Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-7 (section)

=== 7.3.4 Risks to communities and infrastructure ===

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There is ''high confidence'' that policies and institutions which accentuate vicious cycles of poverty and ill-health, land degradation and GHG emissions undermine stability and are barriers to achieving climate-resilient sustainable development. There is ''high confidence'' that change in climate and land pose high periodic and sustained risk to the very young, those living in poverty, and ageing populations. Older people are particularly exposed, due to more restricted access to resources, changes in physiology, and the decreased mobility resulting from age, which may limit adaptive capacity of individuals and populations as a whole (Filiberto et al. 2010 <sup>[[#fn:r309|309]]</sup> ).

Combinations of food insecurity, livelihood loss related to degrading soils and ecosystem change, or other factors that diminish the habitability of where people live, disrupt social fabric and are currently detected in most regions of the world (Carleton and Hsiang 2016b <sup>[[#fn:r310|310]]</sup> ) There is ''high confidence'' that coastal flooding and degradation already poses widespread and rising future risk to infrastructure value and stranded infrastructure, as well as livelihoods made possible by urban infrastructure (Radhakrishnan et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r311|311]]</sup> ; Pathirana et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r312|312]]</sup> ; Pathirana et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r313|313]]</sup> ; Radhakrishnan et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r314|314]]</sup> ; EEA 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r315|315]]</sup> ; Pelling and Wisner 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r316|316]]</sup> ; Oke et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r317|317]]</sup> ; Parnell and Walawege 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r318|318]]</sup> ; Uzun and Cete 2004 <sup>[[#fn:r319|319]]</sup> ; Melvin et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r320|320]]</sup> ).

There is ''high evidence'' and ''high agreement'' that climate and land change pose a high risk to communities. Interdependent infrastructure systems, including electric power and transportation, are highly vulnerable and interdependent (Below et al. 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r321|321]]</sup> ; Adger et al. 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r322|322]]</sup> ; Pathirana et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r323|323]]</sup> ; Conway and Schipper 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r324|324]]</sup> ; Caney 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r325|325]]</sup> ; Chung Tiam Fook 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r326|326]]</sup> ). These systems are exposed to disruption from severe climate events such as weather-related power interruptions lasting for hours to days (Panteli and Mancarella 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r327|327]]</sup> ). Increased magnitude and frequency of high winds, ice storms, hurricanes and heat waves have caused widespread damage to power infrastructure and also severe outages, affecting significant numbers of customers in urban and rural areas (Abi-Samra and Malcolm 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r328|328]]</sup> ).

Increasing populations, enhanced per capita water use, climate change, and allocations for water conservation are potential threats to adequate water availability. As climate change produces variations in rainfall, these challenges will intensify, evidenced by severe water shortages in recent years in Cape Town, Los Angeles, and Rio de Janeiro, among other places (Watts et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r329|329]]</sup> ; Majumder 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r330|330]]</sup> ; Ashoori et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r331|331]]</sup> ; Mini et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r332|332]]</sup> ; Otto et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r333|333]]</sup> ; Ranatunga et al. 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r334|334]]</sup> ; Ray and Shaw 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r335|335]]</sup> ; Gopakumar 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r336|336]]</sup> ) (Cross-Chapter Box 5 in Chapter 3).

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