Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-6 (section)

==== 6.3.1.2 Integrated response options based on value chain management ====

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In this section, the impacts on climate change mitigation of integrated response options based on value chain management are assessed.

''Integrated response options based on value chain management through demand management''

Dietary change and waste reduction can provide large benefits for mitigation, with potentials of 0.7–8 GtCO2 yr–1 for both (Aleksandrowicz et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r334|334]]</sup> ; Bajželj et al. 2014b <sup>[[#fn:r335|335]]</sup> ; Dickie et al. 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r336|336]]</sup> ; Hawken 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r337|337]]</sup> ; Hedenus et al. 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r338|338]]</sup> ; Herrero et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r339|339]]</sup> ; Popp et al. 2010 <sup>[[#fn:r340|340]]</sup> ; Smith et al. 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r341|341]]</sup> ; Springmann et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r342|342]]</sup> ; Stehfest et al. 2009 <sup>[[#fn:r343|343]]</sup> ; Tilman and Clark 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r344|344]]</sup> ). Estimates for food waste reduction (Bajželj et al. 2014b <sup>[[#fn:r345|345]]</sup> ; Dickie et al. 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r346|346]]</sup> ; Hiç et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r347|347]]</sup> ; Hawken 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r348|348]]</sup> ) include both consumer/retailed waste and post-harvest losses (Table 6.18). Some studies indicate that material substitution has the potential for significant mitigation, with one study estimating a 14–31% reduction in global CO2 emissions (Oliver et al. 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r349|349]]</sup> ); other studies suggest more modest potential (Gustavsson et al. 2006 <sup>[[#fn:r350|350]]</sup> ) (Table 6.18).

Table 6.18 summarises the mitigation potentials for demand management options, with confidence estimates based on the thresholds outlined in Table 6.53 in Section 6.3.6, and indicative (not exhaustive) references upon which the evidence in based.

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'''Table 6.18'''

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''Integrated response options based on value chain management through supply management''

While sustainable sourcing presumably delivers a mitigation benefit, there are no global estimates of potential. Palm oil production alone is estimated to contribute 0.038 to 0.045 GtC yr-1, and Indonesian palm oil expansion contributed up to 9% of tropical land-use change carbon emissions in the 2000s (Carlson and Curran 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r351|351]]</sup> ), however, the mitigation benefit of sustainable sourcing of palm oil has not been quantified. There are no estimates of the mitigation potential for urban food systems.

Efficient use of energy and resources in food transport and distribution contribute to a reduction in GHG emissions, estimated to be 1% of global CO2 emissions (James and James 2010 <sup>[[#fn:r352|352]]</sup> ; Vermeulen et al. 2012b <sup>[[#fn:r353|353]]</sup> ). Given that global CO2 emissions in 2017 were 37 GtCO2, this equates to 0.37 GtCO2 yr–1 (covering food transport and distribution, improved efficiency of food processing and retailing, and improved energy efficiency) (Table 6.19).

Table 6.19 summarises the mitigation potentials for supply management options, with confidence estimates based on the thresholds outlined in Table 6.53 in Section 6.3.6, and indicative (not exhaustive) references upon which the evidence in based.

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