Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-12 (section)

==== 12.3.2.3 Vulnerability ====

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Local economies reliant on limited and specialised resources, highly dependent on ecosystem services such as water and soil fertility, such as alpaca and llama herders or small-scale fishers, are among the more vulnerable ( ''very high confidence'' ) ( [[#Hollowed--2013|Hollowed et al., 2013]] ; [[#Postigo--2013|Postigo, 2013]] ; [[#Glynn--2017|Glynn et al., 2017]] ; [[#Duchicela--2019|Duchicela et al., 2019]] ), along with the agricultural sector in the face of extreme events ( [[#Coayla--2020|Coayla and Culqui, 2020]] ). Their vulnerabilities increase as a result of unequal chains of value, incomplete transfers of technology and other socioeconomic and environmental drivers ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Ariza-Montobbio--2020|Ariza-Montobbio and Cuvi, 2020]] ; [[#Gutierrez--2020|Gutierrez et al., 2020]] ).

Informal housing and settlements, usually located in areas exposed to the highest level of risk, exacerbates vulnerability ( ''very high confidence'' ) ( [[#Miranda%20Sara--2014|Miranda Sara and Baud, 2014]] ; [[#Cuvi--2015|Cuvi, 2015]] ; [[#Miranda%20Sara--2016|Miranda Sara et al., 2016]] ). The absence of proper drainage systems in urban areas increases this vulnerability, especially to floods. Most cities and infrastructure are considered highly vulnerable to climate change ( ''high confidence'' ) (Figure 12.7).

Regions dependent on glacier runoff are particularly vulnerable ( [[#Jiménez%20Cisneros--2014|Jiménez Cisneros et al., 2014]] ; [[#Mark--2017|Mark et al., 2017]] ; [[#Polk--2017|Polk et al., 2017]] ). Also biodiversity and water-dependent activities where seasonality and rainfall patterns are changing and where other non-climatic sources of change, such as land use, affect the capacity of ecosystems to provide hydrological services ( ''very high confidence'' ) ( [[#Cerrón--2019|Cerrón et al., 2019]] ; [[#Molina--2020|Molina et al., 2020]] ). The countries in this sub-region (Colombia, Ecuador and Peru) are among the most vulnerable in terms of well-being and health (Figure 12.7; [[#Nagy--2018|Nagy et al., 2018]] ).

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