Editing IPCC:AR6/SROCC/Chapter-1 (section)

=== 1.8.2 Indigenous Knowledge and Local Knowledge ===

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Humans create, use, and adapt knowledge systems to interact with their environment (Agrawal, 1995 <sup>[[#fn:r436|436]]</sup> ; Escobar, 2001 <sup>[[#fn:r437|437]]</sup> ; Sillitoe, 2007 <sup>[[#fn:r438|438]]</sup> ), and to observe and respond to change (Huntington, 2000 <sup>[[#fn:r439|439]]</sup> ; Gearheard et al., 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r440|440]]</sup> ; Maldonado et al., 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r441|441]]</sup> ; Yeh, 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r442|442]]</sup> ) . Indigenous knowledge (IK) refers to the understandings, skills, and philosophies developed by societies with long histories of interaction with their natural surroundings. It is passed on from generation to generation, flexible, and adaptive in changing conditions, and increasingly challenged in the context of contemporary climate change. Local knowledge (LK) is what non-Indigenous communities, both rural and urban, use on a daily and lifelong basis. It is multi-generational, embedded in community practices and cultures and adaptive to changing conditions (FAO, 2018). Each chapter of SROCC cites examples of IK and LK related to ocean and cryosphere change.

IK and LK stand on their own, and also enrich and complement each other and scientific knowledge. For example, Australian Aboriginal groups’ Indigenous oral history provides empirical corroboration of the sea level rise 7,000 years ago (Nunn and Reid, 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r443|443]]</sup> ), and their seasonal calendars direct hunting, fishing, planting, conservation and detection of unusual changes today (Green et al., 2010 <sup>[[#fn:r444|444]]</sup> ). LK works in tandem with scientific knowledge, for example, as coastal Australian communities consider the impacts and trade-offs of sea level rise (O’Neill and Graham, 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r445|445]]</sup> ).

Both IK and LK are increasingly used in climate change research and policy efforts to engage affected communities to facilitate site-specific understandings of, and responses to, the local effects of climate change (Hiwasaki et al., 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r446|446]]</sup> ; Hou et al., 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r447|447]]</sup> ; Mekonnen et al., 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r448|448]]</sup> ). IK and LK enrich CRDPs particularly by engaging multiple stakeholders and the diversity of socioeconomic, cultural and linguistic contexts of populations affected by changes in the ocean and cryosphere (Cross-Chapter Box 4 in Chapter 1).

Global environmental assessments increasingly recognise the importance of IK and LK (Thaman et al., 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r449|449]]</sup> ; Beck et al., 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r450|450]]</sup> ; Díaz et al., 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r451|451]]</sup> ). References to IK in IPCC assessment reports increased 60% from AR4 to AR5, and highlighted the exposures and vulnerabilities of Indigenous populations to climate change risks related to socioeconomic status, resource-based dependence and geographic location (Ford et al., 2016a <sup>[[#fn:r452|452]]</sup> ). All four IPBES assessments in 2018 (IPBES, 2018a <sup>[[#fn:r453|453]]</sup> ; IPBES, 2018b <sup>[[#fn:r454|454]]</sup> ; IPBES, 2018c <sup>[[#fn:r455|455]]</sup> ; IPBES, 2018d <sup>[[#fn:r456|456]]</sup> ) engaged IK and LK (Díaz et al., 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r457|457]]</sup> ; Roué and Molnar, 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r458|458]]</sup> ; Díaz et al., 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r459|459]]</sup> ). P eer-reviewed research on IK and LK is burgeoning (Savo et al., 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r460|460]]</sup> ), providing information that can guide responses and inform policy (Huntington, 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r461|461]]</sup> ; Nakashima et al., 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r462|462]]</sup> ; Lavrillier and Gabyshev, 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r463|463]]</sup> ). However, most global assessments still fail to incorporate ‘the plurality and heterogeneity of worldviews’ (Obermeister, 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r464|464]]</sup> ), resulting ‘in a partial understanding of core issues that limits the potential for locally and culturally appropriate adaptation responses’ (Ford et al., 2016b <sup>[[#fn:r465|465]]</sup> ).

IK and LK provide case specific information that may not be easily extrapolated to the scales of disturbance that humans exert on natural systems (Wohling, 2009 <sup>[[#fn:r466|466]]</sup> ). Some forms of IK and LK are also not amenable to being captured in peer-reviewed articles or published reports, and efforts to translate IK and LK into qualitative or quantitative data may mute the multidimensional, dynamic and nuanced features that give IK and LK meaning (DeWalt, 1994 <sup>[[#fn:r467|467]]</sup> ; Roncoli et al., 2009 <sup>[[#fn:r468|468]]</sup> ; Goldman and Lovell, 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r469|469]]</sup> ). Nonetheless, efforts to collaborate with IK and LK knowledge holders (Baptiste et al., 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r470|470]]</sup> ; Karki et al., 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r471|471]]</sup> ; Lavrillier and Gabyshev, 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r472|472]]</sup> ; Roué et al., 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r473|473]]</sup> ; David-Chavez and Gavin, 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r474|474]]</sup> ) and to systematically assess published IK and LK literature in parallel with scientific knowledge result in increasingly effective usage of the multiple knowledge systems to better characterise and address ocean and cryosphere change (Huntington et al., 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r475|475]]</sup> ; Nalau et al., 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r476|476]]</sup> ; Ford et al., 2019 <sup>[[#fn:r477|477]]</sup> ).

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