Editing IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-7 (section)

==== 7.3.1.3 Extractive Industry Development ====

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The extent and scale of mining is growing due to increased global demand ( [[#UNEP--2019|UNEP 2019]] ). Due to declining ore grades, more ore needs to be processed to meet demand, with extensive use of open cast mining. A low-carbon future may be more mineral intensive with, for example, clean energy technologies requiring greater inputs in comparison to fossil-fuel-based technologies ( [[#Hund--2020|Hund et al. 2020]] ). Mining presents cumulative environmental impacts, especially in intensively mined regions ( [[#UNEP--2019|UNEP 2019]] ). The impact of mining on deforestation varies considerably across minerals and countries. Mining causes significant changes to the environment, for example, through mining infrastructure establishment, soil erosion, urban expansion to support a growing workforce and development of mineral commodity supply chains ( [[#Sonter--2015|Sonter et al. 2015]] ). The increasing consumption of gold in developing countries, increased prices, and uncertainty in financial markets is identified as driving gold mining and associated deforestation in the Amazon region ( [[#Alvarez-Berrios--2015|Alvarez-Berrios and Mitchell Aide 2015]] ; [[#Dezécache--2017|Dezécache et al. 2017]] ; Asner and Tupayachi 2017; [[#Espejo--2018|Espejo et al. 2018]] ). The total estimated area of gold mining throughout the region increased by about 40% between 2012 and 2016 (Asner and Tupayachi 2017). In the Brazilian Amazon, mining significantly increased forest loss up to 70 km beyond mining lease boundaries, causing 11,670 km 2 of deforestation between 2005 and 2015, representing 9% of all Amazon forest loss during this time ( [[#Sonter--2015|Sonter et al. 2015]] ).

Mining is also an important driver of deforestation in African and Asian countries. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, where the second-largest area of tropical forest in the world occurs, mining-related deforestation exacerbated by violent conflict ( [[#Butsic--2015|Butsic et al. 2015]] ). In India, mining has contributed to deforestation at a district level, with coal, iron and limestone having had the most adverse impact on forest area loss ( [[#Ranjan--2019|Ranjan 2019]] ). Gold mining is also identified as a driver of deforestation in Myanmar ( [[#Papworth--2017|Papworth et al. 2017]] ).

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