Editing IPCC:AR6/SR15/Chapter-1 (section)

=== 1.4.2 Governance, Implementation and Policies ===

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A challenge in creating the enabling conditions of a 1.5°C warmer world is the governance capacity of institutions to develop, implement and evaluate the changes needed within diverse and highly interlinked global social-ecological systems (Busby, 2016) <sup>[[#fn:r252|252]]</sup> (Chapter 4). Policy arenas, governance structures and robust institutions are key enabling conditions for transformative climate action (Chapter 4). It is through governance that justice, ethics and equity within the adaptation–mitigation–sustainable development nexus can be addressed (Von Stechow et al., 2016) <sup>[[#fn:r253|253]]</sup> (Chapter 5).

Governance capacity includes a wide range of activities and efforts needed by different actors to develop coordinated climate mitigation and adaptation strategies in the context of sustainable development, taking into account equity, justice and poverty eradication. Significant governance challenges include the ability to incorporate multiple stakeholder perspectives in the decision-making process to reach meaningful and equitable decisions, interactions and coordination between different levels of government, and the capacity to raise financing and support for both technological and human resource development. For example, Lövbrand et al. (2017) <sup>[[#fn:r254|254]]</sup> , argue that the voluntary pledges submitted by states and non-state actors to meet the conditions of the Paris Agreement will need to be more firmly coordinated, evaluated and upscaled.

Barriers for transitioning from climate change mitigation and adaptation planning to practical policy implementation include finance, information, technology, public attitudes, social values and practices (Whitmarsh et al., 2011; Corner and Clarke, 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r255|255]]</sup> , and human resource constraints. Institutional capacity to deploy available knowledge and resources is also needed (Mimura et al., 2014) <sup>[[#fn:r256|256]]</sup> . Incorporating strong linkages across sectors, devolution of power and resources to sub-national and local governments with the support of national government, and facilitating partnerships among public, civic, private sectors and higher education institutions (Leal Filho et al., 2018) <sup>[[#fn:r257|257]]</sup> can help in the implementation of identified response options (Chapter 4). Implementation challenges of 1.5°C pathways are larger than for those that are consistent with limiting warming to well below 2°C, particularly concerning scale and speed of the transition and the distributional impacts on ecosystems and socio-economic actors. Uncertainties in climate change at different scales and capacities to respond combined with the complexities of coupled social and ecological systems point to a need for diverse and adaptive implementation options within and among different regions involving different actors. The large regional diversity between highly carbon-invested economies and emerging economies are important considerations for sustainable development and equity in pursuing efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C. Key sectors, including energy, food systems, health, and water supply, also are critical to understanding these connections.

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