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==== 12.3.4.4 Heavy Snowfall and Ice Storm ==== <div id="h3-20-siblings" class="h3-siblings"></div> Heavy snowfall is a substantial concern for cities, settlements and key transportation and energy infrastructure ( [[#Ward--2013|Ward, 2013]] ; [[#Palko--2017|Palko, 2017]] ; [[#Janoski--2018|Janoski et al., 2018]] ; [[#Collins--2019|Collins et al., 2019]] ). Heavy snowfall can interfere with transportation ( [[#Herring--2018|Herring et al., 2018]] ) and cause a loss of both work and school days depending on local snow removal infrastructure. Freezing rain and ice storms can be treacherous for road and air travel ( [[#Tamerius--2016|Tamerius et al., 2016]] ), and can knock down power and telecommunication lines if ice accumulation is high ( [[#Degelia--2016|Degelia et al., 2016]] ). Rain-on-snow events can create a solid barrier that hinders wildlife and livestock grazing that is important to indigenous communities ( [[#Forbes--2016|Forbes et al., 2016]] ). Shifts in the frequency, seasonal timing and regions susceptible to ice storms alter risks for agriculture and infrastructure ( [[#Lambert--2011|Lambert and Hansen, 2011]] ; [[#Klima--2015|Klima and Morgan, 2015]] ; [[#Ning--2015|Ning and Bradley, 2015]] ; [[#Groisman--2016|Groisman et al., 2016]] ). <div id="12.3.4.5" class="h3-container"></div> <span id="hail"></span>
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