Editing IPCC:AR6/WGIII/SPM (section)

== A. Introduction and Framing ==

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The Working Group III (WGIII) contribution to the IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) assesses literature on the scientific, technological, environmental, economic and social aspects of mitigation of climate change. [[#footnote-075|1]] Levels of confidence [[#footnote-074|2]] are given in () brackets. Numerical ranges are presented in square [] brackets. References to Chapters, Sections, Figures and Boxes in the underlying report and Technical Summary (TS) are given in {} brackets.

The report reflects new findings in the relevant literature and builds on previous IPCC reports, including the WGIII contribution to the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), the WGI and WGII contributions to AR6 and the three Special Reports in the Sixth Assessment cycle, [[#footnote-073|3]] as well as other UN assessments. Some of the main developments relevant for this report include {TS.1, TS.2} :

• '''An evolving international landscape.''' The literature reflects, among other factors: developments in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) process, including the outcomes of the Kyoto Protocol and the adoption of the Paris Agreement {13, 14, 15, 16} ; the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) {1, 3, 4, 17} ; and the evolving roles of international cooperation {14} , finance {15} and innovation {16} .

• '''Increasing diversity of actors and approaches to mitigation.''' Recent literature highlights the growing role of non-state and sub-national actors including cities, businesses, Indigenous Peoples, citizens including local communities and youth, transnational initiatives, and public-private entities in the global effort to address climate change {5, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17} . Literature documents the global spread of climate policies and cost declines of existing and emerging low emission technologies, along with varied types and levels of mitigation efforts, and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in some countries {2, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 16} , and the impacts of, and some lessons from, the COVID-19 pandemic. {1, 2, 3, 5, 13, 15, Box TS.1, Cross-Chapter Box 1 in Chapter 1}

• '''Close linkages between climate change mitigation, adaptation and development pathways.''' The development pathways taken by countries at all stages of economic development impact GHG emissions and hence shape mitigation challenges and opportunities, which vary across countries and regions. Literature explores how development choices and the establishment of enabling conditions for action and support influence the feasibility and the cost of limiting emissions {1, 3, 4, 5, 13, 15, 16} . Literature highlights that climate change mitigation action designed and conducted in the context of sustainable development, equity, and poverty eradication, and rooted in the development aspirations of the societies within which they take place, will be more acceptable, durable and effective {1, 3, 4, 5} . This report covers mitigation from both targeted measures, and from policies and governance with other primary objectives.

• '''New approaches in the assessment.''' In addition to the sectoral and systems chapters {3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12} , the report includes, for the first time in a WGIII report, chapters dedicated to demand for services, and social aspects of mitigation {5, Box TS.11} , and to innovation, technology development and transfer {16} .The assessment of future pathways in this report covers near term (to 2030), medium term (up to 2050), and long term (to 2100) time scales, combining assessment of existing pledges and actions {4, 5} , with an assessment of emissions reductions, and their implications, associated with long-term temperature outcomes up to the year 2100 {3} . [[#footnote-072|4]] The assessment of modelled global pathways addresses ways of shifting development pathways towards sustainability. Strengthened collaboration between IPCC Working Groups is reflected in Cross-Working Group Boxes that integrate physical science, climate risks and adaptation, and the mitigation of climate change. [[#footnote-071|5]]

• '''Increasing diversity of analytic frameworks from multiple disciplines including social sciences.''' This report identifies multiple analytic frameworks to assess the drivers of, barriers to and options for, mitigation action. These include: economic efficiency, including the benefits of avoided impacts; ethics and equity; interlinked technological and social transition processes; and socio-political frameworks, including institutions and governance {1, 3, 13, Cross-Chapter Box 12 in Chapter 16} . These help to identify risks and opportunities for action, including co-benefits and just and equitable transitions at local, national and global scales. {1, 3, 4, 5, 13, 14, 16, 17}

Section B of this Summary for Policymakers (SPM) assesses ''Recent developments and current trends'' , including data uncertainties and gaps ''.'' Section C, ''System transformations to limit global warming'' , identifies emission pathways and alternative mitigation portfolios consistent with limiting global warming to different levels, and assesses specific mitigation options at the sectoral and system level. Section D addresses ''Linkages between mitigation, adaptation, and sustainable development'' . Section E, ''Strengthening the response'' , assesses knowledge of how enabling conditions of institutional design, policy, finance, innovation and governance arrangements can contribute to climate change mitigation in the context of sustainable development.

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