Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-17 (section)

==== 17.2.2.3 Adaptation beyond Risk: Exploiting Opportunities ====

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Several studies and many government planning documents reference how people can benefit from a changed climate, beyond reducing risks. For example, several regions are expecting an increase in visitors to eco-tourism sites or national parks with a changing climate (Fisichelli, 2015; [[#Lwasa--2015|Lwasa, 2015]] ). In Europe, several national adaptation plans include planning for potential benefits of a changing climate, including reduced winter mortality and improved conditions for hydropower ( [[#Biesbroek--2010|Biesbroek et al., 2010]] ). Recognising the need for economic diversification, people working in certain industries, such as coastal management, perceive climate change as a factor increasing the need for their services ( [[#Fatorić--2017|Fatorić et al., 2017]] ). Northern countries are taking advantage of ice-free waters for shipping routes in the Arctic ( [[#Eguiluz--2016|Eguiluz et al., 2016]] ; [[#Melia--2016|Melia et al., 2016]] ; [[#IPCC--2019c|IPCC, 2019c]] ). In Africa, opportunistic adaptation has been observed by smallholder farmers, to plant crops that are better suited for a changing climate ( [[#Lalou--2019|Lalou et al., 2019]] ). Similar agricultural adaptation in Pakistan has been associated with improved food security and reduced poverty ( [[#Ali--2017|Ali and Erenstein, 2017]] ; [[#Rahman--2020|Rahman et al., 2020]] ). In each of these cases documenting benefits, there are also potential negative impacts on other populations or ecosystems, such as ecosystem impacts from increased Arctic shipping ( [[#Ng--2018|Ng et al., 2018]] ).

While adaptation is rarely focused on taking advantage of opportunities presented by a changed climate, there are numerous co-benefits of adaptation opportunities, from health to reduced emissions to ecosystem services ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Watts--2015|Watts et al., 2015]] ; [[#Geneletti--2016|Geneletti and Zardo, 2016]] ; [[#Spencer--2016|Spencer et al., 2016]] ). There is also literature proposing that the actual process of adaptation planning can enable people to take advantage of opportunities, including, for example, opportunities for larger policy and governance reform ( [[#Coleman--1965|Coleman and Sandhu, 1965]] ; [[#Ernst--2017|Ernst and Preston, 2017]] ; [[#Brown--2017a|Brown et al., 2017a]] ).

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