Editing IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-9 (section)

=== 9.4.5 Low- and Net Zero-energy Buildings – Exemplary Buildings ===

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Nearly zero energy (NZE) buildings or low-energy buildings are possible in all world relevant climate zones ( [[#Mata--2020b|Mata et al. 2020b]] ; [[#Ürge-Vorsatz--2020|Ürge-Vorsatz et al. 2020]] ) (Figure 9.13). Moreover, they are possible both for new and retrofitted buildings. Different envelope design and technologies are needed, depending on the climate and the building shape and orientation. For example, using the Passive House standard an annual heating and cooling energy demand decrease between 75% and 95% compared to conventional values can be achieved. Table 9.2 lists several exemplary low- and NZE-buildings with some of their feature.

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[[File:8df06c43acb880558731bb947919e999 IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Figure_9_13.png]]

'''Figure 9.13''' | Regional distribution of documented low-energy buildings. Source: [[#New%20Building%20Institute--2019|New Building Institute (2019)]] ; [[#Ürge-Vorsatz--2020|Ürge-Vorsatz et al. (2020)]] .

'''Table 9.2 | Selected exemplary low- and net zero- energy buildings worldwide.''' Sources: adapted from [[#Mørck--2017|Mørck (2017)]] ; [[#Schnieders--2020|Schnieders et al. (2020)]] ; [[#Ürge-Vorsatz--2020|Ürge-Vorsatz et al. (2020)]] .

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Building name and organisation'''

| '''Location'''

| '''Building type'''

| '''Energy efficiency and renewable energy features'''

| '''Measured energy performance'''

|-
| SDB-10 at the software development company, Infosys

| India

| Software development block

| – Hydronic cooling and a district cooling system with a chilled beam installation

– Energy-efficient air conditioning and leveraged load diversity across categorised spaces: comfort air conditioning (workstations, rooms), critical load conditioning (server, hub, UPS, battery rooms), ventilated areas (restrooms, electrical, transformer rooms), and pressurised areas (staircases, lift wells, lobbies)

– BMS to control and monitor the HVAC system, reduced face velocity across DOAS filters, and coils that allow for low pressure drop

| EPI of 74 kWh m –2 , with an HVAC peak load of 5.2 W m –2 for a total office area of 47,340 m 2 and total conditioned area of 29,115 m 2

|-
| YS Sun Green Building by an electronics manufacturing company Delta Electronics Inc.

| Taiwan, Province of China

| University research green building

| – Low cost and high efficiency are achieved via passive designs, such as large roofs and protruded eaves which are typical shading designs in hot-humid climates and could block around 68% of incoming solar radiation annually

– Porous and wind-channelling designs, such as multiple balconies, windowsills, railings, corridors, and make use of stack effect natural ventilation to remove warm indoor air

– Passive cooling techniques that help reduce the annual air conditioning load by 30%

| EUI of the whole building is 29.53 kWh m –2 (82% more energy-saving compared to the similar type of buildings)

|-
| BCA Academy Building

| Singapore

| Academy Building

| – Passive design features such a green roof, green walls, daylighting, and stack effect ventilation

– Active designs such as energy-efficient lighting, air conditioning systems, building management system with sensors and solar panels

– Well-insulated, thermal bridge free building envelope

| First net zero energy retrofitted building in Southeast Asia

|-
| Energy-Plus Primary School

| Germany

| School

| – Highly insulated Passive House standard

– Hybrid (combination of natural and controlled ventilation) ventilation for thermal comfort, air quality, user acceptance and energy efficiency

– Integrated photovoltaic plant and wood pellet driven combined heat and power generation

– Classrooms are oriented to the south to enable efficient solar shading, natural lighting and passive solar heating

– New and innovative building components including different types of innovative glazing, electrochromic glazing, LED lights, filters and control for the ventilation system

| Off grid building with an EPI of 23 kWh m –2 yr –1

|-
| NREL Research Support Facility

| USA

| Office and research facility

| – The design maximises passive architectural strategies such as building orientation, north and south glazing, daylighting which penetrates deep into the building, natural ventilation, and a structure which stores thermal energy

– Radiant heating and cooling with radiant piping through all floors, using water as the cooling and heating medium in the majority of workspaces instead of forced air

– Roof-mounted photovoltaic system and adjacent parking structures covered with PV panels

| EPI of 110 kWh m –2 yr –1 with a project area of 20,624.5 m 2 to become the then largest commercial net zero energy building in the country

|-
| Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre ( [[#Schnieders--2020|Schnieders et al. 2020]] )

| United Arab Emirates, Dubai

| Non-residential, offices

| – Exterior walls U-value = 0.08 W m –2 K –1

– Roof U-value = 0.08 W m –2 K –1

– Floor slab U-value = 0.108 W m –2 K –1

– Windows UW = 0.89 W m –2 K –1

– PVC and aluminium frames, triple solar protective glazing with krypton filling

– Ventilation = MVHR, 89% efficiency

– Heat pump for cooling with recovery of the rejected heat for DHW and reheating coil

| Cooling and dehumidification demand = 40 kWh m –2 yr –1 sensible cooling +10 kWh m – 2 yr –1 latent cooling

Primary energy demand = 143 kWh m –2 yr –1

|-
| Sems Have ( [[#Mørck--2017|Mørck 2017]] )

| Roskilde, Denmark

| Multi-family residential (retrofit)

| – Pre-fabricated, lightweight walls

– Low-energy glazed windows, basement insulated with expanded clay clinkers under concrete

– Balanced mechanical ventilation with heat recovery

– PV

| Final Energy Use: 24.54 kWh m –2

Primary energy use: 16.17 kWh m –2

|}

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