Editing IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-7 (section)

==== 7.3.1.5 Logging and Fuelwood Harvest ====

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The area of forest designated for production has been relatively stable since 1990. Considering forest uses, about 30% (1.2 billion ha) of all forests is used primarily for production (wood and non-wood forest products), about 10% (424 Mha) is designated for biodiversity conservation, 398 Mha for the protection of soil and water, and 186 Mha is allocated for social services (recreation, tourism, education research and the conservation of cultural and spiritual sites) ( [[#FAO%20and%20UNEP--2020|FAO and]] [[#UNEP--2020|UNEP 2020]] ). While the rate of increase in the area of forest allocated primarily for biodiversity conservation has slowed in the last ten years, the rate of increase in the area of forest allocated for soil and water protection has grown since 1990, and notably in the last ten years. Global wood harvest (including from forests, other wooded land and trees outside forests) was estimated to be almost 4.0 billion m 3 in 2018 (considering both industrial roundwood and fuelwood) (FAO, 2019). Overall, wood removals are increasing globally as demand for, and the consumption of wood products grows annually by 1% in line with growing populations and incomes with this trend expected to continue in coming decades. When done in a sustainable way, more regrowth will occur and is stimulated by management, resulting in a net sink. However illegal and unsustainable logging (i.e., harvesting of timber in contravention of the laws and regulations of the country of harvest) is a global problem with significant negative economic (e.g., lost revenue), environmental (e.g., deforestation, forest degradation, GHG emissions and biodiversity losses) and social impact (e.g., conflicts over land and resources, disempowerment of local and indigenous communities) ( [[#World%20Bank--2019|World Bank 2019]] ). Many countries around the world have introduced regulations for the international trade of forest products to reduce illegal logging, with significant and positive impacts ( [[#Guan--2018|Guan et al. 2018]] ).

Over-extraction of wood for timber and fuelwood is identified as an important driver of mangrove deforestation and degradation ( [[#Bhattarai--2011|Bhattarai 2011]] ; [[#Ajonina--2014|Ajonina et al. 2014]] ; [[#Webb--2014|Webb et al. 2014]] ; [[#Giri--2015|Giri et al. 2015]] ; [[#Thomas--2017|Thomas et al. 2017]] ; Fauzi et al. 2019). Unsustainable selective logging and over-extraction of wood is a substantial form of forest and mangrove degradation in many tropical and developing countries, with emissions associated with the extracted wood, incidental damage to the surrounding forest and from logging infrastructure ( [[#Bhattarai--2011|Bhattarai 2011]] ; [[#Ajonina--2014|Ajonina et al. 2014]] ; [[#Webb--2014|Webb et al. 2014]] ; [[#Pearson--2014|Pearson et al. 2014]] , [[#Giri--2015|Giri et al. 2015]] ; [[#Thomas--2017|Thomas et al. 2017]] ; Fauzi et al. 2019). Traditional fuelwood and charcoal continue to represent a dominant share of total wood consumption in low-income countries (Barger et al. 2018). Regionally, the percentage of total wood harvested used as fuelwood varies from 90% in Africa, 62% in Asia, 50% in South America to less than 20% in Europe, North America and Oceania. Under current projections, efforts to intensify wood production in plantation forests, together with increases in fuel-use efficiency and electrification, are suggested to only partly alleviate the pressure on native forests (Barger et al. 2018). Nevertheless, the area of forest under management plans has increased in all regions since 2000 by 233 Mha ( [[#FAO--2020e|FAO 2020e]] ). In regions representing the majority of industrial wood production, forests certified under sustainable forest management programmes accounted for 51% of total managed forest area in 2017, an increase from 11% in 2000 ( [[#ICFPA--2021|ICFPA 2021]] ).

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