ESW) Studies World Bank, Washington, DC, 118 pp. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/28836 .

<div id="World Bank--2019"></div>

[[#World%20Bank--2019|World Bank, 2019]] : ''World Bank Open Data'' . World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA. Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/ .

<div id="World Bank--2020a"></div>

[[#World%20Bank--2020a|World Bank, 2020a]] : ''Covid-19 Crisis Through a Migration Lens'' . World Bank, , Washington, DC, 1–50 pp. Available at: https://www.knomad.org/publication/migration-and-development-brief-32-covid-19-crisis-through-migration-lens .

<div id="World Bank--2020b"></div>

[[#World%20Bank--2020b|World Bank, 2020b]] : ''Disability Inclusion in Nigeria: A Rapid Assessment'' . Social Analysis, World Bank, Washington, DC.

<div id="World Bank--2020c"></div>

[[#World%20Bank--2020c|World Bank, 2020c]] : ''Global Economic Prospects, June 2020'' . World Bank Group, Washington DC, USA.

<div id="World Bank--2020d"></div>

[[#World%20Bank--2020d|World Bank, 2020d]] : ''The Next Generation Africa Climate Business Plan : Ramping Up Development-Centered Climate Action'' . World Bank, Washington, DC. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/34098 .

<div id="World Bank--2020e"></div>

[[#World%20Bank--2020e|World Bank, 2020e]] : ''Senegal River Basin Climate Change Resilience Development Project'' . World Bank Group, World Bank, Washington DC, 8 pp. Available at: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/501211607382827776/pdf/Disclosable-Version-of-the-ISR-Senegal-River-Basin-Climate-Change-Resilience-Development-Project-P131323-Sequence-No-14.pdf .

<div id="World Bank--2021"></div>

[[#World%20Bank--2021|World Bank, 2021]] : Debt Service Suspension and COVID-19, World Bank Group, Washington DC. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/factsheet/2020/05/11/debt-relief-and-covid-19-coronavirus .

<div id="World Bank Group--2016"></div>

[[#World%20Bank%20Group--2016|World Bank Group, 2016]] : ''Climate information services providers in Kenya'' . Agriculture global practice technical assistance paper, World Bank, Washington, DC, 1–46 pp. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/23768 .

<div id="World Travel and Tourism Council--2020"></div>

[[#World%20Travel%20and%20Tourism%20Council--2020|World Travel and Tourism Council, 2020]] : Africa 2019 Annual Research: Key Highlights. Available at: https://www.wttc.org/economic-impact/country-analysis/country-data/ .

<div id="World Travel and Tourism Council--2019b"></div>

[[#World%20Travel%20and%20Tourism%20Council--2019b|World Travel and Tourism Council, 2019b]] : ''The Economic Impact of Global Wildlife Tourism'' . Available at: https://travesiasdigital.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/The-Economic-Impact-of-Global-Wildlife-Tourism-Final-19.pdf (accessed 10/10/2020).

<div id="WorldPop--2021"></div>

[[#WorldPop--2021|WorldPop, 2021]] : Population density, University of Southampton. Available at: https://www.worldpop.org/project/categories?id=18 (accessed 15/07/2021).

<div id="Wright--2019"></div>

Wright, C. Y. et al., 2019: Socio-economic, infrastructural and health-related risk factors associated with adverse heat-health effects reportedly experienced during hot weather in South Africa. ''Pan Afr Med J'' , '''34''' , 40–40, doi:10.11604/pamj.2019.34.40.17569.

<div id="Wrigley-Asante--2019"></div>

Wrigley-Asante, C., K. Owusu, I. S. Egyir and T. M. Owiyo, 2019: Gender dimensions of climate change adaptation practices: the experiences of smallholder crop farmers in the transition zone of Ghana. ''African Geographical Review'' , '''38''' (2), 126–139, doi:10.1080/19376812.2017.1340168.

<div id="Wu--2016"></div>

Wu, M. et al., 2016: Vegetation–climate feedbacks modulate rainfall patterns in Africa under future climate change. ''Earth System Dynamics'' , '''7''' (3), 627–647, doi:10.5194/esd-7-627-2016.

<div id="Wuepper--2018"></div>

Wuepper, D., H. Yesigat Ayenew and J. Sauer, 2018: Social Capital, Income Diversification and Climate Change Adaptation: Panel Data Evidence from Rural Ethiopia. ''Journal of Agricultural Economics'' , '''69''' (2), 458–475, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-9552.12237 .

<div id="Wunder--2014"></div>

Wunder, S., J. Börner, G. Shively and M. Wyman, 2014: Safety Nets, Gap Filling and Forests: A Global-Comparative Perspective. ''World Development'' , '''64''' , S29–S42, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.03.005 .

<div id="Wunsch--2014"></div>

Wunsch, J. S., 2014: Decentralization: Theoretical, Conceptual, and Analytical Issues. In: ''Decentralization in Africa: The Paradox of State Strength'' [Dickovick, T. J. and J. S. Wunsch (eds.)]. Lynne Rienner Publishers, California, USA, pp. 1–22. ISBN 978-1-62637-053-1.

<div id="WWF-SA--2016"></div>

[[#WWF-SA--2016|WWF-SA, 2016]] : ''Water: Facts &amp; Futures Rethinking South Africa’s Water Future'' . WWF-SA, Cape Town, South Africa. Available at: https://www.wwf.org.za/our_research/publications/?25181/Water-Facts-and-Futures .

<div id="Xu--2019"></div>

Xu, Y. et al., 2019: Preface: Groundwater in Sub-Saharan Africa. ''Hydrogeology Journal'' , '''27''' (3), 815–822, doi:10.1007/s10040-019-01977-2.

<div id="Yamana--2016"></div>

Yamana, T. K., A. Bomblies and E. A. B. Eltahir, 2016: Climate change unlikely to increase malaria burden in West Africa. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''6''' (11), 1009–1013, doi:10.1038/nclimate3085.

<div id="Yang--2019"></div>

Yang, Y., D. Tilman, G. Furey and C. Lehman, 2019: Soil carbon sequestration accelerated by restoration of grassland biodiversity. ''Nature Communications'' , '''10''' (1), 718, doi:10.1038/s41467-019-08636-w.

<div id="Yang--2018"></div>

Yang, Y. C. E. and S. Wi, 2018: Informing regional water-energy-food nexus with system analysis and interactive visualization – A case study in the Great Ruaha River of Tanzania. ''Agricultural Water Management'' , '''196''' , 75–86, doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2017.10.022.

<div id="Yehia--2017"></div>

Yehia, A. G., K. M. Fahmy, M. A. S. Mehany and G. G. Mohamed, 2017: Impact of extreme climate events on water supply sustainability in Egypt: case studies in Alexandria region and Upper Egypt. ''Journal of Water and Climate Change'' , '''8''' (3), 484–494, doi:10.2166/wcc.2017.111.

<div id="Yokohata--2019"></div>

Yokohata, T. et al., 2019: Visualizing the Interconnections Among Climate Risks. ''Earth’s Future'' , '''7''' , 85–100, doi:10.1029/2018EF000945.

<div id="Young--2016"></div>

Young, A. J., D. Guo, P. G. Desmet and G. F. Midgley, 2016: Biodiversity and climate change: Risks to dwarf succulents in Southern Africa. ''Journal of Arid Environments'' , '''129''' , 16–24, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.02.005 .

<div id="Yu--2015"></div>

Yu, W. et al., 2015: Projecting Future Transmission of Malaria Under Climate Change Scenarios: Challenges and Research Needs. ''Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology'' , '''45''' (7), 777–811, doi:10.1080/10643389.2013.852392.

<div id="Yuan--2018"></div>

Yuan, X., L. Wang and E. F. Wood, 2018: Anthropogenic intensification of southern African flash droughts as exemplified by the 2015/16 season. ''Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society'' , '''99''' (1), S86-S90, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0077.1.

<div id="Zabel--2021"></div>

Zabel, F. et al., 2021: Large potential for crop production adaptation depends on available future varieties. ''Global Change Biology'' , '''27''' (16), 3870–3882, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15649 .

<div id="Zacarias--2020"></div>

Zacarias, D. A., 2020: Global bioclimatic suitability for the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and potential co-occurrence with major host crops under climate change scenarios. ''Climatic Change'' , '''161''' (4), 555–566, doi:10.1007/s10584-020-02722-5.

<div id="Zahouli--2017"></div>

Zahouli, J. B. Z. et al., 2017: Urbanization is a main driver for the larval ecology of Aedes mosquitoes in arbovirus-endemic settings in south-eastern Cote d’Ivoire. ''PLoS Negl Trop Dis'' , '''11''' (7), e0005751, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005751.

<div id="Zambezi Watercourse Commission--2021"></div>

[[#Zambezi%20Watercourse%20Commission--2021|Zambezi Watercourse Commission, 2021]] : ''Pre-Feasibility Study for the Programme for Integrated Development and Adaptation to Climate Change in the Zambezi Watercourse (PIDACC Zambezi)'' . United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification Secretariat, UNCCD, Bonn, Germany, 9 pp.

<div id="Zampaligré--2014"></div>

Zampaligré, N., L. H. Dossa and E. Schlecht, 2014: Climate change and variability: perception and adaptation strategies of pastoralists and agro-pastoralists across different zones of Burkina Faso. ''Regional Environmental Change'' , '''14''' (2), 769–783, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0532-5 .

<div id="Zegeye--2018"></div>

Zegeye, H., 2018: Climate change in Ethiopia: impacts, mitigation and adaptation. ''International Journal of Research in Environmental Studies'' , '''5''' (1), 18–35

<div id="Zengeya--2017"></div>

Zengeya, T., 2017: South Africa should sort out the bad from the really bad on its invasive species list. ''Water Wheel'' , '''16''' (5), 38–39.

<div id="Zermoglio--2019"></div>

Zermoglio, F., S. J. Ryan and M. Swaim, 2019: ''Shifting burdens: malaria risk in a hotter Africa'' . Technical Report, United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and Adaptation Thought Leadership and Assessments (ATLAS). Available at: https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2019_USAID_ATLAS_Shifting%20Burdens.pdf (accessed 30/10/2020).

<div id="Zevenbergen--2016"></div>

Zevenbergen, C. et al., 2016: In the aftermath of the October 2015 Alexandria Flood Challenges of an Arab city to deal with extreme rainfall storms. ''Natural Hazards'' , '''86''' (2), 901–917, doi:10.1007/s11069-016-2724-z.

<div id="Zezza--2010"></div>

Zezza, A. and L. Tasciotti, 2010: Urban agriculture, poverty, and food security: Empirical evidence from a sample of developing countries. ''Food Policy'' , '''35''' (4), 265–273, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.04.007 .

<div id="Zhang--2019"></div>

Zhang, W. et al., 2019: From woody cover to woody canopies: How Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data advance the mapping of woody plants in savannas. ''Remote Sensing of Environment'' , '''234''' , 111465, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111465 .

<div id="Zhang--2016"></div>

Zhang, W. and X. Pan, 2016: Study on the demand of climate finance for developing countries based on submitted INDC. ''Advances in Climate Change Research'' , '''7''' (1-2), 99–104, doi:10.1016/j.accre.2016.05.002.

<div id="Zhao--2021"></div>

Zhao, Q. et al., 2021: Global, regional, and national burden of mortality associated with non-optimal ambient temperatures from 2000 to 2019: a three-stage modelling study. ''The Lancet Planetary Health'' , '''5''' (7), e415-e425, doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00081-4.

<div id="Zhao--2016"></div>

Zhao, T. and A. Dai, 2016: Uncertainties in historical changes and future projections of drought. Part II: model-simulated historical and future drought changes. ''Climatic Change'' , '''144''' (3), 535–548, doi:10.1007/s10584-016-1742-x.

<div id="Zheng--2019"></div>

Zheng, X. et al., 2019: A review of greenhouse gas emission profiles, dynamics, and climate change mitigation efforts across the key climate change players. ''Journal of Cleaner Production'' , '''234''' , 1113–1133, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.140 .

<div id="Zhou--2014"></div>

Zhou, L. et al., 2014: Widespread decline of Congo rainforest greenness in the past decade. ''Nature'' , '''509''' (7498), 86–90, doi:10.1038/nature13265.

<div id="Zhou--2020"></div>

Zhou, X., W. Ma, A. Renwick and G. Li, 2020: Off-farm work decisions of farm couples and land transfer choices in rural China. ''Applied Economics'' , '''52''' (57), 6229–6247, doi:10.1080/00036846.2020.1788709.

<div id="Ziervogel--2021"></div>

Ziervogel, G., J. Enqvist, L. Metelerkamp and J. van Breda, 2021: Supporting transformative climate adaptation: community-level capacity building and knowledge co-creation in South Africa. ''Climate Policy'' , 1–16, doi:10.1080/14693062.2020.1863180.

<div id="Ziervogel--2014"></div>

Ziervogel, G. and S. Parnell, 2014: Tackling barriers to climate change adaptation in South African coastal cities. In: ''Adapting to Climate Change'' [Glavovic, B. C. and G. P. Smith (eds.)]. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 57–73. ISBN 978-94-017-8630-0.

<div id="Zinngrebe--2020"></div>

Zinngrebe, Y. et al., 2020: Agroforestry governance for operationalising the landscape approach: connecting conservation and farming actors. ''Sustainability Science'' , '''15''' (5), 1417–1434, doi:10.1007/s11625-020-00840-8.

<div id="Zinsstag--2012"></div>

Zinsstag, J., 2012: Convergence of EcoHealth and One Health. ''Ecohealth'' , '''9''' (4), 371–373, doi:10.1007/s10393-013-0812-z.

<div id="Zittis--2018"></div>

Zittis, G., 2018: Observed rainfall trends and precipitation uncertainty in the vicinity of the Mediterranean, Middle East and North Africa. ''Theoretical and Applied Climatology'' , '''134''' (3), 1207–1230, doi:10.1007/s00704-017-2333-0.

<div id="Zografos--2014"></div>

Zografos, C., M. C. Goulden and G. Kallis, 2014: Sources of human insecurity in the face of hydro-climatic change. ''Global Environmental Change'' , '''29''' , 327–336, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.11.002 .

<div id="Zougmoré--2016"></div>

Zougmoré, R. et al., 2016: Toward climate-smart agriculture in West Africa: a review of climate change impacts, adaptation strategies and policy developments for the livestock, fishery and crop production sectors. ''Agriculture &amp; Food Security'' , '''5''' (1), 26, doi:10.1186/s40066-016-0075-3.

<div id="Zougmoré--2018"></div>

Zougmoré, R. B. et al., 2018: Facing climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa: analysis of climate-smart agriculture opportunities to manage climate-related risks. ''Cahiers Agricultures (TSI)'' , '''27''' (3), 1–9, doi: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2018019 http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2018019] .

<div id="Zscheischler--2018"></div>

Zscheischler, J. et al., 2018: Future climate risk from compound events. ''Nature Climate Change'' , '''8''' (6), 469–477, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0156-3.

<div id="Zubkova--2019"></div>

Zubkova, M., L. Boschetti, J. T. Abatzoglou and L. Giglio, 2019: Changes in Fire Activity in Africa from 2002 to 2016 and Their Potential Drivers. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' , '''46''' (13), 7643–7653, doi:10.1029/2019GL083469.

<div id="Zuma-Netshiukhwi--2013"></div>

Zuma-Netshiukhwi, G., K. Stigter and S. Walker, 2013: Use of traditional weather/climate knowledge by farmers in the South-western Free State of South Africa: Agrometeorological learning by scientists. ''Atmosphere'' , '''4''' (4), 383–410, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos4040383 .

<div id="Zvobgo--2020"></div>

Zvobgo, L. and P. Do, 2020: COVID-19 and the call for ‘Safe Hands’: Challenges facing the under-resourced municipalities that lack potable water access – A case study of Chitungwiza municipality, Zimbabwe. ''Water Research X'' , '''9''' , 100074, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100074 .

-----

<div id="footnote-002" class="_idFootnote"></div>

[[#footnote-002-backlink|1]] In this Report, the following summary terms are used to describe the available evidence: limited, medium, or robust; and for the degree of agreement: low, medium, or high. A level of confidence is expressed using five qualifiers: very low, low, medium, high, and very high, and typeset in italics, e.g., ''medium confidence'' . For a given evidence and agreement statement, different confidence levels can be assigned, but increasing levels of evidence and degrees of agreement are correlated with increasing confidence.

<div id="footnote-001" class="_idFootnote"></div>

[[#footnote-001-backlink|2]] In this Report, the following terms have been used to indicate the assessed likelihood of an outcome or a result: Virtually certain 99–100% probability, Very likely 90–100%, Likely 66–100%, About as likely as not 33–66%, Unlikely 0–33%, Very unlikely 0–10%, and Exceptionally unlikely 0–1%. Additional terms (Extremely likely : 95–100%, More likely than not &gt;50–100%, and Extremely unlikely 0–5%) may also be used when appropriate. Assessed likelihood is typeset in italics, e.g., ''very likely'' ). This Report also uses the term ‘ ''likely'' range’ to indicate that the assessed likelihood of an outcome lies within the 17–83% probability range.

<div id="footnote-000" class="_idFootnote"></div>

[[#footnote-000-backlink|3]] Extreme poverty is defined using a consumption poverty line at USD 1.25 per day, using 2005 purchasing power parity exchange rates.