Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-3 (section)

==== 3.4.2.2 Impacts on food and nutritional insecurity ====

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About 821 million people globally were food insecure in 2017, of whom 63% in Asia, 31% in Africa and 5% in Latin America and the Caribbean (FAO et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r667|667]]</sup> ). The global number of food insecure people rose by 37 million since 2014. Changing climate variability, combined with a lack of climate resilience, was suggested as a key driver of this increase (FAO et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r668|668]]</sup> ). Sub-Saharan Africa, East Africa and South Asia had the highest share of undernourished populations in the world in 2017, with 28.8%, 31.4% and 33.7% respectively (FAO et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r669|669]]</sup> ). The major mechanism through which climate change and desertification affect food security is through their impacts on agricultural productivity. There is ''robust evidence'' pointing to negative impacts of climate change on crop yields in dryland areas ( ''high agreement'' ) (Hochman et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r670|670]]</sup> ; Nelson et al. 2010 <sup>[[#fn:r671|671]]</sup> ; Zhao et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r672|672]]</sup> ) (Sections 3.4.1, 5.2.2 and 4.7.2). There is also ''robust evidence'' and ''high agreement'' on the losses in agricultural productivity and incomes due to desertification (Kirui 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r673|673]]</sup> ; Moussa et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r674|674]]</sup> ; Mythili and Goedecke 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r675|675]]</sup> ; Tun et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r676|676]]</sup> ). Nkonya et al. (2016a) <sup>[[#fn:r677|677]]</sup> estimated that cultivating wheat, maize, and rice with unsustainable land management practices is currently resulting in global losses of 56.6 billion USD annually, with another 8.7 billion USD of annual losses due to lower livestock productivity caused by rangeland degradation. However, the extent to which these losses affected food insecurity in dryland areas is not known. Lower crop yields and higher agricultural prices worsen existing food insecurity, especially for net food-buying rural households and urban dwellers. Climate change and desertification are not the sole drivers of food insecurity, but especially in the areas with high dependence on agriculture, they are among the main contributors.

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